Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fault Calculation: Objectives
Fault Calculation: Objectives
Fault Calculation: Objectives
Objectives
- Protection Design - Circuit Breaker Rating (fault level) - Transmission Planning - Operational Planning - Substation safety - Interference study - Circuit Rating Circuit Breaker (CB) rating and Fault level
Under normal (healthy) condition, the CB will experience a voltage Vrated Under fault, the CB has to clear a fault IF (much greater than normal load current). The CB rating is often expressed MVA Fault level = 3 Vrated IF Per unit fault level = ( 3 Vrated IF) /( 3 Vbase Ibase) =IF/Ibase=IF pu (pu fault current) because Vbase is Vrated
Assumptions No shunt elements 1. a) No shunt capacitor nor reactor b) Tx Tap ratio t = 1 c) B=0 (cable, line) 2. Iload = 0 3. Eg = V(=1 pu) for all nodes and machine.
Worked examples
2-bus system A 33kV bus-j of fault level of 250MVA is connected to bus-k by a 1.089ohm cable. Determine the fault current at bus-k. (Use 100MVA base.) At bus-j, IF=250/100pu=2.5pu, Xg=1/2.5=0.4pu Xt=1.089100/332=0.1pu At bus-k, IF=V/Xth = 1/(0.4+0.1)=1/0.5pu 2pu Since Ibase=Sbase/(3 Vbase)=100/(333) =1.75kA, IF=21.75=3.5kA 4-bus system (p173 Jones) Thevenin XG=0.4pu for generator, XM=0.5pu for motor, and XL=0.92 for each line. By network reduction, the final Xth at bus F is 0.345pu and IF=1/0.345=2.9pu
Very often, the pu source reactance is obtained by XS=1/IF (assuming ES=1). Strictly speaking, it is only valid if IF2=0. The most appropriate method is to use fault infeed IF1 such that XS=1/I F1, instead of fault level IF.
If =
Eg Xg + Xt
V + Il Xg + Xt
I=YV
where, e.g. for a 2-node system,
Eg
Xg
Xt
= Io + Il =3 f
= fault current with load ignored Io f Conclusion: The fault current equals to summation of fault current with load ignored and load current. Discrepancies Since Il is normally a fraction of If, the fault current appears negligible changes with load (e.g. between peak and light). e.g. If =5, Il (peak)=1, Il (light)=0.5, then If(peak)=6, If(light)=5.5 Reasons of discrepancy: - Number of generators neglected - Transformer tap neglected - Number of parallel circuits (e.g. Tx) neglected - Outages of some cables to reduce MVAr generation at mid-night
Y=
Ya + Yb Yb
Yb Yb + Yc
Yb Ya Yc
If a current is injected into node k only, the voltage can be calculated by V = Y-1 I = Z I
V1 M Vj
Z11 L Z j1 M
Z1k M Z jk
0 M = Ik M 0
Z1k M Z jk M Z kk M Ik
M = M Vk Z k1 L M M
M Z kk L M
kth column
By Ohms law
Z eq =
Vk Z kk I k = = Z kk Ik Ik -----------(1)
Open-circuit voltage Voc = prefault voltage = normal (loadflow) voltage Voc If Zeq can be determined, then fault current If = Z eq. + Z f
In general, the voltage of any node j is Vj = Zjk Ik Note: only one column of Z-matrix is required.
If =
Zkk Ek If Zf
If =
(c)
Calculate the voltage during fault for all nodes For node j , the voltage change due to a current Ik (= -If ) is Ej = Ik Zjk = If Zjk
A 22.5+21.087 -1.087 -1.087
from (1)
Y= -j
By superposition theorem:
Z= j
Vj = Ej + Ej = Ej If Zjk
A B C D
Check: if k = j,
Vk = Ek If Zkk = Ek
(d)
Calculate branch current flow (including fault and load) Imn = (Vm Vn) Ymn ----------- (3)
The above also holds in forming the negative and zero sequence Z-matrix, except that the previous loadflow contains only positive sequence quantities. Therefore step (a) is modified to (a') Build the sequence Y-matrix (i.e. Y or Yo) for the circuit elements.