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Topic7 ContactStressesAndDeformations
Topic7 ContactStressesAndDeformations
Topic7 ContactStressesAndDeformations
7-1
In reality, a small contact area is being created through elastic deformation, thereby limiting the stresses considerably These contact stresses are called Hertz contact stresses
7-2
Ball screw
Gears
7-4
Spheres in Contact
z
y Z = 0: x Sphere 1 E 1,
1
R1
pmax
2a
2a y
2 1 12 1 2 + 3F E E 2 1 a=3 1 1 4 R + R 2 1
pmax
2
R2
Sphere 2 x
Where E1 and E2 are the moduli of elasticity for spheres 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 are the Poissons ratios, respectively The maximum contact pressure at the center of the circular contact area is:
pmax =
F
3F 2a 2
7-5
pmax
2a
E1,
R1
1
2a y E2,
2
7-6
1 z a 1 arctan 1 = 2 = x = y = pmax (1 + ) 2 a z z 2 + 1 a2
z2 3 = z = pmax a 2 + 1
1 = 2 = max =
1 3
2
3 = 0
7-7
z
0.6
0.4
X, y max
0.2
The maximum shear and Von Mises stress are reached below the contact area This causes pitting where little pieces of material break out of the surface
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-8
Cylinders in Contact
F
z E1, 1
The half-width b of the rectangular contact area of two parallel cylinders is found as:
2 1 12 1 2 4F + E2 E1 b= 1 1 L R +R 2 1
E2, 2 R1
2b
pmax
x R2
Where E1 and E2 are the moduli of elasticity for cylinders 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 are the Poissons ratios, respectively. L is the length of contact. The maximum contact pressure along the center line of the rectangular contact area is:
pmax =
2F bL
7-9
E1, 1
E1, 1
E2, 2
Rg R1 pmax
L
y Flat plate ( R2 = ? )
2b
7-10
1 = x = 2pmax
z2 z +1 2 b b
z 2 1 z 2 z + 2 = y = pmax 2 1 1 2 + b2 b2 b
z2 3 = z = pmax 2 + 1 b
1 =
2 3
2
, 2 =
1 3
2
, 3 =
1 2
2
7-11
0.6
0.4
0.2
1 z
0.5b
2.5b
3b
The maximum shear and Von Mises stress are reached below the contact area This causes pitting where little pieces of material break out of the surface
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-12
1.5 .10
1 .10
5 .10
20
40
60
80
100
The Von Mises stress does not increase linearly with the contact force The point contact of a sphere creates significantly larger stresses than the line contact of a cylinder
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-13
7-14
The displacement of the centers of two cylinders is given by: With 1 = 2 = , and E1 = E2 = E:
c =
2 F 1 2 2 4R 4R + ln 1 + ln 2 b b LE 3
Note that the center displacements are highly nonlinear functions of the load
7-15
3 .10
2 .10
1 .10
20
40
60
80
100
The point contact of a sphere creates significantly larger center displacements than the line contact of a cylinder
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-16
2 .10
1 .10
20
40
60
80
100
The point contact of a sphere creates significantly lower stiffness than the line contact of a cylinder
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-17
7-18
10 mm Sphere on Flat Plate(Steel) Tungsten (E = 655 GPa, = 0.2) Steel ( E = 207 GPa, = 0.3) Bronze (E = 117 GPa, = 0.35) Titanium (E = 110 GPa, = 0.31) Aluminum (E = 71 GPa, = 0.33) Acrylic Thermoplastic ( E = 2.8 GPa, = 0.4)
1 .10
5 .10
10
20
30
40
70
80
90
100
Materials with a lower modulus will experience larger deformations, resulting in a lower contact pressure
ME EN 7960 Precision Machine Design Contact Stresses and Deformations 7-19
10 mm Sphere on Flat Plate (Steel) Tungsten (E = 655 GPa , = 0.2) Steel ( E = 207 GPa, = 0.3) Bronze (E = 117 GPa, = 0.35) Titanium (E = 110 GPa, = 0.31) Aluminum (E = 71 GPa, = 0.33) Acrylic Thermoplastic (E = 2.8 GPa, = 0.4)
2 . 10
1 . 10
10
20
30
40
70
80
90
100
7-20
10