.

A , B , C , ... a , b , c , ...
a A ,
a A , , a A .
F E F E E F ,
F E ; ,
F ,
S F , E ,
:
F = { x E; x

S F } .

x E S F ,
F = - . .
:

X = { x R; x 2 1 = 0} , X = { 1,1}
X ={ x R; x 2 +1 = 0} , X =

-
1 .
:
.
: A B A
B B
A .
:

A = { a,b, c} , B = { b, c, a} , A = B .
A = { a, a , a,b,b} , B = { a,b} , A = B .

A B , .
A B . A B , , A B , B A ,
A B .
: PS S PS = { X ; X
X PS X S .
:

S = { a,b, c} PS = { { a,b, c} ,{ a,b} ,{ b, c} ,{ a, c} ,{ a} ,{ b} ,{ c} , }

S} .

: A B C
A ,
B ,
( ). A B
A B ; C = A B .
:

A = {1,2} , B = { 2,3,6,7} ; A B = {1,2,3,6,7}

, A1 , A2 , , An ,
:
A A A = A .
n

Ai ,

i =1

i =1

i =1,2,3,... ,

A = A1 A2 An

:
1. A A = A ;
2. A B = B A - ;
3. A ( B C ) = ( A B ) C - ;
: A B C
A
B ; , :
A B = C , C = { x ; x A, x B} .

: A B : A B = ,
.
.
: { I k } ,
I k = { x ; 2k 1 < x < 2k, k N } .

.
, :
1. A A = A ;
2. A B = B A - ;
3. A ( B C ) = ( A B ) C - ;

 A1 , A2 , , An
:
n

A
i =1

= A1 A2 An

:
, .
A ( B C ) = ( A B ) ( A C ) .

: a b ,
, a < b , :
( a,b) { x ; a < x < b} ,
[ a,b] { x ; a x b}

: A B ,

A\ B ,

A B , .

A \ B = { x; x A, x B}

, . A B

A\B B\ A

: A = (1,3)
B = (2,5) .
A \ B = (1,2] , B \ A = [3,5) .
A B , .
A B = , :

A \ B = A , B \ A = B .
A :

A\ A =

A\ = A.

: A B
, .

A\ B B\ A

A B = ( A \ B) ( B \ A )

A B , .
A B = A B ,

A B = ,

A\B = A B\ A = B.

A B
:

A B = ( A \ B) ( B \ A) = (B \ A) ( A \ B) = B A

: A B
: A = (1,3) B = (2,5) . :

A B = (1,3) (2,5) = [ (1,3) \ (2,5)] [ (2,5) \ (1,3)] = (1,2] [3,5) .

(1,2] [3,5) = [3,5) (1,2]

(1,3) (2,5) = ( 2,5) (1,3) .

: A B . A B (
A B ) :

B \ A = CB A .
A :
C A A = C A = A

A\ A =

A\ = A.

: ( a,b) (
)
, .
( a,b) (c, d ) a = c
b = d ; ( a,b) (b, a )
a = b .
: ( x , y )
x , y ( x , y ) .


: A B
A B
A ,
B :
A B = { ( a,b); a A , b B}

: A = {1,2,3}
A B B A .

B = { x , y} .

A B = { (1, x ), (2, x ), (3, x ), (1, y ), (2, y ), (3, y )}

B A = { ( x ,1),( x , 2),( x , 3),( y,1),( y, 2),( y, 3)}

A B B A ,
.
A A A 2 ;
R R = R 2 , .
R R = { ( x , y ); x R, y R} .

A , B , C ,
A B C
A , B , C ,
.
A B C = { ( a,b, c ); a A , b B, c C} .
R R R R 3
:
R R R = R 3 = { ( x , y, z ); x R, y R, z R} .

, n A1 , A2 , , An ,
:
A1 A2 An = { ( a1 , a2 , , an ); a1 A1 , a2 A2 , , an An }

n -
A1 , A2 , ... , n - An .

 R R R = R n n .