2-1

Solutions for Chapter 2 Problems

1. Vectors in the Cartesian Coordinate System
P2.1: Given P(4,2,1) and A
PQ
=2a
x
+4a
y
+6a
z
, find the point Q.
A
PQ
= 2 a
x
+ 4 a
y
+ 6 a
z
= (Q
x
-P
x
)a
x
+ (Q
y
-P
y
)a
y
+(Q
z
-P
z
)a
z
Q
x
-P
x
=Q
x
-4=2; Q
x
=6
Q
y
-P
y
=Q
y
-2=4; Q
y
=6
Q
z
-P
z
=Q
z
-1=6; Q
z
=
!n": Q(6,6,)
P2.2: Given the point" P(4,1,#)$ and Q(1,%,#)$, fi&& in the ta'&e and $a(e a "(et)h of
the ve)to*" fo+nd in (a) th*o+,h (f).
-e)to* .a, /nit -e)to*
a. 0ind the ve)to* A
f*o$ the o*i,in to P
A
1P
= 4 a
x
+ 1 a
y
4.12 A
1P
= #.2 a
x
+ #.24 a
y
'. 0ind the ve)to* B
f*o$ the o*i,in to Q
B
1Q
= 1 a
x
+ % a
y
%.16 a
1Q
= #.%2 a
x
+ #.23 a
y
). 0ind the ve)to* C
f*o$ P to Q
C
PQ
= -% a
x
+ 2 a
y
%.61 a
PQ
= -#.4% a
x
+ #.33 a
y
d. 0ind A + B A + B = 3 a
x
+ 4 a
y
6.4 a = #.4 a
x
+ #.62 a
y
e. 0ind C 5 A C - A = - a
x
+ 1 a
y
.# a = -#.22 a
x
+ #.14 a
y
f. 0ind B - A B - A = -% a
x
+ 2 a
y
%.6 a = -#.4% a
x
+ #.33 a
y
a. A
1P
= (4-#)a
x
+ (1-#)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= 4 a
x
+ 1 a
y
.
2 2
4 1 1 4.12
OP
+ A
1P
4 1
#.2 #.24
1 1
+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2a')
'. B
1Q
=(1-#)a
x
+ (%-#)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= 1 a
x
+ % a
y
.
2 2
1 % 1# %.16
OQ
+ B
1Q
1 %
#.%2 #.23
1# 1#
+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2a')
). C
PQ
= (1-4)a
x
+ (%-1)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= -% a
x
+ 2 a
y
.
2 2
% 2 1% %.61
PQ
+ C
PQ
% 2
#.4% #.33
1% 1%

+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2)d)
0i,. P2.2a'
0i,. P2.2)d
2-2
d. A + B = (4+1)a
x
+ (1+%)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= 3 a
x
+ 4 a
y
.
2 2
3 4 41 6.4 + + A B
3 4
#.4 #.62
41 41
+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2)d)
e. C - A = (-%-4)a
x
+ (2-1)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= - a
x
+ 1 a
y
.
2 2
1 3# .# + C A
1
#.22 #.14
3# 3#

+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2ef)
f. B - A = (1-4)a
x
+ (%-1)a
y
+ (#-#)a
z
= -% a
x
+ 2 a
y
.
2 2
% 2 1% %.6 + B A
% 2
#.4% #.33
1% 1%

+ +
x y x y
a a a a a
("ee 0i,+*e P2.2ef)
P2.%: .!67!8: 9*ite a p*o,*a$ that :i&& find the ve)to* 'et:een a pai* of a*'it*a*y
point" in the ;a*te"ian ;oo*dinate <y"te$.
! p*o,*a$ o* f+n)tion fo* thi" ta"( i" *ea&&y ove*(i&&, a" it i" "o ea"y to pe*fo*$ the ta"(.
=nte* point" P and Q (fo* exa$p&e, P=>1 2 %?; Q=>6 3 4?). 6hen, the ve)to* f*o$ P toQ i"
"i$p&y ,iven 'y Q-P.
!" a f+n)tion :e )o+&d have:
function PQ=vector(P,Q)
% Given a pair of Cartesian points
% P and Q, the program determines the
% vector from P to Q.
PQ=Q-P;
@+nnin, thi" f+n)tion :e have:
>> P=[1 2 3];
>> Q=[6 5 4];
>> PQ=vector(P,Q)
PQ =
5 3 1
!&te*native&y, :e )o+&d "i$p&y pe*fo*$ the $ath in the )o$$and &ine :indo::
0i,P2.2ef
2-%
>> PQ=Q-P
PQ =
5 3 1
>>
2. Coulombs a!" #lectric $ield %ntensity" and $ield ines
P2.4: <+ppo"e Q
1
(#.#, -%.#$, #.#) = 4.#n;, Q
2
(#.#, %.#$, #.#) = 4.#n;, and Q
%
(4.#$,
#.#, #.#) = 1.#n;. (a) 0ind the tota& fo*)e a)tin, on the )ha*,e Q
%
. (') @epeat the p*o'&e$
afte* )han,in, the )ha*,e of Q
2
to 54.#n;. ()) 0ind the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity fo* pa*t" (a)
and (').
(a)
1 2
1% 2
1%
,
4
o
QQ
R

1&
$ a
:he*e '
1%
= 4 a
x
+ % a
y
=, @
1%
= 3$, a
1%
= #.4 a
x
+ #.6 a
y
.
"o
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1% 2
2
2 2
4 %
4 1# 1 1#
3
4 1# %6 3
1.13 1# #.46 1# .
x C x C
FV NM
C VC
F m m
x x N

+
x y
x y
a a
$
a a
<i$i&a*&y,
2 2
2%
1.13 1# #.46 1# , x x N


x y
$ a a
"o
2.%
TOT
nN
x
$ a
(') :ith Q
2
= -4 n;, $
1%
i" +n)han,ed '+t
2 2
2%
1.13 1# #.46 1# , x x N

+
x y
$ a a
"o
1. .
TOT
nN
y
$ a
())
( )
( )
2
-2
%
2.% 1#
2.% .
1 1#
TOT
a
x N
VC V
Q Nm m x C

x
x
a
$
# a
7i(e:i"e, 1. .
b
V
m

y
# a
P2.3: 0ind the fo*)e exe*ted 'y Q
1
(%.#$, %.#$, %.#$) = 1.# ; on Q
2
(6.#$, 2.#$, %.#$)
= 1#. n;.
1 2
12 2
12
, :he*e
4
o
QQ
R

12
$ a
'
12
= (6-%)a
x
+ (2-%)a
y
+ (%-%)a
z
= % a
x
+ 6 a
y
$
0i,. P2.4
2-4
2 2
12
% 6
% 6 43 , , and
43
R m
+
+
x y
12
a a
a
( ) ( )
( )
( )
6 2
12
2
2
1 1# 1# 1#
% 6
1# 43
4 43
%6
x C x C
FV NM
C VC F
m
m

x y
a a
$
, "o 12
#.42 1.4 . N +
x y
$ a a
P2.6: <+ppo"e 1#.# n; point )ha*,e" a*e &o)ated on the )o*ne*" of a "A+a*e of "ide 1#.#
)$. 7o)atin, the "A+a*e in the x-y p&ane (at z = #.##) :ith one )o*ne* at the o*i,in and
one )o*ne* at P(1#.#, 1#.#, #.##) )$, find the tota& fo*)e a)tin, at point P.
9e a*'it*a*i&y &a'e& the )ha*,e" a" "ho:n in 0i,+*e P2.6. 6hen
'
1P
= #.1 a
x
+ #.1 a
y
@
1P
= #.141 $
a
1P
= #.# a
x
+ #.# a
y
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1# 1# #.#
1#
4 #.141
%6
%2
OP
nC nC
F
m
m
N

+
x y
x y
a a
$
a a
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1# 1#
2#
1#
4 #.1
%6
TP
nC nC
N
F
m
m

y
y
a
$ a
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1# 1#
2#
1#
4 #.1
%6
SP
nC nC
N
F
m
m

x
x
a
$ a
and then the tota& (adB+"tin, to 2 "i,nifi)ant di,it") i":
( )
12# .
TOT
N +
x y
$ a a
0i,. P2.3
0i,. P2.6
2-3
P2.: 1.## n; point )ha*,e" a*e &o)ated at (#.##, -2.##, #.##)$, (#.##, 2.##, #.##)$, (#.##,
#.##, -2.##)$ and (#.##, #.##, +2.##)$. 0ind the tota& fo*)e a)tin, on a 1.## n; )ha*,e
&o)ated at (2.##, #.##, #.##)$.
0i,+*e P2.a "ho:" the "it+ation, '+t :e need on&y find the x-di*e)ted fo*)e f*o$ one of
the )ha*,e" on Q
t
(0i,+*e P2.') and $+&tip&y thi" *e"+&t 'y 4. 8e)a+"e of the p*o'&e$C"
"y$$et*y, the *e"t of the )o$ponent" )an)e&.
1
2 2
, 2 2 , 4 , ,
4 4
x y
t
t R x y R
o
QQ
R m
R
+
+ $ '
a a
a a a a
"o
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
12
1
2
2
2 2
1 1# 1 1#
4
26 1#
1#
4 4
%6
x y
t x y
x C x C
x N
F
m
m

+ _

,
+
a a
$ a a
6he fo*)e f*o$ a&& )ha*,e" i" then
( ) ( )
12
4 26 1# %.2 .
TOT x x
x nN nN

$ a a
P2.4: ! 2#.# n; point )ha*,e exi"t" at P(#.##,#.##,-%.##$). 9he*e $+"t a 1#.# n;
)ha*,e 'e &o)ated "+)h that the tota& fie&d i" ze*o at the o*i,inD
0o* ze*o fie&d at the o*i,in, :e $+"t )an)e& the +a
z
di*e)ted fie&d f*o$ Q
P
'y p&a)in, Q at
the point Q(#,#,z) ("ee 0i,+*e P2.4). 6hen :e have #
tot
= #
P
+ #
Q
= #.
0i,. P2.'
0i,. P2.a
0i,. P2.4
2-6
<o,
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2# 1#
2#
4 1#
4 %
%6
z
P
P R z
o
x C
Q FV V
R C m F
m
m

a
# a a
and
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
4
1# 1# ( )
2#
1#
4 ( )
%6
Q R
o
z
z
Q
R
x C
z F
z m
m

# a
a
a
<o then
2
2
2#
2# #,
2#
, 2.12.
2#
z z
z
z z


a a
6h+", Q(#,#,2.12$).
&. (he Spherical Coordinate System
P2.2: ;onve*t the fo&&o:in, point" f*o$ ;a*te"ian to <phe*i)a& )oo*dinate":
a. P(6.#, 2.#, 6.#)
'. P(#.#, -4.#, %.#)
). P(-3.#,-1.#, -4.#)
(a)
2 2 2 1 1
6 2
6 2 6 4., )o" 4 , tan 14
4. 6
o o
r

_ _
+ +

, ,
(')
2 2 2 1 1
% 4
# 4 % 3, )o" 3% , tan 2#
3 #
o o
r

_ _
+ +

, ,
())
2 2 2 1 1
1 1
3 1 4 6.3, )o" 1%# , tan 12#
6.3 3
o o
r

_ _
+ +

, ,
P2.1#: ;onve*t the fo&&o:in, point" f*o$ <phe*i)a& to ;a*te"ian )oo*dinate":
a. P(%.#, %#., 43.)
'. P(3.#, E4, %E2)
). P(1#., 1%3, 14#)
(a)
"in )o" %"in%# )o" 43 1.#6
"in "in %"in%# "in 43 1.#6
)o" %)o"%# 2.6
(1.1,1.1, 2.6).
o o
o o
o
x r
y r
z r
so P

(')
0i,. P2.11
2-
"in )o" 3"in 43 )o" 2# #
"in "in 3"in 43 "in 2# %.3
)o" 3)o" 43 %.3
(#, %.3, %.3).
o o
o o
o
x r
y r
z r
so P

())
"in )o" 1#"in1%3 )o"14# .1
"in "in 1#"in1%3 "in14# #
)o" 1#)o"1%3 .1
( .1, #, .1).
o o
o o
o
x r
y r
z r
so P

P2.11: Given a vo&+$e defined 'y 1.#$ F * F %.#$, # F F #, 2# F F 2#, (a)
"(et)h the vo&+$e, (') pe*fo*$ the inte,*ation to find the vo&+$e, and ()) pe*fo*$ the
ne)e""a*y inte,*ation" to find the tota& "+*fa)e a*ea.
(a)
(')
2 % 2#
2 2 %
1 # #
1%
"in "in 1%.6 .
%
o
V r drd d r dr d d m

<o vo&+$e V = 14 $
%
.
()) 6he*e a*e 3 "+*fa)e": an inne*, an o+te*, and % identi)a& "ide".
2 %
2 2
1 #
2 2#
2 2 2
# #
2 2 2
2 ; 6
2
"in % "in
2
; 11 %4.6
2
o
side sides
outer
inner TOT
S rdrd rdr d m S m
S r d d d d m
S m S m m

<o S
total
= %3 $
2
.
2-4
). ine Char*es and the Cylindrical Coordinate System
P2.12: ;onve*t the fo&&o:in, point" f*o$ ;a*te"ian to )y&ind*i)a& )oo*dinate":
a. P(#.#, 4.#, %.#)
'. P(-2.#, %.#, 2.#)
). P(4.#, -%.#, -4.#)
(a)
2 2 1
4
# 4 4, tan 2# , %, (4.#, 2# , %.#)
#
o o
z so P

_
+

,
(')
2 2 1
%
2 % %.6, tan 124 , 2, (%.6,12# , 2.#)
2
o o
z so P

_
+

,
())
2 2 1
%
4 % 3, tan % , 4, (3.#, % , 4.#)
4
o o
z so P

_
+

,
P2.1%: ;onve*t the fo&&o:in, point" f*o$ )y&ind*i)a& to ;a*te"ian )oo*dinate":
a. P(2.4%, 43.#, 2.##)
'. P(6.##, 12#., -%.##)
). P(1#.#, -2#.#, 6.##)
(a)
)o" 2.4%)o" 43 2.##
"in 2.4%"in 43 2.##
2.##
(2.##, 2.##, 2.##).
o
o
x
y
z z
so P





(')
)o" 6.##)o"12# %.##
"in 6.##"in12# 3.2#
%.##
( %.##, 3.2#, %.##).
o
o
x
y
z z
so P






())
)o" 1#.#)o"( 2#.# ) #
"in 1#.#"in( 2#.# ) 1#.#
6.##
(#, 1#.#, 6.##).
o
o
x
y
z z
so P

P2.14: ! 2#.# )$ &on, "e)tion of )oppe* pipe ha" a 1.## )$ thi)( :a&& and o+te*
dia$ete* of 6.## )$.
a. <(et)h the pipe )onvenient&y ove*&ayin, the )y&ind*i)a& )oo*dinate "y"te$, &inin,
+p the &en,th di*e)tion :ith the z-axi"
'. Gete*$ine the tota& "+*fa)e a*ea (thi" )o+&d a)t+a&&y 'e +"ef+& if, "ay, yo+ needed
to do an e&e)t*op&atin, "tep on thi" pie)e of pipe)
). Gete*$ine the :ei,ht of the pipe ,iven the den"ity of )oppe* i" 4.26 ,E)$
%
0i,. P2.14
2-2
(a) <ee 0i,+*e P2.14
(') 6he top a*ea, S
top
, i" eA+a& to the 'otto$ a*ea. 9e $+"t a&"o find the inne* a*ea, S
inner
,
and the o+te* a*ea, S
outer
.
% 2
2
2 #
3 .
.
top
bottom top
S d d d d cm
S S

2 2#
2
# #
2 2#
2
# #
% 12#
2 4#
outer
inner
S d dz d dz cm
S d dz d dz cm

6he tota& a*ea, then, i" 21# )$
2
, o* <
tot
= 66# )$
2
.
()) Gete*$inin, the :ei,ht of the pipe *eA+i*e" the vo&+$e:
( )
% 2 2#
%
2 # #
%
%
1## .
4.26 1##
2413 .
pipe
V d d dz
d d dz cm
g
M cm
cm
g

<o M
pipe
= 242#,.
P2.13: ! &ine )ha*,e :ith )ha*,e den"ity 2.## n;E$ exi"t" at y = -2.## $, x = #.##. (a) !
)ha*,e Q = 4.## n; exi"t" "o$e:he*e a&on, the y-axi". 9he*e $+"t yo+ &o)ate Q "o that
the tota& e&e)t*i) fie&d i" ze*o at the o*i,inD (') <+ppo"e in"tead of the 4.## n; )ha*,e of
pa*t (a) that yo+ &o)ate a )ha*,e Q at (#.##, 6.##$, #.##). 9hat va&+e of Q :i&& *e"+&t in a
tota& e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity of ze*o at the o*i,inD
(a) 6he )ont*i'+tion" to # f*o$ the &ine and point )ha*,e $+"t )an)e&, o*
.
L Q
+ # # #
0o* the &ine:
( )
( )
( )
2
2 E
14
2 1#
2 2
%6
L
L y y
o
nC m V
m F
m
m

# a a a
0i,. P2.16a
0i,. P2.16'
2-1#
and fo* the point )ha*,e, :he*e the point i" &o)ated a di"tan)e y a&on, the y-axi", :e
have:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
4
2
4 1#
4
%6
y
Q y y
o
nC
Q
y y F
y
m

a
# a a
6he*efo*e:

( )
2
2 2
14, o* 2 .
14
<o Q #,2.#$,#
y m
y

(')
( )
( ) ( )
2
14,
4 6
14 %6
2 .
2
o
Q
Q nC

P2.16: Ho+ a*e ,iven t:o z-di*e)ted &ine )ha*,e" of )ha*,e den"ity +1 n;E$ at x = #, y =
-1.# $, and )ha*,e den"ity 51.# n;E$ at x = #, y = 1.# $. 0ind # at P(1.#$,#,#).
6he "it+ation i" *ep*e"ented 'y 0i,+*e P2.16a. ! 'ette* 2-di$en"iona& vie: in 0i,+*e
P2.16' i" +"ef+& fo* "o&vin, the p*o'&e$.
1
1
, and 2 .
2 2
x y
L
o

+ _


,
a a
# a a
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1 1#
2
1# 2
2 2
%6
x y
x y
x C
FV V
C m F
m
m

+
+
a a
# a a
, and ( )
2
2 .
x y
V
m
+ # -a a
<o #
616
= 14 a
y
-E$.
0i,. P2.13
2-11
P2.1: .!67!8: <+ppo"e yo+ have a "e,$ent of &ine )ha*,e of &en,th 2L )ente*ed on
the z-axi" and havin, a )ha*,e di"t*i'+tion
L
. ;o$pa*e the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity at a
point on the y-axi" a di"tan)e d f*o$ the o*i,in :ith the e&e)t*i) fie&d at that point
a""+$in, the &ine )ha*,e i" of infinite &en,th. 6he *atio of fo* the "e,$ent to fo* the
infinite &ine i" to 'e p&otted ve*"+" the *atio L!d +"in, .!67!8.
6hi" i" "i$i&a* to .!67!8 2.%. 9e have fo* the idea& )a"e
.
2 2
L L
ideal
o o
d



# a a
0o* the a)t+a& "L )a"e, :e have an inte,*ation to pe*fo*$ (=A+ation (2.%3) :ith diffe*ent
&i$it"):
( )
% 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4 4
.
2
L
L
L y L
actual
o o L
L
L y
actual
o
d
dz z
d z d z
L
d
L d

+
+

1

1
+ + ]
_

+
,

a a
#
a
#
Io: :e $anip+&ate the"e exp*e""ion" to ,et the fo&&o:in, *atio:
( )
2
.
1
actual
ideal
L
d
L
d

+
#
#
Jn the p*o,*a$, the a)t+a& to idea& fie&d *atio i" te*$ed K=*atioL and the )ha*,ed &ine ha&f-
&en,th 7 *atioed to the di"tan)e d i" te*$ed K7odL.
% M-i!e" M#P$%&'
%
% (his program is simi!ar to M#$%$).
% *t compares the +-fie!d from a finite !ength
% segment of charge (from -# to ,# on the --a.is)
% to the +-fie!d from an infinite !ength !ine
% of charge. (he ratio (+ from segment to + from
% infinite !ength !ine) is p!otted versus the ratio
% #od=#/d, 0here d is the distance a!ong the 1 a.is.
%
% 2ent0orth, &%/&3/$%
%
% 4aria5!es"
% #od the ratio #/d
% +ratio ratio of + from segment to + from !ine
c!c %c!ears the command 0indo0
c!ear %c!ears varia5!es
% *nitia!i-e #od arra1 and ca!cu!ate +ratio
#od=$.&"$.$&"&$$;
2-12
+ratio=#od./(s6rt(&,#od.7%));
% P!ot +ratio versus #od
semi!og.(#od,+ratio)
grid on
.!a5e!(8#od=#/d8)
1!a5e!(8+ ratio" segment to !ine8)
=xe)+tin, the p*o,*a$ ,ive" 0i,+*e P2.1.
<o :e "ee that the fie&d f*o$ a &ine "e,$ent of )ha*,e appea*" eA+iva&ent to the fie&d
f*o$ an infinite &en,th &ine if the te"t point i" )&o"e to the &ine.
P2.14: ! "e,$ent of &ine )ha*,e
L
=1# n;E$ exi"t" on the y-axi" f*o$ the o*i,in to y =
+%.# $. Gete*$ine # at the point (%.#, #, #)$.
Jt i" )&ea* f*o$ a "(et)h of the p*o'&e$ in 0i,+*e P2.14a that the *e"+&tant fie&d :i&& 'e
di*e)ted in the x-y p&ane. 6he "it+ation i" *ed*a:n in a te$po*a*y )oo*dinate "y"te$ in
0i,+*e P2.14'.
9e have f*o$ =An (2.%4)
( )
%
2 2 2
.
4
z
L
z z
o
z
dz

z

+
+

a a
# a a
0o*

:e have:
( )
%
%
2 2 2
2 2 2
#
4 4
L L
o o
dz z

z
z

1
1
+ 1
+ ]

9ith = %, :e then have

= 21.2 -E$.
0o*
z
:
0i,. P2.1
0i,. P2.14a
0i,. P2.14'
2-1%
( )
%
%
2 2
2 2 2
#
1
4.2
4 4
L L
z
o o
z
zdz V

m
z
z

+
+ ,

6h+" :e have #
TOT
= 21 a

5 4.4 a
z
-E$.
;onve*tin, 'a)( to the o*i,ina& )oo*dinate", :e have #
TOT
= 21 a
x
5 4.4 a
y
-E$.
+. Surface and Volume Char*e
P2.12: Jn f*ee "pa)e, the*e i" a point )ha*,e Q = 4.# n; at (-2.#,#,#)$, a &ine )ha*,e
L
=
1# n;E$ at y = -2.#$, x = #$, and a "heet )ha*,e
s
= 12. n;E$
2
at z = -2.#$. Gete*$ine
# at the o*i,in.
6he "it+ation i" *ep*e"ented 'y 0i,+*e P2.12, and the tota& fie&d i" #
616
= #
Q
+ #
7
+ #
<
.
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
4 1#
4 1#
4 2
%6
14
x
Q R
o
x
x C
Q
R F
m
m
V
m

a
# a
a
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1# 1#
2 1#
2 2
%6
2#
y
L
L
o
y
x C m
F
m
m
V
m

a
# a
a
( )
( )
2 2
2
12 1#
2 1#
2
%6
62
s
s N z
o
z
x C m
F
m
V
m

# a a
a
<o: #
tot
= 14 a
x
+ 2# a
y
+ 64# a
z
-E$.
0i,. P2.12
0i,. P2.21'M)
0i,. P2.21a
2-14
P2.2#: !n infinite&y &on, &ine )ha*,e (
L
= 21 n;E$) &ie" a&on, the z-axi". !n infinite
a*ea "heet )ha*,e (
s
= % n;E$
2
) &ie" in the x-z p&ane at y = 1# $. 0ind a point on the y-
axi" :he*e the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity i" ze*o.
9e have #
616
= #
7
+ #
<
.
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
21 1# E
%4
1#
2
%6
L y L
L
o o
y y
y
x C m
y F
y
m

a a
#
a a
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
% 1#
2 1#
2
%6
34
y
s N
s
o
y
x C m
F
m

a
a
#
a
"o
%4
34 #, o* . y
y

6he*efo*e, P(#, $, #).
P2.21: <(et)h the fo&&o:in, "+*fa)e" and find the tota& )ha*,e on ea)h "+*fa)e ,iven a
"+*fa)e )ha*,e den"ity of
s
= 1n;E$
2
. /nit" (othe* than de,*ee") a*e $ete*".
(a) 5% F x F %, # F y F 4, z = #
(') 1 F r F 4, 14# F F %6#, = E2
()) 1 F F 4, 14# F F %6#, z = #
(a)
% 4
% #
24 24
s s s
Q dS dx dy nC

0i,. P2.2#
2-13
(')
4 2
1
13
24
2
s s
Q rdr d nC

())
4 2
1
24
s
Q d d nC

P2.22: ;on"ide* a )i*)+&a* di"( in the x-y p&ane of *adi+" 3.# )$. <+ppo"e the )ha*,e
den"ity i" a f+n)tion of *adi+" "+)h that
s
= 12 n;E)$
2
(:hen i" in )$). 0ind the
e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity a point 2#.# )$ a'ove the o*i,in on the z-axi".
0*o$ "e)tion 4 fo* a *in, of )ha*,e of *adi+" a,
( )
%
2 2 2
.
2
L z
o
a#
a #

+
a
#
Io: :e have

L
$
s
d and
( )
%
2 2 2

,
2
z
o
% d #
d
#

+
a
#
:he*e
s
= % n;E)$
2
. Io: the tota& fie&d i" ,iven
'y the inte,*a&:
( )
2
%
2 2 2
.
2
z
o
%# d
#

a
#
6hi" )an 'e "o&ved +"in, inte,*ation 'y pa*t", :he*e u = , du = d,
2 2 2 2
1
, and .
d
& d&
# #

+ +
6hi" &ead" to
2 2
2 2
&n .
2
z
o
%# a a a #
#
a #

1 _
+ +
1 +

1 +
, ]
# a
P&+,,in, in the app*op*iate va&+e" :e a**ive at # = 6. (-E)$ a
z
.
P2.2%: <+ppo"e a *i''on of )ha*,e :ith den"ity
s
exi"t" in the y-z p&ane of infinite
&en,th in the z di*e)tion and extendin, f*o$ 5a to +a in the y di*e)tion. 0ind a ,ene*a&
exp*e""ion fo* the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity at a point d a&on, the x-axi".
6he p*o'&e$ i" *ep*e"ented 'y 0i,+*e P2.2%a. ! 'ette* *ep*e"entation fo* "o&vin, the
p*o'&e$ i" "ho:n in 0i,+*e P2.2%'.
9e have
,
2
L
o
d

# a
:he*e
L
=
s
dy. 6hen, "in)e
2 2
,
x y
d y
d y

+
a a
a
the inte,*a& 'e)o$e"
2 2 2 2
.
2
x y
s
o
d y
dy
d y d y

+ +

a a
#
0i,P2.2%a
0i,P2.2%'
0i,. P2.24'
2-16
Jt $ay 'e noted that the a
y
)o$ponent :i&& )an)e& 'y "y$$et*y. 6he a
x
inte,*a& i" fo+nd
f*o$ the appendix and :e have
1
tan .
s
x
o
a
d

,
# a
P2.24: <(et)h the fo&&o:in, vo&+$e" and find the tota& )ha*,e fo* ea)h ,iven a vo&+$e
)ha*,e den"ity of
&
= 1n;E$
%
. /nit" (othe* than de,*ee") a*e $ete*".
(a) # F x F 4, # F y F 3, # F z F 6
(') 1 F r F 3, # F F 6#
()) 1 F F 3, # F F 2#, # F z F 3
(a)
4 3 6
# # #
12#
& &
Q d& dx dy dz nC

(')
3 6# 2
2
1 # #
"in 1%#
&
&
Q d&
r dr d d nC

o
())

2 3 3
1 # #
24
&
&
Q d&
d d dz nC

0i,. P2.24a
0i,. P2.24)
2-1
P2.23: Ho+ have a )y&inde* of 4.## in)h dia$ete* and 3.## in)h &en,th (i$a,ine a )an of
to$atoe") that ha" a )ha*,e di"t*i'+tion that va*ie" :ith *adi+" a"
&
= (6 ) n;Ein
%
:he*e
i" in in)he". (Jt $ay he&p yo+ :ith the +nit" to thin( of thi" a"
&
(n;Ein
%
)= 6 (n;Ein
4
)
(in)). 0ind the tota& )ha*,e )ontained in thi" )y&inde*.
( )
2 2 3
2
# # #
6 6 16# 3#%
&
Q d& d d dz d d dz nC nC

P2.26: .!67!8: ;on"ide* a *e)tan,+&a* vo&+$e :ith #.## F x F 4.## $, #.## F y F
3.## $ and 56.## $ F z F #.## :ith )ha*,e den"ity
&
= 4#.# n;E$
%
. 0ind the e&e)t*i)
fie&d inten"ity at the point P(#.##,#.##,2#.#$).
% M#P$%%9
% ca!cu!ate + from a rectangu!ar vo!ume of charge
% varia5!es
% .start,.stop !imits on . for vo! charge (m)
% 1start,1stop
% -start,-stop
% .t,1t,-t test point (m)
% rhov vo! charge densit1, nC/m7)
% :.,:1,:- discreti-ation points
% d.,d1,d- differentia! !engths
% dQ differentia! charge, nC
% eo free space permittivit1 (/m)
% d+i differentia! fie!d vector
% d+i.,d+i1,d+i- .,1 and - components of d+i
% d+;.,d+;1,d+;- of d+;
% d+<.,d+<1,d+<- of d+<
% +tot tota! fie!d vector, 4/m
2-14
c!c
c!ear
% initia!i-e varia5!es
.start=$;.stop==;
1start=$;1stop=>;
-start=-9;-stop=$;
.t=$;1t=$;-t=%$;
rhov==$e-3;
:.=&$;:1=&$;:-=&$;
eo=?.?>=e-&%;
d.=(.stop-.start)/:.;
d1=(1stop-1start)/:1;
d-=(-stop--start)/:-;
dQ=rhov@d.@d1@d-;
for <=&":-
for ;=&":1
for i=&":.
.v=.start,(i-$.>)@d.;
1v=1start,(;-$.>)@d1;
-v=-start,(<-$.>)@d-;
A=B.t-.v 1t-1v -t--vC;
magA=magvector(A);
uvA=unitvector(A);
d+i=(dQ/(=@pi@eo@magA7%))@uvA;
d+i.(i)=d+i(&);
d+i1(i)=d+i(%);
d+i-(i)=d+i());
end
d+;.(;)=sum(d+i.);
d+;1(;)=sum(d+i1);
d+;-(;)=sum(d+i-);
end
d+<.(<)=sum(d+;.);
d+<1(<)=sum(d+;1);
d+<-(<)=sum(d+;-);
end
+tot.=sum(d+<.);
+tot1=sum(d+<1);
+tot-=sum(d+<-);
+tot=B+tot. +tot1 +tot-C

Io: to *+n the p*o,*a$:
Etot =
2-12
-6.9983 -8.7104 79.7668
>>
<o # = -.# a
x
-4. a
y
+ 4#. a
z
-E$
P2.2: .!67!8: ;on"ide* a "phe*e :ith )ha*,e den"ity
&
= 12# n;E$
%
)ente*ed at the
o*i,in :ith a *adi+" of 2.## $. Io:, *e$ove the top ha&f of the "phe*e, &eavin, a
he$i"phe*e 'e&o: the x-y p&ane. 0ind the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity at the point
P(4.##$,#.##,#.##). ((int) see M%TL%* "+,- and consider t#at your ans.er .ill no.
#a&e t.o /ield components.)
% M-i!e" M#P$%%'
%
% (his program modifies M#$%$= to find the fie!d
% at point P(?m,$,$) from a hemispherica!
% distri5ution of charge given 51
% rhov=&%$ nC/m7) from $ D r D %m and
% pi/% D theta D pi.
%
% 2ent0orth, &%/%)/$%
%
% 4aria5!es"
% d 1 a.is distance to test point (m)
% a sphere radius (m)
% d4 differentia! charge vo!ume 0here
% d4=de!taEr@de!taEtheta@de!taEphi
% eo free space permittivit1 (/m)
% r,theta,phi spherica! coordinate !ocation of
% center of a differentia! charge e!ement
% .,1,- cartesian coord !ocation of charge %
e!ement
% A vector from charge e!ement to P
% Amag magnitude of A
% aA unit vector of A
% dr,dtheta,dphi differentia! spherica! e!ements
% d+i,d+;,d+< partia! fie!d va!ues
% +tot tota! fie!d at P resu!ting from charge
c!c %c!ears the command 0indo0
c!ear %c!ears varia5!es
% *nitia!i-e varia5!es
eo=?.?>=e-&%;
d=?;a=%;
2-2#
de!taEr==$;de!taEtheta='%;de!taEphi=&==;
% Perform ca!cu!ation
for <=(&"de!taEphi)
for ;=(&"de!taEtheta)
for i=(&"de!taEr)
r=i@a/de!taEr;
theta=(pi/%),;@pi/(%@de!taEtheta);
phi=<@%@pi/de!taEphi;
.=r@sin(theta)@cos(phi);
1=r@sin(theta)@sin(phi);
-=r@cos(theta);
A=Bd-.,-1,--C;
Amag=magvector(A);
aA=A/Amag;
dr=a/de!taEr;
dtheta=pi/de!taEtheta;
dphi=%@pi/de!taEphi;
d4=r7%@sin(theta)@dr@dtheta@dphi;
dQ=&%$e-3@d4;
d+i=dQ@aA/(=@pi@eo@Amag7%);
d+i.(i)=d+i(&);
d+i1(i)=d+i(%);
d+i-(i)=d+i());
end
d+;.(;)=sum(d+i.);
d+;1(;)=sum(d+i1);
d+;-(;)=sum(d+i-);
end
d+<.(<)=sum(d+;.);
d+<1(<)=sum(d+;1);
d+<-(<)=sum(d+;-);
end
+tot.=sum(d+<.);
+tot1=sum(d+<1);
+tot-=sum(d+<-);
+tot=B+tot. +tot1 +tot-C

Io: to *+n the p*o,*a$:
Etot =
579.4623 0.0000 56.5317
<o # = 34# a
x
+ 3 a
z
-E$.
,. #lectric $lux -ensity
0i,. P2.24
2-21
P2.24: /"e the definition of dot p*od+)t to find the th*ee inte*io* an,&e" fo* the t*ian,&e
'o+nded 'y the point" P(-%.##, -4.##, 3.##), Q(2.##, #.##, -4.##), and @(3.##, -1.##,
#.##).
Ne*e :e +"e
)o" .
%*
A B A B g
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 % 1 4 # 3
4 % 3 , 2.2
x y z
x y z
+ +
+
P' a a a
P' a a a P'
3 4 2 , 11.#
x y z
+ P. a a a P.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
4 3 % 4 3 2 2
2.2 11.# )o"
2
)o" 2
2.2 11
P
p

+ +

_



,
P' P.
o
g
( ) ( )
% 1 4 , 3.1
4 % 3 , 2.2
1= 3.1 2.2 )o" , 42
14# 2 42 64
x y z
x y z
R R
Q

+
+

'. a a a '.
'P a a a 'P
'. 'P /
o
o o o o
g
P2.22: Given - = 2 a

+ "in a
z
;E$
2
, find the e&e)t*i) f&+x pa""in, th*o+,h the "+*fa)e
defined 'y 2.# F F 4.0 $, 2#. F F 14#, and z = 4.# $.
,
z
d d d d

# S S a g
( )
4
2 2
2 "in "in 6
z z
d d d d C

+

a a a g
P2.%#: <+ppo"e the e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity i" ,iven 'y - = %r a
*
5)o" a

+ "in
2
a

;E$
2
.
0ind the e&e)t*i) f&+x th*o+,h 'oth "+*fa)e" of a he$i"phe*e of *adi+" 2.## $ and #.## F
F 2#.#O.
2
1
, "in
0 r
d d r d d

- S S a g
( ) ( )
2 2
1
2 2
%
# #
% )o" "in "in
% "in 44
r r
r r d d
r d d C




+

a a a a g
2
d rdrd

S a
2-22
2
2
2
2
#
#
)o"
"in #
2
rdrd
r

_


,

a a g
44 C
0. 1ausss a! and Applications
P2.%1: Given a %.## $$ *adi+" "o&id :i*e )ente*ed on the z-axi" :ith an even&y
di"t*i'+ted 2.## )o+&o$'" of )ha*,e pe* $ete* &en,th of :i*e, p&ot the e&e)t*i) f&+x
den"ity 1

ve*"+" *adia& di"tan)e f*o$ the z-axi" ove* the *an,e # F F 2 $$.
0o* a 1 $ &en,th,
( )
( )
%
2 %
2
#. 1# , % .##%
&
C m C
x a mm m
a m

2
enc
Q d 1 d dz L1



- S a a g g

, :he*e L i" the &en,th of the Ga+""ian

"+*fa)e. Iote that thi" exp*e""ion fo* Q
enc
i" va&id fo* 'oth Ga+""ian "+*fa)e".
G<1 ( P a):
2
2
# # #
L
enc & & &
Q d& d d dz L



"o
2
fo* .
2 2
& &
L
1 a
L

G<2 ( Q a):
2
2
1
, fo* .
2
&
enc &
a
Q a L 1 a

6hi" i" p&otted :ith the fo&&o:in, .at&a' *o+tine:
% M-i!e" M#P$%)&
%
% Gauss8s #a0 Pro5!em
% so!id c1!inder 0ith even charge
%
% 4aria5!es
% rhov charge densit1 (C/m7))
% a radius of c1!inder (m)
% rho radia! distance from --a.is
% rhomm rho in mm
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (C/m7))
0i,. P2.%#
0i,. P2.%1
2-2%
% : num5er of data points
% ma.rad ma. radius for p!ot (m)
c!c;c!ear;
% initia!i-e varia5!es
rhov='$.'e);
a=$.$$);
ma.rad=.$$3;
:=&$$;
5nd1=round(:@a/ma.rad);
for i=&"5nd1
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhomm(i)=rho(i)@&$$$;
F(i)=rhov@rho(i)/%;
end
for i=5nd1,&":
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhomm(i)=rho(i)@&$$$;
F(i)=(rhov@a7%)/(%@rho(i));
end
p!ot(rhomm,F)
.!a5e!(8radia! distance (mm)8)
1!a5e!(8e!ect. f!u. densit1 (C/m7%)8)
grid on
2-24
P2.%2: Given a 2.## )$ *adi+" "o&id :i*e )ente*ed on the z-axi" :ith a )ha*,e den"ity
&
= 6 ;E)$
%
(:hen i" in )$), p&ot the e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity 1

ve*"+" *adia& di"tan)e f*o$

the z-axi" ove* the *an,e # F F 4 )$.
;hoo"e Ga+""ian "+*fa)e &en,th L, and a" +"+a& :e have
2 ,
enc
Q d 1 d dz L 1



- S / a a g g

va&id fo* 'oth Ga+""ian "+*fa)e".

Jn G<1 ( P a):
2 %
6 4 ,
enc &
Q d& d d dz L

"o
%
2
4
2 fo* .
2
L
1 a
L

0o* G<2 ( Q a):
%
%
2
4 , fo* .
enc
a
Q La 1 a

6hi" i" p&otted fo* the p*o'&e$ va&+e" in the fo&&o:in, .at&a' *o+tine.
% M-i!e" M#P$%)%
%
% Gauss8s #a0 Pro5!em
% so!id c1!inder 0ith radia!!1-dependent charge
%
% 4aria5!es
% a radius of c1!inder (cm)
% rho radia! distance from --a.is
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (C/cm7))
% : num5er of data points
% ma.rad ma. radius for p!ot (cm)
c!c;c!ear;
% initia!i-e varia5!es
a=%;
ma.rad=?;
:=&$$;
5nd1=round(:@a/ma.rad);
for i=&"5nd1
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
F(i)=%@rho(i)7%;
end
for i=5nd1,&":
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
F(i)=(%@a7))/rho(i);
end
p!ot(rho,F)
.!a5e!(8radia! distance (cm)8)
2-23
1!a5e!(8e!ect. f!u. densit1 (C/cm7%)8)
grid on

P2.%%: ! )y&ind*i)a& pipe :ith a 1.## )$ :a&& thi)(ne"" and an inne* *adi+" of 4.## )$ i"
)ente*ed on the z-axi" and ha" an even&y di"t*i'+ted %.## ; of )ha*,e pe* $ete* &en,th of
pipe. P&ot 1

a" a f+n)tion of *adia& di"tan)e f*o$ the z-axi" ove* the *an,e # F F 1#
)$.
2 ;
enc
Q d 1 d dz # 1



- S a a g g

thi" i" t*+e fo* a&& the Ga+""ian "+*fa)e".

G<1 ( P a): "in)e Q
enc
= #, 1

= #.
G<2(a P P b):
( )
2 2
% %
&
#
b a d d dz

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
# #
2 2
2 2
%
%
enc &
#
a
Q d&
d d dz
b a
a
#
b a

<o,
0i,. P2.%2
0i,. P2.%%a
2-26
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
%
%
fo* a .
2 2
# a a
1 b
# b a b a

G<%( Q b):
Q
enc
= %#,
%
fo* .
2
1 b

>
! p&ot :ith the app*op*iate va&+e" i" ,ene*ated 'y the fo&&o:in, .at&a' *o+tine:
% M-i!e" M#P$%))
% Gauss8s #a0 Pro5!em
% c1!indrica! pipe 0ith even charge distri5ution
%
% 4aria5!es
% a inner radius of pipe (m)
% 5 outer radius of pipe (m)
% rho radia! distance from --a.is (m)
% rhocm radia! distance in cm
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (C/cm7))
% : num5er of data points
% ma.rad ma. radius for p!ot (m)
c!c;c!ear;
% initia!i-e varia5!es
a=.$=;5=.$>;ma.rad=$.&$;:=&$$;
5nd1a=round(:@a/ma.rad);
5nd15=round(:@5/ma.rad);
for i=&"5nd1a
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhocm(i)=rho(i)@&$$;
F(i)=$;
end
for i=5nd1a,&"5nd15
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhocm(i)=rho(i)@&$$;
F(i)=()/(%@pi@rho(i)))@((rho(i)7%-a7%)/(57%-a7%));
end
for i=5nd15,&":
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhocm(i)=rho(i)@&$$;
F(i)=)/(%@pi@rho(i));
end
p!ot(rhocm,F)
2-2
.!a5e!(8radia! distance (cm)8)
1!a5e!(8e!ect. f!u. densit1 (C/m7%)8)
grid on
P2.%4: !n infinite"i$a&&y thin $eta&&i) )y&ind*i)a& "he&& of *adi+" 4.## )$ i" )ente*ed on
the z-axi" and ha" an even&y di"t*i'+ted )ha*,e of 1##. n; pe* $ete* &en,th of "he&&. (a)
Gete*$ine the va&+e of the "+*fa)e )ha*,e den"ity on the )ond+)tive "he&& and (') p&ot 1

a" a f+n)tion of *adia& di"tan)e f*o$ the z-axi" ove* the *an,e # F F 12 )$.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1## 1##
%24 .
.#4 2 1
s
Q nC nC nC
S m m m
d dz

0o* a&& Ga+""ian "+*fa)e",

of hei,ht # and *adi+" , :e have:
, :he*e ,
2 .
enc
enc
Q d d d dz
Q #1

- S S a g

G<1 ( P a): Q
enc
= # "o 1

= #
G<2 ( Q a):
2 ,
fo* .
enc s s s
s
Q dS d dz a#
a
1 a

% M-i!e" M#P$%)=
%
% Gauss8s #a0 Pro5!em
% c1!indrica! she!! of charge
%
0i,. P2.%%'
0i,. P2.%4a
2-24
% 4aria5!es
% a radius of c1!inder (m)
% Qs surface charge densit1 (nC/m7%)
% rho radia! distance from --a.is (m)
% rhocm radia! distance in cm
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (nC/cm7))
% : num5er of data points
% ma.rad ma. radius for p!ot (cm)
c!c;c!ear;
% initia!i-e varia5!es
a=.$=;Qs=)3?;ma.rad=$.&%;:=&$$;
5nd1=round(:@a/ma.rad);
for i=&"5nd1
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhocm(i)=rho(i)@&$$;
F(i)=$;
end
for i=5nd1,&":
rho(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rhocm(i)=rho(i)@&$$;
F(i)=Qs@a/rho(i);
end
p!ot(rhocm,F)
.!a5e!(8radia! distance (cm)8)
1!a5e!(8e!ect. f!u. densit1 (nC/m7%)8)
grid on
0i,. P2.%4'
2-22
P2.%3: ! "phe*i)a& )ha*,e den"ity i" ,iven 'y
&
=
o
r!a fo* # F r F a, and
&
= # fo* r Q
a. Ge*ive eA+ation" fo* the e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity fo* a&& r.
2 2
"in 4 .
enc r r r r
Q d 1 r d d r 1

- S a a g g

6hi" i" va&id fo* ea)h Ga+""ian

"+*fa)e.
G<1 (r P a):
2 4
%
# # #
"in .
r
o o
enc &
r
Q d& r dr d d
a a




<o
4
2
2
fo* .
4 4
o o
r
r
1 r r a
a r a

G<2 (r Q a):
%
%
2
, fo* .
4
o
enc o r
a
Q a 1 r a
r

P2.%6: ! thi)(-:a&&ed "phe*i)a& "he&&, :ith inne* *adi+" 2.## )$ and o+te* *adi+" 4.##
)$, ha" an even&y di"t*i'+ted 12.# n; )ha*,e. P&ot 1
r
a" a f+n)tion of *adia& di"tan)e
f*o$ the o*i,in ove* the *an,e # F r F 1# )$.
Ne*e :eC&& &et a = inne* *adi+" and ' = o+te* *adi+". 6hen
2 2
"in 4 ;
enc r r r r
Q d 1 r d d r 1

- S a a g g

6hi" i" t*+e fo* ea)h Ga+""ian "+*fa)e.

6he vo&+$e )ontainin, )ha*,e i"
( )
2
2 % %
# #
4
"in .
%
b
a
& r dr d d b a



<o
( )
% %
%
.
4
&
Q Q
& b a

Io: :e )an eva&+ate Q

enc
fo* ea)h Ga+""ian "+*fa)e.
G<1 (r P a): Q
enc
= # "o 1
r
= #.
G<2 (a P r P b): ( )
2
2 % %
# #
4
"in .
%
r
&
enc & &
a
Q d& r dr d d r a




Jn"e*tin, o+* va&+e fo*
&
, :e find
( )
( )
% %
2 % %
fo* .
4
r
r a
Q
1 a r b
r b a

G<% (r Qb): Q
enc
= Q,
2
, fo* .
4
r
Q
1 r b
r

6hi" i" p&otted fo* app*op*iate va&+e" +"in, the fo&&o:in, .at&a' *o+tine:
% M-i!e" M#P$%)9
0i,. P2.%6
2-%#
% Gauss8s #a0 Pro5!em
% thic< spherica! she!! 0ith even charge
%
% 4aria5!es
% a inner radius of sphere (m)
% 5 outer radius of sphere (m)
% r radia! distance from origin (m)
% rcm radia! distance in cm
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (nC/cm7))
% : num5er of data points
% ma.r ma. radius for p!ot (m)
% Q charge (nC)
c!c;c!ear;
% initia!i-e varia5!es
a=.$%;5=.$=;
Q=&%;
ma.rad=$.&$;
:=&$$;
5nd1a=round(:@a/ma.rad);
5nd15=round(:@5/ma.rad);
for i=&"5nd1a
r(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rcm(i)=r(i)@&$$;
F(i)=$;
end
for i=5nd1a,&"5nd15
r(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rcm(i)=r(i)@&$$;
F(i)=(Q/(=@pi@r(i)7%))@(r(i)7)-a7))/(57)-a7));
end
for i=5nd15,&":
r(i)=i@ma.rad/:;
rcm(i)=r(i)@&$$;
F(i)=Q/(=@pi@r(i)7%);
end
p!ot(rcm,F)
.!a5e!(8radia! distance (cm)8)
1!a5e!(8e!ect. f!u. densit1 (nC/m7%)8)
grid on
2-%1
P2.%: Given a )oaxia& )a'&e :ith "o&id inne* )ond+)to* of *adi+" a, an o+te* )ond+)to*
that ,oe" f*o$ *adi+" b to c, ("o c 2 b 2 a), a )ha*,e +Q that i" even&y di"t*i'+ted
th*o+,ho+t a $ete* &en,th of the inne* )ond+)to* and a )ha*,e 5Q that i" even&y
di"t*i'+ted th*o+,ho+t a $ete* &en,th of the o+te* )ond+)to*, de*ive eA+ation" fo* the
e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity fo* a&& . Ho+ $ay o*ient the )a'&e in any :ay yo+ :i"h.
9e )onvenient&y )ente* the )a'&e on the z-axi". 6hen, fo* a Ga+""ian "+*fa)e of &en,th L,
2 ;
enc
Q d L1

- S g

va&id fo* a&& Ga+""ian "+*fa)e".

G<1: ( P a):
( ) ( )
2
;
1
&
Q
m a

2
2
1 2
# # #
2
2 2
;
fo*
2 2
L
& &
QL
Q d& d d dz
a
QL Q
1 a
a L a

G<2 (a P P b):
2
; fo* .
2 2
QL Q
Q QL 1 a b
L

G<% (b P P c):
( ) ( )
%
2 2
, :he*e
1
&o &o
Q
Q Q d&
m c b

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
%
2 2 2 2
# #
L
b
c
Q
Q Q d d dz Q
c b c b

+


"o
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
fo* .
2
c
Q
1 b c
c b

G<4 ( Q c): Q
enc
= #, 1

= #.
2. -i3er*ence and the Point $orm of 1ausss a!
P2.%4: Gete*$ine the )ha*,e den"ity at the point P(%.#$,4.#$,#.#) if the e&e)t*i) f&+x
den"ity i" ,iven a" - = xyz a
z
;E$
2
.
( )
.
z
&
xyz 1
xy
z z




- g

&
(%,4,#)=(%)(4)=12 ;E$
%
.
2-%2
P2.%2: Given - = %a
x
+2xya
y
+4x
"
y
3
a
z
;E$
2
, (a) dete*$ine the )ha*,e den"ity at the point
P(1,1,1). 0ind the tota& f&+x th*o+,h the "+*fa)e of a )+'e :ith #.# F x F 2.#$, #.# F y F
2.#$ and #.# F z F 2.#$ 'y eva&+atin, (') the &eft "ide of the dive*,en)e theo*e$ and ())
the *i,ht "ide of the dive*,en)e theo*e$.
(a) ( ) ( )
%
= 2 2 , 1,1,1 2 .
&
C
xy x
y m

- g
(')
d d& + + + + +

top bottom left ri*ht front bac4
- S - g g

2 2
2 % 2 %
# #
4 4 43.%
z z
top
x y dxdy x dx y dy C

a a g
( )
2 %
4 43.%
z z
bottom
x y dxdy C

a a g
( )
2 #
y y
le/t
x y dxdz
y/5
a a g
y=2
2 16
y y
rig#t
x y dxdz C

a a g
% 12
x x
/ront
dydz C

a a g
( ) % 12
x x
bac4
dydz C

a a g
16 .
enc
Q d C

- S g

()) ( )
2 2 2
# # #
2 2 ; 2 16 . xy x d& xdx dy dz C
y

-/ - g g
P2.4#: <+ppo"e - = 6)o" a

;E$
2
. (a) Gete*$ine the )ha*,e den"ity at the point (%$,
2#, -2$). 0ind the tota& f&+x th*o+,h the "+*fa)e of a A+a*te*ed-)y&inde* defined 'y # F
F 4$, # F F 2#, and -4$ F z F # 'y eva&+atin, (') the &eft "ide of the dive*,en)e
theo*e$ and ()) the *i,ht "ide of the dive*,en)e theo*e$.
(a) ( )
( ) 6 )o" 1 1
6"in .
cylinder
1

- g
( )
%
%, 2# , 2 6 .
&
C
m

o
2-%%
(')
# 2#
,
top bottom outside
d

+ + + +

- S
o o
g

note that the top, 'otto$ and o+t"ide inte,*a&" yie&d ze*o "in)e the*e i" no )o$ponent of
1 in the the"e dS di*e)tion".
( )
#
#
6 )o" 122 d dz C

a a
o
o
g
( )
2#
2#
6 )o" # d dz

a a
o
o
g
<o,
122 . d C

- S g

())
2# 4 #
# # 4
6"in ,
6 "in 122 .
d& d d dz
d& d d dz C

-
-
o
g
g
P2.41: <+ppo"e - = r
2
"in a
*
+ "in)o" a

;E$
2
. (a) Gete*$ine the )ha*,e den"ity at
the point (1.#$, 43, 2#). 0ind the tota& f&+x th*o+,h the "+*fa)e of a vo&+$e defined 'y
#.# F r F 2.# $, #.# F F 2#., and #.# F F 14# 'y eva&+atin, (') the &eft "ide of
the dive*,en)e theo*e$ and ()) the *i,ht "ide of the dive*,en)e theo*e$.
6he vo&+$e i" that of a A+a*te*ed-"phe*e, a" indi)ated in 0i,+*e P2.41.
(a)
( )
( )
2
2
%
1 1 "in
= = 4 "in = ,
"in
1, 43 , 2# 1.4%
r &
&
1
r 1 r
r r r r
C
m

-
o o
g
(')
2 # 14# 2# 2#
; note that # "in)e #.
r
d 1

+ + +

- S
o o o o
g

( )
#
#
"in )o" 2 rdrd C

a a
o
o
g
14#
14#
"in )o" 2 rdrd C

a a
o
o
g
( )
2 2#
2 2 4 2 2
2 # # #
"in "in "in 4 1 )o" 2 4
r r
r
r r d d r d d d C

a a
o
g
<+$$in, the"e te*$" :e have Q = 4(
2
5 1); = %3.3;.
2-%4
())
2
2 2 2 2
% 2 2
# # # # # #
"in
4 "in "in
4 "in "in "in 4 4 %3.3 .
d& r r drd d
r
r dr d d rdr d d C

_


,



- g
6. #lectric Potential
P2.42: ! "heet of )ha*,e den"ity
s
= 1## n;E$
2
o))+pie" the x-z p&ane at y = #. (a) 0ind
the :o*( *eA+i*ed to $ove a 2.# n; )ha*,e f*o$ P(-3.#$, 1#.$, 2.#$) to M(2.#$, %.#$,
#.#). (')0ind -
.P
.
(a)
; "o :e need fo* the "heet )ha*,e.
M
P
5 Q d

# # g
( )
( )
2
%
12
1## 1#
3.63 1#
2 2 4.434 1#
s
N y y
o
x C
FV V
x
C m x F m

# a a a
Ioti)e that :e a*e on&y )on)e*ned :ith $ove$ent in the y-di*e)tion. 9e then have:
%
2 %
1#
2 1# 3.63 1# 2
y
y y
y
V 6
5 x C x dy 6
m CV

_ _


, ,

a a g
(')
( )
( )
2
2
%2.3 ; "o 4# .
2 1#
MP MP
6 5 CV
V 4V V 4V
Q 6 x C

0i,. P2.41
2-%3
P2.4%: ! "+*fa)e i" defined 'y the f+n)tion 2x + 4y
2
5&n z = 12. /"e the ,*adient
eA+ation to find a +nit ve)to* no*$a& to the p&ane at the point (%.##$,2.##$,1.##$).
7et
2
2 4 &n 12, F x y z + then
1
; 2 4 ,
x x y z
F
F y
F z

a a a a
!t (%,2,1),

2 2 2
2 16 , 2 16 1 16.16,
#.124 #.22# #.#62
x y z
N x y z
F F + + +
+
a a a
a a a a
P2.44: 0o* the fo&&o:in, potentia& di"t*i'+tion", +"e the ,*adient eA+ation to find #.
(a) V = x+y
2
z (-)
(') V =
2
"in(-)
()) V = r "in )o" (-).
(a)
2
2
x y z
V yz y # a a a
(')
1
2 "in )o"
z
V V V
V
z



_
+ +


,
# a a a a a
())
1 1
"in )o" )o" )o" "in
"in
V V V
V
r r r



_
+ + +


,
# a a a a a a
P2.43: ! 1## n; point )ha*,e i" &o)ated at the o*i,in. (a) Gete*$ine the potentia&
diffe*en)e V
*%
'et:een the point !(#.#,#.#,-6.#)$ and point 8(#.#,2.#,#.#)$. (') No:
$+)h :o*( :o+&d 'e done to $ove a 1.# n; )ha*,e f*o$ point ! to point 8 a,ain"t the
e&e)t*i) fie&d ,ene*ated 'y the 1## n; point )ha*,eD
(a)
.
%
*%
%
V d

# g
6he potentia& diffe*en)e i" on&y a f+n)tion of *adia& di"tan)e f*o$ the o*i,in. 7ettin, r
a
=
6$ and r
b
= 2$, :e then have
2
1 1
%## .
4 4
b
a
r
*% r r
o o b a r
Q Q
V dr V
r r r
_


,

a a g
(') ( ) ( )
2
2
1# %## %##
*%
6
5 Q V C V n6
CV

P2.46: .!67!8: <+ppo"e yo+ have a pai* of )ha*,e" Q
0
(#.#, -3.#$, #.#) = 1.# n; and
Q
"
(#.#, 3.#$, #.#) = 2.# n;. 9*ite a .!67!8 *o+tine to )a&)+&ate the potentia& V
RO
2-%6
$ovin, f*o$ the o*i,in to the point @(3.#$, #.#, #.#). Ho+* n+$e*i)a& inte,*ation :i&&
invo&ve )hoo"in, a "tep "ize L and findin, the fie&d at the )ente* of the "tep. Ho+ "ho+&d
t*y "eve*a& diffe*ent "tep "ize" to "ee ho: $+)h thi" affe)t" the "o&+tion.
% M-i!e" M#P$%=9
%
% Modif1 M#$%$' to ca!cu!ate the potentia!
% difference going from the origin (G) to the point
% A(>,$,$) given a pair of point charges
% Q&($,->,$)=&nC and Q%($,>,$)=%nC.
%
% (he approach 0i!! 5e to 5rea< up the distance
% from G to A into < sections. (he tota! fie!d + 0i!!
% 5e found at the center of each section (!ocated
% at point P) and then dot(+p,d#v) 0i!! give the
% potentia! drop across the <th section. (ota!
% potentia! is found 51 summing the potentia! drops.
%
% 2ent0orth, &/'/$)
%
% 4aria5!es"
% Q&,Q% the point charges, in nC
% < num5er of numerica! integration steps
% d# magnitude of one step
% d#v vector for a step
% .(n) . !ocation at center of section at P
% A&,A% vector from Q&,Q% to P
% +&,+% e!ectric fie!ds from Q& H Q% at P
% +tot tota! e!ectric fie!d at P
% 4(n) portion of dot(+tot,d#) at P
c!c %c!ears the command 0indo0
c!ear %c!ears varia5!es
% *nitia!i-e varia5!es
<=9=;
Q&=&;
Q%=%;
d#=>/<;
d#v=d#@B& $ $C;
% Perform ca!cu!ation
for n=&"<
.(n)=(n-&)@d#,d#/%;
A&=B.(n) > $C;
A%=B.(n) -> $C;
2-%
Amag&=magvector(A&);
Amag%=magvector(A%);
+&=3@Q&@A&/Amag&7);
+%=3@Q%@A%/Amag%7);
+tot=+&,+%;
4(n)=dot(+tot,d#v);
end
4tot=sum(-4)

:o0 running the program"
4tot =
-&.>?&'
<o V
RO
= -1.6 -.
P2.4: 0o* an infinite &en,th &ine of )ha*,e den"ity
L
= 2# n;E$ on the z-axi", find the
potentia& diffe*en)e V
*%
'et:een point 8(#, 2$, #) and point !(#, 1$, #).
( )
; , ,
2
"o &n 2 23#
2 2
*
L
*%
o %
*
L L
*%
o o %
V d d d
V d V

# # a a
a a
g
g
P2.44: 0ind the e&e)t*i) fie&d at point P(#.#,#.#,4.#$) *e"+&tin, f*o$ a "+*fa)e )ha*,e
den"ity
s
= 3.# n;E$
2
exi"tin, on the z = # p&ane f*o$ = 2.# $ to = 6.# $. !""+$e
V = # at a point an infinite di"tan)e f*o$ the o*i,in.
(.ethod 1)
0o* a *in, of )ha*,e it :a" p*evio+"&y fo+nd that
( )
%
2 2 2
.
2
L z
o
a#
a #

+
a
#
9e )an then '*ea( +p o+* di"( into diffe*entia& *in," ("ee 0i,+*e P2.44), ea)h
)ont*i'+tin, d# a":
( )
%
2 2 2
, :he*e :eRve +"ed .
2
S
z L S
o
# d
d d
#

+
# a
<o :e then have
( )
%
2 2 2
.
2
S z
o
# d
#

a
#
6hi" i" ea"y to inte,*ate if :e &et u $
"
7 #
"
, then du $ " d, and :e have
2-%4
%
2
2 2
2 1
4 4 2
b
S z S z S z
o o o
a
# # #
u du
u
#

a a a
#
<o&vin,, :e a**ive at
2 2 2 2
1 1
.
2
S
o
#
b # a #

1
+ +
]
#
/pon in"e*tin, the app*op*iate va&+e" :e find # = 44 -E$ a
z
.
($ethod 2)
0ind an exp*e""ion fo* potentia& and then eva&+ate the ,*adient at the point.
2 2
2 2
, , , "o -=
4
4
S
S
o
o
d d dQ
V R # dQ d d
R
#

+
+

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
-= .
2 2 2
b
b
S S S
a
o o o a
d
# b # a #
#

1
+ + +
]
+

Io: :e &et h = z and

; V #
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
S
z
o
S S
z z
o o
b z a z
z z
z z
b z z a z z
b z a z

1
+ +
1

]
1
1
+ +
1
1
] + +
]
# a
a a
P&+,,in, in the va&+e" :e find # = 44 -E$ a
z
.
P2.42: <+ppo"e a 6.# $ dia$ete* *in, :ith )ha*,e den"ity 3.# n;E$ &ie" in the x-y p&ane
:ith the o*i,in at it" )ente*. Gete*$ine the potentia& diffe*en)e V
#o
'et:een the point
h(#.#,#.#,4.#)$ and the o*i,in. 8(int) /irst /ind an expression /or E on t#e z9axis as a
general /unction o/ z+:
0o* the *in, of )ha*,e, *ep&a)in, # :ith z, :e have
0i,. P2.44
2-%2
( )
%
2 2 2 2
L z
o
a z
a z

+
a
#
( )
%
2 2 2
#
.
2
#
L
#o
o
a zdz
V d
a z

+

# g
7ettin, u $ a
"
7 z
"
, du $ "z dz, :e have
%
2
1
.
4 2
L L
#o
o o
a a
V u du
u

@ep&a)in, u and eva&+atin, f*o$ # to #,

2 2
1 1
2
%6 11% .
L
#o
o
a
V
a
a #
V V

1

1
+
]

15. Conducti3ity and Current
P2.3#: ! )o&+$n+&a* 'ea$ of e&e)t*on" f*o$ # F F 1 $$ ha" a )ha*,e den"ity
v
=-#.1
)o"(E2) n;E$$
%
(:he*e i" in $$) and a ve&o)ity of 6 x 1#
6
$E"e) in the +a
z
di*e)tion. 0ind the )+**ent.
7etC" &et
)o" ,
2
& o


_

,
:he*e
o
= -#.1 n;E$$
%
. 6hen :eC&& &et u = u
o
a
z
, :he*e u
o
=
6x1#
2
$$E". Ioti)e :e )onve*t the +nit" to $$. Io:,
)o" ,
2
& o o z
u


_


,
7 u a
and :ith dS = d d a
z
:e then have
2
# #
)o" .
2
a
o o
; d u d d

_


,

7 S g
6hi" 'e)o$e"
#
)o" ,
2
a
; % d

:he*e % $ "
o
u
o
.
Io: :e )an inte,*ate 'y pa*t", o*
, ud& u& &du

:he*e u $ %, du $ %d,
2
"in ,
2
&

,
and
)o" .
2
d& d

,
9e then have
2
2 4
"in )o" 1 .
2 2
%a a % a
;


1 _ _
+
1
, , ]
6o eva&+ate, :e fi*"t find % = 2(-#.1x1#
-2
)(6x1#
2
)=%., and then
J = 2.4#-1.3%=#.4!.
0i,. P2.42
2-4#
J = #.4!.
P2.31: 6:o "phe*i)a& )ond+)tive "he&&" of *adi+" a and b (b Q a: a*e "epa*ated 'y a
$ate*ia& :ith )ond+)tivity . 0ind an exp*e""ion fo* the *e"i"tan)e 'et:een the t:o
"phe*e".
0i*"t find # fo* a < r < b, a""+$in, +Q at r $ a and 5Q at r $ b. 0*o$ Ga+""C" &a::
2
4
r
o
Q
r
# a
Io: find V
ab
:
2
2
4
1 1 1
.
4 4 4
a a
ab r r
o b b
a
a
b o o o b
Q
V d dr
r
Q dr Q Q
r r a b

_


,

# a a g g
Io: )an find ;:
2
2
2
# #
1
"in
"in .
r r
o
o o
Q
; d $ d $ r d d
, r
Q Q
d d
,

7 S # S a a g g g
0ina&&y,
1 1 1
4
ab
V
R
; a b
_


,
P2.32: 6he typi)a& &en,th of ea)h pie)e of B+$pe* :i*e on a "t+dentC" p*oto'oa*d i" 3.#
)$. !""+$in, !9G-2# (:i*e dia$ete* #.412 $$) )oppe* :i*e, (a) dete*$ine the
*e"i"tan)e fo* thi" &en,th of :i*e. (') Gete*$ine the po:e* di""ipated in the :i*e fo* 1#.
$! of )+**ent.
(a)
( )
( )
2 2
%
1 1 #.#3
1.6
3.4 1#
#.4#6 1#
L m
R m
a x S m
x m




"o @ = 1. $
(')
( ) ( )
2
2 % %
1# 1# 1. 1# 1# P ; R x % x n5


P2.3%: ! den"e&y :*apped )oi& of !9G-22 (#.644 $$ dia$ete*) )oppe* $a,net :i*e i"
13# $ &on,. 6he :i*e ha" a ve*y thin in"+&ative "heath. Gete*$ine the *e"i"tan)e fo* thi"
&en,th of :i*e.
2-41
( )
2 2
%
1 1 13#
.24
3.4 1#
#.%22 1#
L m
R
a x S m
x m




"o @ = .2
P2.34: Gete*$ine an exp*e""ion fo* the po:e* di""ipated pe* +nit &en,th in )oaxia& )a'&e
of inne* *adi+" a, o+te* *adi+" b, and )ond+)tivity 'et:een the )ond+)to*" if a potentia&
diffe*en)e V
ab
i" app&ied.
0*o$ =An(2.44) :e have
1
&n
2
b
R
L a
_

,
Io: fo* a ,iven potentia& diffe*en)e V
ab
:e have
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
, "o .
&n &n
ab ab ab
V LV V P
P
b b R L
a a


P2.33: 0ind the *e"i"tan)e pe* +nit &en,th of a "tain&e"" "tee& pipe of inne* *adi+" 2.3 )$
and o+te* *adi+" %.# )$.
( )
2 2
1
,
L
R
b a

"o :e have
( ) ( )
6 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1.#3
1.1 1# .#%# .#23
R m
L x S m m b a m
_
_




,
,
"o @E7 = 1.# $E$
P2.36: ! ni)(e& :i*e of dia$ete* 3.# $$ i" "+**o+nded 'y a #.3# $$ thi)( &aye* of
"i&ve*. 9hat i" the *e"i"tan)e pe* +nit &en,th fo* thi" :i*eD !""+$in, 1.# $ of thi" :i*e
)a**ie" 1.# ! of )+**ent, dete*$ine the po:e* di""ipated in the ni)(e& po*tion and in the
"i&ve* po*tion of the :i*e.
9e )an t*eat thi" :i*e a" t:o *e"i"to*" in pa*a&&e&. 9e have
( )
%
2
%
1 1
%.4 1#
1.3 1#
2.3 1#
Ni
R
x
L x m
x

( ) ( )
%
2 2
% %
1 1
1.4 1#
6.2 1#
% 1# 2.3 1#
%g
R
x
L x m
x x

1
]
1.2
%g
total Ni
R
R R m
L L L m

6o find the po:e* di""ipated, :e fi*"t find the potentia& diffe*en)e:
2-42
1.2
total
V ;R mV
then
2 2
#.42 , #.
Ni %g
Ni %g
V V
P m5 P m5
R R

11. -ielectrics
P2.3: ! $ate*ia& ha" 12.# -E$ a
x
fie&d inten"ity :ith pe*$ittivity 124.3 p0E$.
Gete*$ine the e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity.
( ) ( )
12
2
124.3 1# 12 2.%
x
C nC
V F
x
m m
FV m

- # a
P2.34: .!67!8: ! 2# n; point )ha*,e at the o*i,in i" e$'edded in 6ef&on (
r
= 2.1).
0ind and p&ot the $a,nit+de" of the po&a*ization ve)to*, the e&e)t*i) fie&d inten"ity and the
e&e)t*i) f&+x den"ity at a *adia& di"tan)e f*o$ #.1 )$ o+t to 1# )$.
9e +"e the fo&&o:in, eA+ation":
2
, ,
4
e o r o
r o
Q
P 1
r



% M-i!e" M#P$%>?
%
% P!ot +, P and F vs distance r from a point
% charge Q at the origin 0ith a die!ectric.
%
% 4aria5!es
% Q charge (C)
% eo free space permittivit1 (/m)
% r radia! distance (m)
% Chi e!ectric suscepti5i!it1
% + e!ectric fie!d intensit1(4/m)
% F e!ectric f!u. densit1 (C/m7%)
% P po!ari-ation vector (C/m7%)
% initia!i-e varia5!es
Q=%$e-3;
er=%.&;
eo=?.?>=e-&%;
Chi=er-&;
% perform ca!cu!ations
r=$.$$&".$$&"$.&$$;
rcm=r.@&$$;
+=Q./(=@pi@r.7%);
2-4%
P=Chi@eo@+;
F=er@eo@+;
% p!ot data
su5p!ot(%,&,&)
!og!og(rcm,P,8--<8,rcm,F,8-<8)
!egend(8P8,8F8)
1!a5e!(8C/m7%8)
grid on
su5p!ot(%,&,%)
!og!og(rcm,+)
1!a5e!(84/m8)
.!a5e!(8radia!
distance (cm)8)
grid on
P2.32: <+ppo"e the fo*)e i" ve*y )a*ef+&&y $ea"+*ed 'et:een a pai* of point )ha*,e"
"epa*ated 'y a die&e)t*i) $ate*ia& and i" fo+nd to 'e 2# nI. 6he die&e)t*i) $ate*ia& i"
*e$oved :itho+t )han,in, the po"ition of the point )ha*,e", and the fo*)e ha" in)*ea"ed
to 1## nI. 9hat i" the *e&ative pe*$ittivity of the die&e)t*i)D
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 2 2
1
1##
, , 3
4 4 2#
r
r o o
QQ QQ F
F F
R R F



P2.6#: 6he potentia& fie&d in a $ate*ia& :ith
r
= 1#.2 i" V = 12 xy
2
(-). 0ind #, P and -.
( ) ( )
2 2
12 12
12 24
x y x y
xy xy
V
V y xy
x y m



2
# a a a a
2
2
-1.1 2.2
r o x y
nC
y xy
m
- # a a
1 2.2
e r

( ) ( )
12 2
2
2.2 4.434 1# -2.4 2.##
e o x y
nC
x y xy
m


P # # / a a
0i,. P2.34
2-44
P2.61: Jn a $ine*a& oi& die&e)t*i), :ith '*ea(do:n vo&ta,e of 13 .-E$, the potentia&
f+n)tion i" V $ x
3
= >x
"
=3+0x (.-). J" the die&e)t*i) &i(e&y to '*ea(do:n, and if "o,
:he*eD
( )
2
% 12 %.1
x
MV
V x x
m
+ + # a
2
2
6 12, 6,
d d
x
dx dx
+
# #
"o f*o$ 6x 5 12 = # :e find the $axi$+$ e&e)t*i) fie&d
o))+*" at x = 2$.
!t x = 2$, :e have # = -12+24+%.1 = 13.1 .-E$, ex)eedin, the '*ea(do:n vo&ta,e.
12. Boundary Conditions
P2.62: 0o* y P #,
r0
= 4.# and #
1
= %a
x
+ 6a
y
+ 4a
z
-E$. !t y = #,
"
= #.23 n;E$
2
. Jf

r"
= 3.# fo* y Q #, find #
2
.
#
1
= %a
x
+ 6a
y
+ 4a
z
-E$ (,) #
2
= %a
x
+ 2#.a
y
+ 4a
z
-E$
(a) #
81
= 6a
y
(f) #
I2
= -
I2
E3
o
= 2#.a
y
(') #
61
= %a
x
+ 4a
z
()) #
62
= #
61
= %a
x
+ 4a
z
(d) -
I1
=
*1

o
#
I1
= 24
o
a
y
(e) -
I2
= #.22 a
y
(e) ( ) ( )
21 1 2 1 2 2 1
, - ,
s y N N y s N N s
1 1 1 1 a - - a a g g
2
2 1 2 2 2
1#
#.23 24 #.22
%6
N s N
nC F nC nC
1 1
m m m m

_
+ +

,
P2.6%: 0o* z F #,
r0
= 2.# and fo* z Q #,
r"
= 4.#. Jf #
1
$a(e" a %# an,&e :ith a no*$a&
to the "+*fa)e, :hat an,&e doe" #
2
$a(e :ith a no*$a& to the "+*fa)eD
@efe* to 0i,+*e P2.6%.
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
"in , "in , and
T T T T

a&"o
( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
)o" , )o" , and "in)e #
N r o N r o N N s
1 1 1 1
6he*efo*e
1 2
1 2
,
T T
N N

1 1

and afte* *o+tine $ath :e find

1 2
2 1
1
tan tan
r
r

,
/"in, thi" fo*$+&a :e o'tain fo* thi" p*o'&e$
2
= 14S.
2-43
P2.64: ! p&ane defined 'y %x + 2y + z = 6 "epa*ate" t:o die&e)t*i)". 6he fi*"t die&e)t*i),
on the "ide of the p&ane )ontainin, the o*i,in, ha"
r0
= %.# and #
1
= 4.#a
z
-E$. 6he othe*
die&e)t*i) ha"
r"
= 6.#. 0ind #
2
.
9e fi*"t +"e ,*adient to find a no*$a& to the p&ana* "+*fa)e.
7et F $ 3x 7 "y 7 z = > $ ?.
% 2 , and 14,
"o #.4#2 #.3%4 #.26 .
x y z
N x y z
F F
F
F
+ +

+ +

a a a
a a a a
Io: :e )an :o*( the 'o+nda*y )ondition p*o'&e$.
( )
1 I1 1
4 , #.43 #.3# #.243 .
z N N x y z
+ + # a # # a a a a a g
1 1 1 2 1
#.43 #.3# %.13 ,
T N x y z T T
+ # # # a a a # #
1 1 1 2 1
2.31 1.1# #.433 , and
N r o N o x y z N N
1 + +
]
- # a a a - -
2 2
2
2
#.422 #.243 #.14%
6
N N
N x y z
r o o

+ +
- -
# a a a
0ina&&y :e have
2 2 2
-
#.4% #.22 %.4
$
T N x y z
+ + # # # a a a .
P2.63: .!67!8: ;on"ide* a die&e)t*i)-die&e)t*i) )ha*,e f*ee 'o+nda*y at the p&ane z =
#. ;on"t*+)t a p*o,*a$ that :i&& a&&o: the +"e* to ente*
r0
(fo* z P #),
r"
, and #
1
, and
:i&& then )a&)+&ate #
2
. (T+"t fo* f+n, yo+ $ay :ant to have the p*o,*a$ )a&)+&ate the
an,&e" that #
1
and #
2
$a(e :ith a no*$a& to the "+*fa)e).
% M-i!e" M#P$%9>
%
% Given +& at 5oundar1 5et0een a pair of
% die!ectrics 0ith no charge at 5oundar1,
% ca!cu!ate +%. I!so ca!cu!ates ang!es.
%
c!c
c!ear
0i,. P2.6%
2-46
% enter varia5!es
disp(8enter vector 6uantities in 5rac<ets,8)
disp(8for e.amp!e" B& % )C8)
er&=input(8re!ative permittivit1 in materia! &" 8);
er%=input(8re!ative permittivit1 in materia! %" 8);
a&%=input(8unit vector from mtr! & to mtr! %" 8);
+&=input(8e!ectric fie!d intensit1 vector in mtr! &" 8);
% perform ca!cu!ations
+n&=dot(+&,a&%)@a&%;
+t&=+&-+n&;
+t%=+t&;
Fn&=er&@+n&; %ignores eo since it 0i!! factor out
Fn%=Fn&;
+n%=Fn%/er%;
+%=+t%,+n%
% ca!cu!ate the ang!es
th&=atan(magvector(+t&)/magvector(+n&));
th%=atan(magvector(+t%)/magvector(+n%));
th&r=th&@&?$/pi
th%r=th%@&?$/pi
Io: *+n the p*o,*a$:
enter vector !"nt#t#e$ #n %r"c&et$,
'or e(")*+e, [1 2 3]
re+"t#ve *er)#tt#v#t- #n )"ter#"+ 1, 2
re+"t#ve *er)#tt#v#t- #n )"ter#"+ 2, 5
!n#t vector 'ro) )tr+ 1 to )tr+ 2, [0 0 1]
e+ectr#c '#e+. #nten$#t- vector #n )tr+ 1, [3 4 5]
E2 =
3 4 2
t/1r =
45
t/2r =
68.1986
0i,. P2.66
2-4
P2.66: ! 1.# )$ dia$ete* )ond+)to* i"
"heathed :ith a #.3# )$ thi)(ne"" of
6ef&on and then a 2.# )$ (inne*) dia$ete*
o+te* )ond+)to*. (a) /"e 7ap&a)eC"
eA+ation" to find an exp*e""ion fo* the
potentia& a" a f+n)tion of in the
die&e)t*i). (') 0ind # a" a f+n)tion of .
()) 9hat i" the $axi$+$ potentia&
diffe*en)e that )an 'e app&ied a)*o"" thi"
)oaxia& )a'&e :itho+t '*ea(in, do:n the
die&e)t*i)D
(a) <in)e V i" on&y a f+n)tion of ,
2
1
#
"o
o* &n
cyl
V
V
V
%
V % *

_



,

+
:he*e % and * a*e )on"tant".
Io: :e app&y 'o+nda*y )ondition".
8;1:
# &n , &n ,
&n
% b * * % b
V %
b

+
_


,
8;2:
( )
( )
( )
&n
&n , ,
&n &n
a
a a
V b a
V % % V V
a a b
b b

_


,
o*
( ) 1.44% &n 1## .
a
V V
(')
1.44%
a
V V
V

# a a
())
( )
6
$ax
6
$ax
1.44%
244.3 6# 1# ,
.##3
6# 1#
"o 2#4 , 21#
244.3
a
a br
a ab
V
V x
x
V 4V V 4V


P2.6: ! 1.# $ &on, )a*'on pipe of inne* dia$ete* %.# )$ and o+te* dia$ete* 3.# )$ i"
)+t in ha&f &en,th:i"e. Gete*$ine the *e"i"tan)e 'et:een the inne* "+*fa)e and the o+te*
"+*fa)e of one of the ha&f "e)tion" of pipe.
2-44
1ne app*oa)h i" to )on"ide* the *e"i"tan)e fo* the ha&f-"e)tion of pipe i" t:i)e the
*e"i"tan)e fo* a )o$p&ete )y&ind*i)a& "e)tion, ,iven 'y =An. (2.44). 8+t :eC&& +"ed the
7aP&a)e eA+ation app*oa)h in"tead.
7ap&a)e:
2
1
#
cyl
V
V

_



,
; he*e :e "ee - on&y depend" on
<o:
; &n
V
% V % *

;
:he*e % and * a*e )on"tant".
Io: app&y 'o+nda*y )ondition".
8;1:
# &n ; &n ;
&n
b
V % b * * % b
V %
b

+
_

,
8;2:
( )
( )
( )
&n ; ;
&n
&n
&n
a
a
a
V a
V % %
a b
b
b
V V
a
b

_


,

( )
1
&n
a
V V
V
a
b

# a a
7=#
( ) ( )
# #
1
&n &n
L
a a
V L V
; d d dz
a b
b a

7 S g
( )
&n
3.4 .
a
b
V
a
R
; L

P2.64: 0o* a )oaxia& )a'&e of inne* )ond+)to* *adi+" a and o+te* )ond+)to* *adi+" b and a
die&e)t*i)
r
in-'et:een, a""+$e a )ha*,e den"ity
& o

i" added in the die&e)t*i)
*e,ion. /"e Poi""onC" eA+ation to de*ive an exp*e""ion fo* V and #. ;a&)+&ate
s
on ea)h
p&ate.
2
1
& o
V
V

_



,
"o
0i,. P2.6
2-42
; ;
o o o
V V V
d d %



_ _
+


, ,

, :he*e % i" a )on"tant.
; = ; &n
o o o
V % %
dV d d V % *

+ + + +

, :he*e * i" a )on"tant.
Io: app&y 'o+nda*y )ondition":
at and # at
a
V V a V b
!pp&yin, the "e)ond one ,ive" +":
( )
( )
&n .
o
V b %
b

+
!pp&yin, the fi*"t one:
( )
( )
( )
( )
&n ;
&n
o
a
o
a
V b a
a
V a b % %
b
a
b

+
+
6he*efo*e,
( )
( )
( ) &n .
&n
o
a
o
V b a
V b
a b
b

+
_
+

,
&n
o o
o
V
V @ b
b
@

_ _
+


, ,
_


,
# a a
# a
:he*e
( )
( )
&n
o
a
V b a
@
a
b

,
"o
( )
.
&n
o
a
o
V b a
a
b

1 _
+
1
,
1
_
1

1
,
]
# a
( )
;
&n
o
a
o
N s Na sa
a
V b a
1 1
a
a
b

1 _
+
1
,
1
_
1

1
,
]
#
( )
&n
o
a
o
Nb sb
b
V b a
1
a
b
b

1 _
+
1
,
1
_
1

1
,
]
/ #
2-3#
P2.62: 0o* the pa*a&&e& p&ate )apa)ito* ,iven in 0i,+*e 2.31, "+ppo"e a )ha*,e den"ity
"in
2
& o
z
d

_

,
i" added 'et:een the p&ate". /"e Poi""onC" eA+ation to de*ive a ne: exp*e""ion fo* V and
#. ;a&)+&ate
s
on ea)h p&ate.
( )
2
2
"in
( )
2
o
&
z
V z
d
z

( ) ( )
2 ( )
"in )o"
2 2
o o
d V z
z z
dz %
d d
z




+

( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
( ) )o" "in
2 2
o o
d d
z z
V z dz % dz %z *
d d



+ + +

Io: app&y the 'o+nda*y )ondition":
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
# ; "in ;
2
o
d
o
a d
d
V
d
d
V * V %d %
d
d

+
( )
2
2 2
2 2
( ) "in
2
o d o
d V d
z
V z z
d
d

_
+

,
( )
2
2 2
2 2
"in
2
o d o
z z
d V d V
z
V z
d
z z z d

1 _ _ _
+
1

, , , ]
# a a
( )
2
2
)o"
2
o d o
z
d V d
z
d
d

_
+

,
# a
at z = #,
#
, "o
N s
z
1

2
2
.
o d o
s
d V d
d

+
at z = d,
, "o
N s
z d
1

2
2
.
d o
s
V d
d

+
1&. Capacitors
P2.#: ! pa*a&&e& p&ate )apa)ito* i" )on"t*+)ted "+)h that the die&e)t*i) )an 'e ea"i&y
*e$oved. 9ith the die&e)t*i) in p&a)e, the )apa)itan)e i" 44 n0. 9ith the die&e)t*i)
*e$oved, the )apa)itan)e d*op" to 12 n0. Gete*$ine the *e&ative pe*$ittivity of the
die&e)t*i).
1
1 2
2
44
; ; 4.#
12
r o o
r
% % C
C C
d d C


2-31
P2.1: ! pa*a&&e& p&ate )apa)ito* :ith a 1.# $
2
"+*fa)e a*ea fo* ea)h p&ate, a 2.# $$ p&ate
"epa*ation, and a die&e)t*i) :ith *e&ative pe*$ittivity of 12## ha" a 12. - potentia&
diffe*en)e a)*o"" the p&ate". (a) 9hat i" the $ini$+$ a&&o:ed die&e)t*i) "t*en,th fo* thi"
)apa)ito*D ;a&)+&ate (') the )apa)itan)e, and ()) the $a,nit+de of the )ha*,e den"ity on
one of the p&ate".
(a)
$in
12
6 ; ( ) 6
#.##2
br
V 4V 4V
a
m m m

(')
( ) ( ) ( )
12 2
12## 4.434 1# E 1
3.%
#.##2
r o
x F m m
%
C F
d m

()) ( ) ( )
6
; 3.% 1# 12 64
Q C
C Q CV x F V C
V FV

P2.2: ! )oni)a& "e)tion of $ate*ia& extend" f*o$ 2.# )$ F r F 2.# )$ fo* # F F %#
:ith
r
= 2.# and = #.#2# <E$. ;ond+)tive p&ate" a*e p&a)ed at ea)h *adia& end of the
"e)tion. Gete*$ine the *e"i"tan)e and )apa)itan)e of the "e)tion.
2 2 2
2
1
#; ;
V V %
V r r % V *
r r r r r
_
+


,
, :he*e % and * a*e )on"tant".
8o+nda*y )ondition": r $ a, V = # and r $ b, V $ V
b
1 1
1 1
b
a r
V V
a b
_

,
2 2
,
1 1 1 1
r
b r r o b r
V
V
r
V V
r r
a b a b

_ _


, ,
# a
a a
# -
0i,. P2.2
2-32
2
2
;
1 1
; "in
r o b
sb
s
V
b
a b
Q dS dS r d d

/
%# 2
2
2
# #
12
"in
1 1
1.% 1# .
o
r o b
b
b
V
Q b d d
b
a b
x V

1
1. ; ; 2.%
b
b
Q
C pF RC R 4
V C



P2.%: !n inho$o,eneo+" die&e)t*i) fi&&" a pa*a&&e& p&ate )apa)ito* of "+*fa)e a*ea 3#.
)$
2
and thi)(ne"" 1.# )$. Ho+ a*e ,iven
r
= %(1 + z), :he*e z i" $ea"+*ed f*o$ the
'otto$ p&ate in )$. Gete*$ine the )apa)itan)e.
P&a)e +Q at z $ d and 5Q at z = #.
, ,
s z z
r o
Q Q Q
S S S

- a # a
# # #
d d d
do z z
r o o r
9Q Q dz
V d dz
S S


# a a g g
eva&+atin, the inte,*a&:
( )
( )
1
#
# #
1 1
&n 1 &n 2
% 1 % %
d d
r
dz dz
z cm
z
+
+

2-3%
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
12 2 2
% 4.434 1# 3#
%
12
&n 2 1## &n 2
o
do
x F m cm
S Q m
C pF
V cm cm

_


,
P2.4: Given # = 3xya
x
+ %za
z
-E$, find the e&e)t*o"tati) potentia& ene*,y "to*ed in a
vo&+$e defined 'y # F x F 2 $, # F y F 1 $, and # F z F 1 $. !""+$e =
o
.
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 1
2 2 2
# # # # # #
1 1
23 2
2 2
1
23 2 123
2
o o
o
5 d& x y dxdydz z dxdydz
5 x dx y dy dz dx dy z dz p6

1
+
]
1
+
1
]


# # g
P2.3: <+ppo"e a )oaxia& )apa)ito* :ith inne* *adi+" 1.# )$, o+te* *adi+" 2.# )$ and
&en,th 1.# $ i" )on"t*+)ted :ith 2 diffe*ent die&e)t*i)". 9hen o*iented a&on, the z-axi",

r
fo* # F F 14# i" 2.#, and fo* 14# F F %6# i" 4.#. (a) ;a&)+&ate the
)apa)itan)e. (') Jf 2.# - i" app&ied a)*o"" the )ond+)to*", dete*$ine the e&e)t*o"tati)
potentia& ene*,y "to*ed in ea)h die&e)t*i) fo* thi" )apa)ito*.
(a) a )oaxia& &ine,
( )
2
&n
r o
L
C
b
a

8+t fo* on&y ha&f the &ine,

( )
&n
r o
L
C
b
a

<o
( )
1
1
%61
&n
r o
L
C pF
b
a


and
( )
2
2
161
&n
r o
L
C pF
b
a


<o
1 2
322
TOT
C C C pF +
(')
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
14.6 ; 6.3
2 2

5 CV n6 5 C V n6
0i,. P2.3