Module 7 - 1

Module 7

Metric Practices for Welding Inspection

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Module 7 - 2

Metric System
Le System Internationale dUnites or :

SI
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Resistance to SI
Economic Unfamiliarity Not invented here Requires effort Others?

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Module 7 - 4

SI Advantages
Simple base units Worldwide usage Based on powers of 10 Simple decimal system

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Module 7 - 5

ANSI/AWS A1.1 - 98

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Module 7 - 6

U.S. Customary System

Complicated Awkward Confusing Used only by U.S.

But we are familiar with it, and we love it!

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Module 7 - 7

U.S. System - 1 of 2
Length - Inch, foot, yard, etc. Mass - Ounce, pound, ton, etc.

Volume - Ounce, pint, quart, etc Area - Square feet, acre, etc

Others - Various units

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Module 7 - 8

U.S. System - 2 of 2
Conversion factors are not in multiples of 10 12 inches per foot 36 inches per yard 5,280 feet per mile 1,760 yards per mile et cetera, et cetera

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SI System - Table 7.1

Length - Meter Mass Area - Kilogram - Square meters Volume - Liter Others - One base unit

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Only one unit for each type of measurement

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Module 7 - 10

AWS SI Version
Note: The true SI system uses the gram (g) for mass but AWS in A1.1-98 has selected the kilogram (kg) as the base unit for mass. This was done to simplify the welding usage of mass.

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Module 7 - 11

SI System Prefixes - Table 7.2

Based on powers of 10 Preferred units in multiples of 103 Kilo Mega Milli Micro

k M m

1,000 1,000,000 - 1/1,000 - 1/1,000,000 -

103 106 10-3 10-6

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Module 7 - 12

SI Welding Units - Table 7.3

Deposition rate Flow rate Tensile strength Travel speed Wire feed speed Pressure

kg/hr L/min MPa mm/s mm/s kPa

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Module 7 - 13

Positive & Negative Numbers - 1 of 2

Addition and Subtraction 5 added to 7 = 12 11 minus 6 = 5 5 added to a -7 = -2

a -3 added to a -4 = -7 5 minus a -8 = +13 a -8 minus a -4 = -4 a -9 minus 6 = -15

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Module 7 - 14

Positive & Negative Numbers - 2 of 2

Multiplication and Division (-6) x (-5) = +30 (-5) x (3) = -15 (-6) (2) = -3 (8) (-4) = -2 (-9) (-3) = +3

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Scientific Notation
SN

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Writing a number such that the decimal point is always moved to the immediate right of the first digit not zero, and its relative size expressed as an exponent (power of ten).

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Module 7 - 16

Exponents - Positive Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 580 = 1) 101 = 10 102 = 100 103 = 1,000 106 = 1,000,000 Positive Exponents = Numbers greater than 1

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Module 7 - 17

Exponents - Negative Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 250 = 1) 10-1 = 0.1 read as one tenth 10-2 = 0.01 read as one hundredth 10-3 = 0.001 read as one thousandth 10-6 = 0.000001 read as one millionth Negative Exponents = Numbers less than 1

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Module 7 - 18

SN Examples
234 5,678 0.0234 0.000567 = 2.34 x 102 = 5.678 x 103 = 2.34 x 10-2 = 5.67 x 10-4

In the first answer example above, 2.34 is called the root, 10 is the base, and the 2 is the exponent

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SN Advantages
Simplifies very large numbers Simplifies very small numbers A decimal system Based on powers of ten Simplifies calculations

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Module 7 - 20

Conversion Example 1 & 2

70,000 psi = ?? Pa (1 psi = 6,895 Pa) 70,000 x 6,895 = 482,650,000 Pa = 4.8265 x 10+8 Pa

But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So, 70,000 psi = ?? Mpa (1 psi = 6.895 x 10-3 MPa) (70,000) x (6.895 x 10-3 ) = 482.65 MPa

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Module 7 - 21

Number Position & Name - Ex. 3

For the number: 1,234,567.987654
To the left of the decimal : 7 in units position 6 in tens position 5 in hundreds position 4 in thousands position 3 in ten thousands 2 in hundred thousands 1 in millionths position To the right of the decimal : 9 in tenths position 8 in hundredths position 7 in thousandths position 6 in ten thousandths 5 in hundred thousandths 4 in millionths

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Module 7 - 22

Exponential Multiplication - Ex. 4

Multiply the two roots in the normal fashion, and then add exponent powers to get exponent value : (2.0 x 103) x (1.0 x 108) x (3.5 x 10-3) x (5 x 102) x (1.5 x 105) (4.5 x 107) (2.0 x 106) (12 x 10-6) = 3.0 x 108 = 4.5 x 1015 = 7.0 x 103 = 60 x 10-4 or, as follows: = 6.0 x 10-3
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Module 7 - 23

Exponential Division - Ex. 5

Divide the two roots in the normal fashion, and then subtract the second exponent from the first to get final exponent value : (3.0 x 104 ) (1.5 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 102 (6.0 x 10-7 ) (3.0 x 103 ) = 2.0 x 10 -10 (4.5 x 104 ) (1.5 x 10 -5 ) = 3.0 x 109 (8.0 x 10 -6 ) (2.0 x 10 -9 ) = 4.0 x 103

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Module 7 - 24

Addition With Exponents - Ex. 6

Same exponent required prior to adding; usually change the exponent of the smaller value for ease of operation : (2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) (0.23 x 105 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ?? = 3.77 x 105

(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = ?? (0.0378 x 10-4 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = 7.4878 x 10 -4

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Module 7 - 25

Subtraction With Exponents - Ex. 7

Same exponent required prior to adding; usually change the exponent of the smaller value for ease of operation : (7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 ) (7.8 x 106 ) - (0.094 x 106 ) = ?? = 7.706 x 106

(3.9 x 10-4 ) - (6.1 x 10 -5 ) (3.9 x 10 -4 ) - (0.61 x 10 -4 )

= ?? = 3.29 x 10 -4

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Module 7 - 26

Rounding Off Rules

Rule 1 - Increase the last retained digit by one if the next digit to its right is 5 or larger Rule 2 - Retain the last digit unchanged if the next digit to its right is less than 5.

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Module 7 - 27

Rounding Off - Example 8

8,937 = 9,000 Rounded to the nearest thousand 8,937 = 8,900 Rounded to the nearest hundred 8,937 = 8,940 Rounded to the nearest ten

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Module 7 - 28

Rounding Off - Example 9

4.4638 = 4 4.4638 = 4.5 4.4638 = 4.46 4.4638 = 4.464

Rounded to the nearest unit Rounded to the nearest tenth Rounded to the nearest hundredth Rounded to the nearest thousandth

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Module 7 - 29

Rounding Errors
Rounding should always be done in a single step to avoid rounding errors.

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Module 7 - 30

Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes can substitute for the exponential form to simplify handling large or small numbers.

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Module 7 - 31

Metric Prefix Example 10

456,000,000 Pa 56 km 234,000 mm 456 g = 456 MPa = 56,000 m = 234 m = 0.456 kg

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Module 7 - 32

Conversion Factors
To aid in converting values from one system to another, conversion tables have been prepared.

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Module 7 - 33

Conversion Example 11
Convert 40.0 psi to kPa Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895 40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa 275.8 kPa rounds to 2.76 x 102 kPa

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Module 7 - 34

Conversion Example 12
Convert 625 MPa to psi Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x 102 625 MPa x 1.450 x 102 = 906.25 x 102 = 9.06 x 104 psi

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Module 7 - 35

Conversion Example 13
Convert 5/32 (0.156) to mm Conversion factor, inches to mm = 25.4 0.156 x 25.4 = 3.9624 mm = 3.96 mm

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Module 7 - 36

Conversion Example 14
Convert 7.3 kg/h to lb/h Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h = 2.205 7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h = 16 lb/h

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Module 7 - 37

Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 C to 0F Conversion Factor (formula) is : (0C x 1.8) + 32 = 0F (100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32 = 212 F

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Module 7 - 38

Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 F to 0C Conversion Factor (formula) is : (0F - 32) 1.8 = 0C (100 - 32) 1.8 = 68 1.8 = 37.8 0C

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Module 7 - 39

Style and Usage - A1.1

Use prefixes where possible Use steps of 1,000 Do not mix, unless warranted Capitalization rules Plurals Punctuation Number grouping

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