Predavanje 2

19-ti vek: doba TRANZICIJE

INDUSTRIALIZACIJA
NOVA TRANSPORTNA SREDSTVA
URBANI RAST / URBAN GROWTH
1801 1850 1901
Manchester 75,000 600,000 (osmostruko)
London 1,000,000 6,500,000 (vise negosestostruko)
Paris 500,000 3,000,000 (sestostruko)
New York 33,000 500,000 3,500,000
Chicago 30,000 2,000,000
Sir Ebenezer Howard
(1850-1928)
Garden City of To-Morrow, 1898
Idealni grad Utopija
Napoleon III (1852-1870)
Baron Georges-Eugne Haussmann (1809 1891)
Prefect of Seine 1852- 1870
Medieval/modern - Paris : Map showing historic, concentric
growth of city (Lavedan)
Paris : Plan showing extent of transformations
under Haussmann (1854-89)
Boulevard de Sebastopol, Paris : Aerial view, looking north
from Place du Chatelet 1854-58.
Boulevard St.-Germain, Paris : Aerial view 1866-77.
PARIS, France.
NOVI SADRZAJI, NOVI ZAHTEVI:
INZENJERSKA DOSTIGNUCA
Abraham Darby, Severn River Bridge, 1779, COALBROOKDALE, Shropshire, England
378 tons of CAST IRON
Span 30.5 m (100 ft)
William Henry Barlow, St Pancras Railway Station, LONDON, 1860s
Span 74 m (243 ft)
Gustave Eiffel, Garabit Viaduct, Cantal, France, 1880-85.
IRON THRUSS
two-hinged arch
565 metres (1853 ft) long and weighed 3587 tons
Deflection: 8 mm (0,315)
J.A. Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, 1867-83.
Span 487m (1600 ft)
SUSSPENSSION bridge
Spirally wrapped cables
towers (pylons)
Joseph Paxton,
Exhibition of 1851.
Crystal Palace,
London,
Exterior, 1850-1851.
93,000 square meters
(1,000,000 square feet) of
GLASS
Built in 4 months
Joseph Paxton, Exhibition of
1851. Crystal Palace, 1850-1851.
Color scheme of Owen Jones
(colored illustration)
93,000 square meters
(1,000,000 square feet) of
GLASS
Built in 4 months
C.-L.-F. Dutert, Exposition of 1889. Galerie des Machines, Paris, Exterior (contemporary postcard)
1886-89 (demolished 1910).
C.-L.-F. Dutert, Exposition of 1889. Galerie des Machines, Paris, Exterior (contemporary postcard)
1886-89 (demolished 1910).
Raspon / Span 107 m (350 ft)
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffe Tower, Paris, 1887 1889
Base: 125 m (410 ft), Height: Roof 300.65 m (986 ft); Antenna/Spire 324 m (1063 feet)
Copper / bakar
2,5 mm thick
Iron THRUSS
Gvozdena resetka
Concrete
Beton
Granit
F.A. Bartholdi, Gustav Eiffel, Statue of Liberty, Elis
Island, New York City, 1875-1886.
Concrete
Le
U kom STILU
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts program:
Studije 5 arh. redova (najbolje izrazenimna rimskimi
Renesansnimgradjevinamai u tekstovima tih perioda)
Najbolji studenti dobijaju Prix de Rome za studije u Italiji
Arhitektonski principi Ecole des Beaux-Arts :
Konceptualni: arhitektonska sema uredjenaprema zahtevu
redova
Funkcionalni i estetski: kretanje kroz gradjevinu i njen
esteski dozivljaj
SOUFFLO, c. 1760
DURAND c. 1800
GARNIER 1860
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
The Seven Lamps of Architecture
Sedamlampi arhitekture
-Sacrifice Zrtva
-Truth Istina
-Power Moc
-Beauty Lepota
-Life Zivot
-Memory Secanje
-Obedience Potcinjenost
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTUE: "Pagan in its origin, proud
and unholy in its revival, paralyzed in its old age... an
architecture invented, as it seems, to make plagiarists of
its architects, slaves of its workmen, and sybarites of its
inhabitants; an architecture in which intellect is idle,
invention impossible, but in which all luxury is gratified
and all insolence fortified.
IRON: the most fruitful source of corruptionin modern
times
Augustus W. N. Pugin (1812-1852)
Contrasts; or a parallel between the noble edifices of 14
th
and 15
th
centuries and similar building of the present day , 1836.
The Principles of Christian Architecture, 1841.
The Four Elements of Architecture, 1851.
Gottfried SEMPER (1803 1879)
In 1828Heinrich Hbsch :
In welchem Style sollen wir bauen?
In what Style shouldwe build?
The knot the embryo of architecture
The origins of each architectural element can be found
in the traditional crafts of ancient 'barbarians':
hearth fire, ceramics
framework carpentry
enclosure weaving
earthwork mound
The Caribbean Hut exhibited
at the GREAT EXHIBITION of 1851
The Four Elements of Architecture, 1851.
Viollet-le-Duc (1814 1879)
Caricature of Viollet-le-Duc
as medieval mason in gargoyle,
Notre Dame, Paris
Laugier, 18
th
c.
(origins - forms)
Viollet-le-Duc, 19
th
c.
(origins-structure)
Violllet-le-Duc, Concert Hall for 3000, 1866
Entretiens sur l'architecture , 2 volumes, 1858-72.
Discourses on Architecture, Henry Van Brunt, transl., 1875.
Composition in masonry and iron, from E. E. Viollet-le-Duc, M.
Entretiens sur l"Architecture (Paris, 1863), pl. 22.
William Morris (1834-95) and Arts and Crafts Movement
Return to hand-craftsmanship
PARIS, Henri Labrouste,
Ste-Genevieve Library, 1850
PARIS, Henri Labrouste,
Ste-Genevieve Library, 1850
PARIS, Henri
Labrouste, Ste-
Genevieve
Library, 1850