PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MWF 11:30-12:30 PAULA ROSHEL S. PERALTA DON JARREL CAPISTRANO LORENZO MEDINA ALEXANDROUZ BALAORO ROJEME SAPNO LOIS OCOMA BS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 1312255

THE PHILIPPINES AND THE PEOPLE

The Philippines is an archipelago with a tropical climate and a mountainous terrain. It is located a little above the equator and bounded by the Pacific Ocean, the China Sea and the Celebes Sea. It lies some 600 miles southeast of the coast of mainland Asia and is strung on the north-south axis, bounded by China to the north and Indonesia and North Kalimantan to the south.

The Philippines is an archipelago composed of 7,107 islands and islets. There are three majorislands in the Philippines. The largest of these islands is Luzon which is approximately 40,814 sq. miles.Second largest is Mindanao which is approximately 36,906 sq. miles. These two islands comprise exactlytwo-thirds of the total land area of the Philippines. While the smallest of the three major islands wasVisayas.The Filipinos during the pre-colonial era were completely different from the current Filipinos.Different in terms of houses, mode of dressing, ornaments, society, laws, customs, religion, rites,practices, education, literature, music and dances, arts, and their government systems.One of the typical ancient Filipino houses was made of bamboo, wood nipa palm, cogon, orwhatever native materials found in the area. This mode of housing was popularly known to us today asbahay-kubo

. Their modes of dressing were different from ours today. Male Filipinos wore collarlessshort-sleeved jacket called the Kanggan as the upper part of their clothing. The lower part of theirclothing was the bahag which is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between legs. On theother hand, women wore baro or camisa as the upper part of their clothing. The skirt of the lower part wascalled saya and among the Visayans the patadyong. They also had no shoes. They walked bare-footed buthad gold anklets.Ancient Filipinos also has their own fashion in terms of their ornaments. Gold was their commonarmlets, rings, necklaces, bracelets and pendants. They even used gold as fillings between their teeths. .

Tattoos were adorned in their bodies and faces. For men, it represents their war record as to how manyenemies a warrior killed, the more tattooed he was. For women, they had tattoos to enhance their beautyas men find tattooed women attractive. Nowadays, gold are still used as an ornament but this is onlyexclusive for women. While tattoos nowadays are considered as expression of art and is most commonlyseen to men.Their society was also divided into three social classes: the nobles, the free men and thedependents or the alipins. The chiefs, their families and relatives composed the upper class or nobility.The middle class or freemen who were usually free-born persons or freed slaves constituted the majorityof the social classes. The alipins belonged to the lowest class. This only shows inequality towards society.That is why nowadays, everyone in the society is equal no matter how rich or poor they are

Women in ancient Filipino society are recognized as equal of men. Why? Its bec ause they couldsucceed as rulers of the barangay. They could engage in trade and commerce and they had the exclusiveright of naming their children. Women were regarded highly during pre-Spanish times. One could even bepunished severely as to enslave him for insulting any woman of rank, or taking away her robe in publicand leaving her naked, or causing her to flee or defend herself so that it falls off. This precolonialconcept of decency quite coincides with our current concept of respect to women.Their political unit was the barangay, which was composed of 30-100 families. This barangaywas ruled by a chieftain called Datu, Hari or Rajah. Each barangay was independent and was considered village state for having the elements of statehood

The Philipines consists of 7,100 islands and islets with a total land area of 115,000 square miles. The two largest islands which are at the same time principal regions are Luzon and Mindanao. The former has a total land area of 54,000 square miles and the latter has 37,000 square miles. The third principal region is the group of islands and islets called the Visayas in the central part of the archipelago. The irregular coastline of the whole country extends to a little less than 11,000 miles.

All the islands are seasonally inundated by river systems flowing from mountains. The plains and valleys are well-populated. The mountains, many of which are volcanic in origin, the extensive river sytems and the tropical climate endow the Philippines wiht extremely fertile agricultural lands suitable for a wide variety of crops for food and industrial use. It has vast forest, mineral, marines and power resources. Its forests cover a little over onethird of the land.

Its mineral resources include iron, gold, copper, nickel, oil, coal, chrome, and so many others. Its principal rivers can be controlled to irrigate fields continuously and also to provide electricity to every part of the country. It has rich inland and sea fishing grounds. Numerous fine harbors and landlocked straits are available for building up the maritime industry.

If the natural wealth of the Philipines were to be tapped and developed by the Filipino people themselves for their own benefit, it would be more than enough to sustain a population that is several times bigger than the present one. However, U.S. imperialism, domestic feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism prevent the Filipino people from making use of their natural resources to their own advantage. As of now, U.S. imperialism and all of its lackeys exploit these natural resources for their own selfish profit and according to their narrow schemes at the expense of the toiling masses.

The Filipino people have been generated by several racial stocks. The main racial stock is Malay, which accounts for more than 85 per cent. Other significant factors in the racial composition of the people are Indonesian and Chinese. The Arab, Indian, Spanish, American and Negrito factors are present, but only to a marginal degree. The national minorities of today comprise at least 10 percent of the population. They inhabited the greater part of the archipelago until a few decades ago when landgrabbers started to dispossess and oppress them. They have been set apart from the rest of the people principally by Christian chauvinism employed by Spanish colonialism and U.S. imperialism, as in the case of the Muslims in Mindanao and the nonChristian mountain tribes all over the country. There is also Malay racism bred by foreign and feudal exploiters of the people. This is often directed against the Chinese and the Aetas. To this day, there are more than 100 languages and dialects. The nine most widely spoken are Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Subuhanon, Bicol, Pampango, Pangasinan, Samarnon, and Maguindanao. Tagalog is the principal base of the national language which can now be spoken by the majority of the people in varying degrees of fluency

COLONIAL CASTE SYSTEM

The history of racial mixture in the Philippines occurred on a smaller scale than other Spanish territories during the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the 19th century. A caste system, like that used in the Americas (Spanish America), existed in the Philippines, with some major differences. The indigenous peoples of the Philippines were referred to as Indios and Negritos.

TERM

DEFINITION

Term Negrito Indio

Definition person of pure Negrito ancestry person of pure Austronesian ancestry

Moros

person of Muslim faith living in the Philippines

Sangley
Mestizo de Sangley

person of pure Chinese ancestry

person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian ancestry

Mestizo de Espaol

person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian ancestry

Tornatrs

person of mixed Spanish, Austronesian and Chinese ancestry

Filipino/Insulares

person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines

Americanos

person of Criollo (either pure Spanish blood, or mostly), Castizo (1/4 Native American, 3/4 Spanish) or Mestizo (1/2 Spanish, 1/2 Native American) descent born in Spanish America ("from the Americas")

Peninsulares

person of pure Spanish descent born in Spain ("from the Iberian peninsula")

People classified as 'blancos' (whites) were the Filipinos (a person born in the Philippines of pure Spanish descent), peninsulares (a person born in Spain of pure Spanish descent), Espaol mestizos (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian and Spanish ancestry), and tornatrs (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian, Chinese and Spanish ancestry). Manila was racially segregated, with blancos living in the walled city Intramuros, un-Christianized sangleys in Paran, Christianized sangleys and mestizos de sangley in Binondo, and the rest of the 7,000 islands for the indios, with the exception of Cebu and several other Spanish posts. Only mestizos de sangley were allowed to enter Intramuros to work for whites (including mestizos de espanol) as servants and various occupations needed for the colony. Indio was a general term applied to native Austronesians, but as a legal classification, it was only applied to Christianized Austronesians who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies.

People who lived outside of Manila, Cebu, and the major Spanish posts were classified as such: 'Naturales' were Christianized Austronesians of the lowland and coastal towns. The un-Christianized Negritos and Austronesians who lived in the towns were classified as 'salvajes' (savages) or 'infieles' (the unfaithful). 'Remontados' (Spanish for 'situated in the mountains') and 'tulisanes' (bandits) were Austronesians and Negritos who refused to live in towns and took to the hills, all of whom were considered to live outside the social order as Catholicism was a driving force in everyday life, as well as determining social class in the colony.

LANGUAGES

Austronesian languages have been spoken in the Philippines for thousands of years. According to a recent study by Mark Donohue of the Australian National University and Tim Denham of Monash University, there is no linguistic evidence for an orderly north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian languages from Taiwan through the Philippines and into Island Southeast Asia (ISEA).[78] Many adopted words from Sanskrit were incorporated during the Indian cultural influence starting from the 5th century BC, in common with its Southeast Asian neighbours. Starting in the second half of the 16th century, Spanish was the official language of the country for the more than three centuries that the islands were governed through Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire.

LANGUAGES

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Spanish was the preferred language among Ilustradosand educated Filipinos in general. Significant disagreement exists, however, on the extent Spanish use beyond that. It has been argued that the Philippines were less hispanized than Canaries and America, with Spanish only being adopted by the ruling class involved in civil and judicial administration and culture. Spanish was the language of only approximately ten percent of the Philippine population when Spanish rule ended in 1898.[79] As a lingua franca or creole language of Filipinos, major languages of the countrylike Chavacano, Cebuano, Tagalog, Kapampang an, Pangasinan, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, and Ilocano assimilated many different words and expressions from Castilian Spanish.

In sharp contrast, another view is that the ratio of the population which spoke Spanish as their mother tongue in the last decade of Spanish rule was 10% or 14%. An additional 60% is said to have spoken Spanish as a second language until World War II. Various sources reported the widespread use of Spanish by the Philippine population, among them the Secretary of Education during the period of US rule, as well as Henry Ford, who reported what he observed and the Filipino speech that he heard in his travels through the archipelago, sixteen of whose provinces where said to be Spanish-speaking in 1906. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the "official language" of the First Philippine Republic. Spanish continued to be the predominant lingua franca used in the islands and formed a second language for most Filipinos before and during the American colonial regime. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the overall use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

LANGUAGES

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. The Constitution of the Philippines designates Filipino (which is based on Tagalog) as the national language and designates both Filipino and English as official languages. Regional languages are designated as auxiliary official languages. The constitution also provides that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. Other Philippine languages in the country with at least 320,000 native speakers include Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, WarayWaray, Kapampangan, Chavacano (Spanish creole), Northern Bicol, Pangasinan, Southern Bicol, Maranao, Maguindanao, Kinaraya, Tausug, Surigaonon,Masbatenyo, Aklanon, and Ibanag. The 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet, adopted in 1987, is the official writing system.

RELIGION

Most Filipinos today are Christians, with around eighty percent of the population professing Roman Catholicism. The latter was introduced by the Spanish beginning in 1521, and during their 300-year colonization of the islands, they managed to convert a vast majority of Filipinos, resulting in the Philippines becoming the largest Catholic country in Asia. There are also large groups of Protestant denominations, which either grew or were founded following the disestablishment of the Catholic Church during the American Colonial period. The Iglesia ni Cristo is currently the single largest indigenous church, followed by United Church of Christ in the Philippines. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (also known as the Aglipayan Church) was an earlier development, and is a national church directly resulting from the 1898 Philippine Revolution. Other Christian groups such as the Jesus Miracle Crusade Mormonism, Orthodoxy, and the Jehovah's Witnesses have a visible presence in the country.

RELIGION

Other Filipinos follow Islam, forming a large minority. Islam in the Philippines is mostly concentrated in southwestern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Filipino Muslims call themselves Moros, a Spanish word that refers to the Moors (albeit the two groups have little cultural connection other than Islam). Historically, ancient Filipinos held animistic beliefs that were influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, which were brought by traders from neighbouring Asian states. Indigenous groups like the Aeta are Animists, while Igorot and Lumad tribes still observe traditional religious practises, often alongside Christianity or Islam. There is a small minority that practise Chinese religion (mostly Chinese-Filipinos), while smaller groups of other religions, such as Bah', Hinduism, and Judaism, exist amongst primarily expatriate communities.

BEFORE THE COMING OF SPANISH COLONIALISTS

Before the coming of Spanish colonizers, the people of the Philippine archipelago had already attained a semicommunal and semislave social system in many parts and also a feudal system in certain parts, especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a feudal faith as Islam had already taken roots. The Aetas had the lowest form of social organization, which was primitive communal.

The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It was the basic political and economic unit independent of similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small territory. Each was headed by a chieftain called the rajah or datu. Maharlika: an intermediate class of freemen called the Maharlika who had enough land for their livelihood or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in the fields. ion of crimes and captivity in wars between barangays

Timawa: the ruled classes that included the timawa, the serfs who shared the crops with the petty nobility. Alipin: and also the slaves and semislaves who worked without having any definite share in the harvest. There were two kinds of slaves then: those who had their own quarters, the aliping namamahay, and those who lived in their master's house, the aliping sagigilid. One acquired the status of a serf or a slave by inheritance, failure to pay debts and tribute, commiss

PRE- SPANISH PERIOD

Long

before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancientFilipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruledby different chieftains. Although, they were livingseparately, they were similar in many ways, theirreligion, mode of dressing, houses, system ofgovernment and marriage practices and economicactivities, in short, they wee refined and civilized; theypossessed a distinct culture that distinguish them fromother race.

HOUSE

Houses were made of light materials likewood, bamboo and nipa palm. A ladder wasplaced to prevent strangers from intrudingwhen the owner was not around. Strong postat the lower part of the house was enclosed.A jar of heart was placed in a gallery calledbatalan.House Some of them built tree houses to protect themselves againsttheir enemies or from being attacked by wild animals.

DRESS

Dress Male clothing- consisted of the upper and lower parts. The upper part wasa jacket with short sleeves called kangan while the lowerpart was a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and inbetween the legs called bahag. Males used a piece of clothor a headgear called putong.Putong symbolized the number of persons the wearer hadkilled. Female clothing- they wore baro or camisa, a jacket with leeves. The lowerpart was called saya.

SOCIAL CLASSES NOBLES

who werecomposed of rulersand their families,occupied the highestclass. They wereusually addressed asGat, Lakan, Raja orDatu.Freemen werethe working classSlaves wereclassified into two;* Aliping namamahay were not fullpledge slave. They had their ownrespective families and their own houses.They were required to serve their mastersonly during planting and harveting period.* Aliping sagigilid were the real slaves,they were homeless, forbidden to formtheir own families, required to stay in theirmasters dwelling and they could be usedas a payment for debt.

GOVERNMENT

The government was called barangay.There was no national government. There weremany independent barangays and datus. But therewas no datu strong enough to unite the archipelagointo one nation. Some barangays, however, unitedto form a confederation.It was headed by a ruler called datu or raja.

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF DATU

Implementing laws.Maintaining peace and

order.Giving protection to his subjects.He also made the law, with theassistance of group of elders who gaveadvice.(a newly enacted law was madeknown to the public through town criercalled umalokohan)He acted also as a judge during trial.(it was easy for the datu to run for thebarangay since the population was verysmall.

TAXATION
Ancient

Filipinos started the practice of payingtaxes. The purpose of paying taxes was simple,it was for the protection they received from thedatu. The collected tax was called buwis. Thechieftains family members were enjoyingexemption from paying taxes. Non-payment oftaxes was already punishable during this period.

ALLIANCES
Like

community of nations, alliances amongbarangay were formed. The purpose of formingalliances was for trade, peace and mutualprotection.An alliances was sealed through blood compact(sanduguan), to ensure conformity, sincerity andcommitment of the chieftains.

TRIAL AND DETERMINATION OF GUILT

Judicial process was influenced by religion. The manner of determiningguilt of the accused showed the religiosity of the natives.They waited for the intervention of the deities.Their judicial process was called trial by ordeal, example;- Holding lighted candles by the suspected offenders. The man wholecandle died out first would be declared as the culprit.- Another form of this trial was ordering the suspects to plunge intodeep river with their lances. The first come to the surface would beadjudged as the guilty party.Datu served as chief judge who was assisted by group of elders in thebarangay that acted as members of the jury.

COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

The man was required to give a dowry.Bigay-kaya was the type of dowry consisted of a piece ofland or gold.The grooms parent gave a gift called panghimuyat.himaraw was another payment for raising the future brideduring her infancy period, to be paid by the grooms parent also.Including the brides wet nurse received a share of dowry; it wascalled bigay-suso.Mixed marriage, that was marriage between couples belonging todifferent social classes were not common. Early Filipinos practiceddivorce. Several grounds of divorce were:1. Adultery2. Abandonment on the part of the husband3. Cruelty4. And insanity

NATIVES GODS AND GODDESS

supreme being Idiyanale god of agriculture Sidapa god of death Agni god of fire Balangaw god of rainbow Mandarangan god of war Lalahon god of harvest Siginarugan god of hell
Bathala

 They

also believed in the immortality of souls and life after death. There were sacred animals, which they venerate like white monkey (manaul) andcrocodiles. There were aslo sacred place and sacred trees, which nobody was allowed to cutdown. They also worshipped the sun and the moon. Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate deities and spirits. Rewardand punishment after death was dependent upon behavior in this life.Religious Beliefs

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
(witch) dwende (tiny creatures like humans) kapre (tall and apelike creatures smoking cigarettes, usuallyfound on trees. mangkukulam (an old lady capable of harming others usinga doll and a pin) tikbalang (half-man and half-horse creature) tiyanak (a baby that sucks blood on human)
aswang

ORNAMENTS

The natives wore ornament made of gold andprecious stones. Women including men wore armlet,leg lets, bracelets, gold rings and earring. Puttingtattoos in their body was practiced. Males having many tattoos were admired because itsignified bravery in war. They also inserted goldbetween their teeth as an ornament.

EDUCATION

To transmit knowledge, it wasacquired through observation,imitation and practice. There was noformal education during pre-Spanishperiod. Children were taught to readand write by their parents. It was fair tosay that they were literate.The purpose of education during theirtime was for survival. Their father onhunting animals taught males, fishing,agriculture and other economic activities while their mothers in managing the household taught females.

ECONOMIC LIFE
Domestic

trade of different barangays fromdifferent regions and islands were made possibleusing boats.Foreign trade was carried on with countries likeBorneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java and Siam(Thailand).Other means of livelihood were shipbuilding,weaving, poultry raising, mining, weaving andlumbering.

MUSIC

Natives were without a doubt, music lovers. Each communityhad their own sets of musical instrument. In the account ofPigafetta, the official historian of Magellan expedition, womenfrom Cebu were harmoniously playing- cymbals (plantiles)- nose flutes, bamboo mouth organs (aphiw)- brass gong (gansa)- flute (bansic)- long drum (colibao)bamboo harp (subing)- water whistle (paiyak)guitar (bugtot)- xylophone (agong)- drum (tugo)

DANCES The most ancient dances could be traced to the wardance in order to incite the warlike enthusiasm of thenatives. They danced primarily to please their gods, anitos adthe spirit who it was believed, were always jealous ofthe action of the natives. Their dance could be described as the pantomimestoday. They also danced during festivals and other merrymaking occasions.

LANGUAGE
Eight are considered major languages: -Tagalog -Ilocos -Pangasinan -Pampangan -Sugbuhanon -Hiligaynon -Magindanaw -Samarnon

SYSTEM OF WRITING

They also had their system of writing. The

ancient Filipinos alphabet consisted of three vowels and fourteen consonants.Natives wrote on many different materials; leaves, palm fronds,tree bark and fruit rinds, but the most common material was bamboo. Alibata ancientPhilippinealphabet.

ORAL LITERATURE
-maxims (sabi) -Bugtong (riddles) -Boat song (talindaw) -Victory songs (tagumpay) -Lullaby (uyayi) -Wedding song (ihiman) -War song (kumintang) etc

WRITTEN LITERATURE
Biag

ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano epic) -Indarapatra at Sulayman and Bidasari (Muslim Epics) -Handiong (Bicolanos)Literature