WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
A ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES
Learning Outc !e": You should be able to: state the meaning of electrolyte, classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes. relate the presence of freely moving ions to electrical conductivity.

Activity 1 1. State the meaning of electrolyte: An electrolyte is a substance that can conduct (a) in (b) state or (c) . (d). and undergo (e) (f)....................... 2. A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct (g). either in (h). state or (i).. solution. 3. Ionic com ounds in molten state or in a!ueous solution are electrolytes because these substances contain freely (") . .

#. $o%alent com ounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain neutral (&) ................... and no freely (l) 'o(e%er)

certain co%alent com ounds such as hydrogen chloride) ammonia and ethanoic acid (hen dissol%ed in (ater are electrolytes. *his is because these com ounds react (ith (ater to roduce freely (m) ..

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

+. Ionic com ounds in molten state or in a!ueous solution are electrolytes (hile co%alent com ounds and ionic com ounds in solid state are non-electrolytes. ,etals are nonelectrolytes but are good conductors of electricity. C#a""i$y t%e "u&"tance" in t%e te't & ' &e# ( int e#ectr #yte an) n n-e#ectr #yte Solid lead(II) chloride) molten aluminium o-ide) lead(II) nitrate solution) solid sodium chloride) sodium chloride solution) magnesium) molten lead(II) chloride) glucose solution) glacial ethanoic acid) dilute ethanoic acid) molten na hthalene) ethanol) sil%er) tetrachloromethane) sodium hydro-ide solution) a!ueous ammonia

E#ectr #yte

N n-e#ectr #yte

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

* ELECTROLYSIS O+ MOLTEN COMPO,NDS

Learning Outc !e": You should be able to: describe electrolysis, describe electrolytic cell, identify cations and anions in a molten compound, describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in molten state, describe electrolysis of a molten compound, write half-equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode, predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds.

Activity 1. .hat do you understand by the term electrolysis/ 0lectrolysis is a rocess (hereby com ounds in (a) .................... or (b) .. states are bro&en do(n (or decom osed) into their constituent (c) by assing (d) . through them. 2. Anode is the electrode (hich is connected to the (e) . terminal of a battery. 3. $athode is the electrode (hich is connected to the (f) terminal of a battery. #. $arbon or latinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or unreacti%e. +. *he diagram belo( sho(s the set-u of a aratus of electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. 1ame the main a aratus and materials in the diagram.

Activity . 1. 2iagram 3.1 sho(s the relationshi bet(een the resence of freely mo%ing ions and electrical conducti%ity. *he bo- belo( sho(s a list of statements that e- lain the (hy ionic com ound in solid state do not conduct electricity but (ill conduct electricity in a!ueous solution. *he statements are arranged in random order. $hoose the correct statement from the bo- belo( and (rite it into the correct te-t bo- in 2iagram 3.1.

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

2uring electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions (hich are in fi-ed osition and not freely mo%ing. In solid state) sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a lattice. 0lectric circuit is com lete due to the flo( of electrons along the connecting (ires and mo%ement of ions in the solution. If the electrodes are laced further a art) the ammeter reading (ill decrease because there (ill be an increase in internal resistance. A!ueous sodium chloride contains freely mo%ing ions to conduct electricity.

Diagra! ./1 2. $olour all the cations red and the anions blue in solid sodium chloride and in the electrolyte in 2iagram 3.1 abo%e.

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Activity 0 1. 3i%en belo( is a list of ionic com ounds in molten state. Identify the cation and anion in each electrolyte. E#ectr #yte 1M #ten2 Sodium chloride 4ead(II) o-ide 5otassium bromide 2. 3i%en belo( is a list of electrolytes and roducts discharged at both electrodes. 6ased on the gi%en substance discharged at the electrode) (rite a half e!uation to re resent the reaction occurring at the electrode. E#ectr #yte 1! #ten2 Su&"tance )i"c%arge) at t%e e#ectr )e" an) t%e %a#$ e3uati n An )e (i) Aluminium o-ide 7-ygen gas 'alf e!uation: Cat% )e Aluminium 'alf e!uation: Cati n Na!e Ani n + r!u#a Na!e + r!u#a

.. .. (ii) 5otassium iodide Iodine 'alf e!uation: (iii) Sodium chloride $hlorine gas 'alf e!uation: 5otassium 'alf e!uation: .. Sodium 'alf e!uation:

.. . (i%) 8inc bromide 6romine gas 'alf e!uation: 8inc 'alf e!uation:

.. .

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Activity 4 1 *he flo( chart belo( is used to redict the roducts formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide.

Molten lead(II) bromide Consists of (Ions that are present)

a

( Movement of ions) To anode To cathode (Half equation) At Anode At Cathode (Products formed) At Anode At Cathode

2. In the s aces belo() dra( a similar flo( chart (as in !uestion 1) to redict the roducts formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten 9inc chloride) 8n$l2. C ELECTROLYSIS O+ A5,EO,S SOL,TION

Learning Outc !e": You should be able to: identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution, describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution, explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution, write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode, predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

Activity 6 1. State three factors that may influence the selecti%e discharge of ions during the electrolysis of an a!ueous solution. (a) (b) . (c) .

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

2. In an a!ueous solution of sodium chloride) a art from sodium ions) 1a: and chloride ions) $l-- ) ions) and .ions) from the slight dissociation of (ater are also resent. 3. 4ist the electrochemistry series (cations and anions) in order of increasing ease of discharge. Ease of discharge increases $ation: . Anion: .. #. *he follo(ing statements refer to the factors that affect the electrolysis of an a!ueous solution. ;ill in the blan&s. (a) (b) *he ions that are laced in the electrochemical series (ill be .. discharged. If the concentration of a articular ion is ) the ion is .. (c) In the electrolysis of co er(II) sul hate) $uS7# ..using co er

electrodes) no ions are discharged at the anode. Instead) the co and in the electrolyte.

er anode

Activity 6 *he diagram belo( sho(s the set-u of a aratus of an electrolytic cell containing concentrated co er(II) sul hate solution. *(o test tubes filled (ith co er(II) sul hate solution (ere laced o%er the electrodes 7 and 8 to collect any gas e%ol%ed. *he s(itch is then turned on so that electrolysis of co er(II) sul hate solution can occur.

(a) Identify the cations and the anions resent in the a!ueous solution. $ations: .. Anions: .. (b) Identify (hich electrode ( < or = ) is the anode and the cathode:

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Anode .. $athode . (c) (i) .hich ion is selecti%ely discharge at the anode/ (ii) 3i%e a reason for your ans(er in (c) (i). .. ... (iii) .hat do you obser%e at the anode/ (i%) 3i%e one test to confirm the gas released at =. . (%) .rite a half e!uation to re resent the discharge of ions at anode. . (d) (i) .hich ion is selecti%ely discharge at the cathode/ (ii) 3i%e a reason for your ans(er in (d) (i) . (iii) .hich do you obser%e at the cathode/ (i%) .rite a half e!uation to re resent the discharge of ions at the cathode. . . (e) .hat do you obser%e about the co er(II) sul hate solution/

..

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Activity 9 T%e ta&#e &e# ( "% (" t%ree e#ectr #ytic ce##" (it% )i$$erent e#ectr #yte" an) )i$$erent e#ectr )e"/ Y u are re3uire) t an"(er eac% "ecti n &y (riting y ur an"(er in t%e ":ace" :r vi)e)/ 1! In the diagrams) label the cathode (ith the symbol >? and the anode (ith the symbol >:?. 2. Sho( the direction of the flo( of the electrons (ith arro(heads) > @ > 3. .rite the formula of all ions in the electrolyte. #. .rite the formula of ions (hich are attracted to the cat% )e. Anderline the formula of ion (hich is selecti%ely discharged. +. .rite the half e!uation to re resent the reaction at the cat% )e. B. .hat (ill you obser%e at the cat% )e/

C. .rite the formula of ions (hich are attracted to the an )e. Anderline the formula of ion (hich is selecti%ely discharged. D. .rite the half e!uation to re resent the reaction at the an )e. E. .hat (ill you obser%e at the an )e/

"

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

ELECTROLYSIS IN IND,STRIES

Learning Outc !e": You should be able to: state uses of electrolysis in industries, explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries, write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries, justify uses of electrolysis in industries, describe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry .

Activity ; 1. ;ill in the blan&s. *he a lication of electrolysis in industries are (a) .

(b) and (c) In the e-traction of aluminium from its ore) (d) . electrodes are used and (e) ... is added to aluminium o-ide to lo(er its melting oint. In urification of metals) the ure metal is made the (f) .. and the im ure metal is made the (g) .. *he electrolyte used is an a!ueous salt solution of the metal ions. In electro lating of metals) the (h) ...is made the anode and the (i) to be (") ...... is made the cathode. *he electrolyte used is an a!ueous salt solution of the electro lating metal. *he ur oses of electro lating metals are to ma&e the electro lated ob"ect more (&) .. and (l) .. to corrosion. 2. 6elo( are sho(n the three uses of electrolysis in industries. ;ill in the blan&s. 0-traction of aluminium from bau-ites 1. Substance used as cathode and anode 2. 0lectrolyte used 3. 'alf e!uation re resenting the rocess. $athode: Anode: $athode: Anode: $athode: Anode: $athode: Anode: 5urification of co er from im ure mined co er $athode: Anode: 0lectro lating of iron s oon (ith sil%er $athode: Anode

1#

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

<OLTAIC CELLS
Learning utc !e": You should be able to: describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and #aniell cell, explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell, explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and #aniell cell, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various voltaic cells, describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells.

Activity 1=

1. A sim le %oltaic cell can be constructed by immersing t(o .

metals in an . connected by 2. In a %oltaic cell) energy is con%erted to . energy. 3. *'0 040$*F7$'0,I$A4 S0FI0S is an arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. $om lete the table belo(. E#ectr c%e!ica# "erie" $ !eta#" = Cati n $ r!e) an) nu!&er $ e#ectr n1"2 re#ea"e) )uring t%e :r ce"" =: : e

Al

Al3: : 3e

*endency $ !eta# at !" t ) nate e#ectr n" to form ions increa"e"

G ote: !ydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical "eries.

11

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

#. *he diagram belo( sho(s an e-am le of a sim le %oltaic cell.

In the te-t bo- belo( are sentences e- laining the roduction of electricity from a sim le %oltaic cell. *he sentences are listed in random order. Hou are re!uired to arrange these sentences in the best ossible order so as to gi%e a clear descri tion of the reactions occurring in a sim le %oltaic cell. An e-am le of a sim le %oltaic cell is a magnesium stri and a co er stri immersed in dilute sodium chloride solution. *he electrons then flo(s from the magnesium ribbon to the co er late through the (ire and this results in the flo( of electrical current. 'ence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a co er atom and the magnesium act as the negati%e terminal of the cell. *he o%erall e!uation for the reaction is gi%en as follo(s. ,g(s) : 2':(a!) ,g2:(a!) : '2(g) ,agnesium is laced higher than co er in the electrochemical series. At the negati%e terminal) each magnesium atom releases t(o electrons and the ,g2: formed mo%ed into the solution. ,g(s) ,g2: (a!) : 2e At the ositi%e terminal (hich is the co er late) the electrons are acce ted by the ': ions in sodium chloride solution. 2': : 2e '2 (g) I$f you have any problem, you can refer to page %&' of the text boo( for guidance.) Ans(er: (a) (b) (c) ..

12

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

(d) (e) (f) (g) . .. Activity 11 1. (a) 2ra( and label the set-u of a aratus of a 2aniell cell consisting of a salt bridge.

(b) (i) .hich metal in the 2aniell cell is the negati%e terminal/ (ii) 3i%e reason for your ans(er in (b)(i). (iii) .rite a half e!uation to re resent the reaction occurring at the negati%e terminal. . (c) .rite a half e!uation to re resent reaction at ositi%e terminal. (d) .hat do you obser%e at (i) negati%e terminal .. (ii) ositi%e terminal .. (e) State t(o functions of the salt bridge. 1. .. 2.

13

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

2. *he table belo( listed are fi%e ty es of %oltaic cells commonly used in our daily li%es. 0ach %oltaic cell has its ad%antages and disad%antages. $om lete the table by stating the ad%antages and disad%antages of each %oltaic cell. A)vantage" < #taic ce## 1. 4ead-acid accumulator

Di"a)vantage"

2. 2ry cell

3. ,ercury cell

#. Al&aline cell

+. 1ic&el-cadmium cell

Activity 1.hat are the differences bet(een an electrolytic cell and a %oltaic cell/ *able 12.1 are statements sho(ing differences bet(een an electrolytic cell and a %oltaic cell. $om lete *able 12.2 by choosing the correct matching statements. It does not re!uire a source of electric current *he electrical energy causes chemical reactions to occur at the electrodes. 0lectrical energy chemical energy *he electrodes must be of t(o different metals 0lectrons flo( from the ositi%e electrode (anode) to the negati%e electrode (cathode). Ions recei%e electrons at the ositi%e terminal. (Feduction) Ions recei%e electrons at the negati%e terminal. (Feduction) It re!uires a source of electric current *he chemical reaction that occur at the electrodes roduces electric current. $hemical energy electrical energy *he electrodes may be of the same material such as carbon 0lectrons flo( from the more electro ositi%e metal (negati%e terminal) to the less electro ositi%e metal ( ositi%e terminal). Ions donate electrons at the ositi%e terminal. (7-idation)

Ions donate electrons at the negati%e terminal. (7-idation) Ta&#e 1-/1

14

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

E#ectr #ytic ce##

DI++ERENCES A":ect

C%e!ica# ce##

S urce $ e#ectric current C nver"i n $ energy Ty:e $ e#ectr )e" Directi n $ $# ( $ e#ectr n" Ty:e $ reacti n at : "itive ter!ina# Ty:e $ reacti n at negative ter!ina# Ta&#e 1-/-

15

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

Learning Outc !e": You should be able to: describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series, construct the electrochemical series, explain the importance of electrochemical series, predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution, write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions.

Activity 1. *hree e- eriments (ere conducted to in%estigate the otential differences bet(een three airs of metals in a %oltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four metals 5) J) S and * is then constructed based on the otential difference obtained. *hree air of metals used as electrodes in different %oltaic cells are: 5 and J) J and S and S and *. All the metals are cleaned (ith sand a er before used. +K cm3 of 1.K mol dm-3 sodium nitrate solution is oured into a bea&er as electrolyte. 0- eriment I *he electrodes 5 and J are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to a %oltmeter using co er (ires. E#ectr )e 5 i" t%e : "itive ter!ina# . *he %oltmeter reading is recorded. 0- eriment II *he electrodes J and S are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to a %oltmeter using co er (ire. E#ectr )e 5 i" t%e : "itive ter!ina# . *he %oltmeter reading is recorded. 0- eriment III *he electrodes S and * are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to a %oltmeter using co er (ire. E#ectr )e T i" t%e : "itive ter!ina# . *he %oltmeter reading is recorded. 6ased on 0- eriment I) II and III) ans(er the !uestions belo(. (a) Fecord the %oltmeter reading of each e- eriment in the s aces ro%ided. 0- eriment 1 0- eriment II 0- eriment III

1 2
#

3 $

1 2 6
#

3 $

1 2 6
#

4 $

Loltmeter reading: .

Loltmeter reading:

Loltmeter reading: ...

(b) $onstruct a table to record the data from the abo%e e- eriments.

16

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

(c) 4ist the a A

aratus and materials that you (ill need to carry out this e- eriment.

aratus: .

.. ,aterials: .. (d) State all the %ariables: 1. ,ani ulated %ariable: .. 2. 3. Fes onding %ariable: . $ontrolled %ariable:

(e) State the hy othesis: . .. (f) 6ased on the information obtained in 0- eriment I) (hat can you infer about metal 5 and J/ (g) .rite a half e!uation for the reaction occurring in negati%e of 0- eriment I) assuming the cation has a :2 charge. . (h) Arrange the metals 5) J) S and * in descending order of their tendency to donate electrons. ... (i) Another %oltaic cell is set-u using metals * and J as electrodes. 5redict the otential difference roduced in the cell. .. (") 3i%en that metal M is laced bet(een metal S and metal J in the electrochemical series) can metal M dis lace metal S from its salt solution/ 3i%e an e- lanation for your ans(er . . (&) 3i%en that co er is more electro ositi%e than metal *) a dis lacement reaction (ill occur (hen co er is immersed into a salt solution of metal *) *173. .rite the chemical e!uation for this reaction. . (l) State three im ortant uses of the electrochemical series .. . ...

17