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اساسيات علم الحراريات والموئع
اساسيات علم الحراريات والموئع
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"International System
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Kא(SI)אאאof Units"
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KSIאאאאא
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אא ١٠١ א
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(1)W
m / sec miles / hr 60
Wא
1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 hr =3600 sec
Wאא
m
0.3084 × =1
ft
ft
5280 × =1
mile
sec
3600 × =1
hr
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⎛ miles ⎞ ⎛ m⎞⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛ 1 hr ⎞ (60 ) (0.3048) (5280 ) m m
⎜ 60 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 0.3048 ⎟⎟ ⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = 26.8
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ miles ⎠ ⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ 3600 sec sec
אאאאאא
Kאאאא ،אא
KאאאSIאא
WSIאאא
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K( m3 )אאאW אK١
( m/sec )אאWא K٢
א،(N)NewtonאW אK٣
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KEm/sec2)
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אא ١٠١ א
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10-6 µ micro
106 M mega
10-9 n nano
109 G giga
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1
F = ma
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אא ١٠١ א
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1
1 newton =
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kg m
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1
1 lb f = × 1 lbm × g ft
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gc
ft lbm
א
32.174 אאE g c Fאא
lb f sec 2
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Btuאאאאאא
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1 Btu = 1054.35 J (or N. m)
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،א،W אN.m J
K
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אא ١٠١ א
אאאא אאאא
W
KW אאא،،400 kJאא
Power, P = 2 × 400 kJ
hr
⎛ kJ ⎞⎛ 1000J ⎞⎛ hr ⎞
P = ⎜ 800 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 222.2 J = 222.2 W
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ kJ ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ sec
W
Wאא
E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m
KBTUkJא
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⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ 3600 sec ⎞⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
= (4000 J ) ⎜ + (20 kN .m )⎜
J
∑E ⎟
⎝ 1000 J ⎠
+ ⎜10 hr ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎝ sec ⎠⎝ hr ⎠⎝ 1000 J ⎠
⎟ ⎟
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∑E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 kJ
⎛ 1BTU ⎞
∑E = (60 kJ ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 56.87 BTU
⎝ 1.055 kJ ⎠
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Heat Transfer
אא
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אא ١٠١ א
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15 C 7C 12 C 5C
q1 q2
L
15 C 7C 7C
15 C
q1 q1=q2
L
אאאאאE١٢F
One-dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer Wאאאאאא
E٢٢Fאאאאאאא
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20 C 3C
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q 3C
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20 C 3C
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20 C 3C
אאאאאאE٢٢Fא
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Conduction Heat Transfer
Steady State Conduction- One Dimension אאאאאא
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Kאאאאא
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Kאאאאאאא
T1 T2
∆x
אאאאאE٣٢Fא
-١٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאאE٤٢Fא
∆x E אFאאאE٤٢FE٣٢Fא
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א
אא א
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאFourierאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אא
אאאK א
Wא
A dT
q∝− (2 − 1)
dx
أو
k A dT
q = − (2 − 2)
dx
thermal conductivityאאk א
Kאאא
אאאאאא (2-2)אאא
W
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
q = (2 − 3)
∆x
-١١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
E١٢F
אאEE٥٢FאאF0.25m 6m8 m
אאאאK0.8 w/m˚Cאאא
אאאאאK4 ˚Cא 15˚Cאא
Kא
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ
(١ ـــ٢)E٥٢Fא
א
א
A = 8 * 6 = 48 m2
Kאאאאא(2-3)אא
k A ∆T
q=
∆x
0.8 × 48 × (15 − 4)
q= = 1690 W
0.25
-١٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
E٢٢F
א0.9W/mºCkאאא0.3m5m3mא
אK2 ºCא 16 ºCאאאא
Kאאאא
E٢٢FE٦٢F
Wא
Kאאאא
Wא
K = 0.9 W/m ºC
A =3 * 5 = 15 m2
∆x = 0.3 m
Wאאא
k A ∆T 0.9 × 15 × (16 − 2)
q= = = 630 W
∆x 0 .3
-١٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאא אאא
א א
k (W/m oC) k (W/m oC)
0.72 א 2300 אא
0.613 א 429 א
0.54 א 401 א
0.17 317 א
0.153 237 א
0.13 80 א
0.072 ١٢ 8.9 א
0.026 א 0.78 א
אאאאאאא א
KאאאאאאK
ﻋﻠﺰل
ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ
L L
ﺳﺨﺎن آﻬﺮﺑﻲ
אאאE٧٢F
-١٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאא
אאא
א אאאאE٧٢Fא
(L) אK
אאא
אא אK אא
אאאא א،אE
אF
(q = I * V)
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Kqאאא
Wאאאאאא
W،
∆T
= (2−4)
q
(∆x
kA
)
K ∆x אאאא qאאא
kA
אאאאא
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אEאאאאF (∆V)אא(I)א
אאאאא،(R)א
אאאF∆Tאאאqאאא
אא
Kאאאא ∆x אEאא
kA
∆T
q= (2 − 5)
R
T1 T2
q
R
-١٥-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
A k1 k2 k3
A
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2 ∆ Χ3
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
אאאאE٨٢F
א אאאא
Wאאא
∆T
q=
( ∆x
kA
)
אאאאאאאאא∆T
Rאאא ∆x א אאאא אאאאא
kA
Wאאאאא
∆x
R=
kA
-١٦-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
א
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
q אאאאKE٨٢Fאא،אא
Wאאא،א
T1 − T2
q=
R1
T − T3
q= 2
R2
T − T4
q= 3
R3
Wאאאא
T1 − T4
q= (2 − 6)
R1 + R2 + R3
K
אאאאא
nאאאאאאאא
K
∆Tاﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
q= i = n +1
( 2 − 7)
∑ Ri
i =1
∆Tاﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ = T1 − Tn +1
-١٧-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
E٣٢F
KאאאאE1Fאאאא
T1 − T2
q=
R
∆x 0.25
R= = = 0.00651
kA 0.8 × 48
15 − 4
q= = 1689.7 W ≈ 1690 W
0.00651
Kאא
( ٤ ــ٢ )
(k= 0.78 W/m oC)א1.5m0.8mא،E٩J ٢F
אאK10mmא4mmא
אאאאאאא0.026 W/mK אא
K-8 oCאאא15 oCאאא
Wא
Wאאאא،א
T1 − T4
q=
R1 + R 2 + R 3
א
A = 0 .8 * 1 . 5 = 1 .2 m 2
אאאא
∆x 1 0.004
R1 = R 3 = = = 0.00427 °C
k × A 0.78 * 1.2 W
אא
∆x 2 0.01
R2 = = = 0.3205 °C
k × A 0.026 × 1.2 W
-١٨-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
A زﺟﺎج هﻮاء زﺟﺎج
∆ x1 ∆ x2 ∆ x3
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
אאאאE٩٢F
אאHאאHאאZאא
R اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ = R1 + R 2 + R 3
R اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ = 0.00427 + 0.3205 + 0.00427 = 0.32477 °C
W
15 − (− 8 )
∴q = = 70.82 W
0.32477
-١٩-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T2 r1
r2
T1
q
k
אאאאE١٠٢F
אr1אאאE١٠J ٢Fא
אאאאאKk אאאאאlr2
K אאT2T1א
Wאא
dT
q = − kA r
dr
אאא dT אא Ar
dr
Wאאא.temperature gradientא
Ar = 2 r l
2πkl∆T
q= (2 − 8)
ln r r2
1
Wאא
∆T
q= (2 − 9)
⎛ ln r r ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ 1
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
-٢٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
Kאאאאא∆T(R)אאאאא ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 2πkl ⎠
WE٥٢F
6 cm אא2 cm(k= 43 w/m oC)אא
40 m אאאא אאאאא
אאא60 o
CאאאאאKא
Kאאאאאאאא35 oC
Wא
WאKE١٠٢Fא
3 cm(r1)אאא
5 cmאאHאאא(r2)אא
40 mאאאא
k= 43 w/m oCאאאא
W(2-9)א
∆T
q=
⎛ ln r r ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ 1
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(60 − 35)
∴q = = 528903W
ln 5
3
2π × 43 × 40
Composite Cylinders:אאאאאאא
r2r1אאאא
E١١٢Fאl
W
-٢١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
r4
r3
q
r2
T4 r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
k3
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
אאאאE١١٢F
אאאא
אאאאא
אאK אאא
Wאאאאאא
∆T
q =
R1 + R 2 + R 3
אאאאאאאאאא ∆T
א
אאאאא
אK(T1-T4)K
Kאאאאאא
r2
ln r
R1 = 1
A אאאאא
2πk A l
r3
ln r
R2 = 2
Bאאאאא
2πk B l
-٢٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
r4
ln r
R 3 = 3
Cאאאאא
2πk c l
Wאאא
∆Tاﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
q= ( 2 − 9)
∑R
WE٦٢F
2cmאא( k = 85 W/m K) א
אאK(k = 0.2 W/m K)א3cm ،4cm א
אא،100 o
Cאאא600 oCאאאא
Kאאא
Wא
r3 r2 r1 אא
r1 = 1 cm
r2 = 2 cm
r3 = 5 cm
r3
q
r2
r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
T1 T2 T3
R1 R2
E٦٢FE١٢٢F
-٢٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא،E١٢J ٢F
2
r2
ln r ln
R1 = 1
= 1 = 0.005806
2πk A l 2π × 19 × 1
WEאFא
5
ln r
r3 ln
R2 = = 2 2 = 0.7292
2πk B l 2π × 0.2 × 1
W(2-9)אאאאא
600 − 100
q=
∑R
500 500 W
q= = 680.3
0.005806 + 0.7292 0.735 m
-٢٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא
אאא
Convection Heat Transfer
W
אא
אאא
K אאאאא K אא
אא؟אאאאא
؟אאאאאאא؟אאא
K אאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא
אאאאKאאא
אאאKTwאT∞
א
،אאאא
אKKE١٣J ٢Fאאאא
KK אאאא אא
אאאאאאאאא
אאK אאאאאאא
א؟אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא אאא
אK אאאאא אאא
אאאאאאא אא
Kfluid motion אא
ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
u
Τω
h
q
Tw
אאאWE١٣٢F
-٢٥-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
q = h × A (Tw − T∞ ) (2 − 10)
א א A (W/m2 C)אאאh
WאאאאאK(m2)אא
Tw − T∞
q =
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝h×A⎠
WאKאאRא ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎟
⎝ h× A⎠
Tw − T∞
q =
R
-٢٦-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Tw
Rconv= 1/ h
אE١٤٢F
KאאאאE٣J ٢Fא
h (W/m2 C) אאא
5-25 EאF
10-500 EאF
100-15000 EF
2500-25000
5000-100000
hאאאאE٣٢Fא
WE٧٢F
120 oCא א1000 W/m2אאאא
Kאאאא، 20 oC אאאא
Wא
אא
q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )
-٢٧-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
q = h × (Tw − T∞ )
A
1000 W
∴h = = 10 2
100 m °C
:אאאאאא
kאאא∆xE١٥J ٢Fאאא
אKAhoאאhiאאאאא
אאאאאא
א אאאא
Wאאאא
Ti − T1
q= (I )
Rconvi
T1 − T2
q= ( II )
Rﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ
T2 − To
q= (III)
R convo
T1 T2
Ti To
q
hi ho
∆Χ
אאאאאE١٥٢F
-٢٨-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
Wאאא
(Ti − To )
q= ( 2 − 11)
Rconvi + R ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ+ Rconvo
1
Rconvi = אאא
hi × A
∆x
Rﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ = אאא
k×A
1
Rconvo = אא
ho × A
אאאאאאאאאא
K(2-9)אאאאאאאאאא
WE٨٢F
אאאאK90 C א10 mmאא
אאאK15 C אאאאאאאאא
אאאאא2800 W/m2 Cאאא50 W/m Cאא
K11 W/m2 C
Wא
KE٨٢FאאאאאאE١٦٢Fא
Wאאא
1 1
Rconvi = = = 0.000357
hi × A 2800 × 1
Wאאא
∆x 0.01
R ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ = = = 0.0002
k × A 50 × 1
-٢٩-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2
q
Ti=90C To=15 C
k=50
hi=2800 ho=11
10mm
Ti T1 T2 To
אא
1 1
Rconvo = = = 0.0909
ho × A 11 × 1
א
0.000357 + 0.0002 + 0.0909 = 0.0915
אאא
(Ti − To ) 90 − 15 W
q= = = 820 2
Rconvi + R ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ+ Rconvo 0.0909 m
WOverall heat transfer coefficientאאאא
WאE١٧J ٢F،אאאא
q = U × A × (T i−To ) (2 − 12)
W(2-10) אKאאאאU
(Ti − To )
q = (2 − 13)
1
( )
UA
-٣٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2
Ti q
hi k ho
To
∆χ
Ti T1 T2 To
אאאאE١٧٢F
Wאא(2-11)(2-13) א
1
= Rconvi + Rﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ + Rconvo
UA
W
1 1 ∆x 1
= + +
UA hi A kA ho A
1 1 ∆x 1
= + + ( 2 − 14)
U hi k ho
אאאאאאאא(2-14) א
Khohiאאא
E
Fאאאאאא
WE١٨J ٢Fא
1 1 ∆x 1 ∆x 2 1
= + + + (2 − 15)
U hi k1 k2 ho
-٣١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2 T3
Ti
q
hi k2
k1 ho
A
A
To
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
Wאאאאא
1 1 ∆x 1
= + ∑k + ( 2 − 16)
U hi ho
∆x
אאאhohiאאא ∑
k
Kאאא
WE٩٢F
WאE١٩J ٢Fאא
Uאאאא K١
Kאאא K٢
T3אא K٣
K50mmאא150mmאאאאאא
-٣٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T1 T2 T3
q
hi=10w/m2 C
To=-10 C
Ti=20 C k1=1.6 k2=0.14
A ho=40w/m2 C
A=1.5m*0.8m
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
1 1 0.15 0.05 1
= + + + = 0.57589
U 10 1.6 0.14 40
U = 1.736 W oC
m2
W(2-12)אqאאא •
q = U × A × (T i −To )
T3 − 10 T3 − 10 T − 10
q = = = 3
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 0.0208
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
h
⎝ o × A ⎠ 40 × 1.5 × 0.8
∴T3 = 10.415 oC
-٣٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
:אא U אאאא
ri אאL אE٢٠٢Fא
אאא . k אאא אא ro א
To אאאא hi א אא Tiאא
אאאאאא .ho אאאא
W
T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
אאאאאאE٢٠٢F
1
Rconvi = EאFאאא
hi Ai
ln rr o
Rcyl = i
EFאא
2πkl
1
R convo = EFאא
h 0Ao
Wאאאא
Ti − To Ti − To
q = = (2 − 17)
∑R 1 ln 1
ro
ri
+ +
h i A i 2πkl h o A o
-٣٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
א K
א
אאאאא Ao وAi
Wאאאא (Ui) אאאאאאא
q = U i A i (Ti − To ) (2 − 18)
אאאאא(2-17)(2-18)א
WKאאאאא
ro
1 1 A i ln Ai ri
= + +
Ui hi 2πkL Aoho
אא (Uo)אאאאאאא
Wאאא
q = U o A o (Ti − To ) (2 − 19)
Wאאאאאא
ro
1 Ao A o ln r 1
= + + i
Uo Aihi 2πkL ho
r3
q
r2
ﺑﺨﺎر
r1
T3 T2 T1
hi,T i
k1 ho,To
ﺣﺪﻳﺪ زهﺮ
k2
ﺻﻮف
زﺟﺎﺟﻲ
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
E١٠٢FאE٢١٢F
WE١٠٢F
5 cm אא(k=80w/m C)אא320 oCא
אK5 o
Cאאא5.5 cmא
-٣٥-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאא
A i = 2πri l = 2π × 0.025 ×1 = 0.157 m 2
A o = 2πro l = 2π × 0.0575 × 1 = 0.361 m 2
Wא
1 1 °C
Rconvi = = = 0.106
Ai hi 0.157 × 60 W
2.75
ln r
r2 ln
2 .5 °C
R cyl = 1
= = 0.0002
2πk 1 l 2π(80)(1) W
r3
ln r ln 52..75 °C
R insulation = 2
= 75
= 2.35
2πk 2l 2π(0.05)(1) W
1 1 °C
R convo = = = 0.154
h o A o 18 × 0.361 W
א
o
0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61 C/W
אאא
Ti − To 320 − 5
q= = = 120.7 W
∑R 2.61 m
Wאאאא
Ti − T2 320 − T2 320
q= = =
R convi + R cyl 0.106 + 0.0002 0.1062
320 − T2
120.7 = ⇒ T2 = 320 − 120.7 × 0.1062 = 307.18 °C
0.1062
-٣٦-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
ﻋﺎزل
אאאאאאאE٢٢٢F
cork
אאאאאאא
Kאfiberglassאאא
Insulation Critical Thickness אא
אאאאאא
א
אא
K אאאאאאא
א(A)אאאאKאאא
Kאאאאאאא
-٣٧-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
k
ro = (2 − 20)
h
q ro
T2
T1
To r1
ﻋﺎزل
k
T1 T2 To
Rcyl Rconvo
אE٢٣٢F
Krcrא(2-20) אאאro
-٣٨-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
א kאאאא
אאא
Khאאא
א אאאאK rcrאא
Kא
אאא
אWא
אאאא
א ؟אאאא
؟אאאאאא
אאאא
אא0.05 W/moC
WאאK 5 W/m2 oCא
0.05 W
k m °C
rcr , max = max ≈ = 0.01 m = 1 cm
h min 5 W
m 2 °C
אא(1mmFאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אא
א
אא
אא
Kאאאאאאא
WE١١٢F
7 mm3 mmאא(k=0.15 W/m C)
אאK12 W/m2 oCאאא30 oCא5m
،8 Voltsאאא10A אאאא
אאאK אאאאאא
אאא
-٣٩-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
q ro
T2
T1
To r1
ﻋﺎزل
k
T1 T2 To
Rﻋﺎزل Rconvo
E١١٢FאE٢٤٢F
Wא
אאאאאאאא K١
W(resistance heating) אא
q = V × I = 8 volts × 10 A = 80 W
KאאאE٢٤J ٢Fאא
אא
1 1
Rconvo = = = 0.76 °C
h × ( 2πro l ) 12 × 2π × 0.0035 × 5 W
EFא
ro
ln ln 13..55
Rﻋﺎزل =
r1
= = 0.18 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W
אאא
T1 − To
q=
∑R
-٤٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
ln rro1 ln 121.5,5
Rﻋﺎزل = = = 0.45 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W
∴ T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × 0.6623 ≈ 83 °C
אאא
אאאאאאאא
א
אאאאא
אאאאא K אא
אאא
אאא
א אKאא
אאK אאאא
א
אאאKhאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאK אאא
Kא
אאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאא א
אאאאאא
אאאאא אא
Kאאאאאא
-٤١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאא
Reynolds א K א non-dimensional
אKPrandtl numberאNusselt NumberNumber
Khאאא
Wא
ρ×u×l
Rel =
µ
µ × cp
Pr = א
k
אאאאKאRel < 5×105א
Wאאא
Nul = 0.664 × Rel0.5 × Pr
1
3
h×l
Nu =
k
1
(2-21) h = ( k / l ) × 0.664 × Rel0.5 × Pr 3
א אK
אא
W
Nul = 0.036 × Rel 0.8 × Pr
1
3
Wאאאא
1
(2-22) h = ( k / l ) × 0.036 × Rel × Pr
0.8 3
-٤٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
ρ ×V × D
Re D =
µ
ReD<2300א
K،א
NuD = 4.364
Wאאאא
(2-23) h = 4.364 × (k / l)
ReD>2300א
א אK
אא
Wאאא
0.8
Nu D = 0.023 Re D × Pr 0.4
Wאאאא
0.8 0.4
(2-24) h = (k / D) × 0.023 Re D × Pr
EKKKKKKK،א،Fאאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
q = h A (Tw − T∞ )
אאאאאאאא א
אאאא
Kאאאאאא
WE١٢٢F
60 o
Cא1m،E٢٥J ٢F،15 o
Cאא
WאK3 m/sec
hאאא •
K אאאאא •
-٤٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאא
c p = 1000 J / kg k = 0.0267 W / m o C µ = 0.864 × 10 −5 kg / m / s ρ = 1.137kg / m 3
ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
u
Τω
h
q
Tw
אאאWE٢٥٢F
Wא
ρ× u ×l 1.137 × 3 × 1
Rl = = = 3.947 × 105
µ 0.864 × 10− 5
א
µ × cp −5
0,864 × 10 × 1000
Pr = = = 0.325
k 0.0267
W
Nu l = (k / l)0.664 Re l 0.5 Pr = (0.0267 / 1)0.664(3.947 × 10 5 ) 0.5 (0.325) = 7.657
1 1
3 3
m2 o C
Wאאאאא
-٤٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )
x x x
אאאאאאאאאא
KאאאE٢٧J ٢F،אא
א
א
א
א
-٤٥-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאא
Wאאאאאא
(2-25) q = η F A h (TF − T∞ )
אאAאאאhאηF
KאאאT∞אאTF
Wאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא،E٢٨J ٢Fא
א
אאאאא אא א
Kא
rF
ro
ri
tF
א
Ti
L
T1
T
T2
אE٢٨J٢F
Wאאאאא
(2-26) q = A i h i (Ti − T1 )
Wאאא
2π k L
(2-27) q = (T1 − T2 )
r2
ln
r1
-٤٦-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאא
q = A o h o (T2 − T∞ ) + A F h o η F (T2 − T∞ )
(2-28) AF
= A o h o (1 + η F )(T 2 −T∞ )
Ao
W
(2-29) A o = 2π × ro (L − t F × n F )
(
(2-30) A F = π rF2 − ro2 2 × n F)
W(2-26, 2-27, 2-28)א
q
(2-29) Ti − T1 = = Ri q
Aihi
⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
r1 ⎟
(2-30) T1 − T2 = ⎜ q = Rc q
⎜ 2π k L ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟q=R q
(2-31) T2 − T∞ = ⎜ ⎟ o
AF
⎜⎜ o o
A h (1 + ) η F ⎟
⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠
Wאאאא
Ti − T∞
(2-32) q =
(R i + R c + R o )
W
1
Ri =
Aihi
-٤٧-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
r1 ⎟
Rc = ⎜
⎜ 2π k L ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1
(2-33) R o = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ AF ⎟
⎜ A o h o (1 + )η F ⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠
3 mm10 cmאאE٢٨J ٢F
K20 cmא3 mmאא5050 cm
אK30 o
Cאא70 oCאאאא
Wאאא
Wאאא
1 1
Ri = = = 0.4246
A i h i 0.157 × 15
-٤٨-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
⎛ r ⎞ 5 .3
⎜ ln 2 ⎟ ln
r1 ⎟
R c = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 5 = 0.000344
2π k L 2π × 54 × 0.5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟= 1
Ro = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.165
AF 2.259
⎜⎜ A o h o (1 + )η F ⎟⎟ 0.117 × 3 × (1 + ) × 0.85
⎝ A o ⎠ 0 . 117
Wאאא
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 67.8 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 0.165
WאאאJ
Wאא
A o = 2πro L = 2 × π × 0.053 × 0.5 = 0.1665 m 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
R o = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 2.002 m 2
⎝ Aoho ⎠ 0.1665 × 3
Wאאא
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 16.48 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 2.002
K311%אאאא
WאאJ
o
T2 = T∞ + q R o = 30 + 67.8 × 0.165 = 41.2 C
-٤٩-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא
Radiationאאא
W
אK אאאאא
א
א
א
אK אא
א
אאאאאKאא אא
אK
אאאאא אאKא
אאKאאאא
אאאאא K אאאאא
אאאאא
אאK
א
אאאאK
אאK אאאא אאא
Kאא،א،אKאאא
אאא אאאאא
אאא K אאאא אאא
،אא אאא אא
א אא א אאאאא
KE٢٩٢Fאא،אא
30 C
5C هﻮاء ﻧﺎر
900 C
اﺷﻌﺎع
אאאאאE٢٩٢F
-٥٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
ﻓﺮاغ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ
אאאאאE٣٠٢Fא
א،אאאאאא א
KאאאאKאא
E٣١٢F •
-٥١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
EאאFE٣١٢Fא
K אאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא
Kאאא
Stefan Boltzman's Law
. אאא אא
(2-34) E b = σ × T4 W
m2
σ
σ = 5.669 × 10 −8 W
m2 ⋅ K 4
KאאאEbKאאאTאא
-٥٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
WE١٤٢F
אא .800 K א 20 cm E٣٢٢Fא
.5 min אאאאאאאאא
800
c m
K 20
آﺮة
E١٤٢FE٣٢٢F
Wא
אאא
אאאאאא
Wא
-٥٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Emissivity ( ε ) Wא
אאאאא
WאTsא
(2-35) q emit max = σ × A × Ts4 W
K(ε=1)אאאא
אאTsאאא
(2-36) q = ε × σ × A × Ts4 W
،אאאאאאאKא ε
אאאא ( ε = 1) אאא (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
אאאאאאEFאא
KאאE٥٢FאKאא
אאאאאאאא
Wאאאאא
E E
ε = =
Eb σ × T4
KאאאאאאE
WAאאאא
E = ε × A × σ × T4 W
אאATs א ε א
אאאTsurrאEF
Wאא
(2-37) Q rad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
-٥٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
WE١٥٢F
א אאא
אאא? א?אאKאא
K
א22 CאאKאאאא
אאK25 C א10 Cאאאאא
30 CאאK אאאאאא
K0.95אא1.4 m2א
Wא
א אאאאאא
אאאאא
Wא
Qrad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
Wאא
Q rad , win = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 283 4 ) = 152 W
Wאא
Q rad , summer = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 298 4 ) = 40.9 W
εא א εא א
0.90 א 0.07 אא
0.85-0.93 0.03
0.93-0.96 א 0.03
0.82-0.92 0.02
0.96 א 0.17
0.95 אא 0.98
אאאE٥٢F
-٥٥-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
اﻟﺸﻌﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ
ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ
ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻤﺘﺺ
ﺷﻌﺎع ﻧﺎﻓﺬ
אאאאאE٣٣٢F
אאα"Absorptivity" אאאא
τ"Transmissivty"אאρ" Reflectivity"
אאאאאאאא
W
(2-38) α + ρ + τ = 1
אאאאא אאאאא
אאאא
α+ρ =1
א
α = 1 ρ = 1
-٥٦-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
K
אא אאאאא αא
אτאK
אא
אאאρ א
Kאאאא
The View FactorWא
orientation אאא
א
אאshape factorאKאא
אא F1→ 2 KEFאEFאאאא
E2Fאאאא F2→1 KE2FאE1Fאא
WE٣٤J ٢FKE1Fא
(2-39) Fi →i =0
אאאKconvexאאאא
K??אאconcaveא
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻓﻘﻲ F1--1 =0
ﻣﺴﺘﻮ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺪب
F1--1 =0
אאאE٣٤٢F
WE٣٥J ٢F
(2-40) Fi → j =1
-٥٧-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
١ داﺋﺮة
F1--2 =1
אE٣٥٢F
-٥٨-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאא
Wאאא
Kאאאאאאאא •
אאK20.5 Cאא20Cאא •
א؟א
Kאאאאא •
Kאא •
KאאאאK0.01m(1.5m * 2m) •
Wאאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאא
5cm אKאאאאאאאא
K15 cmאא
T1=38C T2 T3=- 2 C
ﻋﺎزل ﺟﺪار
q
k=0.04 k=1.37
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
Wאאא
50 Cא2.5 cmאאאאא
K
א
אאאאאאאW/m C
K20 Cאאאא7.6W/m2C אאאאא
-٥٩-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
Wאאאא
4cm 5cm אאK א1cm א
אאא20 C אאאא100 C אאאא
K אאאאאאK50 W/m2 C א
K0.04 W/m C 54W/m C אאא
Wאאא
(k= 0.156W/m C) 0.635 cm א
אK 21 C EאאFאho=8.52 W/m2 C אאאא
E
Fאאאאאא65.5 Cאא
KאEאFאאא
-٦٠-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאאא
Wאאא
אאאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאא
א∆xאK אאאאא• א
K ∆x אאאAkאא
kA
W،אאאאאא •
∆T = -10 – ( -30 ) = 20 °C > 0
Kאאאאאאאא
אאא،∆Tאאאאאאאאאא• א
K∆V = V1-V2אאא
אאאאאאאא •
Kאא
אאאאאאאאאא• א
W،א
A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2
Wאאא
∆ X 1 0 . 05 o
R ﻋﺎزل = = = 1 . 25 C
K1 0 . 04 W
∆Χ 2 0.15 o
Rﺟﺪار = = = 0.109 C
K2 1.37 W
אHאאZאאאא
RTot = Rins + RWall = 1.25 + 0.109 = 1.359
Wאאא
∆T ( 38 ) − ( −2 ) 40
q= = = = 29.43 W 2
ΣR 1.359 1.359 m
-٦١-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
ri = 1.25 cm
ro = ri + اﻟﺴﻤﻚ
= 2 π (0 . 0125 ) × l = 0 . 0786 m 2
AO = 2πro l
= 2π (0 . 0133 )* 1 = 0 . 0836 m2
1 1
RCOVI = = = 0.00364
hi Ai 3500 * 0.0785
1 1
RCONVO = = = 1.574
ho AO 7.6 * 0.0836
ro
Ln
ri L n1 . 33 0 .062035
R CLY = = 1 . 25 = = 0 .0006
2π k l 2 π (16 ) * 1 100 .531
∑R = 1.57825
∆Τ 50.20 30
q = = = = 19 W
ΣR 1.57825 1.57825 m
-٦٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאא
r1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
r2 = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
r3 = r2 + اﻟﺴﻤﻚ = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
אאאאאאא
r2 3. 5
ln ln
r1
R1 = = 2.5 = 0.00099 = 9.9 × 10 − 4 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 54 × 1 )
r 7 .5
ln 3 ln
r2 3 .5
R2 = = = 3.03 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 0.04 × 1 )
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.04244 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 50 ( 2π ( 0.075 × 1 )
∆Τ 100 − 20 80
q = = = = 26.03 W
ΣR 3.0734 3.0734 m
Wאאאאאא
T1 − T2
q=
R1
T2 = T1 − q × R1
= 100 − ( 26.03 × 0.00099 ) = 99.97 °C
Wאאא
אאאא
k 0.156
ro = = = 0.0183 = 1.83 cm
h 8.52
1 1
R conv = = = 1.021 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 8.52( 2π ( 0.0183 × 1 )
r 1.83
ln o ln
ri 0.65
R cond = = = 1.056 °C / W
2πkl 2π × ( 0.156 × 1 )
RTot = ΣR = 2.0767 °C / W
∆T 65.5 − 21 44.5
q= = = = 21.4 W / l
ΣR 2.0767 2.0767
-٦٣-
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
אאאא
אא
אא
٣
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
KאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא •
אאאאאאא •
Kאא
Kאאא •
Kאאאא •
KאאEאFאא •
KאאEאF •
Kאאאאאאאא •
Wאאא
K٪٩٠אא
Wאא
K١٢
Wאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאאאאא K٢
Wאא
Kאאאא K١
- ٦٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאא
WאאKאאאא
KאאאאאWאא• א
KאאאאWאא •
K אאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאאא
א א אא אK אאא
אאאאא אאא
אא
אאאאא،אאKאאאא
Kאא،א،א
אאא אא א
Kא
אאאאאא
א
אאK
אאאאא
Kאאא
- ٦٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אא
אאאא
Physical Properties of Fluids
Density:ρאL١
K אאאאא א
W
اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ m kg
ρ= = (3.1)
اﻟﺤﺠﻢ V m3
20 CאאK1000 kg/m3 4ْ C אא
EKKKKKאאאאאFK1.2 kg/m3א
اﻟﻮزن W N
γ = = (3 .2 )
اﻟﺤﺠﻢ V m3
Wאאא
mg
γ = ρg = (3.3)
V
Kאאאאאאאאאא
V 1 m3
v= = (3.4)
m ρ kg
ρf
SG = (3.5)
ρw
Kאאא
Wאאאאאא
P ×V = m × R × T ( 3 .6 )
P
ρ= (3.7)
RT
W
p = N m2 אא
R ( R= 287 J/kg K) אאא
T (K) אאא
ρ kg/m3 א
WE١J ٣F
אK3.6 m אK4 mא2 cm אאW
א
Kא 9772 kg א
Wא
Wא
اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ m kg
ρ= =
اﻟﺤﺠﻢ V m3
m = 9772 kg
π
V= d2 ×h
4
d= אאא
h = EאFאאא
:V ﻧﺤﺴﺐ
π
V= × 2 × 3.6 = 11 ⋅ 31 m
2 3
4
- ٦٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאא
m 9772 kg
ρ= = = 864 3
V 11 ⋅ 31 m
WE٢J ٣F
אאאאאאא
אFאא6750 kg א1000 kg/m3א
KEאא
Wא
hא w אL א
אFwא E אאF2wא wאא
KאאEא
WVא
V = l × w × h = 2w × w × w = 2w 3
m
ρ =
V
6750
1000 =
2 w3
6750
w3 = = 3.375
2000
w = 3
3.375 = 1.5 m
∴ l = 2 × w = 2 × 1 .5 = 3 .0 m
∴ h = w = 1 .5 m
- ٦٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
WE٣٣F
Kאאאא א1.6 kאאא
(0.001 m3) 1000 cm3 אאא
א
m 1 .6 kg
ρf = = = 800 3
V 2 × 0.001 m
Wאאאאאאאא
ρf 800
SG f = = = 0.8
ρw 1000
- ٦٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Viscosity א
א ،אא
אאאK
אK
K
אאאאאאאא אKK
א
אאא K אא
א אאאאK
Kא
u=U
F
y
ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
τ
u=0
אE١٣F
אE١٣FFאא
אאA א y אא U
KF א
אאshear stress F א
Wא τw א
F
τw = (3.8)
A
אu אאאא
Wy א
du
τw ∝
dy
- ٧٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
W
du
τw = µ × (3 − 9)
dy
א אאµ
WאKאאאאא
τ
µ = w
( 3 − 10 )
⎛⎜ du ⎞
⎝ dy ⎟⎠
N ⋅s
µ= = Pa.Sec ?א?EKKFEKKFאא
m2
E אFאאאאא
kinematic Viscosity
µ ⎛ m 2 ⎞
γ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( 3 . 11 )
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
Km א
2
sec
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאא
אאאאאKאאא
Kא
Wאאא
אאאאK אאא
אא
אאאאא
אאאאא אאא
א
א
Kאאאאא
- ٧١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
א
א א
אא
אאאE٢٣F
WE٤٣F
dv 1
א = 100 א،אאאτא
dy sec
. 10 −3 Pa. sec אא
dv
τ =µ×
dy
∴τ = 10 −3 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
- ٧٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאא
אאא
Fluid static's
W
אאאKKאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
Pressure א
Kאאאא
F ⎛ N ⎞
P = ⎜ ⎟ ( 3 − 12 )
A ⎝ m 2 ⎠
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
= Pascal (Pa )
⎝ m ⎠
W
P = (Pa) אא
F =(N) אאא
A= (m2) אאאא
W
( m)
1Pa = 1 N 2
E٥٣F
אאK1kN א 5mm (piston)א
Kא
Wא
אאאא
π
A= d2
4
- ٧٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
F
P=
A
1000
∴P = π
4 × 50 2 × 10 −6
kN
P = 509
m2
اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ
٥٣E٢٣F
Wאאאא
א אאאאא
אא א אאא
(b)אא(a)אא
K אאא
K(d)אא(c)אאא
- ٧٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
אאאאE٣٣Fא
Pressure Head אEF
אאKאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
(ρ) h
A
(ρ)E٥٣Fאאאאאא
(m)א(F)אאא
Wא(P)אאא(g)א
P = ρ ×g×h (3 − 13)
⇒ ∆P = ρ × g × (∆h ) (3 − 14)
hאאא
- ٧٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
E٦٣FW
א، א450cm 250cm 300cm אאאאא
Kאאא1000kg/m3.
Wא
אאאא
E٦٣FאE٥٣F
F = m×g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
F = ρ × (A × h )× g
kg m
F = 1000 3
× 0 . 25 m × 0 . 30 m × 0 . 45 m × 9 . 81 2
m sec
F = 331 N
אאא
F 331 N
P= = = 4400 2
A 0.30 × 0.25 m
אאא
P = ρ × g ×h
kg m
P = 1000 3
9.81 2 × 0.45 m
m sec
N kN
P = 4400 2
= 4.40 2 = 4.40 kPa
m m
Kאאא
- ٧٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
E٧٣F
אאאאK 200m 300m B A
K1023 kg3 א
m
Wא
אאאאא
KאאE3-10Fאאאא
A א
PA = ρ × g × h A
PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300
PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
Bאא
PB = ρ × g × h B
- ٧٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
E٨٣F
: ( ﺇﻟﻰ101.325 kN/m2) אא
. 1000 kg/m3 •
. 13.6 א •
Wא
Wא
،(13.6) אא،(1000kg/m3) א،(101.325kN/m2)
אא
K(9.81m/sec2)א
Wא
אא،אאאא
א
Kאא
א
p = ρ ×g ×h
101.325 × 100000 N
hH 2o =
p
= m2
ρ H 2o × g 1000 kg × 9.81 m
m3 sec 2
∴ h H 2o = 10.33 m
10.33m אאא
،אאאא
Wא
Wאאאאאאא
ρ Hg = ρ H 2o × 13.6
ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3
- ٧٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאאא
101.325 × 100000 N
hHg = m2
(13.6 × 1000 kg 3 )( 9.81 m 2 )
m sec
h Hg = 0.76 m
10.33m אאא 0.76m אא
Kאאא
- ٧٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אE אאFאאאאאא
אאKאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאK אאא
אאאאKאא
אאא 1.013 bar ﺃﻭ101.3 kN/m2 אא א(standard)
Kאאא
אאא
אא אאא
אא
1 atm אא
EF
אאא
אא
אא
אא
- ٨٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
E٩٣F
K
אא0.61m3.66m אא
K אאאאאאאאאאK
אאא
917kg/m3א1000kg/m3 אKאא
אא
K101.3 kN/m2אא
po
h2 ﻧﻔﻂ
p2
h1 p1 ﻣﺎء
E٨٣FאE٧٣F
Wא
p1אKאאאאאp2אE٨٣Fא
Kאאאp2אאא
= p0 + ρ 2 gh2
p2
p2 = ( 101.3 × 1000 N 2 ) + ( 917 kg 3 ) ⋅ ( 9.81 m
m m sec 2
) ⋅ ( 3.05m )
= 128737 N
m2
Wאא p1 אא
p1 = p2 + ρ1 gh1
p1 = 128737 N
m2
+ ( 1000 kg 3 ) ⋅ ( 9.81 m
m sec 2
) ⋅ ( 0.61m )
= 134721.1 N
m2
- ٨١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאאאאא א
= 33421.1 N
m2
3.34 kN/m2אא
- ٨٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
p p h
p p
أ-ﺷﻜﻞ ب-ﺷﻜﻞ
אE٨٣F
אE٩٣FאK אאאא
(p)אא א،א ،
אאאאא
אאאאאK
אאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאא אאא
אאρאאhאKא
Wא
p = ρ×g×h
KאאKאg
אאא1.013 bar אאאא
Wאא
1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
1.013 × 100000
h = = 10.326 m
1000 × 9.81
- ٨٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אKאאאא10.326 mאאא
K א13.6א
אאאאא
Wאאאא
1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h
1.013 × 100000
∴h = = 0.76 m = 760 mm
13600 × 9.81
K(760 mm Hg)א760 mmאא
The ManometersWאא
אK
אאאאאא
אאאאU
אאאKK אאא
K
אאאאאK
אא
אאאאאאא
Kא
Wאא
Kאא
אא
אKU
KE٩٣Fאאאאא
KCאBא
KhאאאאאBא
KאאאאCא
- ٨٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
pB = pC = p 0 + ρ Hg gh (3 − 15)
D
A h
C B
ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
אאE٩٣F
differential manometerאא
K
אאא
K(h)אאאאKאאא
KCאDא
Kzאאhאאאp2אDא
K(h + z)אאאp1אCא
p1 + ( h + z ) ρ A g = p2 + ρ B gh + ρ A gz
p1 − p2 = ρ B hg + ρ A gz − ρ A gz − ρ A gh
- ٨٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
P P
1 2
z
Aﻣﺎﺋﻊ
h
C D
אאE١٠٣F
p1 − p 2 = ( ρ B − ρ A ) gh ( 3 − 16 )
אAאאאאא
W(3-12) אKBאA
p1 − p 2 = ρB × g × h (3 − 17)
inclined manometerWאא
אאKאאאאא
אאxx sinθh אאאKא
.אא θא
p1 − p 2 = ρgx sin θ (3 − 18)
P1
P2
ﻏﺎز x
h θ ﺧﻂ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ
ﺳﺎﺋﻞ
אאE١١٣F
- ٨٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאא
אאא
Fluids in Motion
אאאK אאא
KE١٢٣F،(turbulent flow) אאאא
אאE١٢٣F אאE١٢٣F
- ٨٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
A B A B
A B
A B
E١٣٣F E١٣٣F
Rate of FlowWא
אאאאאא
⋅
K Q אא
A
v
אאאאE١٤٣F
Wאאאא
⋅
Q = A×v (3 − 19)
m3
sec
אאא
⋅
m אאא
W،א
اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ρ=
اﻟﺤﺠﻢ
∴ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ = اﻟﺤﺠﻢ × اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
∴m = V × ρ
m& = ρ × Q& ( 3 − 20 )
- ٨٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
E١١٣F
אא اﺣﺴ ﺐ.0.6 m/sec 15mm א
Kאא
Wא
Wאאא
Q& = A × v
3
Q& = π4 ( 0.015 ) 2 × 0.6 = 106.02 × 10 −6 m
sec
Wאאא
m& = ρ × Q&
m& = 1000 × ( 106.02 × 10 −6 ) = 0.106 kg
sec
- ٨٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Continuity EquationEאאFאא
אEאFאאאא
אאאאאאאא
Wא
⋅
m = ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2 (3 − 21)
continuity equation E א،אאF אאE٢١٣Fא
. law of conservation of mass א
אאאK אאא
Wא
ρ1 = ρ 2 = ρ
W
A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2 (3 − 22)
∴ Q1 = Q2
WE١٢٣F
אאאconverging pipe
אא،0.3 m3 אאא،0.15m א0.46m
Kאאא
A1
A2
v1 v2
E١٠٢FאE١٥٣F
- ٩٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wא
Wאא
Q = A1 × v1
Kאאא
Q
v1 =
A1
WA1אא
π π
A1 =
4
d12 =
4
(0.46 ) = 166.19 ∗10
2 −3
m2
0 .3
∴ v1 = = 1 .8 m
sec
1.66019 ∗ 10 −3
Kאאא
0 .3
v2 =
Q
= = 16.98 ≅ 17 m
A2 π
4
( 0.15 2 ) sec
KאאאKאאא
Kאאאאא
A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2
A1 × v1 π
× d12 × v1
∴ v2 = = 4
4 × d2
π 2
A2
π
× 0.46 2 × 1.8 m
∴v2 = 4
= 16.93
π
4
× 0.15 2
sec
WE١٣٣F
5cmאאאא998kg/m3אאא
אא3.75cmא7.5cm
W א0.015m3/secאא
- ٩١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Kאאאאאא •
Kאאאאא• א
3
2
1
E١١٣FאE١٦٣F
Wא
Wאאאא
⋅
m 1 = ρ × A1 × v1
⋅ ⋅
m1 = ρ × Q 1
⋅
3
∴m1 = (998 kg )(0.015 m )
m 3
sec
= 14.970 kg
sec
אא
⋅ ⋅
m1 = 2 × m3
⋅ 1 ⋅
∴m 3 = × m1
2
1
= × 14.97 = 7.485 kg
2 sec
- ٩٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאא
אאאא
A1א
0.015 m
sec
3
= = 7 .6 m
0.001963 m 2 sec
אאא
A3א
A3 = π4 × d 32 = π4 × (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104 m 2
3
Q3 0.0075 m
v3 = sec = 6.76 m
A3 0.001104 m 2 sec
- ٩٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Kא (٢
Kא (٣
Kאאא
potential energy Wא
datum linez m אאא
WאאאK
⎛ m ⎞
potential energy = m × g × z ⎜ kg × 2
× m⎟ (3.23)
⎝ sec ⎠
א،"J"אא"Joule"??אאא א
Wאאאא
ﺧﻂ اﺳﻨﺎدdatum line
א mאE١٧٣F
⎛ J ⎞
potential energy per unit mass = g × z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.24)
⎝ kg ⎠
- ٩٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
KEF v = Q A
אpAא
Wא(אwork)א
work = force × dis tan ce
work = p × A × v
Q
work = p × A ×
A
work = p × Q
⋅
Wאאא m אא
⋅ ⋅
m = ρ ×Q
WEFאאאאא
⋅
p ×Q p ⎛J ⎞
work done per unit mass = = ⎜ ⎟
⋅
ρ ×Q ρ ⎝ kg ⎠
J
kg
،אLאאאאאא
K ⎛⎜⎜ p ⎞⎟⎟ אאאEאFא
⎝ρ⎠
p
pressure energy = (3.25)
ρ
- ٩٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
kinetic energyWא
אאmאא
( 1
2 × m × v2 )EאF
W
kinetic energy = 12 × m × v 2 (3.26)
Wאאאא
⎛ J ⎞
kinetic energy per unit mass = 12 × v 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.27)
⎝ kg ⎠
،א،אאאא אא
WKא
אHאHא=אאאא
p
total energy per kg = g×z+ + 12 × v 2 (3.28)
ρ
אE אאאFא
אא
W(height or head)א
(potential head)א
(pressure head)א
(velocity head)א
אאאאא א אאאאאא
WKא
2
p v
total head per kg = z+ + (3.29)
ρ × g 2g
Wאאאא
N m 3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
total head per kg = m + × × + ×
m 2 kg m sec 2 m
W
total head per kg = m + m + m = m
- ٩٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Bernoulli Equation
אאא?W
א
E אאF
W?אאאא،א
Kא + א + א
Wאא
p1 v12 p v2
+ gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2 (3 − 30)
ρ 2 ρ 2
K אאא
אא
Kאאא
B C
E١٨٣F
אאאאאא
KC BAאKhאאv
Cאא=Bאא=Aאא
2 2 2
pA v pB v pC v
+ A
+ gz A = + B
+ gz B = + C
+ gz C (3.31)
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ 2
א،אאאא
א אאא
אא BאA
K
Wא
pB vC2
0 + 0 + gz A = +0+0 = 0+ +0
ρ 2
- ٩٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אB אאAא
WאאKאCא
2 2
pA v pB v
+ A
+ gz A = + B
+ gz B
ρ 2 ρ 2
Aאאאא
KאאB
Wאאאאאא
pA v A2 pB v B2
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WE١٤٣F
1.52m/secאאאא
אאאK9.14m/secאא
אK2.339kPaאאאאא15.2mאא
K983 kg/m3אא 998 kg/m3א
Wא
Wאאא
v12 v22
p1
+ + gz1 =
p2
+ + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
2.339 × 1000 1.52 p 2
9.14 2
+ + 9.81 × 0 = 2 + + 9.81 × 15.2
998 2 983 2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = p 2 + 41.77 + 149.112
983
- ٩٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kא
ht = h s + hv (3.33)
אKא hvאאhsאאht
K אאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאא
WאאאאאאKאא
v2
hv =
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(m/sec) א v
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:(١٥ ــ٣ )ﻣﺜﺎل
אאאאאK
KאאKאא21.6m 22m א
Wא
Kאאאאאאא
∴ hv = ht − hs
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- ٩٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
WE١٦٣F
א א
13600kg/m3א1.2kg/m3אאאK 20mm
؟אאא
Wא
Wאאאא
pv = ρghHg
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m2
pv v2
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pv
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2668.32
v = 2× = 66.7 m
1 .2 sec
Wא
אאא
אא
אאאK אא
K אאאאאK אא
Kאאא
- ١٠٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Pitot TubeW
Kא
אKאאאא
Kאאא
WאאE٢FE١Fא
p1 v12 p2 v 22
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W
p1 v12 p 2
+ =
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ρ
אאאאאא p2אאp1
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אאא
אאאאאא،א
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ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺮآﻮد
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اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن
اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ
אE١٩٣F
- ١٠١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Venturi-Meter א
אאא
KE١٨٣FאאKא
KאאאE٢FE١Fא
1 2
אE٢٠٢F
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאK
אKאאא،אאאא
KאאE٢FאאE١Fא
p1 v12 p v2
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p1 v12 p2 v 22
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=
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Wאאא
A2
v1 = × v2
A1
WאE٢Fאאא(I)
- ١٠٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
2( p 1 − p 2 )
v2 = (3.36)
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ρ × (1 − )
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K אאE٢FE١Fאא A2A1
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EאאFאאאאK25 Cא
אא2.5 cm E٢Fא7.5 cmE١Fאאא42.1 cm
Kאא
:اﻟﺤﻞ
E٢Fאא
2 × ∆p 2 g × ∆h
v2 = =
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ρ (1 − 22 ) (1 − 22 )
A1 A1
2 × 9.81 × 0.421
∴ v2 = 2
⎛ 0.0252 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝ 0.075 ⎠
8.08
v2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988
Wאאאא
3
⋅ 0.0014 m
sec = 1.4 lit
3
Q = A2 × v2 = π4 × (0.025) × 2.86 = 0.0014 m
2
= = 84 lit
sec 3 sec min
0.001 m
lit
- ١٠٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Orifice MeterWאא
אא،א
אK א
K אK אאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
2( p 1 − p 2 )
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A22
ρ × (1 − )
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1 2
אWE٢١J ٣F
WE١٩٣F
אאK0.3 m/secE٢١J ٣Fאאאא
אKאאאאא،0.06 mא0.3 m
KCv = 0.82 א
Wא
2 × ∆p
v2 = Cv 2
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Wאא v 2 א
v 1 ⋅ A1
v2 =
A2
- ١٠٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאא
A 22
v 22 × ρ × ( 1 − )
A12
∆p = = 73048 .9 Pa
2 × C v2
- ١٠٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאא
אאאאא
Fluid Flow in Piping and Ducts
W
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKא
אאאא
אאאאאאKא
אאאאKאאא
אא אאאאאK
אאאא
א
אאא אאא א
–Fאאא א
א
K אא
אKEא
Kאא
Wאא
א אv
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אאאאא
K
א
אאאאK
א
Wא
ρ ×v×d
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µ
א ρ
א µ
- ١٠٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
K אא
10000 K א2100
10000א2100 Kאאא
Kאאאאא
WE٢٠٣F
ρ = 1050 kg/m3 אא 2cm א
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Wא
ρ ×v×D
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3
Q = A× v = π4 × (0.05) 2 × 0.1895 = 3.72 × 10−4 m
sec
Wאא א
א
אאא
אKEאFאאאE אFא
אאאKא
אאאא
،אאאא
אאאK אאא
Ksurface roughnessא
- ١٠٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אK אאא
אאאאenergy head lossאאpressure dropא
Kfriction head lossאא
1 2
D
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن
L
אאE٢٢٣F
אאE٣Fאא
Wאאא(2) (1)א
l v2
p1 − p 2 = f × × ×ρ (3 − 39)
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Kאρ،אv،אf
KN/m2אאאאא
WHאא
p1 − p 2 l v2
Hf = = f × × (3 − 40)
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Wאאא
(Re = ρ × V × d ) •
µ
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EאאF ∈D
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- ١٠٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
∈
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mm
Riveted Steelא 0.9-9
Glass Smooth
אאאאאE٧٣F
Moody Diagram
אא (1944)אא
Friction אE אאFא אאאאאאא
אאאReynolds Number Factor
Wא
Wא،א א א •
Re ≤ 2 × 10 3
אא א
Wאא
64
f = (3.41)
Re
0.001 אא Re ≥ 4 × 10 3 אאאא •
WאאSmooth Pipe א
0.316
f .= (3.42)
Re 0.25
- ١٠٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
א אאא •
Rough Pipeאאאאא
Zone.
אאא אא •
א
(dא (∈) אאאאF
Kאאאא Transitional Zoneאא
W
µ=0.014 6mm15mאא
1 2
6 mm
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن
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אE٢٢٣Fא
- ١١٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك
رﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ
ﺳﺮﻳﺎن
اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ
ﺳﺮﻳﺎن
ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺴﺎء
رﻗﻢ رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز
اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
WE٢F
Q = 20 l
min
אא10m (∆P) אא
. µ = 50 ×10−3 Pa sec1030kg/m3א3.81cm
Wא
m3 0.02 m 3 3
Q = 20 l = 0.02 = = 3.333 × 10 −4 m
min min 60 sec sec
W
Q = A× v
Q 3.333 × 10 −4
∴v = = = 0.292 m
A π4 × ( 0.0381 ) 2 sec
m
= 0.292
sec
א
ρ ×v× D 1030× 0.292× 0.0381
Re = = = 229.2
µ 50 ×10−3
Q Re ≤ 2100
Laminar Flow א
l V2
∆p = f ρ
D 2
f =
64
Re
אא
64
f = = 0.279
229.2
אא
10 ( 0 .292 ) 2
∆p = 0 .279 × × × 1030 = 3215 .5 Pa
0 .0381 2
- ١١٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
WE٣F
80°C אא3 L/secאא
40m 52.5mm
3
971.64 kg/m 80 Cא
0.358*10-3 Pa.sec 80 C א
א
3
Q=3L = 0.003 m
sec sec
א
Q 0.003
V= = = 1.386 m
A π 2
sec
(0.0525)
4
ρ × v × D 971.64 × 1.386 × 0.0525
Re = = = 197500 ≈ 200000
µ 0.358 × 10 − 3
40000
.אא
Kאאא
ε = 0.000046 m אא
.א אא
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
f = 0.0208
אא
L V2
∴ ∆p = f × × ρ
D 2
40 (1.386) 2
= 0.0208 × × 971.64 = 14.8 kPa
0.0525 2
- ١١٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
אאאאKא
אאCorrection FactorאKאאאא
KE٢١Fא אאא
אאאאא50mmאאאא
K0.881.386m/sec80 C(٢)אאא425pa/m
∆p
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m
40 mאא
∴ ∆P for 40m = 374 × 40 = 15 kPa
- ١١٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Pressure drop, pa / m
1000
1500
2000
3000
100
150
200
300
400
500
800
30
40
50
80
0.03
0.06 0.1
15
mm
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
20
mm
25
mm
0.5
m
35
mm
/s
1
40
mm
50
Water flow rate,
mm
1m
60
2
mm
/s
3 4 5
75
mm
10
0 mm
L/s
8 10
12
5 mm
15
0
1.5
mm
20
20
2m
V
/s
0
e
mm
30 40 50
loc
3m
/s
ity
25
/s
0 mm
4m
80 100
30
0 mm
/s
200 300
- ١١٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
1.05
1.00
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢCorrection factor
0.95
Ve
loc
ity
4.0
m /s
3.0
m /s
2.0
0.90 m
/s
1.0
m
/s
0.85
0.5
m
/s
0.80
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature, °C
EאFאאאא
Pressure Drop in Fittings אאEFא
אא
אK אאאאא
אאאא
KאאאKאא
- ١١٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
EKKKK،T،Fא אאא
א، אאאא
אאאאא،אא
EאאFKאאאאאאKא
א א
א א T
א
(mm) (mm) EF
90° 45°
15 15.80 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 5 0.2
20 20.93 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 6 0.25
2.5 26.46 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 8 0.28
35 34.04 1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 11 0.42
40 40.90 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 14 0.51
50 52.51 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 17 0.65
60 62.65 2.4 1.5 3.7 0.8 20 0.79
75 77.92 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 24 0.90
100 102.3 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 38 1.27
125 128.2 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 43 1.70
150 154.1 6.1 3.7 9.1 1.8 50 2.00
אאאאאאE١٣F
W
א75mm אאאא–א
אאאא30mאא 90 o
Wאאא
KאK 1.008 ×10 −3 Pa / sec א 998.21 mg
kg
א.6 L/sec
Wא
= 3.0 m (90°) אאאאאא
= 9 ×3 = 27 m א
= 0.90 m אאאאא
- ١١٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
= 2.7 m
= 30 m אא
= 59.7 m
0.006
V =
Q
= א
A π
(0.07792) 2
4
= 1.258 m / sec
W
p×v× D 998.21 × 1.258 × 0.07792
Re = =
µ 1.008 × 10 −3
= 97071
Kאא
L V2
∆p = f × ρ א
D 2
2
= 0.0208 ×
59.7
×
( 1.258 )
× 998.21
0.07792 2
= 12587 Pa = 12.587 kPa
- ١١٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
(אpower)אאא(flow rate)א
אאK(efficiency)א
K
p2,v2
٢א
z2
p1,v1
z1
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
١א w
אE٢٤٣Fא
WE٢٤FאאE٢FאE١Fא
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
+ + z1 g + w = + + z 2 g + ( ∆p frict ) (3.43)
ρ 2 ρ g
W
אאא אאאא،2.1 Pa sec1100 kg/m3
אאK(w)אא50 kg/sec52.51mm
- ١١٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאאאTא90°אא
K30 kPa
p2,v2
3m
٢א
א
1m
3m
p1,v1
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
3m 1m
15m
3m
١א W 1m
אE٢٥F
2 2
p1 v p v
+ + z1 g + w = 2 +
1
+ z 2 g + ( ∆p frict )
2
ρ 2 ρ g
KאאE٢FE١Fא،אE١Fאאא
Wאאא
v 22
w = + z 2 g − z1 g + (∆p ) frict
2
HאאאHאאאאא
Kאאא
Wאאאא
W
ρ × v × D 1100 × v × 0.0508
Re = =
µ 2.11
Wא
Q 50
v = = = 0.35 m
sec
A 1100 × 60 × ( π4 (0.0521) 2 )
- ١٢٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
∆p = 6.67 ×
43.5
×
(0.35) × 1100 = 372.1 kPa
2
0.05251 2
Wאאאא
∆p tot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kPa
WאEF
∆p tot 402.1 × 1000 N
= m2 = 365.55 J
ρ 1100 kg
kg
m3
- ١٢١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
K =אא
f =אא
D =(m)אא
- ١٢٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אא
אאאאאאא
P = ∆p × Q
אא אאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
Wא
Friction Loss אאא •
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
אאאאאאאאא •
אאאא
Wאאא
Kאאא،אא،א
Wאאא
0.2m3א015m3אאא012m3א
אאאK1.15 kg/m3אאאאא
Wאאא
750 kg/m3
אא א
אאאא، א2mא 3mאאK103kg/m3
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Kאאא ()أ
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אאKאאאאאאא
Kאא
1
4m
d = 100 mm
2
אא
- ١٢٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאא
Kאאאא E F
80 C א6 L/secאא EF
801 kg/m3 80 C אאK40m52.5 mm
K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 Cאא
Wאאא
K60mmאא42 mאא
KE1000kg/m3אFKא
- ١٢٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאא
Wאאאא
אאאאK אאאK א
א
אאאאK א אאאK א
Kא
Wאאאא
אאאאאא
אא
WאKא
m 1
ρ= =
V v
Wאא
V 1
v= =
m ρ
Wאאאאאאא
m = ρ ×V
Wאא
mg = 2750 × 0.12 = 330 kg
Wא
ms = 1500 × 0.15 = 225 kg
Wא
mw = 997 × 0.2 = 199.4 kg
Wאא
ma = 1.15 × 0.53 = 0.61 kg
Wmtאא
mt = 755 kg
Wאא
mt 755
ρt = = = 755 kg 3
Vt 1 m
- ١٢٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאאא
Vt 1
3
vt = = = 0.001325 m
mt 755 kg
Wאאאא
Wאאאא
du
τ =µ×
dy
Kאאא du אµאτ
dy
Wאא
τ = 0.001 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
Wאאאאא
EF
Kאא א
KאאHאאא א
E
F
Wאאא
F
p =
A
Wאא
A = π × r 2 = π4 × D 2 = π4 × (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2
7.5 m
R-134a
EFאאאא
- ١٢٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
Wאא
p = ptop + p134a = ptop + ( ρ × g × h)134a
- ١٢٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאא
A B
אאא
אאאא
EBFאEAFאKאאא
Kאאאא
WE١FאAא
p1
ρ1 =
RT1
1.5 × 10 5
ρ1 = = 1.725 kg
m3
287 × (30 + 273)
E٢FאBא
p2 (1.5 − 0.2) × 10 5
ρ2 = = = 1.495 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (30 = 273)
E٢F( B)אאאאא
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
אא،v2אאאא
Wאא
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18
v2 = = = 39.87 m
sec
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25) 2
- ١٣٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Wאאאא
Kאאאא
p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + z1 g = + + z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
אאE٢FE١Fא
E١FאאK
KאאאאE٢Fא
Wאאא
v 22
= z1 g − z 2 g = g ( z1 − z 2 )
2
Wאא ،4m ( z1 − z2 )
v2 = 2 × g × ( z1 − z 2 )
v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 4 = 8.86 m
sec
WQאא
⋅
Q = A 2 ×v 2
⋅ 3
Q = π4 ( d 22 ) × v 2 = π4 (0.1) 2 × 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
Wאאאא
אאא EF
אאאFאא אאאK א
WאEא
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
EF
⋅
Q 10 × 0.001
v = = π = 4.62 m
sec
A 4 × (0.0525) 2
W
ρ ×v× D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
Re = = = 43561 〉 40000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3
- ١٣١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אא אאאא
Kאא
EאאF0.046 mmאא
אא
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
fאא
f = 0.025
Wאא
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
40 (4.62) 2
∆p = 0.025 × × × 801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa
0.0525 2
Wאאאא
Wאאא
L = 42 + 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6 × 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3אFWאא
⋅
Q = A× v
Q 480 × 0.001
v = = = 2.6 m
A 60 × ( π4 × (0.06265) 2 ) sec
אא
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
71.94 2 .6 2
∆p = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa
0.06265 2
- ١٣٢ -
אאא
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אאאא
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٤
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאאאאאWאא
Kאאאאא
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Wאא
Kאאא K١
Kאאאא K٢
Kאאאאאאא K٣
Kאאאא K٤
אאאאאאא K٥
Kאא
אאאאאאא K٦
Kאא
Wאאא
K٪٩٠אא
K٪١٠٠אאאאא
Wאא
KEFא١٨
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Kאאאאא K١
Kאאאאאא אK٢
Wאא
Kאאאא
- ١٣٣ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Thermodynamicsאאא
W
א אאאאאא
אאאאאK אא
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אאאאKא
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Kאאא אאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
- ١٣٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא
Thermodynamic Definitions
אאאאאאאאא
אא K אאא
א، אboundariesאK אא
אאאאאא
אא אאא אאאא
אא
אאאא
KאאsurroundingsאאאKflexible
אאאאclosed system א
K
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KE٢J ٤FE١J ٤FKא
אא
א
א
אאא،אWאאE١٤F
- ١٣٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
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אא
א
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אאא،אWאאE٢٤F
?
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K אאא،א،א،א،א،אאאאK"properties".
א
אאintensive אאאKאאא
100 oC אאאאאאא
extensive אאאKאאאאא
homogeneous אא K אKא
Kא
אאאK א אאאאא
א
אאאא
KK אא אאKא
אK
אאאאא
אאא، אאא
אאאא
א
אאאאאKא
אאאא אאאא
K
- ١٣٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
1-2K
א processאאא
K(2)א(1)אאאE٣J ٤F
Kאאאאאאאאא
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thermodynamic cycle אא
KE1-2-3-1אFE٣J ٤Fא
p ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
2
3 ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
اﺟﺮاء
1-2-3-1دورة
1 ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
v
אאאאE٣٤F
reversibilityא
א אאאא
אא אאאאאאK
אKאאאאאאא
אאאאKE٤J ٤F،אא
אאאא
א
K אאאא
א
אאא א
KE٤J ٤F،אאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאא
Kאא
Wא
אא אא אא •
אFK
KEאאאא
- ١٣٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא א •
א אאא אאא
Kא
Kאאאאאאאא •
Kאאאאא
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p p
v v
إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ ﻻ إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ
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the state of the working fluid אאא
אKאאאאאאאא
אאא א אאא
אאאאKאאאKworking fluid
א،אא،אא،אאאאאא
(pure working fluid)אא K
אא،אא
אKא
v1 p1 אאאK
אא
אKE٥J ٤F،אאא (1)
א T1 אאא
אאאKE٥J ٤F،אאאא אאא
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K(2)א(1)אאא
אאאאKא
א
- ١٣٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
J אא،אאJ
אאאK א
KאאאאJ א،א
1 1
p 1 p T
2 2
2
v T v
אאאאE٥٤F
Wאאאא
K א אequation of stateאאאא
אKאאאא
א
Wאאאאאאאא
p×v = R×T (4 − 1)
p = ρ×R ×T (4 − 2)
p×V = m×R×T (4 − 3)
Wאאאא
N/m2 אא p
- ١٣٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
m3 אא V
m3/kg אא v
kg א m
K אאא T
J/kg K אא R
kg/m3 אρ
W
אאאאאK101.325 kPa25 oCאא
KR=287 J/kg Kאאא
Wא
Wאאאא
p × v = R ×T
(101.325 × 1000) × v = 287 × (25 + 273)
287 × 298
3
∴v = = 0.884 m
101.325 × 1000 kg
- ١٤٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
W
17 א100 bar30،E٦J ٤Fא
75 bar
אאאאאK˚C
K260 J/kg KאאKאאאאK7 ˚Cאא
Wא
Wאאא
p×V = m×R ×T
m2 אא،m1אאא
Kאא
ﺻﻤﺎم
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ
O2
أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ
אWE٦J ٤F
- ١٤١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
specific heatWאאא
אאאא א אאאאא
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אאאאKcv אאאcpאאא
אאאאK
אאאאא
KאאאאאE١J ٤FאKאאאא
Rאאאאאאאאאא
א k אאאא
Kcvאcpא
Energy א
K אאא
Kא א
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אאKאאאא
א
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אאאאKאאא אא
Kאאאא
- ١٤٢ -
אאא ١٠١ א
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heatאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאא אאאא،אא
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א
K אא אK
אא אא אאאא אאא
אאאאK
אאא
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work א
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אאאאא ، א
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א
אאאE٧J ٤Fא
KL،אאאEאאFא
- ١٤٣ -
אאא ١٠١ א
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ﻣﻨﻔﺎخ L
F
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Wאא
pE٨J ٤F אאאא אא
א אp0pאKp0אאא
woutאאאאאא
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p p0
اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ
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א אp0pא
KאאאKwin
אא אא
اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم
- ١٤٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאא
electric workאאdisplacement workאאאא
Kshaft workא
displacement workWאא
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2
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1
p1 1
p
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אאE١٠J ٤F
- ١٤٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
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constant volume process :אא .١
א
(4-5) V = C
KC
E١١J ٤Fאאאאא
p 3
زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ
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V1=V2=V3 v
אאאאE١١٤F
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2
(4-6) W = ∫ pdV = 0
1
- ١٤٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
KC
E١٢J ٤Fאאאאא
اﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺗﻤﺪد
p3 p1 p2
p1=p 2=p 3
-ve +ve
V
V3 V1 V2
אאאאE١٢J ٤F
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v2
(4-8) w12 = ∫v 1
p dV = p × ( V2 − V2 ) = + ve work
Wא
v3
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1
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אא،0.5 m3 2 bar0.2 m3
Kאאאא
א
Wאא،אאאא
2
W = ∫ pdV = p(V2 − V1 ) = 2 × 10 5 (0.5 − 0.2) = 6 × 10 4 J
1
- ١٤٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
isothermal processWאאא K٣
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(4-9) pV = C
KC
p
3
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א
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1
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אאE١٣٤F
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1
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V
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= mRT [ln V ]V
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V V
1
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(4-10) W = mRT ln
V1
- ١٤٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
0.4 אא 27 oCא1 bar0.2 m3א
Kאאאאאא،m3
א
Wא،אאאא
V
W = mRT ln 2
V1
אאאאא
p1V1 = mRT
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∴W = p1V1 ln = 1 × 10 5 ln = 69314.7 J
V1 0.2
p 3
p3 א
pVk=C
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1
p2
2
V
V3 V1 V2
אאאE١٤J ٤F
adiabatic processWאאאK٤
אאאא
א אאא
K א
אאאK א
א א א אא
אK אא
אא א
א
אאאאא
א אאK אאאא
W
- ١٤٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
pV k = C
אאאאK אאאk
WאK،E١٤J ٤Fא
V2
⎡ V − k +1 ⎤
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V2 dV
pdV = C ∫ k = C ⎢ ⎥ [
= C V21−k − V11−k ]
V1 V ⎣ − k + 1 ⎦V 1
WאאאאאCא
p1V1 − p2V2
(4-11) W =
k −1
W
אKאאאא 0.015m3 1.02 bar 22 o
C אא
اﺣﺴ ﺐ6.8bar
אאאאאא
.1.4 א k אKאאאאאאא
Wא
p
6.8 bar
pV1.4=C
א
1.02 bar
V
V2 0.015 m3
E١٥٤Fא
،אא
pV k = C
p1V1k = p 2V2k
- ١٥٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
1/ k
V2 ⎛p ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
V1 ⎝ p2 ⎠
1 / 1.4
V2 ⎛ 1.02 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
0.015 ⎝ 6.8 ⎠
V2 = 0.00387 m 3
W12 א
p1V1 − p 2 V2
w12 =
k −1
Kאאאא
W
אאאKאE١٦J ٤Fא
. ١٢٣١אאKאאאאאאא
Wא
Wאw12א12א
1
w12 = × (5 − 1.5) × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05) + 1.5 × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05)
2
w12 = 32.5 kJ
32
w23 = 1.5 × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05)
w23 = 15 kJ
13
w13 = 0
1231א
- ١٥١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
5 1
1.5 3 2
v (m3)
0.05 0.15
E١٦٤F
- ١٥٢ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאWאא
First law of thermodynamic
אאאאאא
אK א
א
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא?אא
אKאא1.17 kW
אK?א
؟אאאK1.9 kWאאא
Qin Qout
ﺳﺨﺎن
אאאE١٤F
Wאאאאאאא
W،אאאאא–אא
אאאאאאאא
K730Wאא
א?W
א אאא
אאאאא
WאאKא
∑Q = ∑W (4 − 12)
- ١٥٣ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
WE٧٤F
אאE١٧J ٤Fאאא w1 אא
1.421 kg sec
اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ
W 1=?
اﻟﻨﻈﺎم
Qin=2800kJ/kg
system
اﻟﺤﺪود
boundary
W 2= 5kw Qout=2100kJ/kg
אE١٧٤F
Wא
Wאאאא
∑ Q = ∑W
2800 × 1.421 − 2100 × 1.421 = W1 − 5
∴W1 = 700 × 1.421 + 5
W1 = 999.7 kw
- ١٥٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
3 3 2 3 2
2
E١٨٤F
א אאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאא
E١٨ ـ٤Fאא אא
אאאK אאאא
אE١٨ ــ٤Fאאאאאאא
gain in intrinsic אאאאאאאאאאא
WKenergy
אאאHאאא אאאא
אא אאאאא
Kloss in intrinsic energyE١٨ ــ٤Fאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאuinternal energyאא
אאאK(J, kJ)אאאאאU(J/kg)
אאאאאK אאא
אאאאאKא
אא
אאא
אא
Kאאא
- ١٥٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
אאאJ אאא
אא
א
Wאאאאא
(4-13) q − w = ∆u
Kאאאאא ∆u
אאאאאאא
אא אאאאאאא אא
K
، א אא
Kאאאאא
W1
אאאאאאאאאאא
KאאאאאK 90kJ / kg אאא 45kJ / kg
Wא
q = −45kJ / kg
w = −90 kJ / kg
אאאא
q − w = ∆u
− 45 − (−90) = u 2 − u1
45 = u 2 − u1
Kאאאאאאא
- ١٥٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
:
אאאאאאאאאאאא
،א 200 kJ / kg אאא 420 kJ / kg
K100kJ / kg אאאאא
Wא
q − w = ∆u
q = −120kJ / kg
120kJ / kg אאאאא
א
א
א
- ١٥٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
W
100 300 Kאאא0.2 kgE١٩J ٤FFא
אKא5 kJpaddle wheelאאאאKkPa
E0.7165 kJ/kg KאcvFKאאאאאאאאא
Wא
WאאאE١٩J ٤F
Q − W = ∆U
Q = 0Kאאאאא
− W = ∆U
∴ − (−5 kJ ) = ∆U
K5 kJאאאא
W
U 2 − U1 = + 5
KאאאU1U2
אא
∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 )
5 = 0.2 × 0.7165 × (T2 − 300)
∴ T2 = 334.89 K = 61.89 °C
E pv = RT Fאאאאא،א
Wאאאאאאאאאא
⎛T ⎞
p2
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
p1 ⎝ T1 ⎠
⎛ 334.89 ⎞
p2 = 100 × ⎜ ⎟ = 111.63 kPa
⎝ 300 ⎠
- ١٥٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
E٩٤F
אK95 ˚C15 ˚C1200 Wאא 1.2kg
،4.18 kJ/kg ˚Cאאא0.7 kJ/kg ˚Cאא0.5kgאא
KE
אאאא אאFKאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
Wא
EאHאאאאFWאאאאאא
Q −W = ∆U
Wא
Q = ∆U sys
Kאאאא
∴Q = ∆U w + ∆U teapot
Q = ( mcv ∆T )w + ( mcv ∆T )teapot
401.28 kJ
t ( اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ) = = 334.4 sec = 5.57 min
1.2 kJ
sec
- ١٥٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאא
אאאאא
K E٢٠J ٤FאK א
אאK(2)א(1)אאאא
אאK
אאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאא
Ku1אאא •
c12
אאא •
2
KZ1gאאאא •
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KE
(1)
Q
א
Z1
(2)
W
Z2
datum א
אאE٢٠٤F
- ١٦٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
Ku2אאא •
c 22
אאא •
2
KZ2gאאאא •
EאpאvFKp2v2אא •
KאאאW• א
Wאאאאאא
אאאאאא
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟ ( 4 − 14)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
אאuאאאא
אאK
אאK אאאא אא
WKאאאא
h = u + pv = ( 4 − 15)
אאאאאKאh
K
Wאא
⎛ 2
c ⎞ ⎛ c 2
⎞
m& ⎜⎜ h1 + 1
+ z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + + z2 g
2
⎟⎟ ( 4 − 16)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
אאK280kPaאאE٢٠J ٤F
אאאאK אאאא، 6mא
KE1000kg/m3 אFKא
- ١٦١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
p2
z2
6m
z1 W
p1
א
E٢١J ٤F
KאQאאאאא
אאKאאאאא
( 4-16)אאא
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Wאאאא
p1v1 + z1 g − w = p2 v 2 + z 2 g
− w = p2 v 2 − p1v1 + z 2 g − z1 g
אאאאאאא
Wאא،EFא
p2 − p1
−w = + g ( z 2 − z1 )
ρ
280 × 1000
−w = + 9.81 × 6
1000
w = − 338.86 J
kg
Kאאאאאא
- ١٦٢ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאא
Wא
אאאאאאאאWEאאF אK١
KE٢١J ٤F
Wאאאאא
دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء
ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎء
אE٢١J ٤F
א
א
mw,Tw
ma,Ta
אא
ma,Ta
אא
א
mw,Tw
אאE٢٢٤Fא
W
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ h1 + 1 + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + 2 + z 2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Kאאאא
Q = m& ∆h
- ١٦٣ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Q w = m& ( hw 2 − hw1 )
א
Wא
Q a = m& ( ha 2 − ha1 )
W
Qa هﻲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء
⎛ c12 ⎞ ⎛ c 22 ⎞
& ⎜
m ⎜ h1 + + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W ⎜
= m ⎜ h2 +
& + z2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
אא
Kא
Q = m& ( h2 − h1 )
WאKאאאאאא
(4-17) Q = m& (h3 − h2 )
Wא
(4-18) Q = m& ( h1 − h 4 )
- ١٦٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Qout
3 2
W
4 Qin 1
E٢٣J ٤F
R-134aאאאאאאאאא
K241.63 kJ/kgאאאא،417 kJ/kgאא
Wא
Q اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ
h2 h1
E٢٤J ٤F
WאאאE٢٤J ٤F
Wאאאא
Kאאאא
175.37 kJ/kgאאאאא
- ١٦٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
h1 h2
Q
E٢٥J ٤F
R-אאא،E٢٥٤Fאאאאאאא
،396 kJ/kgאאאא،256 kJ/kgאא134a
Wא
Wאאא
Wאאאא
⋅
Q = m ( h 2 − h1 )
out
٢ ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
١ دﺧﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
א in
١ ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎﺋﻊ
E٢٦٤F
- ١٦٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wא
Q 2 = m& ( ha − hb )
Kאאאאאאאאא
KQ2Q1
h2
E٢٦J ٤F
− w = h 2 − h1
אאאאאh2h1
WKאא
w = h1 − h2
CompressorWא
אא h2 אאאא
אאאאאK h1
א
WאאאאאEאF
− W = m& ( h2 − h1 )
- ١٦٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
h2
W
h1
EJ F
w = −( h2 − h1 )
Kאאאאא
PumpWא
אאאאאE٢٦J ٤F
W
W = − m& ( h2 − h1 )
W = m& ( h1 − h2 )
Kאאא א
h2
h1 W
א
E٢٦J ٤F
- ١٦٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאא
NozzleWאאאJ
KE٢٧J ٤Fאאא
Wאאאאאאא
q − w = ∆h + ∆KE
c 22 c12
h2 − h1 = − ( − )
2 2
c 22 c12
(4-19) = + (h1 − h2 )
2 2
1 2
دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ
E٢٧J ٤F
אJ
אאאא
אאא KE٢٨J ٤F
Kאא
1 2
دﺧﻮل ﺧﺮوج
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ
אE٢٨J ٤F
- ١٦٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
C 22 − C12
q − w = h2 − h1 +
2
אאא
(4-20)∴ h2 = h1
Kאא
Kאא100 kJ
א
אא
∴ h2 = h1 = 100 kJ
- ١٧٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאאאWאא
The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
W
אא אאא
אאאאא אאאאא
אאאK
אאאא
אאאא
א K
אאא
אאא אאאא
אא
אאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאK
אא
Kאאאאאא،
אאאאא
אK
אא
אאK
א אאאא
K אאא אא، אא
א20%אאאאא
Kאאאאא80%
אא אאאאא
אאא،אאא
אאאא
،אאאKא
K
Wאאא
K?אאא? •
- ١٧١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא? •
K?
אאא אא
Kאאא
א
K אא אאאא
אאא א א
KE٢٩J ٤Fאאאא
إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ
L1 Wf
L2
Wf
إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ
( اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ٢٩-٤) ﺷﻜﻞ
אאאW
אא
אאאאKWin
אאKQoutאאא
אא
אאאאא אא
WKאאאאאאא
- ١٧٢ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
QinאאאאאאW אא
W אא K אא
אא
Wאא،אא
W אאאאאאאא
Qin = Wout + W f
WאQoutQin
Win = Wout + 2W f
אאאWfאא
א אאאאKא
אא
Kא
אאא אא א
אא אK אאא،א
אאאאKאא
א אאאאא
א
Kאאאאאא
40 אאאא50 kJאא
אאאאאאאאאKkJ
Kא
א
Wאאאאאאא
Q Q = Wout + W f
∴W f = 50 − 40 = 10 kJ
40
η= = 80%
50
dQא אאאאdsאא
>א
אאא =K אאאאא
Kאאא
(dQ=0)אאאאא(4-21)א
אאאEאF
אאאא
KE٣٠J ٤Fא
ds = 0(4-21)W1-2אא
ds > 0(4-22)W1-2'א
- ١٧٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
T
p=c 2'
2
اﺟﺮاء ﻻ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ
إﺟﺮاء اﺗﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ
p=c
1
s
אאאאE٣٠J ٤F
אאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאאא
Wאא
h2 − h1
η isent =
h2' − h1
אאאאאא א
אאKא א
Kאאאאא
Heat Engines אאא
א אאאאא
אאK אאאא
אא
Sinkא
א אאESourceאF
אאאאאK א
Kאאאא
E٣١J ٤Fא אאא
אK
W
،EאFא 1-2אאאאא
3אאK2-3אא
3אאאאאאאK1א
- ١٧٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאא K1אא
א אאאKE٣١J ٤Fא
Kאאאאאא،
T 2
ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ
3
1 T=c
ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺰاﻟﺔ
s
אE٣١J ٤F
אאQH
אאאא E٣٢J ٤Fא
K אאאאאWאאאQL אא
אאאאא אאאאא
Kאא
∑ Q = ∑W
KQLאאאQHאאאאא
(4-23) QH − QL = W
א
TH
QH
QL
TL
א
אE٣٢J ٤F
- ١٧٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
اﻟﺸﻐﻞ W
(4-24)η th = =
اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة QH
Wא
QH − QL
ηth =
QH
QL
(4-25) ηth = 1 −
QH
Kאאאאאאא(4-25)א
אEsteam power plant)אאאאאא
אK אE٣٣J ٤F
QL אQHאK אאאEFאKא
אאאאאKאWא
K
اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ
W اﻟﺸﻐﻞ
QH اﻟﻨﻈﺎم
اﻟﺤﺪود
system boundaries
اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺰاﻟﺔ
QL
אאאE٣٣J ٤F
- ١٧٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
W
אא اﺣﺴ ﺐ א.800 kJ/kg 1600 kJ/kg אא
Kאא
א
TH
QH = ?
W = 800 kJ/kg
QL = 1600
TL
א
E٣٤J ٤F
Wא
Wאאאאא،E٣٤J ٤Fא
QH − QL = W
η th =
work done
=
800
= 0.3333 = 33.33 %
heat sup plied 2400
- ١٧٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
ﻣﺼﺐ ﺣﺮاري
TH
QH
א W
QL
TL
ﻣﺼﺪر ﺣﺮاري
אE٣٥J ٤F
אאאא
W = QH − QL
Coefficient Of אאאאאא
QLאאא
אאאא
אאKPerformance(COP).
אא
Wאאאא،
Wא
QL QL 1
(4-26) COPREF = = =
W QH − QL ⎛ QH ⎞−1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Q L⎠
אאאא אאQHאאא
Wאא
QH QH 1
(4-27) COPHP = = =
W QH − QL 1 − ⎛⎜ L
Q ⎞
⎟
⎝ QH ⎠
Wאאאאאאא
- ١٧٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
W
אא200 kJ/kgאאאאא
ﻣﺼﺐ ﺣﺮاري
TH
Q H = Q R = 600
TL
ﻣﺼﺪر ﺣﺮاري
E٣٦J ٤F
Wא
אאאאאאאא (QA)אאא
WE٣٦J ٤Fא
W = Q A − QR
− 200 = Q A − 600
Wאאא
∴QA = 400 kJ
kg
Wאא
QA
COPREF =
W
400
COPREF = =2
200
Wאאאא
QR
COPHP =
W
- ١٨٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
600
COPHP = =3
200
K١ + אאאאאאא
TL
4 3
s s s
1 2
אE٣٧J ٤F
Wאאא
QL
η th =1− ( 4 − 29)
QH
WאאE٢١J ٤F
2 2
dQ
∫ ds = ∫
1 1
T
- ١٨١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאאא
2
(4-30) Q = ∫ T ds = T (s 2 − s 1 )
1
W
QH = TH ( s2 − s1 )
Q L = TL ( s1 − s2 )
Wאאאא
QL TL ( s 2 − s 1 ) T
(4-31)η c = 1 − =1− =1− L
QH TH ( s 2 − s 1 ) TH
Wאאא
(4-32) W = ηc QH
EאFאאאא
WאאאאאאE٣٨J ٤Fא
Kאאא1-2 א• א
Kאא2-3א• א
Kאאאא3-4א• א
Kא4-1א• א
T
4 3
TH
TL
1 2
s s s
1 2
אE٣٨J ٤F
- ١٨٢ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
WאאWQLQH
QL = TL ( s 2 − s1 )
Q H = TH ( s1 − s2 )
Wאאאאאאאא
∑ Q = ∑W
W = Q H + Q L = −( TH − TL )( s 2 − s1 )
Wאאאאא
QL
(4-33) COPREF =
W
אא،א
TL ( s2 − s1 ) TL
(4-34) COPREF = =
( TH −T L)( s2 − s1 ) TH − TL
Wאאאאאא
QH
(4-35) COPHP =
W
TH ( s2 − s1 ) TH
(4-36) COPHP = =
( TH −T L)( s2 − s1 ) TH − TL
Kאאא،40 oC, -10 oCאא
א
TL
COPREF
TH − TL
− 10 + 273
COPREF = 5.26
40 + 10
- ١٨٣ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אא
אאא
Wאאא
א،אאא،א،אאW ()أ
Kא،א
א7°Cא27°CאEF
אאאאא 8m3אאא
KR = 320 J/kg KאאאאK10kg
Wאאא
200 kPaאאאא،isothermalאא
Wאאאא
V2
W = ∫ pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
Wאאא
אא2.3 MN/m2 אא
K8 cmאאאא،7.5 cm
Wאאאא
אאאאאא אא
K
- ١٨٤ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
p(kPa)
1
620
pvk = c
אאאאE٤F
Wאאא
אא
אK אאאאאEF
K
אאאאאאא EF
Kאאאאאא،50 kJ/kgא
Wאאא
אK350 m/sec2300 kJ/kgא، אא
אאא،70 m/sec160 kJ/kgאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאא
אאאK א(nozzle)א
،2790kJ/kgאאאאK60 m/sec3025kJ/kgא
KאאאK אאא
אא0.1m2אאאא
א
K0.19 m3/kgא
- ١٨٥ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאא
א .40%
אאא
אאאא
0.1 אאאאא620 kPaאאאא
אFK אאאאאא،50 kJ/kgאאאm3
KEאא
T
1 2
TH
TL
4 3
s1 s2 s
אאאE٣٧J ٤F
Wאאא
Kאאאא،אאאא
- ١٨٦ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
אאא
Wאאאא
EF
K אאאאא אK١
א
אאאאK א
Kא
אאאאאK אאאא K٢
K
Kאאאאאא אK٣
Kא × א אK٤
EF
WאאאאKאאא
pV = mRT
Kא
W
V
= ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ⇒
V1 V2
=
T T1 T2
E١FאאאE٢Fאא
E٢Fאא
8 V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
8 × 280
∴ V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
Wא
W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
- ١٨٧ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Kאאאאא
Wאאאא
WאאאKאאאאאאא
pV = mRT
Wא
pV = ﺛﺎﺑﺖ
∴ p1V1 = p 2V 2
Wאא
V2
W = p1V1 × ln
V1
4
W = 200 × 2 × ln = 277.26 kJ
2
Kאאאא
Wאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
W = p(V2 − V1 )
Kאאאא،אא
אא8 cmאא
Wאא
V2 − V1 = π4 d 2 (0 − 0.08) = − π4 × (0.075) 2 × 0.08 = − 0.00035343 m 3
אאא א א
Kאאא
Wא
W = p (V 2 − V1 )
- ١٨٨ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
p1V1 − p 2V 2
W=
k −1
Kp2 אאא
k 1. 5
⎞
⎛V ⎛ 0.15 ⎞
⎟⎟ = 620 × ⎜
p 2 = p1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟ = 620 × 0.0581 = 36.02 kPa
⎠
⎝ V2 ⎝ 1.0 ⎠
620 × 0.15 − 36.02 × 1.0 56.98
∴W = = ≈ 114 kJ
1.5 − 1 0.5
Wאאאא
אאאאאEF
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
אאאא
Wאא
q − w = ∆u
אאא
אאאא
Wאאא
2
⋅ c ⋅ c2
m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2
אאאאאאא אK אEF
אאK אאאאKא
Kאא
q − w = ∆u
Q
2 1
EFא
- ١٨٩ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
50 − w = 0
∴ w = 50 kJ
kg
Wאאאא
Kאאאא
אK א
K
אאאאא
Kא
⋅ c12 ⋅ c2
m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2
Qout
אאא
c1 אאאאאאאא
Wאאc2א
c12 c2
h1 + + Q = h2 + 2
2 2
Wאאא
2
(350) (70) 2
2300 + + Q = 160 +
2 2
2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
∴Q = − 2198.8 kJ / kg
Kאאאא
- ١٩٠ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאא
אאאאא
Kאאאאא
c12 c2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
60 2 J c2
3025 × 1000 ( J )+ ( ) = 2790 × 1000 ( J ) + 2
kg 2 kg kg 2
c 22
3025000 + 1800 − 2790000 =
2
c 22
= 236800
2
∴ c = 236800 × 2 = 688 m
sec
W m& א
WאאEאאFא m& א
A× c
m& = ρ × A × c =
v
0.1 × 688
m& = = 31.6 kg
sec
0.19
- ١٩١ -
אאא ١٠١ א
אאא אאאא
Wאאאא
Wאאא T1 אאא
p1 × v1 = R × T1
p1 × v1 620 × 103 × 0.1
∴ T1 = = = 216 K
R 287
Wאאא TL אאא
TL
ηtherm = 1 −
TH
TL
0.4 = 1 −
216
∴ TL = 129.6 K
Wאאאא
TL 129.6
COPref = = = 1 .5
TH − TL 216 − 129.6
- ١٩٢ -
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
אאאא
٥
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאאאאאאWאא
Kאאאאאאאא
Wאא
Wאאא
Kאאאאאאאא K١
Kאאאא אK٢
אאאאאאאאא K٣
Kא
Khאאא K٤
Kאאאאא K٥
Kאאאאאא K٦
Kאאאאא K٧
אאאאאאא K٨
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאא K٩
Kאאאא K١٠
אאאאא אK١١
Kא
Kאאאאא K١٢
Kאאאאאאאא K١٣
Wאאא
K٪١٠٠אאאאא
Wאא
Kא٢٨
- ١٩٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Wאא
אא
Wאא
Kאאאא
- ١٩٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
אא אאאאאא
אא K אאאאאאא
،אאאא
K אא
אאK אK א
אאאאאאא
K אאאא
אאאאא
אאא
א
אאאאK א
אאאא
אאאא K
Kאאא
אאאא
א
אאאKא
Kא
- ١٩٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
E٨FאאWאא
אאא
Wאאא
Wאא
Kא،א،אאאא K١
אאאאאאא K٢
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
q =
∆x
∆T
q=
R
.אאא אאR ﺣﻴﺚ
thermal conductivity אאא، k אא .a
אאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאא K٤
∆Tاﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
q= i =n+1
∑R
i =1
i
אאאאאא K٥
∆T
q=
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
אאאאאא K٦
∆Tاﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
q=
∑R
∑ R אאא
- ١٩٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
Kאאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
אאK-30 Cאא-10 Cאא •
א؟א
KאאEFאאאEFWאאא •
Kאא •
KאאאאK0.01m(1.5m * 2m) •
Wא
אאאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאא
א∆xאK אאאאא• א
K ∆x אאאAkאא
kA
W،אאאאאא •
∆T = -10 – ( -30 ) = 20 °C > 0
Kאאאאאאאא
אאא،∆Tאאאאאאאאאא• א
K∆V = V1-V2אאא
אאאאאאאא •
Kאא
אאאאאאאאאא• א
W،א
A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2
אK3 cm370 W/m C אאאא K٢
K1m2 א100 C אא400 Cאא
Kאאאאא
- ١٩٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Wא
Wאא
k A ∆T 370 × 1 × ( 400 − 100)
q = = = 3700000 W
m2
= 3700 kW
m2
∆x 0.03
אאאאאא، אאאאא K٣
א15cmאאK אאאאאאא
K5cm
T1=38C T2 T3=- 2 C
ﻋﺎزل ﺟﺪار
q
k=0.04 k=1.37
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
٣אE١٥F
Wא
Wאאא
∆x1 0.05
R1 = = = 1.25 °C
k1 0.04 W
∆x 2 0.15
R2 = = = 0.109 °C
k2 1.37 W
∴ ( R1 + R 2 ) = 1.359 °C
W
Wqאאא
∆T 38 − ( −2)
q = = = 29.43 W
m2
R1 + R2 1.359
- ١٩٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
r2
T1
q
k
٤אE٢٥F
KWא
Wא
r1 = 2.5 cm
r2 = 4.5 cm
Wאאאאאא
2π × k × L (T1 − T2 )
q =
ln rr12
2π × (43)(40)(70 − 40)
q =
ln 24..55
324212 .36
q = = 551581 .7 W = 551 .582 kW
0 .58778666
- ١٩٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
r3
q
r2
T4 r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
k3
٥אE٣٥F
Wא
אאאKאאKאאאא
K
r1 = 1.5 cm
r2 = 2.5 cm
r3 = 8.9 cm
r4 = 11.4 cm
Wאא
r2
ln ln 12..55 0.5108256
R1 =
r1
= = = 0.00151
2πk1L 2π × 54 × 1 339.292
- ٢٠٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
r
ln r32 ln 82..95 1.26976
R2 = = = = 1.3563
2πk2 L 2π × 0.149 × 1 0.93619
r4
ln ln 118..94 0.247562
R3 =
r3
= = = 1.03686
2π × k3 L 2π × 0.038 × 1 0.238761
∑R = 0.00151 + 1.3563 + 1.03686 = 2.39467 א
Wאאאא
∆T 315 − 38
q = = = 115.65 W
∑ R 2.39467
WT3אא
T3 − T4 T3 − 38
q = =
R3 1.03686
T3 − 38
115.65 =
1.03686
∴ T3 = 157.9 °C
- ٢٠١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Kאאא K١
KKאאא K٢
WאאאאאLDא K٣
Kאא •
Kא •
Kאאאא0.01 m2 m1.5 m K٤
Kאאאאאאאא א K٥
Kאאאאאאא K٦
אK3 CM370 W/M C אאאא K٧
K1m2א100 Cאא400 Cאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאא 54kW .٨
אאאא اﺣﺴ ﺐ א8.4mm אא(k=50.5W/m C)
אאאא 135 C אאאא
.124 C א
אאא93 C 370 Cאא15 cm K٩
KאאאאאK1m2K=0.78 W/mC
אאאאאK0.01m(2m*1.5m) K١٠
Kא
אKK0.3m 6m4m(k=0.8 W/m C )אא K١١
אאאאאא6C 14Cאאאא
Kא
א3 kW2.5cm 1m2אא K١٢
Kא∆TאאאK0.2 W/m Cאאאא
אאKאאאאא K١٣
אאאא 85C אא13cmא
- ٢٠٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאK אאאאWאK0.035W/mC
K
qcond
∆x
١٢אE٦٥F
אאEk=0.7F10 cmאא K١٤
אאאEk=0.065FאאאKEk=0.48F4cm
E1m2אאFK80%אאאא
1m2 17 W/m cאאא30cmא K١٥
אאאאאאqאאאאK
10 אאא50 Cאאא250 C
K100 Cאאאאאאא25 cm ،15 cm،cm
0.25m6m8m K١٦
א0.8W/m C אאאא
אWאK10hrא15C،4Cאאאאא
אאאאאא،אא
אא
SR0.3/kWh
- ٢٠٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאWאא
:אא
אאאאאא •
Wאא
Ti − To
q =
∑R
אאאאאאאKא Σٌ R
Kאא
אאאא •
W
ln rroi
Rcyl =
2πkl
א •
1
Rconv =
h ×A
Wאאאא• א
k
rcr =
h
- ٢٠٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
270 Kא(k = 0.7 W/m C) 10 cmאא K١
אאאאאאK40 W/m2 Kאאאא
אאאא،10 W/m2 K א אא330 K
Kא
T1 T2
ﺟﺪار
To
q
k=0.7 Ti
ho
hi
∆Χ
١אE٧٥F
אאאאאWאאא
KאאאאאאKאאאא
W 1 אאא
hi
1
= 0.025 K
W
40
Wא
∆x 0 .1
= = 0.1429 K
W
k 0 .7
Wאאאא
1 1
= = 0 .1
ho 10
Wא
∑R = 0.025 + 0.1429 + 0.1 = 0.2679 K
W
Wqאאא
- ٢٠٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
٢אE٨٥F
אאאאאWא
Kאא
Kאאאא
Wאאא
1 1
Ri = = = 0.00364 °C
hi Ai 3500 × (2π × 0.0125 × 1 W
Wא
- ٢٠٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
r
ln r12 ln 00..0125
0133
Rt = = = 0.00062 °C
2π × kL 2π × 16 × 1 W
Wאאא
1 1
Ro = = = 1.575 °C
ho Ao 7.6 × (2π × 0.0133 × 1) W
אאאאאFאאא
Eאאא
∆T 50 − 20
q = = = 19 W
∑ R 1.57926
אEאFאאאאאאאאא אK٣
K0.03W/m Cאאא10 mmא
Kאאאא
Wא
Kאא
Kאאא
Kא
Wא
r
ln r32 ln 12..33
33
Rins = = = 2.9745 °C
2π × k × L 2π × 0.03 × 1 W
Kאאאא
1 1
Ro = = = 0.89877 °C
ho Ao 7.6 × (2π × 0.0233 × 1) W
אאאא
∆T 50 − 20
q = = = 7.74 W
∑ R 3.87753
Wא
19 − 7.74
اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن = = 0.5926 = 59.26 %
19
- ٢٠٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
r3
q
r2
ﺑﺨﺎر
r1
T3 T2 T1
hi,Ti
k1 ho,To
ﺣﺪﻳﺪ زهﺮ
k2
ﺻﻮف زﺟﺎﺟﻲ
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
٣אE٩٥F
5 cmא(k = 0.17 W/m C)אא אK٤
3 W/m2 C אאא20 Cאא200 Cא
אא אאאאאK
K200 Cא
Wא
אא
k 0.17
ro = = = 0.0567 = 5.67 cm
h 3 .0
Wאאאאאאא
(T1 − T∞ )
q = ro
ln 1
+
r1
2πkL 2πro × L × h
(200 − 20)
q = 5.67
= 105.7 W
ln 1 m
2.5
+
2π × 0.17 × 1 2π × 0.0567 × 1 × 3.0
- ٢٠٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Wאאא
q = h × A(T1 − To )
q = 3.0 × 2π (0.025) × 1(200 − 20) = 84.4 W
m
א،אאאאא3.17 cm
Kאאא
- ٢٠٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאא K١
W
Kqאאא• א
Kאא• א
א4mmאאאאאא K٢
Fא8mmאא
Eאאאאא
אאאאאKאא K٣
Kאאאאאא
KאKאאאאא
(k=0.035 W/m C)אאא K٤
אאאא1 mmא(k=15.1 W/mC)
- ٢١٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
٨אE١٠٥F
- ٢١١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
E٨FאאWאא
א
WאאWאא
:אא
אאאאKאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאKא
KאאאאKא
W
א015m3אאא012m3א K١
אאK1.15 kg/m3אאאאא0.2m3
אאאאאאFKאאא
KEאא997 15002750
אאאאאאאא
WאKא
m 1
ρ= =
V v
Wאא
V 1
v= =
m ρ
Wאאאאאאא
m = ρ ×V
Wאא
mg = 2750 × 0.12 = 330 kg
Wא
ms = 1500 × 0.15 = 225 kg
Wא
mw = 997 × 0.2 = 199.4 kg
Wאא
- ٢١٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
287J/kg אאאאא25 Cא1 barא K٢
Kאאא300 CאאאאאKK
Wא
Wאאאאאא
p 1 × 10 5
ρ1 = = = 1.169 kg
m3
RT1 287 × ( 25 + 273)
p 1 × 10 5
ρ2 = = = 0.608 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (300 + 273)
100 1/sec אאאאאאאא .٣
.0.001 Pa.sec אאאא
Wא
Wאאאא
du
τ =µ×
dy
Kאאא du אµאτ
dy
Wאא
τ = 0.001 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
- ٢١٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
א0.85אאא K١
K2.87*10 Ns/m2
-3
Wאאא K٣
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
u (r ) = u 0 ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Wאאrאr1
(r = 0)א
(r = r1)אא
אאאאאאu0
τ (r) א
- ٢١٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאWאא
Wאא
Kאא• א
WאEאאFאא •
p = ρ ×g ×h
KאאHאאא• א
Kאאא •
- ٢١٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
6000NאאאK7.5 cmא K١
Kאא
Wא
Wאאא
F
p =
A
Wאא
A = π × r 2 = π4 × D 2 = π4 × (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2
6000
∴p = = 1358080 Pa ≈ 1358 kPa
0.004418
א(R-134a)7.5 mאאאאא K٢
K1 MPaאאאא1206 kg/m3
7.5 m
R-134a
٣אE١١٥F
Wא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
Wאא
p = ptop + p134 a = ptop + ( ρ × g × h)134 a
Wא
אאHאאאא
p abs = p g + p atm = 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
- ٢١٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אK2kNא10cmא K١
Kאא
אאאאK500m 200m K٢
1000kg/m3א
2m ﻧﻔﻂ
3m
ﻣﺎء
٣אE١٢٥F
Kא5m/sec15mmא K٤
K20 Cאא2barE
Fאאא
אאK30Cאא 1.4 barEFאא
אאK אאא1.03barא
K187.8Rא
אK א2000mאא אK٥
K(1002kg/m2)א
12mEאאFאאאאאא K٦
אK101KN /m2אאאא103kg/m3אKא
K600kg/m31 barאאא
- ٢١٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
א800kg/m38mאאא K٧
.0.97 barאא
Wאאא אK٨
13.6אאא400mmא •
- ٢١٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאWאא
Wאא
אאWאאאאא •
K
אאאאאאא• א
Kאאא
Kאאאאאאא •
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
WאאEFאא •
A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2
אאאאאא• א
Kא
אא •
Kא
W
אא30 Cא1.5 barאא K١
،250 mmBא،400mm*300mmAא
Bאאאא،BA0.2 barאאאא
AאאR = 287J/kg Kאאאאא
K18 m/sec
Wא
A B
١אE١٣٥F
- ٢٢٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאא
EBFאEAFאKאאא
Kאאאא
WE١FאAא
p1
ρ1 =
RT1
1.5 × 10 5
ρ1 = = 1.725 kg
m3
287 × (30 + 273)
(٢)אBא
p2 (1.5 − 0.2) × 10 5
ρ2 = = = 1.495 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (30 = 273)
E٢F( B)אאאאא
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
אא،v2אאאא
Wאא
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18
v2 = = = 39.87 m
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25) 2 sec
אKאאאאאא אK٢
Kאאא
1
4m
d = 100 mm
2
אאE١٤٥F
Wא
Kאאאא
p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + z1 g = + + z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
- ٢٢١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
E١FאאKאאE٢FE١Fא
KאאאאE٢Fא
Wאאא
v 22
= z1 g − z 2 g = g ( z1 − z 2 )
2
Wאא ،4m ( z1 − z2 )
v2 = 2 × g × ( z1 − z 2 )
v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 4 = 8.86 m
sec
WQאא
⋅
Q = A 2 ×v 2
⋅ 3
Q = π4 ( d 22 ) × v 2 = π4 (0.1) 2 × 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
- ٢٢٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
א0.15
0.3mאא1800lit/min K١
KאאאאK
0.5m/sec12mmאאאא K٢
K3mmאאאא
A
اﻟﺨﺰان C
B
٦אE١٥٥F
- ٢٢٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
KאhאאAא K٧
Qאא
Q = A 2 gh
400 kPa3m/sec0.5 m800 kg/m3 K٨
K30 mא0.15 mא
אאאKאאא
EאאאFK3.5 mKאא
دﺧﻮل
30 m
z1 ﺧﺮوج
z2
ﺧﻂ اﺳﻨﺎد
٨אE١٦٥F
- ٢٢٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאWאאא
Wאאא
אאא K٥
אאאFאאאאאKא
WאEא
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
אאKאאא K٦
Wאא
64
f =
Re
Kאאא K٧
W
80 Cא6 L/secאאJ ١
801 80 C אאK40m52.5 mm
K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 Cאאkg/m3
Wא
⋅
Q 10 × 0.001
v = = π = 4.62 m
sec
A 4 × (0.0525) 2
W
ρ ×v× D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
Re = = = 43561 〉 40000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3
Kאא
EאאF0.046 mmאא
אא
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
fאא
f = 0.025
- ٢٢٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Wאא
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
40 (4.62) 2
∆p = 0.025 × × × 801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa
0.0525 2
K60mmאא42 mאא K٢
אKא 45˚א 90˚אא
אא،480 L/minאא0.02א
KE1000kg/m3אFKא
Wא
Wאאא
L = 42 + 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6 × 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3אFWאא
⋅
Q = A× v
Q 480 × 0.001
v = = = 2 .6 m
A 60 × ( π4 × (0.06265) 2 ) sec
אא
2
L v
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
71.94 2.6 2
∆p = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa
0.06265 2
- ٢٢٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אK0.5m3/min 150mm K١
W920kg/m3א84*10-3 Pa.secא
Kאא •
Re •
Wאאאא אK٢
،400mmא،1.49*10-3Pa.secא،0.01m/secא
K870 kg/m3א
EאאFWאאא K٣
150 •
K0.0001אא50000 •
K0.01אא50000 •
K60mmאאא42mאאא K٤
45˚א490˚א8א
א0.02fאאK א6
Kאאאאא480 l/minא
- ٢٢٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
E١٢FאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
אאא אK٨
אאאKאKאא
Kאאא
K אK٩
אKאאאאKאאאא K١٠
אאאאאאאא
K
Kאאאאאא אK١١
אאאאאאא אK١٢
Kאא
Kאא אK١٣
W
אא7°Cא27°Cא K١
אאאאא8m3אא
KR = 320 J/kg KאאאאK10kg
Wא
WאאאאKאאא
pV = mRT
Kא
W
V V1 V2
= Cons tan t ⇒ =
T T1 T2
- ٢٢٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
E١FאאאE٢Fאא
E٢Fאא
8 V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
8 × 280
∴ V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
Wא
W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
W = 120 kPa × (7.466 − 8) = − 120000 × 0.534 = − 64080 J = − 64.08 kJ
Kאאאאא
إﻟﻰ 0.178 m3 אא 200kPa K٢
אKאאאאא،א 1.549 m3
Wאאא
W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
Wא
Wאא
W = 200 kPa × (1.549 − 0.178) m 3 = 274.2 kJ
200 kPaאאאא،isothermalאא K٣
אאK4 m3אאאאאאאא،2 m3א
Wאאאא
V2
W = ∫ pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
Wא
- ٢٢٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
Kאאא،אא،אא،א،אא K١
2.3 MN/m2 אא K٢
אאאא،7.5 cmאא
K8 cm
א50kJאאאא .٣
אאאאא،0.2m30.01m3א
K
א5m3אא 520 Cאאא1kgאא K٤
W10m3אאאא
Kאא •
Kאאא •
Kא• א
R = 287 J/kg Kאאא
0.286 אא57Cאאאא0.42kg
KkJ/kg K
אאאאאא K٧
K0.286 kJ/kg Kאא15 barאא0.12 kgאא0.0075m3
אאאאאאא אK٨
R=0.286 kJ/kg אא 97 Cאא1.12 barאא0.1 kgא
KK
- ٢٣٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאאאא K٩
א0.005 m3 א1.1bar , 0.1 m3א
אא2kgאאא אK١٩
K4 m32 m3אא300 K
אאאאא אא אK٢٠
KKא
- ٢٣١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
p(kPa)
1
620
pvk = c
٢٠אE١٧٥F
- ٢٣٢ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאWאא
Wאא
א
אאאא •
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאא
אאא א •
Wאאא
q − w = ∆u
אאא
אאאא •
Wאאא
2
⋅ c ⋅ c 22
m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2
W
אאאאאאא K١
Kאאאאאא،50 kJ/kgא
Wא
אאאאאאא אKא
אאKאאאאKא
Kאא
q − w = ∆u
Q
2 1
EFא
50 − w = 0
- ٢٣٣ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
∴ w = 50 kJ
kg
.א 22 kJ א 20 kJ אאאאא .٢
Kאאאאא اﺣﺴﺐ
Wא
Kאאאאא
KאאKKאאא
Q − W = ∆U
Q − ( −22) = 20
∴Q = 42 kJ
אא
350 2300 kJ/kgא،אא K٣
،70 m/sec160 kJ/kgאאאאKm/sec
Kאאאאאאא
Wא
KE٥Fאא
אKאKאאאאא
Kא
⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
c c
m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2
2 2
Qout
א
c1 אאאאאאאא
Wאאc2א
- ٢٣٤ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
c12 c 22
h1 + + Q = h2 +
2 2
Wאאא
(350) 2 (70) 2
2300 + + Q = 160 +
2 2
2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
∴ Q = − 2198.8 kJ / kg
Kאאאא
650 kJ/kgאאא20 kg/minEF K٤
Kא200 m/sec300 m/secאאKאא360 kJ/kg
Kאאאאא
Wא
KאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאא
KאאאאKא
- ٢٣٥ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
⋅ c12 ⋅ c2
m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2
Wאאא
c 12 c2
m& ( h1 + ) + Q = m& ( h 2 + 2 )
2 2
Wאאא
20 (300) 2 20 ( 200) 2
(650 + )+Q = (360 + ) , (
kg kJ
× )
60 2 60 2 sec kg
231.667 + Q = 126.667
∴Q = − 104 kW
Kאאאא
- ٢٣٦ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
- ٢٣٧ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאאWאא
Wאא
אא
אאאא •
K א א
Kאא
Wאאאא •
W Q − QL Q
η th = = H = 1− L
QH QH QH
Wאאא •
QL QL
COPREF = =
W QH − QL
Wאאאא •
QH QH
COPHP = =
W QH − QL
Wאאא •
W Q − QL Q T
η th = = H = 1− L = 1− L
QH QH QH TH
E٤٥F
אא 175 kJ/kg אאאאא،א
KאאאאאK144 kJ/kgא
Qout
3 2
W
4 Qin 1
Wא
- ٢٣٨ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאאא،EFאא
אKאא
QL QL 144 144
COPREF = = = = = 4.65
W QH − QL 175 − 144 31
،EFאא
QH QH 175 175
COPHP = = = = = 5.65
W Q H − Q L 175 − 144 31
E٦٥F
اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ
wout
Qin
اﻟﻨﻈﺎم
اﻟﺤﺪود
system boundary
win Qout
- ٢٣٩ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אא،3.5א
א
(k=1.4)Kאאאא،80%
אאא20 C200 Cא K٢
KQLQHא15 kW
א .30%
אאא
אאאא K٣
אאא500 kPaאאאא
אאאא، kJ/kg٤٥אאא0.15 m3אא
EאאאFKאא
Kאאאא،EFאא K٤
172 kJאאאא،20 C200 Cא K٥
K אאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאא K٦
600 kJ/minQLאQHא120 C-30 Cאא
- ٢٤٠ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
η th =
QH
W 100
∴ QH = = = 333.4 kW
η th 0 .3
- ٢٤١ -
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אא
c Velocity m
sec א
kJ
אאא
Cp Constant pressure specific heat kg. k
kJ
אאא
Cv Constant volume specific heat kg ⋅ k
COP Coefficient of performance - אא
d ,D Diameter m א
E Total energy kJ אא
אאא
Eb Blackbody emissive Flux W / m2
אא
f Friction Factor - א
F Force N א
Fij View factor - א
g Gravitational acceleration m
sec 2 אא
G Incident radiation W 2
m אא
Gr Grashof number א
h Enthalby kJ
kg א
W
אאא
h Convection heat transfer coefficient m ⋅ °C
2
W
אאא
k Thermal conductivity m °C
L Length; half thickness of a plane wall m א
m Mass kg א
-٢٤٢-
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
W
אאא
U Overall heat transfer coefficient m ⋅ °C
2
א
3
v Specific volume ,velocity m
kg
m
s אא
V Total volume m3 א
W& power kW א
α Absorptivity ; Thermal diffusivity, m2
sec א
-٢٤٣-
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
-٢٤٤-
אא ١٠١ א
אאאא
אאא
K،א،K،אאא K١
KאאK،אא K٢
K١٩٨٢Kא،אKאאא K٣
١٩٨٢KאK،אא K٤
KL،אLKא،אאא אK٥
KJ א،אאא אK٦
K١٩٩٢J אL،א א.٧
אאא
1. Heat Transfer: A practical Approach- Yunus A. Cengel, McGraw-Hill
1998
2. Heat Transfer, J P Holman, 8th edition – 1997.
3. Heat Transfer, Lindon C. Thomas,1992.
4. Principles of Refrigeration, Dossat,4th ed. 1997.
5. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.1995.
6. Applied Thermodynamics, Eastop & McConkey, 5th ed. 1996.
7. Classical Thermodynamics, Gordon Van Wylen, Richard Sonntag, 4th ed
1994.
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