He Thong Truyen Hinh

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay
PHN I KHI QUT CNG NGH TRUYN HNH CP

I. LCH S PHT TRIN TRUYN HNH CP:
_ H thng truyn hnh cp ( CATV ) xut hin vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 40. Thut ng CATV xut hin u tin vo nm 1948 ti M khi thc hin thnh cng h thng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn ( Cable Television ). Mt nm sau, cng ti M h thng truyn hnh anten chung ( CATV community Antenna Television ) cung cp dch v thu bao bng ng truyn v tuyn c lp t thnh cng. T , thut ng CATV c dng ch chung cho cc h thng truyn hnh cp v tuyn v hu tuyn. Mc tiu ban u ca truyn hnh cp l phn pht cc chng trnh qung b ti nhng khu vc do cc iu kin kh khn v a hnh khng th thu c bng cc anten thng thng, gi l vng lm sng. _ Mt h thng cp n gin ni nhng tn hiu truyn hnh thu c t anten ti nhng thu bao c to ra bi cp ng trc v nhng b khuch i bng rng. Nhng b khuch i u tin c ch to bng vic s dng n in t v c cp ngun ring 120 VAC , ngun in th ny th rt nguy him .Nhng b khuch i ny c s dng trong thi gian di trc khi hi chm sc sc kho v an ton ngh nghip ( OSHA ) ca s lao ng hoa k thnh lp. Tng khuch i cp rt d b nh hng bi nhit , s iu chnh lin tc ca nhn vin k thut th cn thit hn ch li v p ng tn s. S suy gim cp gia tng r rt khi tn s mang hnh tng, iu ny lm cho nhng h thng cp ban u ch c th mang t knh 2 n knh 6, v h thng ny gi l h thng nm knh. Nhng trm truyn hnh nhn tn hiu tn s siu cao ( UHF ) hoc trn knh t 7 n 13 v sau ti thit b u cui n c bin i thnh nhng knh trong bng tn t 2 n 6. Ti thi im , vo u nhng nm 1950, nm knh l nhiu v nhng ngi thu bao phi chu ng nhiu s li thi v nhng vn k thut ca h thng hn chng ta ngy nay. _ Khi m dy cp tr nn khan him v c thm nhiu h thng c xy dng, nhng nh sn xut p li bng vic ci thin li b khuch i v dy cp. Cp vi v bc bng nhm bn trong c y bt polyethelence v dy dn nhm ph ng gia sm tr thnh tiu chun cng nghip. Trong sut nhng nm 60 v 70 kiu dy cp ny c hai loi kch c chnh: loi c ng knh ngoi 0,412 inch v ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 0,500 inch. Cp 0,412 inch c s dng lm dy feeder v loi 0,500 inch c s dng cho nhng mc ch trung chuyn. _ Bn cnh , vic thit k h thng cng c ci thin, thay v ni nhng thu bao ti mt h thng khuch i cp n th mt s vn chuyn tn hiu theo dng h thng trunk feeder c pht trin. Ti y h thng cp chnh ( trunk ) cho nhng tn hiu truyn hnh t thit b u cui ti nhng u ca h thng, m nhng u ny bin i theo khong cch v s lng nhng ng chia h thng. Nhng cp dn ( feeder ) ni ti thu bao c bc cu ra t h thng ng cp chnh ti nhng b khuch i trung chuyn ( trunk amplifier ), do vy n cung cp s cch ly h thng thu bao vi h thng cp chnh. Vi s pht trin ca transistor , nhng b khuch i cp sm c ci thin v hiu sut v tiu hao cng sut thp. _ Trong nhng nm 1960 mng dy dn ( feeder ) cung cp nhng tn hiu ti thu bao th c gi l pressure tap. V c bn, mt l c ly li bn trong v bc ngoi bng nhm v chn trung tm ca b ni ra c t vo gia l ni ti dy dn trung tm. Nhng si ni ra cng loi v mt b gi cung cp p sut gi cht thit b ni ra vi dy cp. Mt mch nh ca nhng in tr v nhng t in c cung cp cp tr khng 75 ohm () cho ph hp vi dy cp v s cch ly vi dy dn ti thu bao. _ Vic kt ni cp cng c ci thin, nhiu kiu thit k c dng trong nhng nm 60 v 70. Vn chnh lc l gi cho ch ni c knh v c th chu ng c thi tit , trnh hi m lm h hng cp cng nh hn ch phn x v suy hao tn hiu. Bng vic nhng h thng cp c xy dng bi nhng cng ngh v sn phm c ci tin, nhng hnh nh c cung cp tt hn, xc thc hn. Thm vo , nhng knh tn s rt cao ( VHF), t knh 7 n knh 13 c th s dng nng tng s knh ln 12 knh. _ Khi h thng pht trin hn th b ni nh hng v b chia tn hiu c ci thin, iu ny lm xut hin thit b ni ra nhiu ng ti thu bao. Nhng thit b ni ra ny ban u ch c 2 hoc 4 cng ti thu bao. Ngy nay thit b ni ra c 8 cng l thng dng, t bit l nhng vng dn c ng c. Nhng b khuch i cng c ci thin v hnh thc v gi c. T khi b khuch i truyn m khng chun t knh 2 n knh 6 gim xung bng tn gia th c loi ra bi nhng b khuch i hin i, thng ph ca bng tn gia c th mang nhiu chng trnh. Nhiu h thng cp ni khu vc bng tn gia c mang nhng sng chun c iu ch FM trong khong tn s t 88 108MHZ trong khng gian. Vn cn khong tn s t 108 MHZ tr ln ti knh 7 (175MHz ) thm 9 tn hiu truyn hnh c th c mang, nh vy l c mt h thng 21 knh. _ Vn chnh ti thi im ny l ngi s dng nhng b thu hnh c th khng chnh c nhng knh ny, bi v tt c h c l nhng knh 2 n knh 13 v knh UHF 14 n 83. Lm sng t vn ny, mt khi bin i c s dng. Khi ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay bin i ny la chn bng tn gia v bin i 9 knh thnh cc knh, v d nh UHF 27 n 35. Kt ni khi chuyn i th c biu din trong hnh 1 :
Hnh 1: Kt ni chuyn i _ Nm 1970 thi gian ny s lng trm truyn hnh UHF c gia tng ng k. Nhng h thng cp ch c th mang ti knh 13 ( 216MHZ ), v vy s la chn hot ng h thng truyn hnh cp chuyn i ti head end ca mt s trm UHF thnh 9 knh bng tn gia c th s dng c. _ Nm 1980 vo thi gian u cc chng trnh gii tr tr nn sn c thng qua cc knh v tinh. Cc chng trnh ny u tin c chuyn i sang h NTSC iu ch mt s knh sng mang hng ln v tinh v h thng pht ca v tinh chuyn ti trm anten thu mt t ca mt h thng truyn hnh cp a phng. H thng thu ti thi im ny dng nhng anten ln ( 10m ) bi v nhng b khuch i anten vi sng c nhiu v li b hn ch. Sut nhng 1980 ci thin c nhng b khuch i anten thu nhiu thp hay nhng b khuch i nhiu thp ( LNAS ) c kch thc nh v chi ph thp. Nhng anten thu parabol c xut hin nhiu trong thi im ny. S ra i ca nhng b chuyn i nhiu thp ( LNBC ) sau nhng nm 1980 th cht lng c ci thin v gi thnh thp. LNBC v bn cht l b khuch i nhiu thp c lp trn anten. Tn hiu tn s 4000 MHz (4GHz) thp hn bao gm 24 knh chng trnh c chuyn i thnh 24 knh trong bng tn, v d nh t 950 n 1450 MHz. V th cp t anten xung b thu c suy hao thp hn ti 950 n 1450MHz so vi ti 3.7 n 4.2 GHz.
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Bi v nhng knh truyn hnh v tinh l cc knh xem phi tr tin nn mt vi cch thc ca vic chia tn hiu ti ng ni ra ti thu bao rt cn thit ngn tn hiu ti thu bao khng mun tr tin cho dch v. Mt mch gm cc in tr, t in v cun dy c lm theo dng ng nh mt b lc by v c ci t trong mt ci hp bng kim loi. B lc ny c ngha loi b cc knh khng mong mun t nh ca thu bao v n c gi l b by tn hiu kiu negative. Mun lm tht bi k thut ny th ch cn loi b ci by ny ra khi ng dy truyn dn, iu ny rt kh v d b pht hin v nguy him. _ Cc chng trnh v tinh xut hin ngy cng nhiu v v vy nhng h thng v tinh nhiu hn 24 knh c dng, iu ny lm cho nhng nh khai thc h thng truyn hnh cp t k hoch tng dung lng knh ln. D nhin, loi cp cht lng tt nht v nhng b khuch i c ci thin, nhng h thng mi c thit k ti 30 knh ( 55 n 270 MHz ) 35 knh ( 55 n 300 MHz ), 40 knh (55 n 450 MHz ) , 52 knh ( 55 n 400 MHz ), 62 knh ( 55 n 450 MHz ), cho n 78 knh ( 55 n 550 MHz ). _ Phng php by bo mt knh sm tr nn kh iu khin, bi v nhng ci by ny phi c sp xp by li nhng thu bao khng tr ph dch v. Lm sng t vn ny, th k thut m ho tn hiu c pht trin. li vo t mt tn hiu gy nhiu ln tn hiu thc ( ti thu bao ), do thu bao khng th xem c cc chng trnh trn TV. By ny t trn cng ni ti thu bao, loi i tn hiu gy nhiu ny thu bao c th xem c. Mt vi knh thuc gi dch v s c xo trn bi tn hiu gy nhiu. Mt vi gi cng c th c trn bi mt vi kiu ca nhng tn hiu gy nhiu nhng ni m by tn hiu th cn thit cho mi chng trnh. Phng php by ny c gi l by positive, v nhng ci by ny thng c xem nh l b lc phn lp. Cc by negative cng c hnh thnh loi b bng tn ca tn hiu. C hai phng php by ny gip hn ch s lng by gn u ni. C mt iu l by negative loi b dch v t nhng ngi khng thu bao cn by positive cung cp dch v tr tin ti thu bao. V vy mt h thng vi vi thu bao tr tin s c nhiu by negative v c t by positive. _ Vi s gia tng s lng knh, cc b thu hnh c th iu hng cc knh l cn thit . Vn cn nhiu b thu hnh ch iu hng t knh 2 n knh 13 v UHF ( 14 n 83 ). Nhng b thu mi hn thng c gi l cable-ready, th c th iu hng mt s knh mi. N nhn tn hiu t cp v c chuyn i la chn thnh knh c nh, thng l knh 2, 3 hoc 4 v cung cp nhng knh ny n truyn hnh thu. Hinh 2 minh ho mt vi phng php kt ni vi b chuyn i.
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Hnh 2: Kt ni vi b chuyn i. _ Trong nhng nm u 1980 pht trin phng php trit tiu ( ting n ) lm cho ng b tn hiu. Phng php ny s dng nhng mch x l tn hiu video ti u cui ( head end ) chuyn i hoc kh nhiu nm ngang nhng xung ng b t tn hiu video. Nhng hnh nh mong mun c xem nu gi cht tn hiu nm ngang trong my thu hnh th c iu chnh. Nhng mch in khi phc li tn hiu th c gn vo mch chuyn i thu bao. Nhng thu bao yu cu dch v chuyn i chng trnh c ci sn ca h vi chp IC ( Intergrated circuit ) chng trnh nh ch c ( PROM ) th kch hot nhng mch khi phc li trit tiu tn hiu nm ngang lm cho tn hiu ng b. _ Sau nhng nm 1980 vi s pht trin ca my tnh c nhn, c th chuyn i iu chnh thu bao vi s gn lin thit b xo trn m m c th iu khin c ( my tnh talks n b chuyn i, mi b chuyn i th c mt a ch ). Nhng mch in c thm vo thu bao chuyn i x l d liu c mang bi sng mang d liu xui dng ( data carrier ). Sng mang d liu ny th trong hu ht cc trng hp u ca bng tn sng v tuyn FM ( 106.250 MHz ) v c iu ch m c th iu khin c dng d liu. Khi b chuyn i thy c a ch ca n hin ra trn dng d liu, n c rt ra m ho thnh s theo lnh. Nhng lnh v bn cht c thay th ch ca PROM theo thng tin c cung cp ban u. Thu bao s tip xc vi cng ty cp, nu h mun thay i dch v th ngi th k ti cng ty cp s thm vo nhng thay i trn my tnh thng qua mt giao tip gia my tnh v cp ( ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay computer-to-cable modem ) ch dn b chuyn i p ng yu cu ca thu bao. V vy khng cn thit ti nh ca thu bao thc hin vic thay i ny. _ Tt c cc phng php cho vic bo mt tn hiu lc ny hay lc khc c th b h hng. Nhng ngi ch mun xem m khng mun tr tin th h lm hoc mua cc by positive tri php v t chng trong nh ca h nhng ni knh o. Nhng ngi c gi l ngi n cp tn hiu , h bn v ci t cc con chip PROM tri php nh bi b bin i gii trn. Ngoi ra nhng ci c gi l hp en c bn cho nhng thu bao v chng c t gia b bin i c th nh a ch v b thu hnh. Hu ht cc cng ty truyn hnh cp dng cc chng trnh khc nhau qun l vn bo mt tn hiu m h cung cp. _ Nh vy, truyn hnh cp c hiu mt cch n gin l tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh truyn ti cc thu bao bng cp , thay th cho anten thng thng trn nc nh.
II.CC H TIU CHUN TRUYN HNH TRN TH GII:

1. H NTSC_M : _ Dng phng php sp xp cc thng tin mu vung gc vi nhau, ri iu ch vo sng mang ph 3,58MHz ( hoc 4,43MHz ), nh vy trong qu trnh truyn s xy ra s dch pha , gy sai pha so vi tn hiu ban u lm sai lch mu . y chnh l nhc im chnh ca h NTSC ( mu t trung thc v kh nng khc phc rt km ) . 2. H SECAM_PHP : _ S dng phng php truyn ln lt cc thng tin mu, c gi li ti hin ng thi im . Nh phng php lm tr 64 s ca sng mang ph c cha cc thnh phn mu R-Y v B-Y, ni tip nhau sau mt vng khi n ma trn cng vi thnh phn chi Y . Nh m h ny khng b sai pha , gy lch mu nh h NTSC . H SECAM cho mu sc trung thc hn . 3. H PAL_C : _ C nhng ci tin hn so vi 2 h NTSC va SECAM, h Pal dng phng php lun phin thay i pha ca dng qut trc vi dng qut sau ca tn hiu mang mu, vi thi gian tr ca mi vng l 64 s. Bng cch b pha theo kiu o ngc pha ca mi dng qut vi mu c chn l R-Y, nn gim nh c sai pha ca tn hiu mu , lm cho hnh nh c nt v trung thc hn . * S phn b ph ca PAL v SECAM nh nhau, bng tn tng hp chim 8MHz . Trong mt dng qut 64 s th tn hiu mu v chi chim 52 s, cn li tn hiu ng b l 12 s, tn hiu ting c pht ring thng qua iu ch FM hay AM . * Bi tn hiu mu v chi nm chung nhau v cc thng tin c c u dng phng php tng t nn c nhng nhc im sau : ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + phn gii ngang khng cao , do tn hiu sng mang mu nm ngay trong tn hiu chi . + Do s xuyn nhiu ca tn hiu mu v chi gy nhiu giao thoa . + S xuyn nhiu gia hnh v ting cng gy ra vn giao thoa . + m thanh khng tt bng iu ch s . ** Ngoi ra cn c h CMAC v D2MAC l cc h tiu chun ca h truyn hnh c nt cao HDTV .
III. KHI QUT CNG NGH TRUYN HNH CP:

_ Hin nay, Vit Nam cc i truyn hnh v mt s nh cung cp dch v a ra cc dch v truyn hnh tng t, truyn hnh k thut s, truyn hnh cpSau nay l cch nhn tng quan v cc dch v truyn hnh. 1. TRUYN HNH TNG T : _ L cng ngh truyn hnh ph bin nht v hin ang c s dng rng ri trc y. Gi l TH tng t v cc trm thu pht u l thit b tng t , tn hiu thu pht cng l tn hiu tng t . Tn hiu c truyn dn trong khng gian thng qua trm anten pht , v tinh mt t hoc pht ln v tinh i tnh ri pht xung tr li . Thit b u cui thu c c th l anten. * c im : _ Cht lng hnh nh v m thanh khng cao , ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : cht lng ca thit b u cui , yu t thi tit ( nng , ma ). V c bit l chi ph rt r do ch cn c anten thu v tivi l c th xem c vi chng trnh. 2 . TRUYN HNH S : _ Trn th gii cc nc ang pht trin d trin khai th nghim cng ngh truyn dn pht sng s (v tinh, vi ba ,cp , pht sng mt t ) t nhng nm ca thp k 90, v ang hon thin . hin nay 1 s nc pht sng mt dt bao gm 1693 knh ( gm 1572 knh UHF , v 121 knh VHF ). _ Tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh sau khi x l, c chuyn i t analog sang digital thng qua b bin i ADC ( tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s ) , sau s pht i . Vic truyn dn c th thc hin trong khng gian ging truyn hnh tng t hoc c th truyn thng qua dy dn ( truyn hnh cp ) . Khi tn hiu n nh thu bao th phi c b gii m tn hiu chuyn i tn hiu t s sang tng t. _ Nh khai thc truyn hnh thng nhn c ni dung t nhiu ngun , bao gm video a phng , cc knh truyn hnh cp v v tinh , cc ni dung ny li c x l truyn dn tip n ngi xem bng cch a tn hiu qua h thng truyn dn pht sng truyn hnh s. _ Cc khi chc nng trong h thng ny gm : thu nhn tn hiu , nn v m ho , iu ch , h thng truy cp c iu kin , h thng qun l mng . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay * c im : _ My pht s pht c 9 chng trnh s ring bit trn cng 1 knh pht , trong khi my pht analog ch pht c duy nht 1 chng trnh .tnh hn hn ( c v k thut cht lng cao , c v hiu qu kinh t pht nhiu chng trnh ) rt thun tin cho vit qui hoch mng pht sng s mt t. _ Cng sut my pht s khng cn ln nh my pht analog ( nu cng 1 din ph sng ) v mc cung trng cn im thu thp hn nhiu so vi tng t. _ Nu dng tiu chun pht sng chu u DVB-T s dng mng n tng c th to ra h thng mng pht sng quc gia c 1 t/s pht . khng phi qui hoch t/s cho tng im _ Trnh uc hin tng sng phn x t nhiu hng gy nn nh bng ca TV m h pht analog khng loi tr c . vi tiu chun DVB-T thc hin thu tt tn hiu s trong mi iu kin k c trn xe hi di ng , t b nh hng vt chn , m ra kh nng ch to sn xut my thu hnh c nhn b ti . _ Cht lng hnh nh ting ni thu c p nt gn nh nh , ting thc ,cht lng m thanh v hnh nh kh cao do s dng k thut s , tuy nhin chi ph cng cao hn do phi mua thm b gii m tn hiu , ng thi cng chu nh hng ca mi trng nu truyn trong khng trung . 3. TRUYN HNH CP : _ Hin nay c nc c 19 n v cung cp dch v tr tin bng nhiu loi hnh thc cng ngh khc nhau gm truyn hnh cp CATV , viba knh MMDS , DTH truyn hnh s mt t , trong ring truyn hnh cp c 16 n v ng dng truyn khai .mc d cng ngh CATV c ng dng ph bin nhng li ang bc l nhng hn ch v cht lng v cc i pht thanh truyn hnh ng dng cng ngh ny ang ng trc nguy c b tt dc v cng ngh. _ CATV l dch v phn phi knh truyn hnh ca cc nh khai thc cp ti cc thu bao qua h thng cp quang hay cp ng trc . cc nh cung cp dch v CATV vit nam ang dng cng ngh tng t cung cp cc chng trnh truyn hnh tr tin ch yu l qua ng cp ng trc . theo nh gi ca B BCVT , h thng CATV ang pht trin t do , s dng sng tn s tu tin , khng ng tiu chun tn s truyn dn cp . _ L cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn thng qua cp , cp c s dng y c th l cp quang hay cp ng trc . ng thi tn hiu truyn dn l tn hiu k thut s , do u cui cn c b thu v gii m . Thng tn hiu thu ti u thu bao ln hn tn hiu truyn t v tinh v tng i n nh , nhng do truyn trong mi trng ng nht ( trong li cp ) , nn cng chu nhng sng phn xa tng i mnh do hin tng khng phi hp tr khng hon ton .
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H thng thit b trung tm ( Headend System)
Mng phn phi tn hiu ( Distribution Network )
Thit b thu bao ( Customer System)
S khi tng qut ca h thng truyn hnh cp * c im : bng thng ln ,cht lng tn hiu rt tt , cht lng cn ty thuc vo tng loi cp truyn tn hiu ( trn ng truyn b suy hao ) . Ngoi ra c th tn dng ng truyn cho cc mc ch truyn d liu , internet .Hin nay truyn hnh cp c 2 loi : truyn tn hiu bng dy dn _ Truyn hnh cp hu tuyn v loi truyn v tuyn . * Nhc im: li ph thuc rt ln vo mng truyn dn , nu mng truyn dn khng tt th cht lng cc chng trnh cng b xu i . _ Vo nhng nm 60, h thng anten thu cng cng ra i gi tt l MATV ( Master Antenna Television ). _ Cc to nh cao tng khu chung c bit th ch cn c mt vi anten thu tn hiu, qua b khuch i v b phn chia nhiu ng, ti tng phng trong cn h. Mt s nc pht trin ngoi cc h thng truyn hnh qung b ca quc gia, cn c cc h thng truyn hnh t nhn. Nhng hng ln c h thng pht v kim sot thu bao ring bit. Nhng hng nh phc v trn mt a bn ring bit thng s dng h thng truyn dn cp ( cable ttelevision ). _ Nhng nm gn y, cc cng ngh pht thanh truyn hnh lin tc ra i gii quyt thnh cng vn m ngun ( nn audio v video ) nhm mc ch lm gim tc bit vi suy gimcht lng n mc c th chp nhn c v m knh (s dng cc m sa li v k thut iu ch nhm t c hiu sut ph tn tt nht ). Khi qu trnh m ngun v m knh c thc hin th s c mt dng d liu c s dng iu ch sng mang tn hiu chng trnh . Vy nhm mc ch ti u ha nhng c trng ring bit cu tng knh truyn t c tn hiu truyn tt nht , nn mi phng thc truyn dn thng chn cc k thut iu ch tn hiu sng mang khc nhau d c th t c yu cu v cht lng m thanh v hnh nh . ** Hin nay c mt s i PTTH VIT NAM ang tm hiu chuyn sang s dng cng ngh s , tuy nhin y cng ch l gii php tnh th . v theo cc chuyn gia truyn hnh , vit pht trin truyn hnh s khng ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam ,cc th Vit Nam ang qui hoch ln xn , a cc tn hiu CATV n thu bao nh cung cp phi ko dy , treo cp trn cc ct in lm mt m quan th. Trn th gii , nhiu nc chm dt pht sng truyn hnh tng t . Ti Vit Nam , theo xut ca VTC cn phi 10-15 nm chuyn i t analog sang s . ktv: v th cng
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4. MT S CU TRC H THNG MNG CP C DNG PH BIN HIN NAY :
a. Mng c cu trc hon ton cp ng trc . ( Trunk Feeder ) : * u im : Cc thit b mng n gin, gi thnh thp. * Nhc im : _ Do truyn tn hiu bng cp ng trc c mc suy hao ln nn khi s dng nhiu b khuch i dn n chi ph cho mng tng cao, ng thi ko theo cc chi ph khc nh ngun cung cp cho b khuch i v in nng tiu th ca mng cng tng. _ Do s dng cc b khuch i b suy hao nn nhiu ng truyn tc ng vo tn hiu cng vi nhiu ni b ca b khuch i tch t li theo chiu di ng truyn dn n cng xa trung tm, cht lng tn hiu cng gim. y l cng ngh ca nhng nm 80 tr v trc v thng ch p dng trung quc. b.Mng kt hp cp quang v cp ng trc. ( HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial ): b . Mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn kt hp cp quang v cp ng trc HFC: _ HFC - Hybrid Fiber Coaxial: s dng ng thi cp quang v cp ng trc truyn dn tn hiu. Mng HFC c th trin khai theo nhiu cp tu theo quy m ca mng. _ Vi quy m nh c th s dng s hnh sao, vi quy m ca mng ln c th s dng s hnh vng kn. an ton ca mng c tng ln nh cu trc hnh vng knh. * u im :Di thng cc ln, suy hao tn hiu rt thp, t b nhiu in t, chng lo ho v n mn ho hc tt. c . Mng quang ho hon ton : _ Mt mng truyn dn c quang ho hon ton t nh cung cp dch v n tn cc thu bao l c m ca ca mi nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh cng nh vin thng nh u im tuyt vi ca cp quang. Tuy nhin, vic truyn khai mt mng quang hon ton ti thi im hin nay gp mt s nhc im sau : + Gi thnh cp quang, thit b pht quang, b chia quang, hin cn rt cao so vi cc thit b tng ng cho cp ng trc .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Hin nay cc thit b u cui truyn hnh cp ti thu bao hon ton khng c u vo quang, v vy mun thu c chng trnh cn c thit b thu quang v chuyn i quang sang tn hiu RF. y l tr ngoi ln v thit b ny cha c sn trong dn dng v gi thnh rt cao. _ Cn c vo phn tch cc u im v nhc im ca ba phng n nu trn, ta c th a ra kt lun sau: _ S dng cp quang hon ton cho mng truyn dn tn hiu ca truyn hnh cp hu tuyn l iu l tng v mt k thut. Tuy nhin, xt v mt kinh t th vic s dng quang ho hon ton khng c li v rt kh kh thi v gi thnh qu cao. _ Khi so snh gia phng n s dng cp ng trc hon ton vi phng n s dng kt hp cp quang v cp ng trc cho thy vi quy m mng cn nh, c dung lng khong t 5000 thu bao tr li th cp ng trc hon ton s c chi ph thp hn v vn bo m cht lng. Mng c quy m ln t 10000 thu bao tr ln th s dng mng kt hp HFC ga thnh thp hn v cht lng tn hiu s tt hn, quy m mng cng ln th phng n mng HFC s cng hiu qu. ** Ngoi ra dch v truyn hnh cp cn c tnh u vit sau: _ Dch v CATV cung cp cho bn kh nng kt ni internet nhanh gp 100 ln tc internet qua ng in thoi . Mt dch v rt an ton ,hiu qu. _ Truyn hnh theo yu cu ( VOD ) l mt h thng cung cp dch a phng tin ( multimedia ) , khch hng c th la chn dch v t c s d liu c lu tr sn ti trung tm theo mun. _ Trn c s h tng mng HFC tc cao, h tr cht lng dch v ( QoS ) cho cc ng dng chy trn mng c th xy dng h thng truyn hnh hi ngh t xa vi tc v cht lng hn hn cc mng khc nh ADSL hoc ISDN
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PHN 2
CC TH LOI TRUYN HNH CP, THC T TRIN KHAI TRUYN HNH CP TI VIT NAM; TP HCM KH NNG TRIN VNG
I . KHI NIM CHUNG: 1 . TN S: _ H truyn hnh di rng (Broadband communication system) c kh nng truyn ng thi tn hiu TV v m thanh n ng o dn chng qua mng cp n my thu TV. H truyn hnh cp ny s thu chng trnh u cui (c th l tn hiu tng hp BB hay tn hiu cao tn RF) x l, iu ch ri truyn qua mng cp. N c th tip nhn tn hiu t trm pht mt t, hay trn v tinh. _ Di tn ca h truyn thng di rng nm gia khong t 30 MHz n 300MHz. N bao gm chng trnh truyn thanh (Radio) v truyn hnh (TV), c b tr theo hnh 3 nh sau:
Hnh 3:Bng phn chia tn s cc knh Radio, TV, CATV trong bng tn VHF a . Di pht ting (Sound): _ Bng II, t 87,5 n 108MHz dnh ring cho truyn thanh FM, n cha ng: 55 knh vi bng thng 300KHz, hoc 165 knh vi bng thng 100KHz. _ Knh S2 v S3, t 111 n 125KHz (nm trong knh thp S1) d nh truyn 16 chng trnh stereo cht lng cao bng k thut s.
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b . Di pht hnh (Video): Di ny bao gm 30 (28) knh bng thng 7MHz, c phn chia nh sau: _ Bng I, t 47 n 68MHz, nm trong knh 2 n knh 4, ca VHF I. _ Truyn hnh cp bng tn thp (CATV/SL), t 108 (125) n 174MHz, nm t knh S2(S4) n S10 (khong trng gia VHF II v VHF III). _ Bng III, t 174 n 230MHz, nm t knh 5 n knh 12. _ Truyn hnh cp bng tn cao (CATV/SU), t 230 n 300MHz, nm t S11 n S20. Khong di tn ny c dnh ring cho truyn hnh cp. _ Bng tn t 300MHz n 440MHz, d phng. ** Nh vy, truyn hnh cp c dnh ring cho 2 knh: knh thp SL nm trong bng tn VHF (gia VHF II v VHF III), knh cao SU nm trong bng tn gia VHF III v UHF. _ V tn hiu RF n ng vo my thu, trong thc t rt thp, tnh n hng phn s ca miliwatt. Do vy cn phi khuch i v x l tn hiu qua mng truyn hnh cp. _ Cng sut ra ca tn hiu pht v thu c tiu chun ho bng n v dBw. C ngha 1 Decibel c chun ho 1 picowatt (10-9mw). _ Khc vi thu hnh TVRO a tn hiu v tinh n trc tip tng gia nh mt, h truyn hnh cp s a tn hiu v tinh phc v cho ng o gia nh, cho tng khch sn, cho cc chung c, th trn nh v thn xm tp trung dn c. _ Nu dng cho mt tp th nh, di vi chc u thu TV th c th dng mt anten chnh, qua b thu TVRO ri phn nhnh n cc u thu TV. Mt trm nh vy c gi l truyn hnh MATV (Master antenna TV). _ Nu dng cho nhiu u thu, n vi trm hay nhiu hn, th khng th dng h MATV c. Ngi ta phi dng mng cp phn nhnh di hn. C mt on cp di hn 100 met th cn c mch khuch i tuyn tnh b tn hao trn ng truyn. Mt trm nh vy c gi l truyn hnh cp CATV (Cable antenna TV).
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2 . S NGUYN L H THNG THIT B U CUI ( HEADEND). * Khi Headend thng gm cc thit b: _ Antenna thu (UHF ,VHF , cho parobol) v cc thit b ph tr cho anten (nu c ) nh: Polartor dng iu khin phn cc antenna . positioner iu khin gc ngn,gc phn g v (hoc ch mt trong hai chc nng) . _ B khuch i v dch tn nhiu thp (LNA v LNB) cho cho parabol b RF Booster cho antenna thu UHF , VHF . _ My dch tn v iu ch QAM cho ra tn hiu hnh RF bng tn c bn cp cho my thu hnh dn dng. _ B combiner ghp cc knh rf t b booster v my thu a ti. _ B amplifier y l b khuch i di rng c nhim v khuch i tn hiu ln cung cp tn hiu tivi ti cc thu bao. _ Dy dn sng cao tn ( cp ng trc 75) truyn dn tn hiu t u ra b dch tn LNB ti my thu.
Hnh 4: S nguyn l ca h thng Headend
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 3 . MT S S NGUYN L KT NI THIT B TRONG TRUYN DN MNG CP: * Thit b gm: + Cc b khuch i. + B chia Splitters. + Taps off. + Ngun cung cp. a . Lp t CATV trong nh: Ta s dng cc thit b lp t trong nh Indoor
Hnh 5: S nguyn l kt ni thit b truyn dn trong nh. b . Lp t CATV ngoi tri: Ta s dng cc thit b lp t trong nh Outdoor
Hnh 6: S nguyn l kt ni thit b truyn dn ngoi tri. ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay c. Lp t MATV:
Hnh 7: S nguyn l kt ni mng MATV s dng chung 1 anten Yagi
II. TRUYN HNH THU QUA V TINH:

1. KHI NIM V THNG TIN V TINH:
Apogee
Orbit Types
HEO
GEO
LEO
ICO (MEO)
perigee
Hnh 8: Cc qu o v tinh. * C 3 loi v tinh :LEO , MEO, GEO trong : _ LEO : Low Earth Orbits : l loi v tinh qu o thp . Khong cch so vi tri t l 700-1000Km . ph ht tri t cn khong 48 n 66 v tinh . ng dng trong thng tin di ng . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ MEO : Medium Earth Orbits Khong cch : 10354 Km . L loi v tinh ng , khong 10 v tinh th s ph ton b tri t . _ GEO : Geostationary Earth Orbits : v tinh a tnh _ Cc v tinh dng cho truyn hnh l loi v tinh a tnh _ Geostationary Earth Orbits . Loi v tinh ny quay trn mt phng xch o cng vn tc v theo chiu quay ca tri t . Vn tc cu v tinh a tnh phi t c 11.070 Km/s v cch b mt tri t 35.786 Km . cao nh th th ch cn 3 v tinh a tnh l c th ph sng ton b b mt tri t . _ rng bng tn ca sng truyn hnh v tinh t 12 30MHz , cho php truyn cng mt lc 12 n 40 chng trnh . _ Ph sng truyn hnh bng v tinh a tnh c nhng u im sau : Vng ph sng rng , ch cn 3 v tinh l c th ph sng ton cu . Cng sut ch t 10W n 200W cho c 2 trm pht ln ( Uplink ) v pht xung ( Downlink ). Tn dng c nng lng mt tri cung cp in gn nh c ngy ln m . * Nhc im : Cc im thu v pha i din vi v tinh s b mt sng trong vi gi, v mi v tinh ch ph sng c 33% b mt tri t . Nng lng bc x b tn hao kh ln trn ng truyn , tn hao tng t l vi tn s sng mang v khong cch truyn . Bng tn L S C X Ku K Ka Khong tn s (GHz ) 1-2 2-4 4-8 8 - 12 12 - 18 18 - 27 27 - 40 fuplink / fdownlink 1,6 / 1,5 2/1 6/4 8/7 14 / 10 -12 30 / 20 30 / 20
_ Sng truyn hnh hin nay thng c pht trn 2 bng tn C v Ku : + Bng C c di tn t 3,7GHz 4,2GHz , bng C tn hao t hn bng Ku hin nay ang c dng ph bin , bng C c th pht cng lc 24 chng trnh . + Bng Ku hay cn gi l di tn SHF c chia lm 3 di : Di tn thp : (10,9511) GHz . Di tn trung bnh : ( 11,7 12,2 ) GHz . Di tn cao : ( 12,2512,75 ) GHz . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + Bng Ku tuy tn hao ln hn bng C, nhng li c tnh nh hng mnh v truyn c nhiu chng trnh hn ( gn 40 chng trnh ) , tng lai s dng rng ri. _ Cc v tinh ph sng vng ng nam ch yu dng bng C, ring v tinh ton cu Intelsat dng c bng C v Ku ph sng cho Chu u , Chu v Chu Phi . 2 . CC CH TIU QUAN TRNG CA TRUYN HNH V TINH : a. Cng sut tng ng ng hng _ EIRP : _ Biu th cng sut ca chm sng chnh t v tinh hng n vng ph sng
EIRP = 10 lg( P.G ) dBw
trong : P : cng sut pht ca v tinh . G : li anten . b. Cc loi tn hao : _ Nng lng bc x t anten pht ca v tinh (pht xung ) n c trm thu TVRO phi vt qua qung ng 36.000km , do nng lng b tn hao ng k . C mt s loi tn hao sau : _Tn hao do mi trng truyn sng : tn hao mi trng tng theo tn s bc x v c li truyn sng .
Ld = 20 lg C ( dB ) 4. .d . f
+ Trong : C : tc nh sng , c=3.108 m/s . d : c li truyn sng (d=36.000km ) . f : tn s bc x . _ Tn hao t nhin : do my , ma hp thu , tn hao ny rt nh hn so vi tn hao do mi trng (ch khong vi dB ) . _ Tn hao do mi ni khong 0,5 2 dB . c. li anten : l 1 thng s rt quan trng ca trm thu TVRO 2 .D G = hoc theo cng thc sau : G (dB) = 20, 4 + 10 lg + 20 lg D[m] + 20 lg f [GHz ] . + Trong : : hiu sut anten ( khang 55% 65%). D : ng knh anten (m) . : bc song tn hiu ( m ) . ktv: v th cng
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d. Tp nhiu : Tp nhiu xen ln trong tn hiu v n c khuch i theo tn hiu , mc tn hiu cng nh th tp nhiu cng gay nhiu ln . gim tp nhiu pht sinh trn ng truyn sng cn phi tng cng sut pht v chn di t n thch hp . _ gim nhiu cho cc knh v tinh ln cn v cc v tinh cng pht ng thi cc chng trnh khc nhau , ngi ta qui nh : Cc v tinh trn qu o i tnh phi cch nhau 60 (400 Km) . Tn s cc knh ln cn cch nhau khng di 20MHz . Thc hin phn cc trc giao hay xoay vng . _ Nhiu do nhit tc ng n li anten th hin thng qua t s G/T , n v la dB/K
G / T = G[dB] 10 lg T [ K ]
T[K] : l nhit Kelvin . _ H s C/T biu th nh hng ca nhit nhiu n cht lng hnh nh . e. Cc thng s cn thit lin quan n gc gia v tinh v im thu : _ Gc ngng_Elevation : l gc to thnh gia ng tip tuyn ti im thu mt t vi ng thng ni t im thu n v tinh . Gc ngng ti xch o l ln nht , bng 900 , cng i v 2 cc th gc ngng cng nh . _ Gc phng v _ Azimuth : l gc c to bi ng thng ni t im thu n phng Bc v ng thng ni t im thu n v tinh .Gc c tnh theo chiu kim ng h . Theo l thuyt gc phng v c th thay i 1800 nhng trn thc t ch thay i c khang 1400 . 3. CC LOI TRUYN HNH V TINH : * C 2 phng php truyn hnh t v tinh a . Truyn hnh trc tip DBS_Direct Broadcating Satellite : _ y l phng php a thng tn hiu t v tinh n trc tip my thu hnh ( tivi ) ca tng h gia nh .Vi phng php ny th tn hiu t v tinh s c iu bin vi tn s mang hnh . Mt khc gim can nhiu ca sng viba t mt t v gim nh ng knh anten parabol nn phi pht trn bng Ku . b. Truyn hnh qua TVRO_Television Receive Only : _ Phng php ny thu tn hiu cc nh t v tinh , sau khuch i dch nhiu tn thp ( thng qua b LNB ), v x l tn hiu cho ph hp vi tivi dng trong tng h gia nh . Mt trm thu TVRO gm cc b phn chnh sau : ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + Thit b bn ngoi : Cho anten parabol . Phu thu sng , ng dn sng . B khuch i dch nhiu tn thp ( LNA hay LNB ) . C cu iu khin cho quay theo gc ngng v ga phng v . C cu iu khin gc quay phn cc . + Thit b bn trong : My thu TVRO . Mch in iu khin gc quay . B iu khin t xa v b nh . _ Thun li ca truyn hnh thng qua trm TVRO l tng h gia nh c th nhn c tn hiu t v tinh thng qua trm TVRO . Nu dng cho tp th chung c , khch sn th qua h thng cp CATV ( Cable Television Network ) , cn nu khong cch qu xa th khng th dng h thng CATV m phi dng h MMDS thu tn hiu t v tinh ri pht n tng h gia nh thng qua sng viba . _ Do c pht t 1 my cng sut thp , t rt xa my thu (ti 3600km) nn tn hiu thu c thng yu v c t s tn hiu trn nhiu nh ( t s cng sut sng mang trn nhiu CNR khong 10dB hay thp hn ) tuy nhin do phng truyn sng vung gc vi mt t , khng b che chn bi cc vt cn ng truyn ,nn tn hiu thu thng c n nh v hu nh khng b nh hng bi cc sng phn x .

CATV DTH
SMATV
Feeder link
TV Studio
Hnh 9: S thu pht sng v tinh.
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III. H THNG TRUYN HNH CP V TUYN,VIBA :

1. H THNG TRUYN HNH CP MMDS: a. Gii thiu : _ H truyn hnh MMDS _ Multi point Multi channel Distribution System : l loi dch v truyn hnh a im , a ng bng sng viba , mt loi truyn dn mang y tnh u vit v k thut v kinh t . Sng viba di tn rt cao t 2,52,7 GHz , vi rng di tn t 6MHz8MHz cho mi knh c dng vi tn hiu analog . N cho php truyn c nhiu chng trnh cng mt lc. Ngi ta gi l h thng truyn hnh MMDS ( Viba truyn hnh nhiu ng ) . C ly ph sng trung bnh t 1km n vi chc km. _ H MMDS c th truyn ti nhiu chng trnh cng lc , ngoi ra cn c th truyn v nhn tt c cc dng tn hiu truyn hnh, k c h CMAC v D2MAC , cc tn hiu teletex v d liu my tnh . _ Thng ngi ta c th pht xen knh, c b mt knh, pht mt knh khi nh hng n nhau. C th pht sng theo kiu phn cc ng ( V ) hay phn cc ngang ( H ). Cng c th pht c hai cng mt lc V v H. Nh vy v phn anten c thu v pht phc tp hn nhiu.
Hnh 10: H thng truyn hnh MMDS .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay b . Qu trnh pht trin : _ Ban u di tn s t 2,52,7 GHz c dnh ring cho vic truyn cc chng trnh gio dc, c pht theo phng thc im ni im phc v trong cc trng i hc , ng thi cng c mt h thng dch v phn phi a im MDS_ Multipoint Distribution System c di tn s t 21502156 MHz dng pht cc chng trnh truyn hnh c thu ph . _ Cc anten pht thng c t trn thp cao hay l nc cc ta nh cao tng pht sng n thu bao . Anten pht thng l anten ng hng c kh nng ph sng trong vng bn knh rng ln , t cng ngh MDS cn gi l Truyn hnh cp khng dy. _ Cng ngh MDS c bit thch hp cho nhng vng cha c TH cp CATV . Sau ny th MDS c pht trin thnh h truyn hnh MMDS . c . Mc ch ca truyn hnh MMDS. _ Qun l chng trnh ngi xem. Ngi xem c th mua thit b TVRO thu thng v xem trc tip. Vi hnh thc nh nc cng nh c quan chc nng khng th qun l c. _ H thng MMDS thu li cc tn hiu ca nc ngoi qua v tinh ri mi a vo my pht MMDS pht i, do c th qun l c chng trnh ca ngi xem. _ V lu di s dng cc thit b pht chm li. Do c th kim sot c ton b chng trnh cn pht v hn na ngoi ting nc ngoi cn c ph ting vit km theo. _ Cp nht tin tc mi ngy c d dng hn. H thng MMDS c s knh pht c nh, ch vic n nt chuyn i chng trnh l xem c ngay. _ Thit b thu MMDS gn nh, khng cng knh, khng chim nhiu v tr nh cho anten TVRO. Gi tin va phi. _ Ngoi ra cn c th xem cc thng tin cn thit, ch cn n nt { MSG } trn b iu khin t xa, b gii m s cho ta bit c thng tin cn thit nh v thi tit, gi c mt s mt hng cn thit cng nh cc thng tin v dch v, hng khng, xe la v cc dch v tham quan du lch _ H thng thu MMDS c biu din hnh 11.
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* S khi my pht truyn hnh MMDS :

Anten
Khi TBC Video Audio
M ha
iu ch
B i tn
B lc 1
Tin khuch i
K cng sut
Dao ng ni LO B lc 2 Knh 2,3,4n
B ghp tng hp
K cng sut ting
* Ch tiu k thut ca b iu ch UHF: H mu : NTSC, PAL hoc SECAM. Bng tn lm vic 2,5 n 2,7 GHz. n nh tn s : Tn s ti hnh : 1 KHz ( fh = 1 KHz ). Tn s ti ting : 100 KHz. ( ft = 100 KHz ). Tr khng ra : 50 . Tr khng u vo video : 75 . Mc video u vo : 1 V ( nh nh ). Mo khuch i vi sai : 2%. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Mo pha vi sai : 2.T s Sr / N 55 dB. Hi bc 2 < -60 dB. Tr khng u vo m thanh : 600 ( i xng ). Mc ting vo : 0 dB. Mo m thanh : 1dB. T s Sr / N 60 dB. My pht truyn hnh MMDS lm vic di tn 2,5 GHz n 2,7 GHz ( s dng Vit Nam ). S chng trnh pht c th c chn l 6, 8, 12. * Nh vy, c bao nhiu chng trnh th c tng b iu ch UHF ring, sau c cng qua b combiner v li c iu ch di tn 2,5 GHz n 2,7 GHz v khuch i cng sut. ng dn sng a tn hiu cao tn ln anten pht. * B sa thi gian gc : _ B TBC_ Time Base Corrector : lm nhim v hiu chnh , sa mo tn hiu video trc khi vo b m ha . * B m ha : Tn hiu audio v video trc s c m ha theo cc dng sau: + M ha theo ch th : Phn video s dng nguyn l o cc tnh ca xung ng b v trit xung ng b . Cn audio c th dng phng thc di tn s n vng tn s siu m . + M ha theo nguyn l Line_Shuffle : l phng php lm xo trn mt s dng tn hiu video , lm sai lch so vi v tr gc . * B iu ch : Nhim v l iu ch bng tn c s cho audio v video ng thi cung cp tn s UHF . + Phn video : Tn hiu vo : video tng hp , xung ng b m . Tr khng vo 75 khng i xng . p tuyn tn s 1dB t 50Hz ti tn s cao nht ca video . + Phn audio : bin thin tn s khi iu ch l 50Hz . Tr khng vo 5K . * B i tn : Cn gi l b Converter, tn hiu sau khi ra khi b i tn th c tn s nm trong tn s pht ca h MMDS .
f video /ch f audio /ch B i tn f video di tn f video di tn
B dao ng ni LO
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Trong : fvideo di tn = fvideo /ch + fLO . faudio di tn = faudio /ch + fLO . * B dao ng ni LO: C nhim v to ra tn s dao ng ni ph hp , a tn hiu vo b i tn nhm to ra tn hiu c tn s nm trong dy tn pht ca h MMDS .
Dao ng thch anh Tn hiu ra a vo b trn B nhn 2 B nhn 2
B khuch i ra
B nhn 3
B nhn 2
B dao ng ni LO
* B lc 1 : Lm nhim v cho di tn thch hp i qua, ng thi chn lc tn s ln cn , ch yu l cho tn s tn hiu hnh i qua v ngn chn tn s di ting . * B tin khuch i : _ C nhim v khuch i cng sut ln cung cp cho tng cui . _ L tng ngn cch gia tng ch sng v tng cng csut ra . _ L b khuch i cao tn c iu ch . * B khuch i cng sut : m bo cng sut c khuch i ln a ln anten pht . Trc khi tn hiu c a n anten th phi qua b ghp tng hp nhm lm suy gim cc sng hi v m bo thnh phn sng c bn ln . * B lc 2 : Ch yu l cho tn s di ting i qua , ngn tn s di hnh li . * B khuch i cng sut ting : L mt b khuch i cng sut cao tn nhm m bo cng sut ting c khuch i , a n b ghp tng hp . * B ghp tng hp : _ m bo cc tn hiu c ghp c cng sut ln v suy hao t nht . _ Trnh hin tng nhiu gia 2 knh k nhau , khang cch gia 2 knh khong 25dB . d . u im v trin vng pht trin ca h MMDS : _ MMDS l h thng truyn dn tn hiu qua vi ba, khng cn phi xy dng mng cp truyn dn c mt s u im sau : C th qun l chng trnh ngi xem . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Tin tc c cp nht hng ngy . Thit b thu MMDS gn nh, khng chim nhiu v tr nh h thng TVRO . Gi tin va phi . _ C 4 yu t nh hng n s tn ti v pht trin ca h truyn hnh MMDS l: Ch yu h MMDS phc v cc vng cha c mng CATV . MMDS cn tng thm s lng knh truyn . S pht trin ca cc k thut mi cho php pht nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh, trong c k thut cho php pht ng thi 2 chng trnh khc nhau trn cng mt knh . Ngoi ra cn c loi my pht c th pht 8 loi chng trnh truyn hnh . Chi ph u t cho mng MMDS t tn km hn so vi mng CATV do khng phi u t vo vic xy dng v bo tr mng cp phn phi . _ Thit b truyn hnh MMDS c thit k c bit c th pht sng di tn sng vi ba bng rng, cc my pht a knh phi s dng gin anten pht x di rng t trn cc thp cao v cc u thu LNB cc nhy t trn cao nhn thy anten pht x . Cng ngh MMDS i hi mt qui trnh u t , qun l , khai thc v bo dng rt kht khe .
2 . H THNG TRUYN HNH CP V TUYN HYPER CABLE : a . Gii thiu : _ Cng ngh Hyper cable thc cht l cng ngh DVB_S ( Digital Video Broadcasting_Satellite) _ truyn hnh s v tinh , nhng c pht trn bng tn Ku (14/12GHz ) . Mt khc cao im pht sng ca Hyper cable l t mt t thay v t v tinh i tnh nh DVB_S cch tri t 3600km . Cng ngh Hyper hin ang c i Truyn Hnh TP H Ch Minh chn lm phng thc truyn dn chnh trong h thng truyn hnh cp . b. c im : _ Hyper Cable l mt cng ngh c nhiu cng dng : truyn dn truyn hnh, pht sng truyn hnh qung b v truyn hnh cp . _ Hyper cable s dng t/s pht sng n my thu y ht t/s pht xung (down link) ca truyn hnh v tinh bng Ku l 10.7 GHz 12.5 GHz .do , sng Hyper cable l sng truyn thng v ch c th thu xem vi sng tryun hnh thng m thi ( khc vi truyn hnh UHF ,VHF mc d thu pht sng tryun thng ,nhng vn c th xem sng phn x ). ktv: v th cng
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_ Bn knh ph sng ca 1 trm pht Hyper cable c th tnh bng cng thc
d = 3,57( hph + h th )
+ Trong : hph : chiu cao ca thp anten pht [m] . hth : chiu cao ca thp anten thu [m] . d : khang cch tm nhn thng [km] . _ Mt trm pht Hyper cable c anten pht cao 100m ch c thu trong bn knh 50 km, ph sng cho 1 vng rng ln ngi ta phi dng nhiu trm pht . _ Vic trin khai cng ngh Hyper i hi phi hnh thnh mng pht sng vi nhiu trm pht do c tnh ca sng Hyper l lun truyn theo ng thng. Khi mng li trm pht c hon chnh th ngi xem truyn hnh ch cn lp mt anten rt nh trn mi nh vn c th nhn tn hiu Hyper cable rt tt .
100 m 100 m 149 km 50km
100 m
149 km
Hnh 12: S chuyn tip Hyper cable m rng phm vi ph sng .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay c . u v nhc im ca cng ngh Hyper : * u im : _ Nu cc my pht cng sut rt nh trn v tinh c th a sng truyn hnh vt khong cch gn 36.000 km n cc trm thu trn mt t , th cng tng t cc trm pht Hyper c t trn cc ngn ni cao c th ph sng trong mt phm vi rt ln , ty thuc vo v tr cu anten thu v anten pht c th nhn thy nhau . y l mt u im ln ca cng ngh ny . _ Cht lng ph sng cu Hyper cable tuyt i m bo nh truyn hnh s v tinh DVB_S . Hyper cable hon ton tng thch vi truyn hnh v tinh DVB-S .H thng thit b thu Hyper cable khi ngng anten ln tri cao s thu c sng truyn hnh v tinh. Do vy Hyper cable c th ng vai tr 1 bc qu thch hp vi vit pht trin cng ngh truyn hnh v tinh _ Vic trin khai mng Hyper cable rt n gin , c th thnh lp mng Hyper cable theo dng th t bo. Anten thu v pht rt nh gn v n gin . . _ Vi mt my pht Hyper c th pht c 32 chng trnh nh cc my pht truyn hnh v tinh . So vi cng ngh pht analog , pht mt chng trnh TH cn mt my pht sng vi mt knh pht sng, th cng ngh Hyper cable xem ra c th tit kim c mt khong chi ph cho thit b , m quan trng nht l tit kim c tn s . _ Hyper cable c th c s dng truyn Internet tc cao, TH tng tc v mt s ng dng khc ca cng ngh truyn hnh s . _ Cng ngh Hyper cable l 1 loi DTH c lp t trn mt t thun tin cho truyn hnh cap nhiu knh . cc cng ngh m ho ,gii m u c sn , my thu truyn hnh s vi cc loi card gii m d rt ph bin .y l iu kin thun li khai thc Hyper cable pht sng truyn hnh cp. _ C th d dng tch hp kh nng thu hyper cable v DVB-T trong 1 u thu ,ch cn mi loi cng gnh s dng angten v khi dch tn s thch hp . ** Trong thc t,sng pht t trm Hyper cable trn mt t hu nh rt t gy ra nhiu sng truyn hnh v tinh v nguc li . iu ny m ra kh nng ln i vi vit khai thc tn s cho php gia tng c nhiu knh truyn hn na .T trc ti nay 1 trong nhng kh khn ng k nht gy tr ngi cho vit gia tng knh sng truyn hnh l vn can nhiu ln nhau do tn s cn kit .Hyper cable khi khai thc trn mt t vi di tn s phc v truyn hnh khai thng con ng mi cho truyn hnh. ktv: v th cng
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* Nhc im : _ Hyper cable , nhc im ln nht ca truyn hnh v tuyn dng Hyper cable l sng ch c th truyn theo ng thng ( so vi sng UHF hay VHF mc d truyn thng nhng vn c th thu xem bng sng phn x ) .Vic hnh thnh mng pht sng vi nhiu trm l 1 iu bt buc , v do t tnh ch thu c sng truyn thng nn s vng ti sng Hyper cable t i pht chnh s rt nhiu . trong trngng hp ph sng 1 thnh ph c nhiu ni non ,ngay c cy l c th ngn cn hon ton vit thu sng hyper cable ( trong khi VHF ,UHF c th xuyn qua). _ Nhc im th 2: ca cng ngh Hyper cable l kh nng gin on vic thu sng truyn hnh do iu kin thi tit khng tt l rt cao (khi c tri ma ln ) .i vi DTH ,thi gian gin on m cc nh khoa hc thng k l khong 2% trong 1 nm , trong khi Hyper cable t l ny s cao hn,v sng Hyper cable khng pht t tri cao xung nh DTH , m pht sng song vi mt t. Nu trn ng truyn tn hiu c ma 1 a im (ti im thu c th khng c ma ), chng trnh vn c th b gin on ,do ng truyn tn hiu b nc lm suy gim tn hiu ,ngoi ra nhng m my en nhiu hi nc bao quanh trm pht sng t trn ni cao cng c th gy tr ngi cho vit bc x tn hiu . * Nu tn hiu hyper cable qua nhiu trm tip chuyn th kh nng gin on chng trnh s cn cao hn . _ Chi ph u t v chi ph lp t cao. d . ng dng cu cng ngh Hyper cable : _ Cng ngh Hyper cable s dng bng tn Ku tng t h thng truyn ti bng thng rng qua v tinh . _ Hyper cable c i pht t trn mt t nn vic nng cp, ci tin cng ngh c th thc hin mt cch d dng v mau chng , thch ng vi tc pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng hin i . _ C th d dng tch hp kh nng thu Hyper cable v DVB_T trong mt u thu, ch cn mi loi cng ngh s dng anten v khi dch tn s thch hp .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 3 . H THNG TRUYN HNH S MT T DVB -T: a. Gii thiu: _ Pht sng truyn hnh s trn mt t c hiu qu s dng tn ph cao hn v cht lng tt hn so vi pht sng tng t hin ti. _ Trn di tn ca mt knh truyn hnh truyn hnh c th pht mt knh chng trnh truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV hoc nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh c phn gii thp hn. _ Trong phm vi ph sng cht lng n nh, khc phc c cc vn phin toi nh hnh nh c bng, can nhiu , tp nhiu , tp m, _ My thu hnh c th c lp t d dng cc v tr trong nh, c th xch tay hoc thu lu ng ngoi tri. _ C dung lng ln cha m thanh (nh m thanh nhiu ng, lp th, bnh lun,) v cc d liu. _ C th linh hot chuyn i t chng trnh c hnh nh v m thanh cht lng cao sang pht nhiu chng trnh cht lng thp hn v ngc li. _ M t khi qut cu trc ca h thng pht sng truyn hnh s mt t (DTTB- Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting)
Studio s Pht sng M hatruyn dn(knh) a hp/Sa li iu ch TX RX Thu
M ha ngun
Gii iu ch
Gii m truyn dn (knh) a hp/Sa li
Gii m ngun
D/A
My thu hnh
* Qu trnh pht sng trn truyn hnh trn mt t bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: Bin i tn hiu video v audio thnh cc d liu s. M ha ngun d liu s ( source coding) thc hin nn s cc t s nn khc nhau. Vic nn c thc hin bng b m ha MPEG-2. Vic m ha c thc hin kh phc tp da trn c s nhiu khung hnh nh cha nhiu thng tin vi s sai khc rt nh. Do , MPEG lm vic bng cch ch gi i nhng s thay i ny v d liu lc ny c th gim t 100 n 200 ln. Vi audio cng nh vy, vic nn da trn nguyn l tai ngi kh phn bit c m thanh trm nh so vi m thanh ln khi chng c tn s ln cn nhau v nhng bit thng tin ca m thanh trm nh ny c th b i v khng c s dng. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ M ha ngun ch lin quan n cc c tnh ca ngun. Phng tin truyn pht khng nh hng g n m ha ngun. Gi v a hp video, audio v cc d liu ph vo mt dng d liu, y l dng truyn ti MPEG-2. iu ch tn hiu pht sng bng dng d liu. Qu trnh ny bao gm c m ha truyn dn, m ha knh v cc k thut h thp xc sut li, chng li cc suy gim cht lng do fading, tp nhiu, Thu: m gi, gii m, hin th hnh v ting ra my thu. b . Nn v m ho: _ Trung tm ca 1 mng pht sng video bao gm h thng nn , n cung cp chng trnh video v audio cht lng cao cho ngi xem bng cch ch s dng 1 phn nh rng bng tn mng .mch ch chnh ca nn l ti thiu ho kh nng lu tr v truyn dn v pht sng thng tin ( ghp nhiu tn hiu chng trnh truyn hnh vo 1 dng truyn ) . h thng nn tn hiu bao gm cc b m ho s v cc b ghp knh .cc b m ho s c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang dng s , nn v xo trn thnh 1 dng audio , video v d liu khc di dang s nn .m ho s cho php truyn dn ,pht sng nhiu chng trnh video /audio cht lng cao qua cng rng bng tn nh knh pht sng tng t ( vd: 8MHz vit nam) _ Tn hiu c m ho v nn thnh 1 dng tn hiu MPEG-2 (moving piture epert group chun nn tn hiu video /audio cua chu u , s dng cho vit nam ) s ua n b ghp knh .nhm chuyen gia MPEG-2 nh ngha 1 tp cc tiu chun nn cc dng file bao gm h thng ho video MPEG-2 .tiu chun nn tn hiu s MPEG-2 c chp nhn 190 nc v l tiu chun nn video s.. c . iu ch sng mang tn hiu s: _ Tn hiu s l dng xung vung biu hin gi tr bt 0 v 1 . tng hiu sut ca iu ch , nhiu bt c ghp chung vi nhau trong 1 symbol. S lng bt trong mi symbol ph thuc vo t tnh knh truyn dn . _ Theo l thuyt ph tn s ca tn hiu s l v hn , tc l cn c 1 di tn s v hn cho vit truyn cc tn hiu s . mun c 1 tn s v hn thc cht khng th lm c v d c th lm c thit b c tn s v hn th cng rt tn km v khng cn thit . chnh v th ngi ta hn ch ph tn truyn sng cn phi lc cc tn hiu 1 cch hp l . tuy nhin vit lm ny s lm tng v hn p tuyn tn thi gian ca chng gy nheu gia cc symbol. _ khc phc tnh trng ny , qu trnh lc c thc hin theo tiu chun Nyquist. _ Trong p tuyn thi gian ct trc 0 ti cc thi im m chng l bi s ca chu k symbol T.Qa trnh lc ny c c trng bi h s suy gim ( roll- off factor). _ ti u vit s dng di tn v t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR , qu trnh lc c chia u gia my pht v my thu , mi phn gm 1 b lc nyquist. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ p tuyn tn s ca qu trnh lc nyquist ( cho tc symbol 1/T) ng vi h s $= 0.2;0.35 ;0.5 _ p tuyn thi gian tng ng mang gi tr 0 ti cc thi im l bi s ca chu k symbol. gim s can nhiu gia cc symbol xung ti thiu ,tn hiu s phi c ly mu ti cc thi im ny nhm tng chnh xc v hn ch s suy gim d . Cc phng thc iu ch v truyn dn tng ng: * Phng thc iu ch QPSK v QAM: _ Trong trng hp thng thng sng mang c iu ch trc tip theo dng bit mang thng tin , c th l iu bin ASK ( amplitude shift keying) hay iu tn FSK( frequency shift keying) . hai dng thng thng ny c dng hiu sut ph tn thp nn khng thch hp vi vit truyn dn bt vi tc cao trn cc dng knh vi rng bng thng hn ch. _ tng hiu sut ph tn ngi ta s dng phng thc iu ch QAM (quadratude amplitude modulator). Theo phng thc ny sng mang c iu ch c bin v pha , cn i vi loi iu ch QPSK( quadratude phase shift keying) c coi nh trng hp ring ca iu ch QAM m trong s thay i sng mang l bng 0 . phng thc iu ch QAM dc s dng truyn 2 tn hiu mu khc nhau trn cng 1 sng mang ph trong h NTSC.
I(t)
_ Hnh trn th hin khi qut qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch QAM . cc symbol u vo c m ho mang n bit c bin i thnh 2 tn hiu I ( ng pha) Q ( lch pha 90) mi tn hiu c m ho mang n/2 bit tng ng vi mi tn hiu s c trng thi. Sau khi thc hin chuyn i s tng t ( DAC) tn hiu I c iu ch ti 1 u ra ca b dao ng ti ch v tn hiu Q c iu ch ti u ra khc v lch pha 90 vi tn hiu u kia kt qu ca qu trnh ny s to thnh 1 chm cc im ( chm sao contellation) trong h to I/Q . _ Ngi ta c th thc hin c iu ch QAM theo nhiu loi khc nhau dc minh ho theo bng sau: ktv: v th cng
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Bng 1: Mt s mode iu ch QAM: STT 1 2 3 4 Loi iu ch 4 QAM( QPSK) 16 QAM 64 QAM 256 QAM S bit (I/Q) 1 2 3 4 S bit/mu 2 4 6 8 S trng thi 4 16 64 256
*** Nhiu nghin cu l thuyt v th nghim thc t d thc hin mhm xc nh cc mode iu ch thch hp vi phng thc truyn dn . _ T l BER trong iu ch l tng i vi cc mode iu ch 4-QAM (QPSK) n 64-QAM l 1 hm ca t l tn hiu nhiu trn SNR . c th thy rng , i vi 1 t l bit BER cho trc , iu ch QPSK c li hn 64-QAM n trn 12dB _ D nhn thy ngay , vi cc t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR t c v ph thu thp , khng chu cc hn ch nght ngho v di tn , iu ch 64-QAM t ra ph hp nht i vi truyn hnh qua v tinh _ Trong trng hp qua truyn hnh cp t s SNR cao hn nhiu v i62u ch 64QAM vi 6bit/simbol, c hiu sut ph tn cao hn gp 3 ln QPSK ( thm ch iu ch 256-QAMM vi 8bit/symbol ) c th c s dng . mt mch cn bng sng phn x ti u thu cho php phc hi chm sao gn nh hon ho , loi tr b nh hng ca sng phn x trong thu tn hiu ca truyn hnh cp Bng 2: c im ca truyn hnh s DVB: Thng s rng knh Loi iu ch H s suy gim V tinh 26-54MHz 4-QAM 0.35 Cp 8MHz 64,32 hay 16-QAM 0.15
* iu ch OFDM (othogonal frequency division multiplexing ): _ Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM l phn chia 1 dng bit tc cao cho 1 s61 ln sng mang trc giao , mi sng mang 1 tc bit thp, c iu ch QAM (4 ;16 ;64 QAM tu thuc vo tc bt v cht lng tn hiu thu ) . u im chnh ca iu ch OFDM l khc phc c s khng ng u p tuyn tn s ca knh trn mt t . ngoi ra , nh a vo khong bo v A trc mi chu k symbol TS , n cn khc phc c hin tng truyn lan nhiu ng ( multipath ) do cc trng ngi ( cy ci ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay , to nh ) gy ra sng phn x ti angten ngoi tn hiu chnh ( vi iu kin thi gian phn x nh hn A). _ trnh can nhiu gia cc symbol , cc sng mangh k tip nhau s cch nhau 1 khong 1/Ts , do vy s trc giao nhau . _ Ti tn s trung tm ca 1 sng nh trc , ph ca cc sng mang xung quanh du i qua trc s 0. _ Nguyn l iu ch ny c s dng trc cho h thng radio chu u ( digital audio broadcast, DAB) vi iu ch 2K OFDM . n cng t ra thch hp vi ph sng truyn hnh s mt t,khi m iu kin truyn sng phc tp nht v d gy sai nhm , khin tn thu c ti u thu thng khng n nh v phi chu tc ng ca cc sng phn x rt mnh. ** Trong thc t , vit thu tn hiu truyn hnh mt t ti cc th nhiu nh cao tng , cc a hnh c nhiu ni cao bao bc d0 cho thy iu kin trc giao gia cc sng mang thng khng c m bo trit , cc tn hiu n t nhiu ng gin tip dn n can nhiu gia cc symbol . khc phc vn ny , ngi ta b xung 1 khong bo v A trc chu k Ts nhm t c 1 chu k symbol mi Ts= A+Ts. Thng khong bo v ny bng hay nh hn TS/4. * QPSK: _ QPSK l k thut iu ch c kh nng chng nhiu in t trng tt hn QAM thng c s dng trong mi trng v tinh hoc knh phn hi , ca mng truyn hnh cp , QPSK lm vit da trn nguyn l dch tn hiu s khng c pha trong tn hiu ra. QPSK lm tng mnh ca mng . tuy nhin s d QPSK c th truyn d liu tai 10Mbit/s * COFDM _ Hot ng cc k tt trong cc vng nhiu nh ca xy dng . COFDM khc QAM, n s dng a ti truyn thng tin tc t 1 nt n cc nt khc trong mng. Hin nay COFDM c th dng c 2 mode tn hiu ti : mode 2k v 8k . Pht sng s trn mt t . e . u im ca DVB-T : _ Cng ngh DVB-T d khc phc hu ht cc nhc im ca h thng pht sng mt t analog .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Cng ngh DVB-T cho hnh nh cht lng cao ,khng bng ma , khng ht khng nhiu . Hnh nh ti to ti vi gn nh t mc tng ng cht lng ti i pht ,bt k gn hay xa i , min l trong vng ph sng . Vi chun nn MPEG-2 ,hnh nh pht bng sng DVB-T cht lung gn tng DVD. _ Cng ngh DVB-T cho phpm rng vng ph sng n nh . cng ngh tryun hnh c t hnh nh rt tt ch c th mc cng trng thu khong 60 dBmV . trong iu kin thu sng l tng rt t im thu c mc cht lng ny . trong khi cng ngh DVB-T , 1 u thu tt ch cn mc cng trng 22dBmv DVB-T ph sng cht lng cao m rng _ cng ngh DVB-T c thu xem chng trnh bng sng phn x ( nu cng t mc cho php ),hnh nh vn t c cht lng cao.v vy truyn hnh s DVB-T s hn ch ti a vng ti. _ Cng ngh DVB-T CHO php pht nhiu chng trnh trn 1 my pht sng v trn 1 t/s trc y dng trn 1 knh truyn hnh analog (hin nay ,VTC pht 9 chng trnh /my pht). iu ny lm gim chi ph pht sng , i truyn hnh c th pht c nhiu knh m khng cn xy thm thp pht ,ngten pht cho nhiu knh, khng cn nhiu my pht.pht c nhiu knh trn 1 t/s gip tit kim qu t/s dng cho mt t m hin nay hu nh cn kit.(tuy nhin: s chng trnh cng cao th cht lng hnh nh gim i) _ Ngoi ra cng ngh DVB-T m ra kh nng pht m thanh cht lng cao truyn hnh .m thanh s l hifi stereo dolby _ V cn nhiu ng dng khac nh: + Truyn hnh nhiu ngn ng + Truyn hnh c tr tin. + Truyn hnh c qun l. + Tryun hnh internet ,d liu. + Thu hnh di ng: (khi i pht ,u thu hnh xe n nh 270m/g). f . Nhc im ca DVB-T: _ Cc chng trnh pht bng cng ngh DVB-T vn chu tc ng ca thi tit , a hnh v mi trng truyn sng. _ cng ngh DVB-T ,nhiu khng th hin trn mn hnh TV (nhng vt chm trng , vn en) nh cng ngh analog , nhng n c th lm gim cht lng tn hiu ,lm nh hng n vic thu sng. _ Cn i hi my pht hnh c cng sut ln. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 4 . I TRUYN HNH CP VIT NAM VCTV (DTH) : a . Gii thiu: _ Vo thng 11/2004 vi vic i truyn hnh Vit Nam ( DTHVN ) thc hin v tinh ha khu thu sng bng vic trin khai cng ngh DTH _ Direct to home , th truyn hnh v tinh bc thm mt bc trong cng cuc a truyn hnh cht lng cao n vi mi ngi . _ Cng ngh DTH l h thng pht hnh a knh trc tip t v tinh ,trc tip n mt anten parapol thu bao t ti gia nh, thu bao ch cn c anten cho v b gii m l c th xem c rt nhiu chng trnh vi cht lng cao . DTH l mt dng ca cng ngh DVB_S , vi vic ng dng DTH gip cho truyn hnh v tinh tr nn ph bin v d s dng . b . u im & khuyt im : _ TH v tinh c u im ln nht l vng ph sng . DTH c tm ph sng rt ln, ch vi mt v tinh truyn hnh th phm vi ph sng c th n hng triu km2 . _ Cht lng hnh nh v m thanh ca cng ngh DTH l cht lng k thut s . Khi hon chnh th DTH ng ngha vn hnh tr tin . _ Trang b v chi ph cho dch v DTH qu cao (gm anten parapol, my pht v tinh, thu knh v tinh, bn quyn thu pht knh quc t), hin nay cha p ng c nhu cu khn gi v s lng knh pht cn hn ch, gi thnh cao. c . Cng ngh DTH so vi cc cng ngh TH khc : * So vi TH analog mt t : _ TH analog dn dn lc hu do s pht trin ca hng lot cng ngh mi hin nay cng nhiu u im nh : cht lng hnh nh cao hn hn analog, s lng knh cng vt tri c th p ng nhu cu xem truyn hnh cht lng cao ca khn gi , trong khi truyn hnh analog vi nhiu nhc im: b ht , bng ma , nhiu do thi tit cng s lng chng trnh c gii hn nn khng th so vi cc cng ngh hin nay . * So vi mng CATV : _ V cht lng m thanh , hnh nh v s lng chng trnh th CATV v DTH l ngang nhau . Tuy nhin hon chnh mt mng cp CATV th kh khn hn vic trin khai cng ngh DTH . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay * So vi TH s mt t DVB_T : _ Cng ngh TH s mt t s dn dn thay th cng ngh TH analog hin nay . Vic trin khai cng ngh DVB_T c nhiu u im : c th tn dng c di tn c sn ca bng UHF v VHF cng thp anten pht sn c . DTH c u im l ph sng rng cn phm vi ph sng ca DVB_T th hn ch do ph thuc vo chiu cao ca thp anten pht . Gia DVB_T v DVB_S cng c mt s im tng ng , DVB_T s dng bng tn C c th pht c 9 chng trnh / 1 my pht , cn DTH s dng bng Ku c th pht 16 chng trnh . Cht lng ca DVB_T l cht lng tng ng a DVD do dng chun nn MPEG_2 . * So vi cng ngh vi ba mt t : MMDS, DVB-T, HYBER cp : _ Cng ngh DTH c xem l truyn hnh viba k thut s pht t v tinh , cn cc cng ngh trn l truyn hnh vi ba pht sng t mt t , do cc cng ngh truyn hnh trn s khng th so snh vi DTH v tm ph sng , ng thi do truyn t mt t nn tn hiu vi ba mt t c th b cn tr do cc nh cao tng , d b nhiu xm nhp .
Hnh 13 : H thng thu pht sng v tinh DTH.
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IV. TRUYN HNH CP HU TUYN :

1 . H THNG MNG MATV: _ H ny ch dng, mt dn anten chnh cng vi u LNB i km cho ra tn hiu 950 2150MHz nh hnh 14. Tn hiu ny c khuch i tuyn tnh khong 20dB a n b chia. Ng ra b chia c ni n cc my thu v tinh truyn qua cp n tng gia nh.
_ Tn hiu qua b chia b tn hao khong 6 7dB v cn b tn hao trn cp truyn, c 30m tn hao t 4 6dB tu theo loi cp. Do vy, nu ng cp truyn di khong 30m th c th truyn tn hiu n 16 h gia nh. Nu ng cp truyn di hn 30m th cn phi thm mt tng khuch i cp tuyn tnh 20dB na, nhng khng c php truyn cp di qu 100m. _ Cn nh rng, tn hao trn ng truyn cp qu ln nn cn phi tng ng knh cho anten ln so vi trm thu TVRO. V d, vi cng trng ca Asisat 1 Vit Nam l 35dBw. Trong lc trm thu TVRO ch cn ng knh anten 1,5m l nhn c hnh tt, th trm MATV, CATV phi n 3 3,6m. _ Trong hon cnh ca chng ta hin nay c th dng cc trm nh r tin phc v cc cm dn c khng qu 10 h nh cc mch sau y:
Hnh 15 : Trm MATV dng cho cm dn c nh . ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Nu l tp th nh hay n v qun i c th dng mch hnh 15. Tn hiu c ly ra t ng video ca my thu TVRO. Tn hiu Video qua mch tr so vi tn hiu audio a vo b chia ri phn n tng gia nh. on di ca cp truyn khng qu 100m. _ Trng hp c mt s h c cc loi TV khc nhau, c th dng mch nh hnh 16. Tn hiu Video v Audio qua mch iu ch cao tn cho ra tn hiu TV cc knh tu : VHF hayUHF.
Hnh 16: H thng mng MATV qua mch iu ch RF. _ Hnh 17: H thng mng MATV cho chung c , khch sn s dng chung 1 anten Yagi, qua b khuch i sau a vo b chia a n hp tip im ca tng h gia nh.
Hnh 17: Lp t MATV. **H thng mng MATV khng th cung cp cho trn 100 my TV, nn n cn mang tnh cht phc v hn l dch v. ktv: v th cng
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2. H THNG MNG CP CATV: a. Gii thiu : _ Truyn hnh cp hu tuyn hay cn gi l truyn hnh cp bng dy dn_CATV. Nhng bui truyn thng u tin trn th gii u truyn tn hiu thng qua dy dn, c ngha l hnh nh t im ny c truyn ti a im khc thng qua dy cp . _ CATV c th coi l c khai sinh vo nhng nm 50 M . Trong qu trnh xy dng mng TH pht sng UHF v VHF, cc nh k thut M gp phi vn nan gii l vng ti nhng khu vc c nhiu ni cao v nh cao tng , gii php khi l thu sng ti mt im thu tt ri dn tn hiu n cc vng ti bng dy dn . V TH cp bng dy dn c ra i t . _ Sau khi mng CATV ra i th n gii quyt c nhng vn mu thun gia vic gia tng knh pht sng vi tnh trng cn kit tn s v vn can nhiu. Dn dn th CATV pht trin khng ch nhng vng ti m cn m rng nhng vng c th thu sng tt , v hin nay th ni n CATV l ni n truyn hnh tr tin .
_ Truyn hnh bng cp l dch v thu bao. N cho php ko di ng cp vi nhiu trm phn nhnh, c th dng cho hng trm my TV.
_ Hu ht loi truyn hnh cp u dng dch v tr tin nn cn c cc mch khng ch thu bao. Vic khng ch c thc hin ci m vo tn hiu truyn v gii m cung cp thng tin truyn hnh cho ngi tiu th. C nhiu cch ci m, nhng thng thng l ci m vo xung ng b ngang v ng ting, ri gii m hon tr li dng nguyn thu. B gii m c cha my thu RF thu mt knh sng UHF ci m. Sau khuch i, tch sng hnh v ting, gii m tn hiu ng b hnh v ting ri iu bin tr li vo sng mang RF truyn tn hiu cho ngi tiu th bng VHF hoc UHF dnh ring cho TV. _ Truyn hnh cp khng nhng truyn cc tn hiu truyn hnh m cn truyn cc dng thng tin khc, mang tnh nng dch v y . Do vy, trm cp trung tm u c 2 anten thu FM v TVRO. _ Tu theo tnh nng phc v m c cc mng cp thch ng sau y:
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay ** Truyn hnh cp dng cho khch sn:
_ Tn hiu t phng cp trung tm n phng my vi tnh (Personal Computer) iu khin v x l. _ Trc khi cung cp tn hiu c khuch i v qua phn nhnh chnh a n cc im phc v nh hi trng, cc phng ca tng lu. Nu tng lu c nhiu phng th cn phi c mch phn nhnh ph tip theo t ngoi. Ngoi ra cn c cc mch phn nhnh nh t trong cc phng. Mch phn nhnh thng thng l chia 2, chia 4, chia 8, chia 10. ** Truyn hnh cp dng cho bit th:
_ Tn hiu t trung tm iu khin c kim tra bng TV monitor, qua trung tm my tnh iu khin chng trnh ri a n cc phng: phng hp c iu khin t xa (Teleconference), phng chng khong (secrity) v.v ktv: v th cng
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Hnh 20 : Truyn hnh cp dng cho h gia nh in hnh.
Hnh 21 : Truyn hnh cp dng cho th trn, cm dn c . _ Tn hiu t trung tm c a vo cc b khuych i tn hiu truyn thng n cc h thu bao trong th trn. T trung tm cn a a thng n cc ni nh trung tm nhn gi tin (information), dy hc t ng (automatic meter reading), chng khong (security). Cc b chia nhnh chnh v ph s truyn dn tn hiu n cc dy nh v cc xm nh.
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay b. u v nhc im ca mng CATV : * u im : _ Khng b nh hng bi a hnh , CATV c bit thch hp vi cc khu c nhiu nh cao tng , ni khng thu c sng TH pht ra t cc thp anten . _ CATV khng cn dng anten , ch cn mt ng dy ni t ni cp tn hiu n tivi l c th xem c rt nhiu chng trnh . _ Tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn khng b nh hng bi thi tit v kh nng hn ch nhiu cng cao hn do khng gp chng ngi vt . _ Kh nng tng knh pht sng CATV l rt cao . _ CATV rt thun tin trong vic khai thc truyn hnh tr tin do cc tin li m n mang li nh : hnh nh cht lng cao ( cao hn UHF v VHF ), xem c nhiu knh * Nhc im : _ Vic trin khai hon chnh mng cp dy dn cho mt thnh ph l rt kh khn v tn km , h thng dy cp chng cht s lm mt v m quan cu thnh ph _ CATV c u im n gin l ch cn kt ni t hp tn hiu n thu bao l c tn hiu xem nhng cng chnh l nhc im v tn hiu c th b cu trm . _ So vi TH cp v tuyn th CATV c phm vi phc v hp hn, tc pht trin thu bao chm . _ Cht lng hnh nh ca cng ngh CATV tuy cao hn so vi truyn hnh analog thng thng nhng vn km so vi cng ngh truyn hnh s hin nay ang c trin khai truyn hnh v tinh . _ Truyn hnh cp CATV tuy c din phc v rng hn MATV nhng cha p ng c s lng thu bao v khng th ko di c ly truyn tn hiu. N ch cho php truyn n cc im thu tp trung, khng th ko di qu 500m. nu vt ng th phi treo hay chn cp, rt bt tin v tn km. Do vy nn cc nm gn y v ang php trin vic truyn tn hiu bng h thng mng cp HFC : truyn v dn tn hiu bng cp quang v cp ng trc .
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Hnh 22 : S khi lp t h thng mng CATV cho chung c, khch sn. 3 . H THNG MNG CP HFC: ( Hybrid Fiber Coaxial). a. Gii thiu: _ Mng HFC ( Hybrid Fiber / Coaxial Network ) l mng kt hp cp quang v cp ng trc, s dng ng thi cp quang v cp ng trc truyn v phn phi tn hiu. Vic truyn tn hiu t trung tm n cc node quang l cp quang, cn t cc node quang n thu bao l cp ng trc.
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_ Mng HFC bao gm 3 mng con ( segment ) gm : + Mng truyn dn ( Transport segment ). + Mng phn phi ( Distribution segment ). + Mng truy nhp ( Access segment ).
. Mng truyn dn bao gm h thng cp quang v cc Hub s cp, nhim v

ca n l truyn dn tn hiu t headend n cc khu vc xa. Cc Hub s cp c chc nng thu, pht quang t headend n cc node quang v chuyn tip tn hiu quang ti cc Hub khc.
.Mng phn phi tn hiu bao gm h thng cp quang, cc Hub th cp v

cc node quang. Tn hiu quang t cc Hub s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in ti cc node quang truyn n thu bao. Ngc li trong trng hp mng 2 chiu, tn hiu in t mng truy nhp s c thu ti node quang v chuyn thnh tn hiu quang truyn n Hub v Headend.
. Mng truy nhp bao gm h thng cp ng trc, cc thit b thu pht cao tn
c nhim v truyn ti cc tn hiu cao tn RF gia node quang v cc thit b thu bao. Thng thng bn knh phc v ca mng con truy nhp ti a 300m, mt nt quang c th cung cp cho khong 2000 thu bao .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Tn hiu Video tng t cng nh s t cc ngun khc nhau nh : Cc b pht p v tinh, ngun qung b mt t, video sever c a ti headend trung tm. Ti y tn hiu c ghp knh v truyn i qua Ring si n mode ( SMF ). Tn hiu c truyn t headend trung tm ti thng thng l 4 hoc 5 Hub s cp. Mi Hub s cp cung cp tn hiu cho khong hn 150.000 thu bao. C khong 4 hoc 5 hub th cp v headend ni ht, mi hub th cp ch cung cp cho khong 25000 thu bao. Hub th cp c s dng phn phi ph thm cc tn hiu video tng t hoc s ghp knh vi mc ch gim vic pht cng knh video ti cc headend s cp v th cp khc nhau. Cc knh s v tng t ca headend trung tm c th cng c chia s s dng trn mng backbone. Mng backbone c xy dng theo kin trc Ring s dng cng ngh SONET/SDH hoc mt s cng ngh c quyn. b . u im ca h thng HFC : _ Khng gii hn khng gian truyn. D dng ph sng rng ri . _ Mc tn hiu lun n nh, khng suy gim khi truyn xa. _ D dng u t v pht trin rng. c . Khuyt im: _ Cht lng hnh nh cng ch l cng ngh analog. _ D dng b can nhiu ln nhau nu c gng thm nhiu knh. _ D b trm sng nu khng qun l mng cp cht ch d . Tng lai ca h thng truyn hnh cp HFC ti TPHCM : _ Mng HFC ti TP HCM c trin khai trong khi cc cng ngh TH viba, TH k thut s mt t v v tinh kh hon chnh . So vi cc cng ngh truyn hnh hin nay th cht lng ca HFC khng th hn c nhng thi im hin ti th mng HFC vn c iu kin pht trin v : _ TP HCM l mt thnh ph ng dn , l iu kin l tng HFC c th pht trin . _ Do cng ngh TH s mt t DVB_T v cng ngh Hyper cable ch mi trin khai bc u . Anten pht TH s Bnh Dng cch thnh ph gn 30 km v mng Hyper cable ca i TH H Ch Minh vn cha c nhiu trm chuyn tip pht li . _ Gi ca mt u thu Set Top Box dng cho truyn hnh s mt t ln truyn hnh v tinh cn kh cao so vi chi ph lp t cp HFC . _ HFC c nhiu u th hn trong vic chy ua tng s lng thu bao v khng cn bn tm n vn thi tit, a hnh v cng sut pht . ktv: v th cng
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Hnh 24: S truyn dn mng cp HFC. 4 . MNG CP TON QUANG, MNG SONET: ( Sychronous Optical Network ) _ Mt mng truyn dn quang ho hon ton t nh cung cp dch v n tn thu bao l m c ca mi nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh cng nh vin thng ni chung do cc u im ni bt ca cp si quang. Tuy nhin, khi trin khai mt mng nh th s phi u t ban u rt ln v gp nhiu kh khn khc. _ SONET l mt mng quang ng b c tiu chun ho bi ANSI. Mng SONET chuyn ti thng tin t u cui cung cp n thu bao thng qua mng ATM ( Asychchronous Transfer Mode : Mode truyn bt ng b ). S d dng ch truyn bt ng b ATM v ngy nay mng s dch v lin kt bng rng B-ISDN ( Broadband Intergrated Services Digital Network ) ang c s dng nhm p ng nhng dch v i hi tc cao, dung lng ln _ Cc tiu chun cho mng SONET gm c : + Thit lp mt dng ghp knh chun bng cch s dng mt tn hiu 51 n 84 Mbit/s nh cc khi c bn. V mi khi c bn c th mang mt tn hiu DS 3, nn mt tc chun c nh ngha cho bt k mt h thng truyn bng rng no c php pht trin. + Thit lp mt tiu chun tn hiu cho cc thit b kt ni bn trong t cc ngun cung cp khc nhau. + Thit lp kh nng vn hnh, hnh chnh v qun l mt cch m rng nh mt phn ca tiu chun. + nh ngha dng ( format ) ghp knh ng b cho cc tn hiu s mc thp DS1, DS2 ( cc chun ca CCITT ). Cu trc ng b n gin ho vic giao tip vi cc chuyn mch s, chuyn mch cho ( Cross connect ) s v cc b ghp knh. + Thit lp kh nng cu trc linh ng thch hp cho cc ng dng trong tng lai nh ISDN bng rng vi tc truyn khc nhau. ktv: v th cng
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V. VIC TRIN KHAI TRUYN HNH CP TI VIT NAM; TP H CH MINH - KH NNG, TRIN VNG : 1. CNG TY TRUYN HNH CP SI GN TOURIS _ SCTV : _ Vi thng s thu / pht MMDS ca SCTV nh sau : *Thit b pht : + Tn s pht : 2,5 2, 7GHz . + S lng knh / my pht : 16 knh . + Cng sut pht : 1W / knh . + Bn knh ph sng : 5 8km . + Ct anten cao khong 65m . *Thit b thu : + S dng anten Yagi c li khong 18 24dB . + B lc nhiu thng thp LNB c li khong : 18 24dB . + Tn s ng ra hin nay ang dng bng tn UHF : 662 848MHz (sau ny s chuyn sang bng UHF t 222 408MHz ) _ Cng ty truyn hnh cp Saigontouris (SCTV) hin ang trin khai dch v mi 2 trong 1 , ngha l kt hp va xem truyn hnh cp va c th lt internet ln u tin ti TP H Ch Minh . i vi cng ngh ny th thu bao s va c th xem hn 70 knh chng trnh , ng thi c th va lt internet , nghe nhc , xem phim trc tuyn vi tc cao hn nhiu so vi cch kt ni thng thng qua ng dy in thoi . Dch v ny gi l dch v internet tc cao thng qua mng truyn hnh cp (MediaNet) . Trc y , ng cp truyn hnh vn c bng thng rt rng ch n gin dng truyn dn tn hiu t SCTV n nh thu bao, nhng hin nay vi s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh thng tin , nn vic tn dng ng truyn trin khai thm cc dch v gii tr l iu tt yu , tc truy cp internet ca ng dy cp truyn hnh rt cao khong 4 6Mbps . _ Khi dch v MediaNet cha trin khai th tn hiu truyn hnh c truyn dn t SCTV n nh thu bao phi i qua b gii m mi c th xem c , vi dch v MediaNet th cn phi c thm mt thit b ring : gi l cable modem . Tn hiu khi n nh thu bao s i qua b chia 2 : mt ng tn hiu s i qua b gii m xem truyn hnh , ng cn li s i qua cable modem gn vi my tnh truy cp internet . C hai hot ng ny c th din ra ng thi .Tuy nhin , hin nay MediaNet cha c pht trin rng ri do ch c cung cp cho cc thu bao dng mng hu tuyn ca SCTV , mt khc do SCTV ch mi ph sng mt s qun ni thnh trong thnh ph .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 2 . I TRUYN HNH CP TP H CH MINH - HTVC : * Hin nay HTVC ang trin khai mt s cng ngh truyn hnh mi phc v khn gi thnh ph nh : _ Mng Hyper Cable : S dng cng ngh DVB_S : mt my pht c th truyn c 32 chng trnh, gm 4 tn s pht, mi tn s 8 chng trnh vi cht lng hnh nh v m thanh k thut s . thu c sng Hyper cable th thu bao cn dng thm anten , b lc nhiu thng thp LNB v u thu Set Top Box DVB_S . * Tng lai ca Hyper cable TP H Ch Minh : _ Khi xy dng trung tm Truyn Hnh Cp th i Truyn Hnh TP H Ch Minh chn phng thc truyn dn l v tuyn song song vi hu tuyn , trong v tuyn gi vai tr ch yu v cng ngh c chn l Hyper cable cn hu tuyn (CATV) l gii php b sung . _ Vic i TH TP H Ch Minh chn Hyper cable lcng ngh i u cng v nhng u im ca n . Trc nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khn gi , cng vi vic cc phng tin nghe nhn hin nay phn ln s ha th vic ng dng cng ngh mi l iu tt yu . _ TP H Ch Minh l mt thnh ph ln c nhiu cng trnh cao tng , do CATV s pht huy c nhng u th ca truyn cp bng dy dn gii quyt nhng cng ti gia nhng nh cao tng . Khi mng Hyper c hon chnh th kh nng chuyn t CATV sang Hyper cable l rt ln v cht lng ca mng Hyper l cht lng k thut s c th p ng nhu cu xem truyn hnh cht lng cao ca khn gi thnh ph ( do CATV vn cn cht lng analog ) . _ Cng ngh Hyper cable l cng ngh v tuyn c th ph sng phn ln din tch TPHCM bng vic xy dng cc trm pht v thu . Cng ngh Hyper cable cn lm nhim v truyn dn tn hiu nhng knh chnh ca HTV n cc trm pht li xa thnh ph . * Cc thng s pht: + LNB: 10600 MHz . + Frequency MHz : 12380, 12420 , 12460 , 13500 (mi tn s cch nhau 40 MHz) + Symbol rate (kS/s) : 27500 _ Mng HFC ca HTVC: S dng cp quang kt hp cp ng trc cung cp gn 72 chng trnh t trung tm n thu bao thng qua hp ni tn hiu tng khu vc bc u thu ht nhiu khn gi v cc nh u t.
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3. THC T VIC TRIN KHAI MNG TRUYN HNH CP TI TP HCM : _ Hin nay , TP H Ch Minh ch yu s dng mng truyn hnh cp bng dy dn . Tuy nhin , M v cc nc Chu u , mng truyn hnh dy dn pht trin kh lu cng vi s ra i ca nhiu cng ngh truyn hnh mi : DVB_T , DTH cho cht lng hnh nh v m thanh k thut s , th xem ra vic xy dng mng cp nc ta l hi chm . Tuy nhin , so vi tc pht trin truyn hnh nc ta l khng chm . _ Vi nm trc y, th khn gi TP ch yu xem truyn hnh bng cng ngh analog vi cht lng hnh nh khng cao , d b nhiu do thi tit xu , s lng knh hn ch v mi lnh li chim mt khong tn s nht nh . Trong truyn hnh th tn s l ti nguyn , do vy mng truyn hnh cp ra i thay th cng ngh analog vi cht lng m thanh v hnh nh cao hn , s lng knh khng gii hn v quan trng hn l gii quyt c vn cn kit tn s . Truyn hnh cp l cng ngh rt rng bao gm : truyn hnh bng dy dn , truyn hnh v tinh v truyn hnh s mt t cng c th gi l truyn hnh cp , MMDS l loi truyn hnh cp v tuyn , sng c truyn di tn vi ba . _ Hin nay c 2 nh cung cp mng cp chnh l SCTV v HCTV . Cng ty Saigon Touris_ SCTV ra i cch y vi nm , l ni i u trong vic p ng nhu cu xem truyn hnh cht lng cao ca thu bao . Thu bao c th thu c tn hiu ca SCTV thng qua ng cp n nh hoc l s dng anten chuyn dng thu cc chng trnh ca SCTV . S lng knh m SCTV hin cung cp cho khn gi xem l khong 70 knh c trong nc v ngoi nc . i vi HCTV _ Trung tm Truyn hnh Cp TP H Ch Minh , ngoi vic trin khai mng cp dy dn ( s lng knh phong ph , gn 50 knh ) th ng thi cng ang p dng cc cng ngh mi : TH s mt t DVB_T , TH v tinh v cng ngh Hyper cable ( l mt dng ca DVB_S ) . _ Tp HCM l ni c mt dn c ng c , nhiu nh cao tng san st nhau, iu ny to ra nhng vng ti (vng trng ) l nhng ni m sng truyn hnh khng th i ti c , th vic trin khai xy dng mng cp nhng vng ti l iu cn thit . Tuy nhin , trin khai mng cp hon chnh trong ton Tp th li vp phi nhiu kh khn, trong kh khn nht l vn m quan ca TP . T trc ti nay , Tp vn chng cht h thng dy dn : ng dy in, in thoi , ng truyn internet gi li thm ng cn hnh th xem ra khng th . Mt khc, c nhng qun c c hai loi cp SCTV v HTVC trn cng 1 con ng lm cho h thng dy nh tr nn hn n. Vic i cp ngm di t cng khng th thc hin do ng x hin nay phn ln c hon chnh. ktv: v th cng
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_ Thc t hin nay cho thy , vic trin khai mng cp ch l bc khi u nhm phc v nhu cu ca khn gi . Sau , th song song vi mng cp dy dn s l mt s cng ngh mi vi cht lng cao nh : DTH , DVB_T , MMDS k thut s , Hyper cable Vic kt hp ny s to ra mt din mo mi cho Tp , thay cho cc dn anten Yagi s l cc cho parabol vi kch thc nh gn hn nhng kh nng xem c nhiu chng trnh li cao hn . Mt c trng ca k thut truyn hnh l s pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh , v s cnh tranh gia nhng cng ngh mi ra i th khn gi s l ngi c li nhiu nht : cht lng chng trnh ngy cng cao, s lng knh di do v quan trng l gi tin r . 4 . MNG TRUYN HNH S MT T DVB_T : _ Vi cng ngh ny th mt my pht c th pht c 9 chng trnh . Vic thu sng DVB_T cng rt d dng , c th tn dng loi anten thu truyn hnh analog ( anten Yagi ) cng thm u thu Set Top Box s c b gii m COFDM . Tuy nhin cng ngh pht sng s mt t cn gp nhiu tr ngi do thi tit d b mt tn hiu khi ma ,vng ph sng cn hn ch. Cc my Set-up Box nhp lu l vn nan gii gy ra 1 kh khn ln cho cc nh cung cp u t sn xut thit b,gy tht thu ln. _ Hin ti c 3 trung tm cung cp truyn hnh s mt t l: + i truyn hnh TP H Ch Minh pht trn knh 30 gm 8 chng trnh ca HTV. + i truyn hnh Bnh Dng pht trn 2 knh 50 v 53 gm 16 chng trnh. + i truyn hnh k thut s VTC ca H Ni. Tp H Ch Minh pht trn 2 knh 55 v 56 gm 16 chng trnh v hu nh m rng vng ph sng cc tnh trn c nc, mi tnh 18 chng trnh vi tn s pht sng c th khc nhau. 5 . I TRUYN HNH VIT NAM VCTV (DTH) _ Dch v truyn hnh tr tin thu trc tip t v tinh ( DTH ) ang c i truyn hnh Vit trin khai nm 2004. y l dch v chim u th nht, n va trc tip cung cp ti tng khch hng xem truyn hnh trn c nc mt cch rt nhanh chng , ngay c n cc vng, vng xa, c bin gii hay hi o xa xi. H thng DTH ng thi cn l ngun cung cp cc chng trnh truyn hnh cho cc h thng truyn hnh cp ti cc tnh, cc trm pht li truyn hnh khc . chun b chng trnh cho cc vn ny i truyn hnh Vit Nam ang u t mnh vo khu sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh trong nc, tng cng cc chng trnh c ni dung hp dn v thu ht ngi xem, cn i vi cc chng trnh truyn hnh quc t s mua bn quyn thm dch, thuyt minh v pht ph vo mt s knh chng trnh cho ph hp vi yu cu ca nhn dn, mt s khc s thc hin pht chm kim duyt. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ c th truyn khai nhanh chng, cn c theo h thng pht v tinh DTH c u t trc y ti Vnh Yn c kh nng pht ngay 16 chng trnh truyn hnh ( k c thit b d phng ), trong 6 chng trnh truyn hnh Vit Nam v 10 chng trnh truyn hnh quc t. _ Thi gian gn y c thay i, nng cp h thng pht v tinh thm 4 chng trnh na tng s chng trnh truyn hnh s pht trn DTH l 20 chng trnh, gm c 12 chng trnh truyn hnh Vit Nam v 8 chng trnh truyn hnh quc t. . _ Trung tm k thut truyn hnh cp Vit Nam c lnh o i truyn hnh Vit Nam giao nhim v thc hin nng cp v qun l h thng m kho DTH, trc tip phn phi cc u thu DTH v simcard gii m kho trn ton b vng ph sng DTH ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam. Vi kinh nghim nhiu nm hot ng v truyn hnh tr tin c m kho an ton v hiu qu, Trung tm s c gng phc v ti a cc yu cu ca nhn dn.
Anten thu TH v tinh Anten thu tn hiu analog DVB_S DVB_T
Tn hiu RF gii m S_T_B DVB_T DVD

Tivi
DVB_S DVB_C S_T_B
Tn hiu cp
Hnh 25: S thu v gii m tn hiu truyn hnh
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PHN 3 THIT K TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH CP HTVC & THIT K LP T TRUYN HNH CP HTVC CHO 1 TA CAO C 12 TNG VI 48 H MI H 2 TI VI
A . GII THIU CHUNG MT H THNG TRUYN HNH CP
I . KHI QUT CHUNG MT H THNG TRUYN HNH CP CATV-HFC: _ Mt trung tm truyn hnh cp c th khai thc chng trnh t nhiu ngun tn hiu pht khc nhau (v tinh, viba mt t, cc trung tm sn xut trng trnh) . Tuy nhin, cn phi mua bn quyn pht sng cc n v cung cp . _ Mc ch truyn hnh cp l chn lc, cung cp nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh hay phc v cho khn gi . _ phc v cho nhu cu cao hn cc trung tm truyn hnh cp cn c th cung cp h thng mng truyn hnh tng tc, truyn hnh internetSau y l 1 mng cp CATV-HFC khi qut :
Hnh 26 : hnh khi qut mt mng truyn hnh cp CATV-HFC. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 1 . Trung tm Head end: _ Trung tm truyn hnh cp Headend l ni tp hp , chn lc v quy t cc knh truyn hnh trong nc v th gii. _ Cc knh tn hiu truyn hnh c th ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh : + Cc knh truyn hnh c quyn trong nc c bin tp t cc trung tm sn xut chng trnh sau c a n trung tm truyn hnh cp bng nhiu cch nh bng cp quang , bng viba MMDS , viba k thut s mt t. + Cc knh truyn hnh a phng ln cn c th c thu li bng cc anten Yagi bng tn VHF , UHF. + Cn cc knh truyn hnh quc t th c thu trc tip t v tinh bng cc loi anten parapol bng tn C-band hay Ku-band. _ Ty vo cc ngun thu khc nhau ta s dng cc loi my thu khc nhau nh: + Thu trc tip v tinh ta c cc my thu v tinh. + Thu cc knh a phng ta c th s dng cc my De-modulator hay my MMDS. + Cc viba k thut s mt t ta s dng cc Setup_box thu chng trnh. _ Cc my thu s thu v gii m cho ra tnh hiu Video-Audio. Ta c th tch Video chuyn i sang h PAL hay NTSC V c nhng chng trnh nc ngoi s dng h NTSC hay SECAM khng thch hp cho nhiu loi ti vi ca ta. _ qun l h thng c cht ch hn hay hn ch knh pht hoc d dng qun l cc thu bao , chng thu trm tn hiu ta a tn hiu Video-Audio t cc my thu vo b kha m knh Encoder. Ta c th m ha mt vi chng trnh c bit hay m ha ton b chng trnh. Chng trnh c m ha v qun l bng 1 s code cho tng nhm knh khc nhau khi phn nhm chng trnh thu bao c thc hin d dng. _ Tn hiu Video-Audio t cc my thu , Setup box , Encorder c a qua b iu ch Modulator . Mi Modulator cho ra 1 tn s RF khc nhau sao cho mi knh cch nhau khong 8Mhz. _ Cc knh thu bng anten Yagi UHF, VHF ta c th thu li bng thit b De_modulator iu ch cho ra 1 tn s RF khc vi tn s RF ban u thu c. _ Sau khi iu ch tn s ta tng hp tt c cc knh tn hiu RF li bng cc b trn v ghp knh Combiner nhm mc ch cho ra 1 ng truyn tn hiu RF duy nht. _ Tn hiu RF t Combiner s a vo my pht quang Optical Transmitter bin i ngun tn hiu t in sang quang nhm mc ch truyn ti i xa chng suy gim ngun tn hiu v cp quang suy hao rt t so vi cp ng trc. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 2. Truy cp - thu bao: _ Cc Hub c nhim v thu tn hiu t Headend chuyn n cc Node quang hoc chuyn tn hiu quang ti cc Hub khc. Ngc li cc Hub c th truyn tn hiu v trung tm Headend nu y l mt mng truy cp khp kn. _ Node quang c nhim v chuyn tn hiu quang t cc Hub sang in RF. _ Tn hiu RF c a vo bch i Ampli Trunk dng khuch i ng truyn chnh ln rt nhiu ln. Sau cho qua b chia khng u Coupler nhm mc ch a ra nhng ng tn hiu RF khng ging nhau c th mnh hay yu cung cp cho cc khu vc c nhiu thu bao hoc cc khu vc c t thu bao . _ Ti cc con hm tn hiu RF c Ampli line khuch i li ln na khong 120 dBV sau a vo b chia Splitter qua cc b Taps gim tn hiu xung cn khong 60 dBV sau a ti cc ti vi thu bao. _ Cc h c nhu cu thu bao cc nhm chng trnh c bit ,phi tr thm tin th c th c trung tm cho mn cc my gii m knh Decoder. II GII THIU THIT B,THNG S K THUT: 1. T ng thit b (Open rack): _ Mt trung tm truyn hnh cp i hi phi cn phi c rt nhiu thit b my mc , c th ln ti hng trm my. Mc khc , cc dy cable lin kt cc my vi nhau rt nhiu v phc tp . Chnh v vy, ta khng th no b tr cho cc thit b c gn gng v sp xp ngn np nu khng c cc t ng thit b. _ Cc t thit b gip cho nh cung cp qun l thit b c d dng theo mt th t nht nh , vng chc. _ Mt t thit b i hi phi c kch c tiu chun , thng nht theo kch thc tiu chun ca thit b my mc , cao va tm , cc hc cha my phi thong v chc chn . _ Ta c th t mua cc t thit b trong cc c s sn xut t thit b trong nc theo kch thc tiu chun ca cc my thit b.
Hnh 27: T ng thit b thng dng. ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 2. Cc loi Anten thu: a. Anten yagi: _ Anten Yagi l loi anten thu hnh t ngoi tri c cu to bn vng. Anten Yagi nm trn mt phng song song vi mt t . li ca anten Yagi c th tng cao bng cch tng s lng chn t v chiu di khung sn, c th ghp thnh h 2 hoc 4 antenl . _ Anten thng c chia lm 3 loi chnh : Anten VHF Low, anten VHF High, anten UHF . Loi anten dng chung cho c bng sng thng l anten s dng cho knh sng gia bng, th d anten dng cho bng VHF High thng l anten ca knh 9 ( l knh gia cc knh t 6 n 12 ). Anten thu trc ht phi ph hp vi chng trnh cn thu, c th dng anten chuyn knh thu , xc nh anten thu chuyn knh no cn cn c vo chiu di ca chn t thu sng, chiu di ny phi l bc sng hc nh hn bc sng khong 5 6%, anten chuyn knh gip thu tt sng ca nhng i xa . Ngoi ra , cn chn anten c h s khuch i ph hp vi nhu cu. Nu nh anten thu c h s khuch i vt mc yu cu th s sinh ra hin tng sng phn chiu, cc tn s tp s c c hi xm nhp vo ng truyn gy ri hng sng chnh t i pht , ngc li nu nh anten thu c h s khuch i thp hn so vi yu cu th hnh nh s b bng m, ph ht v m thanh b r _ chn c anten yagi tt cn xem xt nhng yu t : Knh pht hnh v tiu chun pht hnh . Cng sut pht hnh . cao anten pht . Khong cch gia anten thu v anten pht . c im a hnh gia anten thu v anten pht .
Hnh 28 : Mt loi anten Yagi . * Thng s k thut : Cng sut pht 1 Kw 10 Kw Khong cch (km) 10 20 20 40 40 60 12 15 20 25 5 12 15 20
0 10 5 chn t 5 chn t
60 100 100 150 25* 25 25*
* C km theo b Booster . ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ S lng chn t ca mt anten ph thuc vo khong cch gia anten pht v anten thu, nu nh gia anten pht v thu c chng ngi vt nh ni i , cao c th khi s lng chn t cn c tng ln gp i mc bnh thng hoc tng ti a thu c sng phn x . _ Thng dng loi anten c nhiu chn t dn x, mt chn t ch ng, mt s chn t phn x. _ y, trung tm s dng anten yagi c 25 chn t, dng thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh tng t. _ Thit b anten yagi ny ta c th mua cc i l anten trong nc. b . Anten MMDS :
Hnh 29: Anten MMDS * Thng s k thut anten MMDS hng PSI :
c . Anten Parapol: _ Thng c 2 dng chnh : Dng Anten parapol lm bng Tole c v dng Anten parapol lm bng li nhm. _ Anten parapol c kch thc nh ng knh t 40cm ~ 1m80 thng c lm bng Tole c, cc loi anten c ng knh ln hn thng c lm bng li nhm nhm trnh c sc gi khi lp t trn cao. _ Cc Anten c ng lnh nh thng c hnh van , lm bng Tole c , s dng cho Band Ku . _ Cc thng hiu Anten Parapol hin ang c trn th trng Vit Nam nh : + HERCULES ORBITRON chuyn sn xut cc loi anten c ng knh ln bng Tole c v nhm li . + SOLID DISHES i Loan & JONSA Trung Quc chuyn sn cc loi Anten lm bng Tole c ng knh t 35 cm~240 cm . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + COMSTAR M & PSI Th i Lan chuyn sn cc loi Anten lm bng li c ng knh ln .
Hnh 30 : Anten Tole c.
Hnh 31 : Anten li nhm .
* Thng s k thut Anten Parapol lui PSI: MODEL D 1.7 D2 D 213 D 227 Kiu , loi 4 mnh / 8 4 mnh / 12 Chn C nh C nh & xoay di thanh tiu c 94 cm 109.1 cm 116 cm 125.6 cm ng knh (D) 170 cm 200 cm 213 cm 277 cm Chiu su (h) 26.5 cm 32.5 cm 34.5 cm 34.8 cm Tiu im , tiu c (F) 68.1 cm 76.9 cm 82.2 cm 92.5 cm T s truyn F/D 0.40 0.38 0.39 0.40 Vt liu phn chiu Nhm li Tn s lm vic c hiu lc 3.20-12.75 (GHz) C/Ku Band li (dBi) 35.25/44.79 36.66/46.20 37.21/46.7 37.76/47.3 Hon chnh ton b Sn tnh in Trng lng thc 3.7 Kg 5.6 Kg 7 Kg 9.5 Kg 3. Phu thu sng (Feehorn) b LNA : _ i khi , cng c gi l LNB . _ Lung sng in t ban u s i qua b tin khuch i nng khuch i ln _ Cc c tnh thun li ca b LNA : Nhiu nhit bn trong thp . C th trnh c nhiu nguyn nhn gy tn hao trn ng truyn. _ LNA thng s dng bng rng .
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay _ Phu thu sng gm c phu v ng dn sng c gn chung vi b dch tn LNB nh hnh . Vnh phu c dng hnh loa hay dng hnh vnh khuyn .
Hnh 33: Phu thu sng . _ Phu hnh vnh khuyn c dng ph bin hn hnh loa, c c bng nhm c t 3 n 4 vng, lng vo ng dn sng c th di ng theo ng tiu c cng vi ng dn sng. Nhng vnh khuyn c nhim v thu gom nng lng phn x t lng cho vi cng trng rt nh (khong di mt picrowatt) a vo ng dn sng. Cc tia sng ti lng cho ri phn x li, tp trung vo phu t ti tiu im nh hnh v. _ ng dn sng c dng hnh tr, bn trong c khot trn v hnh ch nht c th va thu c sng in trng v t trng. N c c bng hp kim nhm hay bng gang, mt trong c x l nhn bng nhm gim tn hao nng lng. Pha cui ng l bin p module khng tn hao nng lng nhm phi hp gia ng dn sng vi que d t ngay ti bin p truyn nng lng n ng vo LNB. _ Que d c th thu nng lng in t trng , phn cc ngang hay phn cc ng. Que d c 2 loi : loi c nh c gn vo phu thu sng c dng ch thp; cn loi que d di ng thng c dng mc cu , c th quay trn trong ng dn sng . _ Khi tin hnh lp t , phi t feedhorn sao cho trc ca n phi lch 450 so vi trc phn cc . Mt khc , t feedhorn nh vy l gc quay phn cc c th t mc ti a la 1350 nhm qut trn mt phng phn cc ngang v phn cc ng . Mt s phu thu sng chuyn dng :
a. Hnh 32: Phu thu sng . ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Hnh a : Phu thu sng kt hp thu dy tn bng C v bng Ku . Hnh b : Phu thu sng kt hp thu dy tn bng C,bng Ku v c thu v tinh DBS. _ Ngoi ra , cn c mt thit b l s kt hp gia phu thu sng vi LNB gi l LNBF . Xem hnh bn di :
Hnh 33: LNBF (C1) . ** Mch tin khuch i v dch tn : _ Mch tin khuch i v dch tn nhiu thp (LNA v LNB) tuy c thit k chung trong mt khi, nhng c th phn bit thnh 2 phn: mch tin khuch i v nhiu thp LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) v mch dch tn s nhiu thp LNB (Low Noise Blockdownconverter) bao gm mch ngoi sai, mch trn tn. Ton b mch LNA v LNB c thit k chung trong mt khi v t st ngay anten (ngun in c cung cp ring). Tn hiu u ra l tn hiu FM vi tn s khong 1GHz. Tn hiu ny c dn bng cp n khi thu v tinh . _ Mch dch tn nhiu thp LNB l mch vo ca khi thu v tinh. Mch dch tn LNB v anten thu quyt nh nhy ca khi thu v tinh. N bao gm bin p modul (nm gia ng dn sng v dy dn di), khuch i u vo, tng trn, ngoi sai v khuch i trung tn .
Hnh 34: S khi LNB LNB_C2 : - c thit k vi cng ngh cao . - Hai ng ra n 2 u thu , Phn cc ngang v ng lm vic c lp nhau . - B LNB v phu thu sng c ch to chung trong mt khi - Thu s v tng t bng C . - Lm vic tt trong mi iu kin thi tit . LNB _ CKU : Dng thu s v tng t c 2 bng C v Ku . Phn cc ngang v ng .
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Hnh 35: LNB C2
ktv: v th cng
C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Bng C v bng Ku lm vic c lp nhau . B LNB v phu thu sng c ch to chung trong mt khi Thch hp vi mi loi u thu . T ng iu chnh s phn cc . - Lm vic tt trong mi iu kin thi tit . Hnh 36 : LNB CKU LNB _ KU (K1) : - Dng thu s v tng t. - Phn cc ngang v ng. -
Hnh 37 : LNB Ku (K1). LNB _ SATEL : - Dng thu s v tng t. - Phn cc ngang v ng. Hnh 38: LNB Ku (SATEL). * Thng s cc loi LNB.
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay 4. Cc loi My thu: C cc dng chnh sau : + My thu k thut s mt t DVB-T + My thu k thut s v tinh DVB khng s dng Simcard gii m. + My thu k thut s v tinh DVB-TVRO c s dng Simcard gii m hoc my chuyn dng. _ Ta nn chn mua cc loi my thu c ng k cht lng. _ i vi truyn hnh s mt t ta nn chn mua cc my Settop box ca VTC sn xut (VTC_T13). _ Cc my DVB-TVRO ta c th chn cc my theo tiu chun Chu u nhm nng cao tui th my. _ Ta nn chn cc my DVB-TVRO c thu bao tr ph do cc trung tm truyn hnh ta c n thu sng cung cp nh : + PowerVu , X-Sat ca HongKong cung cp. + DSTV ca Thi Lan cung cp vi Simcard gii m Irdeto 2. + OPENTEL ca DTH Vit Nam cung cp vi Simcard Viaccess 2.6 * Thng s k thut yu cu ca my thu k thut s mt t VTC: rng bng tn knh :6 / 7/ 8MHz . Mode iu ch : 2K / 8K . th chm sao:QPSK ,16QAM , 64 QAM. T l m ho : 1/2 , 2/3 , 3/4, 5/ 6, 7/8. Khoang bo v: : 1/4 ,1/8 , 1/16, 1 / 32. Gii iu ch phn lp x =2 ;2 ;4. Sa li reed-solomon: RS (204 /188 ). rng bng tn mch lc SAW :6 / 7 / 8 MHz _
Hnh 39:Mt s my thu k thut s mt t * Thng s k thut yu cu ca 1 my thu k thut s v tinh DVB : B d knh: + Tn s vo 950-2,150 MHz. + Mc tn hiu -25 dBm _-65 dBm. + iu khin LNB DiSEqC1.0/22KHz. + in p & Phn cc LNB 13V/18V(ti a 400mA) Gii m knh : + Gii iu ch QPSK(SCPC,MCPC) + Tc k t 2-40MSPS + FEC Decoder 1/2 ; 2/3 ; 3/4 ; 5/6 ; 7/8 Hnh nh: ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + Mc tiu s MPEG-II MP@ML + Mc tn hiu ra NTSC / PAL + Loi jack u ra RCA + Mc tn hiu u ra 1Vp-p (75) (RCA) m thanh: + Gii m m thanh MPEG-II layer I & II + T n s ly mu 32/44.1/48Khz + p tuyn tn s 20Hz - 20kHz + Mc tn hiu u ra c th iu chnh (600 khng cn bng) iu kin lm vic: + in p s dng 90-240V ~ 50/60Hz + Cng sut tiu th Khong 15W + Nhit hot ng 0-40C + m hot ng 10%-90% Cng truyn d liu RS 232 tc 9600 115200 Kbps RF Modulator UHF CH 21~69
Hnh 40: My Thu V tinh TVRO
5. B Converter :
_ Cc b converter thng c s dng bin i tn hiu t h mu ny sang h mu khc ph hp vi tiu chun truyn hnh ca mi nc .
Hnh 36 : B Converter . a. c tnh : _ T ng d h mu ca tn hiu ng vo . _ Chc nng sa thi gian gc _ TBC cho s ng b ho tn hiu . _ Tch hp kh nng m ho v gii m tn hiu . _ Mc tn hiu ng vo t : 0,5VP-P n 2 VP-P . _ Chc nng AGC bo m tn hiu ng ra lun mc 1VP-P . _ Bin i tn hiu t PAL D/K; B/G; M/N sang NTSC . SECAM D/K ; B/G ; K1 sang NTSC . _ Ngc li bin i tn hiu t NTSC sang PAL D/K ... hoc SECAM sang PAL; hoc SECAM sang NTSC . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay b. c tnh k thut : _ 1 ng vo v 1 ng ra video . _ Kh nng chn tn hiu ng vo l : NTSC 3.58 hay NTSC 4.43; PAL hoc SECAM . _ Tn hiu ng ra c th l NTSC 3.58 ; NTSC 4.43 hoc PAL . tn hiu Y :13.5 MHz 8 bits . _ Tn s ly mu : tn hiu R-Y : 6.5 MHz 8 bits . Tn hiu B-Y : 6.5 MHz 8 bits . _ C th chuyn i s dng trn mt hnh t 525 dng ( h PAL) sang 625 dng ( h NTSC) v ngc li . _ Ngun cung cp : DC 15V 600mA . AC 110/240 V . -
Hnh 41 : S chuyn i gia cc h . 6. B iu ch : a. B Modulator: _ B iu ch dng iu ch li tn hiu Audio v Video vi sng mang thch hp.Hin nay, trung tm ang iu ch li tn hiu vi sng mang t tn s 85.25MHz n 583.25 MHZ. cc knh ln cn cch nhau 8MHz ng vi khong bng thng cho mt knh truyn hnh tng t. _ Hin nay, Vit Nam ta cha sn xut cc b iu ch trn. Nn hu nh mua t cc nc ngoi cng nh u thu (receiver) Nht, Hn Quc, Trung Quc
Hnh 42: Modulator b. B gii iu ch - Demodulator : _ L thit b bin i tn hiu c iu ch thnh tn hiu trc khi qua b iu ch . _ B gii iu ch dng gii iu ch tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu Audio v Video ring bit. ktv: v th cng
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Sng mang iu ch Tn hiu sng mang .
Hnh 43: Model gii iu ch model T860 . _ T860 l loi u gii iu ch cc tn hiu c tn s t 48 860 MHz .Loi T860 c th nhn ra c 56 knh tiu chun (channel 1 n 56) v thm 43 knh ph tr (t Z1 n Z43), sau khi tn hiu c gii iu ch th tn hiu AV ng ra s c n nh cao . Ngoi ra, T860 cn c kh nng nh n 99 knh , iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th linh hot chuyn i gia cc knh vi nhau . 7. B ghp knh - B cng tn hiu -Combiner : _ B cng tn hiu c chc nng cng 2 hay nhiu tn hiu ng vo nhm to ra mt tn hiu duy nht ti ng ra ( l tn hiu RF ) . _ B ghp knh c th thc hin phng php kt hp cc tn hiu tin tc t mt hay nhiu ngun chng trnh khc nhau . _ Trc khi vo b ghp knh, mi tn hiu c truyn theo mt ng sng in t ring bit, truyn trong li cp. Sau , lung tn hiu sau khi ghp knh s c truyn trn ng truyn vi bng thng trong phm vi cho php ca ng truyn . _ Mi tn hiu RF c mt di tn ring bit. Khi cng nhng tn hiu ny li vi nhau th ng ra vn gi nguyn di tn ring ca mi tn hiu, ng thi ta cng nhn c nhng tn s l tng, hiu ca nhng tn hiu RF ng vo . Cc b cng tn hiu RF thng dng trong cc b truyn hnh cp. V nguyn l , cc loi b cng cng tng t nh cc b chia . _ C hai loi b cng : b cng th ng (Passive) v b cng tch cc (Active) B cng th ng : l loi b cng c tn hao dng cc linh kin th ng nh : in tr, cun dy, t in, ghp phi hp tr khng cc ng vo . B cng tch cc : l loi b cng c thm vo cc phn t khuch i b tn hao. Cc phn t khuch i y thng dng l cc loi transistor cao tn : BFR91, 2SC3355, 2SC3356, 2SC3358 y l cc loi transistor cao tn c trn th trng Vit Nam .
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Hnh 44: B ghp knh Combiner. * Thng s k thut b ghp knh COMBINER : RF OC-8d OC-12d S ng vo 8 12 S ng ra 1 1 Ng Test (dB) -20 -20 Dy tn s (MHz) 5 1000 5 1000 Tn hao - dB f = 40 450 MHz f = 450 1000 MHz Tr khng ( ) Tn hao ng vo (dB) : f = 40 450 MHz f = 450 1000 MHz Tn hao ng ra (dB) : f = 40 450 MHz f = 450 1000 MHz u ni : - RF input - RF output 11 14 75 30 30 19 19 Dng F (ci) Dng F (ci) 18 22 75 20 20 16 16 Dng F (ci) Dng F (ci)
OC-12f 12 1 -20 50 450 22 22 75 20 NA 12 NA Dng F (ci) Dng F (ci)
OC-16 16 1 -20 50 1000 24 26 75 20 20 16 Dng F (ci) Dng F (ci)
8. B m ha_ Encode _ Decode : _ Hu ht cc my thu hnh v tinh u c thit b kt ni vi b gii m v b gi xo trn bn ngoi. Trong trng hp n gin nht tt c cc i hi trn phi cn c mt tn hiu Composite Video v Audio n b iu ch UHF t mch bn trong hoc bn ngoi gi l b gii m. Mt in p chuyn mch c pht ra t b gii m c nh tuyn bng s kt ni vi iu khin chuyn mch. Ch rng ng vo ca b gii m c ly t tn hiu Baseband .
Hnh 45: Thit b Encode ktv: v th cng

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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay a. B Encoder: _ Loi m s dng trong b m ha l m iu khin li . Tn hiu s c m ha trc khi vo b iu ch . _ Mt s k thut m ha ph bin : M ha Viterbi . M ha Red Solomon (RS) . M Turbo : kt hp s dng m khi v m vng xon ( gn y c s dng rt rng ri) .
Hnh 46: Biu kha m, m m. b. B Decode : _ Qu trnh gii m tn hiu s gii m dy bit ca tn hiu c m ha trc _ Qu trnh ny din ra sau khi tn hiu gii iu ch . 9 . Simcard gii m, thit b mua bn quyn: _ Bn quyn l 1 vn cn t ra i vi cc cng ty truyn hnh cp . Nhm trnh tnh trng cc c6ng ty THC sao chp cc knh truyn hnh c quyn trong nc v quc t ph bin rng ri gy tht thu cho cc hng truyn hnh. _ V vy , trnh cc tha kin v sau cc cng ty truyn hnh cp cn phi thn trng , mua bn quyn y t cc n v pht sng trong nc cng nh trn th gii. _ Cc loi m cn mua bn quyn: PowerVu , Irdeto 2 , Videoguard , Viaccess 2.5 - 2.6. 10. B chia Splitter, Tap gim: a. B chia: _ B chia c chc nng chia mt tn hiu ng vo thnh nhiu tn hiu ng ra c tn hao bng nhau. _ B chia c phn thnh 2 loi: b chia thng s dng cho CATV v b chia thng ngun PowerPass s dng cho chia tn hiu anten v tinh. _ Ta c cc loi b chia l: chia 2, chia 3, chia 4 chia 6 v chia 8. + Loi chia 2 mi u ra c tn hao 3,5 dB. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay + + + + Loi chia 3 mi u ra c tn hao 4,5 dB. Loi chia 4 mi u ra c tn hao 7 dB. Loi chia 6 mi u ra c tn hao 8 dB n 9 dB. Loi chia 8 mi u ra c tn hao 10,5 dB.
b. B Tap gim: _ B Tap tng t nh b chia nhng c kh nng gii hn li .Mc ch gii hn, gim bt tn hiu u vo. _ B Tap thng c 1 ng IN , 1ng OUT & N ng Tap. _ Cc gi tr Tap gim : -12dB ; -16dB ; -20 dB ; -24dB
Hnh 47: B chia & b Tap. 11. My pht quang - Optical Transmitter : _ My pht quang lm nhim v chuyn i tn hiu in (RF) thnh tn hiu quang truyn trong si quang . Mc ch truyn tn hiu i xa hn trnh suy hao .Tuy nhin khc vi nh sng thng thng , cng sut quang c th hin di dng cng sut sng in t, n v Watt . _ Cng sut quang bc x s t l vi cn bc hai ca cng sut in t vo b chuyn i in quang .Do , trong h thng in quang, ta thng dng cc k hiu : O v P ch cng sut quang v cng sut in . 1. Model ZT 890 AGC Series 1310 nm :
Hnh 48: My pht quang model ZT890 AGC Series 1310nm . * c tnh k thut : Bc sng quang : ca s 1310 20 Nm . ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Dng sng laser Kiu iu ch Dy tn s Mc RF ng vo Tr khng ng vo Tn hao ng vo : laser DFB . : iu ch trc tip cng quang . : 47 750 (862) MHz . : 72 88 dBV . : 75 . : 16 dB nu tn s t 47 550 MHz . : 14 dB nu tn s t 550 750 (862) MHz . : 51 dB . : in xoay chiu 160 250V ( f = 50 Hz) . : 0 400C .
T s C/N Ngun cung cp Nhit lm vic 12, Cp ng trc:
_ Cp ng trc dng truyn dn tn hiu n thu bao v dng kt ni cc thit b vi nhau. Ta s dng 2 loi cp ng trc l RG11 v RG6.Nn chn cc loi theo tiu chun USA nhm gim ti thiu suy hao ng truyn.
Hnh 49:Cable 13. Connector (u ni): Conector dng ni cp ng trc vi cc thit b nh receiver, modularor, combiner
Hnh 50: u ni cp
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B. THIT K TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH CP HTVC

I. PHNG PHP THU CHNG TRNH : Ni thu tn hiu: _ Trc ht, ta phi c ni thu tn hiu tt vi khng gian rng ri t c cc thit b anten thu cn thit. thng l sn thng ca trung tm truyn hnh. _ C nh cc anten chc chn v tr thch hp, m bo gc ca anten,ni t anten cn thn ,trnh cc tc ng lm nh hng n anten; nn ni t anten bn ngoi tch bit so vi cc thit b bn trong. _ Hng cc anten trong nc v cc i pht cn thu. _ i vi cc anten Parapol TVRO cn xc nh hng v chnh anten theo gc ngn , gc phng v cc v tinh cn thu sng. iu chnh anten da trn mc tn hiu hin th trn mn hnh TV test. Cc chng trnh truyn hnh cn thu: _ c mt h thng truyn hnh phong ph v a dng vi nhiu chng trnh b ch hp dn. Vi cc chng trnh trong nc v ngoi nc. Ta phi xc nh c cc chng trnh m ta mun thu. _ Mt v tinh pht nhiu chng trnh khc nhau. Ta c th thu nhiu chng trnh t mt v tinh cng mt lc. Cc chng trnh c cc chng trnh c min ph, ta ch cn thu v c mt u thu thch hp l ta c th xem c. Cng c chng trnh phi tr tin bng cch mua card gii m hay u thu ca hng sn xut theo yu cu. _ c th bit c chng trnh cn thu v tn s t v tinh no ta c th ti chng trnh qua trang wed: http:// www.lyngsat.com. _ Vit nam ta l mt nc thuc khu vc ng Nam . Nc ta thuc to 106 E. Tn hiu ta c th thu c dao ng 450E. Nn ta thu c cc chng trnh t v tinh c to t 500E n 1690E.
0
Thu truyn hnh s mt t VTC: _ Hin nay, ta c chng trnh truyn hnh s mt t VTC. Ta c th thu c 42 chng trnh t u thu VTC m ta c th mua ti cc trung tm ca VTC. Tn hiu c ly t anten thu thng thng yagi qua u thu VTC l ta c th xem c cc chng trnh . ktv: v th cng
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Thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh tng t ca cc tnh ln cn: _ Ta c th dng anten thu yagi thu c cc chng trnh ca cc i truyn hnh ca cc tnh khc. Nh chng trnh ca tnh ng Nai, Bnh Dng, Long An Chng trnh N2 VTV1 Tien Giang VTV3 THVL VTV2 LA34 N1 Tn s pht (MHz) 223.25 471.25 511.25 527.25 551.25 559.25 575.25 591.25
HIN NAY THNG THU CC V TINH SAU STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 V Tinh PAS 2 AT 169E PAS 8 at 166E PAS 10 at 68.5E Telstar at 138E Apstar 2R at 76.5E Apstar 6A at 134E Insat 2E at 83E Measat 1 at 91.5E Asiasat 2at100.5E Telcom 1at 108E Asiasat 3S at 105.5E Cakrawarta at 107.7E Gc Ngng 18.8 21.9 44.4 51.5 52.9 55.8 59.8 68.3 75.4 77.1 77.2 77.2 Gc Phng V 264.4 263.6 256.5 252.9 252 250 246.7 235.2 209.6 187.4 185.8 185.8
Lp t cc thit b vo t ,sau u ni cp tn hiu u ra m thanh ,hnh nh hay jack n cc u vo tng ng ca h thng theo cc hnh di, lp t m bo cc u ni cp c kt ni chc chn , khng buc cht dy anten vi dy ngun. Lp rp, ci t h thng theo hnh thit k bn di.
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II. HNH THIT K H THNG TRUYN HNH CP HTVC TRUNG TM HEADEND:
HTV-1 HTV-2 HTV-3
85. 25 119. 25 135. 25 159. 25 175. 25 191. 25 335. 25 343. 25 351. 25 231. 25 207. 25 223. 25 239. 25 247. 25 703. 25 567. 25
TRUNG TM SN XUT CHNG TRNH HTV
HTV-4 HTV-7 HTV-9 HTVC HTVC Ca nhc HTVC Phim HTVC New
C O M B I N E R
O P T I C A L T R A N S M I T E
RG -11
11540 H 35500 Ku Band 0.6 m 11540 H 35500 H Power Pass 11540 H 35500 11540 H 35500 Viaccess 2.6 Viaccess 2.6
VTV1 VTV2 VTV3 VTV4 VCTV3 Vh1
16 I N P U T S
LA 20dB Measat 2 at 148 . 0 E

LNB 9750 MHz
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4000 H 26850 4000 H 26850 4129 H 13240 4129 H 13240 4129 H 13240 3706 H 6000 3760 H 26000
Phoenix Chinese Channel [V] CCTV-4 CCTV-9 CCTV-E&F Asia News CNA TV5 DW Travel & living TVB-8 TCM A1 StarSPORTS StarMOVIES StarWORLD NATIONAL
439. 25 575. 25 407. 25 143. 25 93. 25 455. 25 383. 25 423. 25 503. 25 663. 25 167.25 519. 25 631. 25 647. 25 727. 25 127. 25
C O M B I N E R
C-Band H PowerPass
3760 H 26000 3760 H 26000 3729 H 13650
Asiasat 3S at 105.5E LNB 5150 MHz
PowerVu
Videoguard Videoguard Videoguard Videoguard Videoguard
16 I N P U T S
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Irdeto 2
Cartoon HBO Discovery Animal ESPN Playhouse Disney Disney Channel BOOMERANG ABC NHK BBC SET CNBC MGM Fashion TV Arirang TV
215. 25 367. 25 487. 25 511.25 625. 25 535. 25 551. 25 231. 25 375. 25 431. 25 463. 25 151. 25 479. 25 495. 25 391. 25 399. 25
C-Band
H
Irdeto 2
PowerPass
Irdeto 2 Irdeto 2
Telcom1 at 108.0E
Irdeto 2 Videoguaard
C-Band
H
PowerPass
Videoguard Videoguard
C O M B I N E R
CaKrawarta at 107.7E
4180 H 27500 4060 H 16180 H
C-Band PowerPass
3940 H 27690 3860 H 28000
Pas 8 at 166..0E
Videoguard Videoguard
16 I N P U T S
C-Band
V
3745 V 2626
PowerPass
3756 V 4418
Asiasat 3S at 105. 5E
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Multichoice
S3 S1 AXN Saction Animax SAVOIR MEGA 1 NGA BTV-1 BTV-2 BTV-3 H NI VTC1 VTC2 BRT
583. 25 599. 25 679. 25 695. 25 359. 25 415. 25 711. 25 447. 25 287. 25 295. 25 303. 25 327. 25 735. 25 745. 25
DE MODULATOR
C-Band
V
Multichoice
PowerPass
Multichoice Multichoice
PAS 10 at 68. 5E
Multichoice
3632 V 26667 3632 H 26667 VTC - 56 VTC - 50 VTC - 50 VTC - 53 VTC - 56 VTC - 55 VTC - 55
C-Band
PowerPass
C O M B I N E R
Khuch ai
UHF
16 I N P U T S
Khuch ai
255. 25 261. 25 271. 25 279. 25 311. 25 319. 25
LA34
DE MODULATOR
TTV11 UHF
DE MODULATOR
TTV-26
DE MODULATOR
N1
DE MODULATOR
UHF
N2
DE MODULATOR
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C. THIT K LP T TRUYN HNH CP HTVC CHO 1 TA CAO C 12 TNG VI 48 H MI H 2 TI VI

I . KT CU TA NH: - Bao gm 1 tng trt v 11 tng lu tng cng 48 h nh sau:
II. YU CU CHUNG CA H THNG: _ Ton b tn hiu cc knh ca truyn hnh cp HTVC c cho b Amplifier, phn phi cho 48 h thu bao, mi h thu bao 2 TV ca 1 chung c 12 tng gm 11 tng lu v 1 tng trt. c phn b nh sau: Cc tng lu v trt , u c 4 h , s dng 2 ti vi. Mi h c din tch 5x15m. Chiu cao ca mi tng l 4m. B khuch i Amplifier c t ti tng trt , cc b chia Splitter , Taps c t ti cc hp m cc hnh lang cu thang , sau dng cp phn phi ti cc thu bao.
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay III. M HNH THIT K: Ton b h thng c chia lm 2 khi chnh nh sau: KHUCH I AMPLIFIER
HEADEND
PHN PHN PHI N CC THU BAO a. Phn thu gm cc b phn chnh sau: B Amplifier : y l b khuch i di rng ,c nhim v khuch i tn hiu ln cung tn hiu RF ti cc thu bao, m bo c cht lng m thanh hnh nh tt. Dy dn sng cao tn ( cp ng trc 75 ) truyn dn tn hiu t Amplifier ti cc b chia cc tng ,thng dng Cable RG11 v t suy hao ng truyn . Ngoi ra ta cn dng mt s ghp ni phn ng Splitter, Taps gim.
c. Khi phn phi n cc thu bao gm cc thit b nh : Cp ng trc di rng loi Indoor : Dng truyn dn v phn phi tn hiu bng tn c bn ti cc thu bao, thng dng loi Cable RG6 . Cc b Splitter v cc b amplifier ng truyn (nu c ). Ton b cc thit b khi ny dng loi Indoor.
d. Phng n thit k: ** C hai phng php phn phi Phn phi dng cu trc hnh xng c: + i vi loi cu trc hnh xng c: C u im tit kim c dy, nhng an ton s km, ch cn 1 b chia nhnh hng s mt ton b tn hiu cho cc thu bao sau n, hoc khi dy t cng xy ra trng hp tng t kh khn cho sa cha thay th . Phn phi dng cu trc hnh cy: + i vi loi cu trc hnh cy: Tuy c tn dy hn nhng n khc khc c cc nhc im ca loi cu trc hnh xng c. ktv: v th cng
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay IV. TNH TON C TH: a. Chn cable : Cp truyn trc chnh, kt ni gia cc hp ni dy nn dng loi RG11 nhm gim ti thiu suy hao ng truyn chnh. Cp t cc h ti hp ni tn hiu ta dng loi cp INDOOR, thng dng nht l loi 5C RG6 theo tiu chun ca Nht hoc M l tt nht gim tn hao. b. Chn cc b phn v chia ng, Taps gim: Ty theo chc nng v yu cu tng v tr m ta la chn cho ph hp. c. Tnh ton suy hao: n gin cho vic tnh ton, ta ch cn tnh mc suy hao trn ng truyn t hp gen dy cc tng ti my thu hnh. Theo m hnh i dy ta c suy hao gia cc tng: Tng trt: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca OUTLET CSW-7-7 : x2 - Mc suy hao ca b chia 2 - Mc suy hao ca dy ni tng: 15m - Mc suy hao tng: * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca OUTLET CSW-7-7 : x2 - Mc suy hao ca b chia 2 - Mc suy hao ca dy ni tng: 25m - Mc suy hao tng: = = = = = = = = 5 3.5 2.5 11 dB dB dB dB
5 dB 3.5 dB 4 dB 12.5 dB
** Tng t cc tng cn li ta cng thm mc suy hao dy lin tng v cc phng c din tch nh nhau. Tng 1: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 4m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 4m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : ktv: v th cng
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= = = = = =
0.5 dB 11 dB 11.5 dB 0.5 dB 12.5 dB 13 dB

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Tng 2: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 8m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 4m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 3: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 12m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 12m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 4: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 16m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 16m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 5: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 20m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : ktv: v th cng
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= = = = = =
1 11 12
dB dB dB
1 dB 12.5 dB 13.5 dB
= = = = = =
1.5 dB 11 dB 12.5 dB 1.5 dB 12.5 dB 14 dB
= = = = = =
2 11 13
dB dB dB
2 dB 12.5 dB 14.5 dB
= = =
2.5 dB 11 dB 13.5 dB
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* H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 20m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 6: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 24m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 24m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 7: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 28m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 28m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 8: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 32m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 32m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng :
= = =
2.5 dB 12.5 dB 15 dB
= = = = = =
3 11 14
dB dB dB
3 dB 12.5 dB 15.5 dB
= = = = = =
3.5 dB 11 dB 14.5 dB 3.5 dB 12.5 dB 16 dB
= = = = = =
4 11 15
dB dB dB
4 dB 12.5 dB 16.5 dB
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay Tng 9: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 36m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 36m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 10: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 40m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 40m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : Tng 11: * H A1 = B1 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 44m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : * H A2 = B2 : - Mc suy hao ca dy lin tng: 44m - Mc suy hao tng: - Mc suy hao tng cng : d. Chn my khuch i cng sut: Ta bit m bo cho TV thu c tn hiu tt nht , th mc tn hiu u vo cho php t (10 -> 15) dB . Cn c vo kt qu tnh ton v mc tn hiu cho php , ta thy suy hao lt l: 18 dB. Nh vy ta chn b khuch i cng sut BW40dB l . Ti cc tng c mc suy hao tng cng thp ta cn s dng cc Taps gim tng ng nh sau: - Cc tng trt,1,2,3 s dng 4-way Tap : 12 dB. - Cc tng 4,5,6,7 s dng 4-way Tap : 10 dB. - Cc tng 8,9,10,11 s dng 4-way Tap : 8 dB. Hay s dng b chia 4 cng c v b chia 4 suy hao khong 7 dB. ktv: v th cng
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= 4.5 dB = 11 dB = 15.5 dB = = = 4.5 dB 12.5 dB 17 dB
= = = = = =
5 11 16
dB dB dB
5 dB 12.5 dB 17.5 dB
= = = = = =
5.5 dB 11 dB 16.5 dB 5.5 dB 12.5 dB 18 dB
C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay V . S THIT K H THNG:
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay VI. THNG S K THUT THIT B AMPLIFIER CN THIT P NG C YU CU H THNG TRN: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phm vi tn s hot ng 40~860 MHz. Mc u ra 60 dBmV. li 40 dB Hn ch li 0~ -20 dB c th iu chnh c lin tip. nghing hn ch 0~ -20 dB c th iu chnh c lin tip. li bng phng (40~500MHz)1.5dB ; (500~860MHz)3dB. Thng s nhiu 4.5 dB. Tr khng u vo v ra 75. Ng vo v ng ra th nghim -20 dB. Ngun cung cp 100V ~ 230V AC Cng sut tiu th 20 W. Nhit lm vic -10~+60C. Cu ch bo v 1 Amp.
Hnh thit b VII. BNG THNG K THIT B V GI THNH: TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S lng Amplifier WINERSAT WIA-860 1 Taps 4-way 1 Out 12 Splitter 2-way PSI 48 Jack 5C 192 Jack 7C 26 u Jack Ti vi 96 Cable Unisat USA RG-6 960 Cable Unisat USA RG-11 50 Outlet 7-7 CHENG-LI 96 TNG CNG Loi vt t n v tnh B B B Ci Ci Ci Mt Mt B n ga (VN) 2.500.000 80.000 40.000 1.500 4.000 5.000 6.000 15.000 70.000 Thnh tin (VN) 2.500.000 960.000 1.920.000 288.000 104.000 480.000 5.760.000 750.000 6.720.000 19.482.000
VIII . PH NG PHP V GII PHP K THUT : _ Ta c th s dng cc Taps nh hoc tng Amplifier cc tng trn cao m ta cm thy tn hiu c chiu hng gim khng t yu cu . _ m rng h thng phng hay phm vi phc v thu bao ta lp thm cc Amplifier theo 2 cch mc song song ti v tr u ngun thu hoc mc ni tip ni xa ngun thu ri phn phi n cc thu bao. ktv: v th cng
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KET LUAN

Nh vay la luan van tot nghiep cua em vi e tai Tm Hieu Truyen Hnh Cap a c hoan thanh ,mac du thi gian thc hien kha la eo hep . Nhn chung trong cuon luan van nay a e cap c mot cach khai quat nhng van e quan trong cua mot he thong thong Truyen hnh Cap. T o lam c s e thiet ke mot he thong thu truyen hnh cap cho 1 toa nha . Tuy nhien vi thi gian thc hien kha la eo hep va s gii han dung lng cua e tai (khoa yeu cau) nen cung con nhieu van e cha c e cap en. V vay khach quan ma nhan xet th noi dung cua e tai nay tng oi la ay u nhng noi dung cha that sau . Phan thiet ke he thong thu truyen hnh cap CATV th ay mi ch la mot he thong vi quy mo kha nho, khi o van e cong suat va nhieu tren ng truyen en cac thue bao cha thc s la mot van e can phai quan tam, nhng neu vi mot he thong ln phan phoi cho ca mot khu vc hay ca mot thanh pho th van e nay can phai c xem xet ky lng hn . Nhng van e a neu ra ma cha giai quyet c o chnh la nhng van e nang cao noi dung cua e tai hay noi mot cach khac o chnh la hng phat trien cua e tai.
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C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

PHN I KHI QUT CNG NGH TRUYN HNH CP

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

II.CC H TIU CHUN TRUYN HNH TRN TH GII:

III. KHI QUT CNG NGH TRUYN HNH CP:

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

H thng thit b trung tm ( Headend System)

Mng phn phi tn hiu ( Distribution Network )

Thit b thu bao ( Customer System)

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

4. MT S CU TRC H THNG MNG CP C DNG PH BIN HIN NAY :

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Hnh 4: S nguyn l ca h thng Headend

Hnh 6: S nguyn l kt ni thit b truyn dn ngoi tri. ktv: v th cng

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay c. Lp t MATV:

Hnh 7: S nguyn l kt ni mng MATV s dng chung 1 anten Yagi

II. TRUYN HNH THU QUA V TINH:

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Hnh 9: S thu pht sng v tinh.

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

III. H THNG TRUYN HNH CP V TUYN,VIBA :

Hnh 10: H thng truyn hnh MMDS .

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

* S khi my pht truyn hnh MMDS :

Khi TBC Video Audio

Dao ng ni LO B lc 2 Knh 2,3,4n

K cng sut ting

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

100 m 100 m 149 km 50km

Hnh 12: S chuyn tip Hyper cable m rng phm vi ph sng .

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Gii m truyn dn (knh) a hp/Sa li

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Hnh 13 : H thng thu pht sng v tinh DTH.

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

IV. TRUYN HNH CP HU TUYN :

Hnh 15 : Trm MATV dng cho cm dn c nh . ktv: v th cng

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Hnh 20 : Truyn hnh cp dng cho h gia nh in hnh.

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

. Mng truyn dn bao gm h thng cp quang v cc Hub s cp, nhim v

.Mng phn phi tn hiu bao gm h thng cp quang, cc Hub th cp v

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Tn hiu RF gii m S_T_B DVB_T DVD

DVB_S DVB_C S_T_B

Hnh 25: S thu v gii m tn hiu truyn hnh

C bn cc h thng truyn hnh hin nay

Hnh 27: T ng thit b thng dng. ktv: v th cng

60 100 100 150 25* 25 25*

* C km theo b Booster . ktv: v th cng

Hnh 30 : Anten Tole c.

Hnh 31 : Anten li nhm .