SEMINARSKI RAD IZ ELEKTRONSKOG POSLOVANJA II

TEMA:SIMETRINA KRIPTOGRAFIJA

Profesor: Vallentina Pa lo i!

St"#enti: D"$an Sta%en&o s&i '((( )il*ana Stanisa l*e i! '+(, Marina Ra$e i! '(,(-,.

Val*e o/ #e0e%1ar (.,(

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Za$tita 1aBa 7o#ata&a *e o# s e e!e8 Bna6a*a5 Cil* s a&e or8aniBa0i*e *e #a $titi s e osetl*i e 7o#at&e " 1aBa%a 7o#ata&a/ " &o*i%a se nalaBe aDne infor%a0i*e Ba n*iEo o 7oslo an*e5 Posto*e raBli6iti %eto#i Ba$tite 1aBa 7o#ata&a/ o# &o*iE s" osno ni lo&alna i e&sterna Ba$tita5 Ko# lo&alne Ba$tite $ifro an*e se r$i sa%o " 1aBi 7o#ata&a/ ta&o $to se instalira &ri7to8rafs&i %o#"l "n"tar #ate 1aBe5 Cil* ta& o8 %eEaniB%a *e #a fiBi6&i Ba$titi 7o#at&e na ser er"5 O i %eEaniB%i &oriste 7o7"larne stan#ar#ne &ri7to8rafs&e al8orit%e ?AES/ +DES i #r"8e@5 E&sterna Ba$tita se 7ostiDe instala0i*o% %o#"la na a7li&ati no% ser er"5 Fifro an*e se r$i sa%o na ser ers&o* strani i na ta* na6in se $tite 7o#a0i na ser er"/ &ao i 7o#a0i " &o%"ni&a0i*i iB%eG" a7li&ati no8 ser era i 1aBe 7o#ata&a5 Kri7to8rafs&i al8orit%i se &oriste Ba $ifro an*e 7or"&a/ o#nosno Ba n*en" transfor%a0i*" iB ot oreno8 " $ifro ani o1li&5 3 0il*" Ba$tite 7o#ata&a/ " &o%"ni&a0i*i sa 7a%etni% &arti0a%a &oriste se sle#e!i al8orit%i &ri7to an*a : Si%etri6ni al8orit%i &ri7to an*a Asi%etri6ni al8orit%i &ri7to an*a HasE f"n&0i*a

SIMETRINA KRIPTOGRAFIJA Si%etri6ni al8orit%i &ri7to an*a Ba &ri7to an*e i Ba #e&ri7to an*e "7otre1l*a a*" *e#nosta no 7o eBane/ 6esto i#enti6ne/ &ri7to8rafs&e &l*"6e e5 Kl*"6e i s" ili i#enti6ni ili se *e#nosta no% transfor%a0i*o% iB *e#no8 iB o#i #r"8i &l*"65 3 o o% na6in" $ifro an*a &l*"6e i 7re#sta l*a*" #el*en" ta*n" iB%eG" # e ili i$e strana ?Sli&a ,@ 5 Dr"8i naBi i Ba si%etri6no $ifro an*e s" sifro an*e sa ta*ni%<&l*"6e% ?se0ret<&e>@/ *e#ini%<&l*"6e% ?sin8le<&e>@/ #el*eni%<&l*"6e% ?sEare#< &e>@/ *e#ni%<&l*"6e% ?one< &e>@ ili/ e ent"alno/ 7ri atni%<&l*"6e% ?7ri ate< &e>@5 Za#n*i naBi ne 7re1a %e$ati sa ter%ino% 7ri atni<&l*"6 " asi%etri6ni% al8orit%i%a $ifro an*a5

Sli&a ,< Si%etri6no $ifro an*e

Al8orit%i si%etri6no8 $ifro an*a se %o8" 7o#eliti " # e 8r"7e i to: strea% 0i7Eers i 1lo0& 0i7Eers al8orit%i5

Strea% 0i7Eers al8orit%i &o#ira*" 1it 7o 1it 7or"&e/ #o& 1lo0& 0i7Eers al8orit%i "Bi%a*" 1lo& 1ito a 7or"&e i $ifr"*" 8a &ao *e#n" 0*elin"5 )lo0& 0i7Eers al8orit%i na*6e$!e "Bi%a*" 7o :9 1ito a5 A# an0e# En0r>7tion Stan#ar# al8orita%/ 7riE a!en o# NIST<a ?National Instit"te of Stan#ar#s an# Te0Enolo8>@ " De0e%1r" (.., 8o#ine i%a ,(' 1ito a " *e#no% 1lo&"5 Ne&i o# 7o7"larniE si%etri6niE al8orita%a $ifro an*a s": TIofisE/ Ser7ent/ AES ?ili Ri*n#ael@/ )loIfisE/ CASTA/ RC9/ TDES/ an# IDEA5 3 al8orit%" Ma8i6na 0ifra/ &ri7to ana 7or"&a se #o1i*a ta&o $to se na ASCII re#nost s a&o8 &ara&tera iB ori8inalne 7or"&e #o#a o#reGena &onstantna re#nost tB 5 %a8i6na 0ifra5 Pri to%e se o#i ra6"na o 8rani6ni% "slo i%a/ o#nosno o1eB1eG"*e se #a na&on #o#a an*a %a8i6ne 0ifre no o #o1i*eni ASCII &o# 1"#e iB #o%ena slo a/ 0ifara ili Bna&o a inter7"n&0i*e5 Al8orita% < NiB %a8i6niE 0ifara/ sli6no al8orit%" < Ma8i6na 0ifra/ #o#a*e &onstantn" re#nost na &ara&tere ori8inalne 7or"&e/ s ti% $to na s a&i n<ti &ara&ter #o#a*e ist" ri*e#nost/ 7ri 6e%i *e n 1ro* %a8i6niE 0ifara " niB"5 A&o se Strea% 0i7Eers i )lo0& Ci7Eers al8orit%i%a/ " n*iEo o* osno no* for%i/ $ifrira*" isti 1lo&o i 7o#ata&a/ #o1i*a*" se i#enti6ni $ifrirani 1lo&o i5 Ka&o %no8e 7or"&e/ &o*e tre1a 7reneti/ sa#rDe #eter%inisti6&a Ba8la l*a/ o a& a oso1ina Strea% 0i7Eers i )lo0& Ci7Eers al8orita%a iBlaDe iE o7asnosti JraB1i*an*aJ5 Dr"8i% re6i%a/ raste %o8"!nost #a neo la$!ena strana iB $ifro aniE #eter%inisti6&iE 7o#ata&a JiB "6eJ ta*ni &l*"6 i #al*e/ neo la$teno 7ri%a 7o#at&e5 Da 1i se ta&o ne$to s7re6ilo " e#en *e lan6ani %o# &ri7to an*a ?CEi7er )lo0& CEainin8 < C)C@5 3 o o% na6in" &ri7to an*a 7retEo#ni 1lo& 7o#ata&a "ti6e na &ri7to an*e te&"!e8 1lo&a 7o#ata&a5 Da 1i se o1eB1i*e#ilo #a ni 7r i 1lo& 7o#ata&a ne 1"#e $ifro an sa%o na osno " 7o#ata&a sa#rDaniE " n*e%"/ " e#en *e tB 5 ini0i*alni e&tor5

Sli&a ( < )lo& #i*a8ra% $ifro an*a 7ri%eno% CEi7er )lo0& CEainin8 < C)C al8orit%a DES algoritam simetrinog i!ro"an#a

Kra*e% :.<tiE i 7o6et&o% ;.<tiE 8o#ina (.5 e&a/ raB o*e% finansi*s&iE transa&0i*a/ &ri7to8rafi*a 7osta*e Bani%l*i a s e e!e% 1ro*" 7oten0i*alniE &orisni&a5 Dota# *e 8la na 7ri%ena &ri7to8rafi*e 1ila " o*ne i #i7lo%ats&e s rEe/ 7a *e 1ilo nor%alno #a s a&a #rDa a ?ili 6a& s a&a Baintereso ana #rDa na or8aniBa0i*a@ &oristi s o*" $ifr" Ba &o*" *e ero ala #a *e na*1ol*a5 MeG"ti%/ ta#a se 7o*a ila 7otre1a Ba $ifro% &o*" !e %o!i &oristiti &orisni0i $iro% s eta/ i " &o*" !e s i oni %o!i i%ati 7o eren*e < #a&le/ 7o*a ila se 7otre1a " oGen*a stan#ar#a " &ri7to8rafi*i5 Go#ine ,K;(5 a%eri6&i National )"rea" of Stan#ar#s <N)S ?sa#a se o a a8en0i*a Bo e National Instit"te of Stan#ar#s an# Te0Enolo8 ?NIST@@ ini0irao *e 7ro8ra% Ba Ba$tit" ra6"nars&iE i &o%"ni&a0i*s&iE 7o#ata&a5 Je#an o# 0il*e a *e 1io raB i*an*e *e#no8 stan#ar#no8 &ri7tosiste%a5 ,K;+5 8o#ine NS) *e ras7isao *a ni &on&"rs Ba ta&a &ri7tosiste%5

Ta* &ri7tosiste% tre1a #a Ba#o ol*i sle#e!e "slo e:

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iso&i ste7en si8"rnosti 7ot7"na s7e0ifi&a0i*a i la&o raB"%e an*e al8orit%a #a si8"rnost leDi " &l*"6"/ a ne " ta*nosti al8orit%a #ost"7nost s i% &orisni0i%a 7rila8o#l*i ost "7otre1i " raBli6iti% 7ri%*ena%a e&ono%i6nost i%7le%enta0i*e " ele&toni6&i% "reGa*i%a efi&asnost %o8"!nost 7ro *ere %o8"!nost iB oBa ?B1o8 a%eri6&iE Ba&ona@

Na to% &on&"rs" ni*e#an 7re#lo8 ni*e Ba#o ol*a ao s e o e BaEte e5 MeG"ti%/ na 7ono l*eno% &on&"rs" i#"!e 8o#ine sti8ao *e 7re#lo8 al8orit%a &o*i *e raB io I)M< o ti% &ri7to8rafa5 Al8orita% *e Basno an na tB 5 Feistelo o* $ifri5 Goto o s i si%etri6ni 1lo&o ni al8orit%i &o*i s" #anas " "7otre1i &oriste i#e*" &o*" *e " eo Horst Feistel ,K;+5 8o#ine5 Je#na o# 8la niE i#e*a *e alternati na "7otre1a s"7stit"0i*a i trans7oBi0i*a &roB i$e itera0i*a ?tB 5 r"n#i@5 Pre#loDeni al8orita% 7riE a!en *e &ao stan#ar# ,K;:5 8o#ine i #o1io *e i%e Data En0r>7tion Stan#ar# ?DES@5 3 o o* o#l"0i "6est o ala *e i a%eri6&a or8aniBa0i*a National Se0"rit> A8en0> / NSA/ &o*a se 1a i #iBa*niran*e% i analiBo% raBniE rsta $ifars&iE siste%a5 OPIS DES A$GORITMA Osno ni ele%ent Ba$tite *e $ifars&i site%5 S a&i $ifras&i siste% o1"E ata 7ar transfor%a0i*a 7o#ata&a : Fifro an*e De$ifro an*e Fifro an*e *e 7ro0e#"ra &o*a transfor%i$e ori8inaln" infor%a0i*" ?ot oren te&st@ " $ifro ane 7o#at&e ?$ifrat@5 De$ifro an*e re&onstr"i$e ot oreni te&st na osno " $ifrata5 3 $ifars&o* transfor%a0i*i/ 7ore# ot oreno8 te&sta/ ta&o#*e se &oristi *e#na neBa isna re#nost/ tB 5 &l*"6 $ifro an*a5 Transfor%a0i*a #e$ifro an*a &oristi &l*"6 #e$ifro ana*a5 )ro* si%1ola &o*i 7re#sta l*a*" &l*"6 Ba isi o# $ifars&o8 site%a5 3 s o% osno no% o1li&" DES al8orita% $ifr"*e ot oreni te&st #"Dine :9 1ita/ &oriste!i &l*"6 K #"Dine A: 1ito a5 A: *e efe&ti ni 1ro* 1ito a &l*"6a/ a on se Ba7ra o
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sa#rDi :9 1ita/ 7ri 6e%" s a&i os%i 1it sl"Di Ba 7ro er" 7arnosti5 Fifro an*e% se #o1i*a*" 1lo&o i 7o#ata&a &o*i 7ono o i%a*" :9 1ita5

Al8orita% se sasto*i iB + eta7e: ,5 3 7r o* eta7i se o# #ato8 ot oreno8 te&sta M/ 7er%"ta0i*o% 7o%o!" fi&sne ini0i*alne 7er%"ta0i*e IP #o1i*e te&st M.5 O o se o1i6no Ba7is"*e &ao M. N IP?M@/ 7ri 6e%" *e M. N L.R./ 8#*e L. 7re#sta l*a 7r a ?le a@ +( 1ita/ a R. Ba#n*a ?#esna@ +( 1ita o# M.5 (5 3 #r"8o* eta7i Feistel<o a f"n&0i*a f se iterira ,: 7"ta5 Li Ri/ , i ,:/ iBra6"na a*" se 7o sl*e#e!e% 7ra il": Li N Ri <, Ri N Li <, f ?Ri <,/ Ki@/ 8#e oBna6a a o7era0i*" Je&s&l"Bi no iliJ < =OR5 Feistel-ova f"n&0i*a f !e 1iti o7isana &asni*e5 K,/ K(/ 555 / K,: s" niBo i 1ito a #"Dine 9'/ &o*i se #o1i*a*" &ao 7er%"ta0i*e 1ito a &l*"6a K5 +5 3 tre!o* faBi 7ri%*en*"*e se IP<,<, ?Ta1ela 95+5(@ na R,:L,: i ta&o #o1i*a%o $ifrat y5 Da&le/ y N IP ?R,:L,:@5 3o6i%o in erBni 7ore#a& o# L,: i R,:5 Na Sli0i + 7ri&aBan *e #i*a8ra% to&a sifro an*a DES al8orit%o%5

F"n&0i*a f Ba 7r i ar8"%ent i%a niB 1ito a A #"Dine +( ?Ri<,@/ a Ba #r"8i ar8"%ent i%a niB 1ito a J #"Dine 9' ?Ki@5 Kao reB"ltat se #o1i*a niB 1ito a #"Dine +(5 F"n&0i*a se ra6"na " sle#e!a 9 &ora&a: ,5 3 7r o% &ora&" ar8"%ent A se J7ro$iriJ #o niBa #"Dine 9' " s&la#" s fi&sno% f"n&0i*o% 7ro$iren*a E ?Ta1ela 95+5+@5 NiB E?A@ se sasto*i o# +( 1ita iB A/ 7er%"tiraniE na o#reGeni na6in/ s ti%e #a se ,: 1ito a 7o*a i # a 7"ta5 (5 3 #r"8o% &ora&" iBra6"n a se E?A@ J i reB"ltat se Ba7is"*e &ao s7o* o# osa% :< 1itniE niBo a B N B,B(B+B9BAB:B;B'5 +5 Sle#e!i &ora& &oristi ' s"7stit"0ioniE %atri0a S,/ 555 / S'/ tB S< &"ti*a5 S a&a Si %atri0a *e fi&sna 9 O ,: %atri0a 6i*i s" ele%enti 0eli 1ro*e i iB%eG" . i ,A5 Za #ati niB 1ito a #"Dine :/ re0i%o Bj N b,b(b+b9bAb:/ ra6"na%o Sj?Bj@ na sl*e#e!i na6in5 )ito i b,b: o#reG"*" 1inarni Ba7is re#a r o# Sj?rN ./,/(/+@/ a 6etiri 1ita b(b+b9bA o#reG"*" 1inarni Ba7is &olone c o# Sj ?cN./,/(/555/,A@5 Sa#a *e Sj ?Bj@ 7o #efini0i*i *e#na&o Sj?r/c@/ Ba7isano &ao 1inarni 1ro* #"Dine Na o a* na6in iBra6"na%o Cj N Sj ?Bj@/ j N ,/(/555/'5
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95 NiB 1ito a C,C(C+C9CAC:C;C' #"Dine +( se 7er%"tira 7o%o!" fi&sne Ba r$ne 7er%"ta0i*e P ?Ta1ela 95+59@5 Ta&o se #o1i*e P?C@/ $to *e 7o #efini0i*i "7ra o f?A/J@ 5 Na &ra*" sle#i o7is ra6"nan*a &l*"6e a K,/ K(/ 555 / K,: iB &l*"6a K5 Kl*"6 K se sasto*i o# :9 1ita/ o# &o*iE A: 7re#sta l*a &l*"6/ a 7reostaliE ' 1ito a sl"De Ba testiran*e 7arnosti5 )ito i na 7oBi0i*a%a '/ ,:/ 555 / :9 s" #efinisani ta&o #a s a&i 1a*t ?' 1ito a@ sa#rDi ne7aran 1ro* *e#ini0a5 O i 1ito i se i8nori$" &o# ra6"nan*a ta1li0e &l*"6e a5 Post"7& iBra6"na an*a Ki %oDe se 7o#eliti " # e eta7e5 ,5 3 7r o* eta7i Ba #ati :9<1itni &l*"6 K/ i8nori$" se 1ito e 7arnosti/ i r$i 7er%"ta0i*a Ba 7reostale 1ito e 7o%o!" fi&sne 7er%"ta0i*e PC, ?Ta1ela 95+5A@5 O o se o1i6no Ba7is"*e &ao PC,?K@NC.D./ 8#e C. sa#rDi 7r iE ('/ a D. Ba#n*iE (' 1ito a o# PC,?K@5 (5 3 #r"8o* faBi/ Ba i N ,/ (/ 555 / ,: ra6"na%o: Ci N LSi ?Ci <,@/ Di N LSi ?Di <,@/ Ki N PC(?Ci Di@5 LSi 7re#sta l*a 0i&li6ni 7o%era* "le o Ba , ili ( 7oBi0i*e/ " Ba isnosti o# i5 A&o *e i N ,/ (/ K ili ,:/ on#a *e 7o%era* Ba *e#n" 7oBi0i*"/ a ina6e *e 7o%era* Ba # e 7oBi0i*e5 O i% *e " 7ot7"nosti o7isan 7ost"7a& $ifro an*a5 Za #e$ifro an*e se &oristi isti al8orita%5 Kren!e se o# $ifrata y/ ali se &oristi ta1li0a &l*"6e a " o1rn"to% re#osl*e#": K,:/ K,A/ 555 / K,5 Kao reB"ltat #o1i*a%o ot oreni te&st x5 3 eri%o se #a o a&o #efinisana f"n&0i*a #e$ifro an*a dK Baista i%a traDeno s o*st o #a *e dK?y@ N x5 Tre1a se 7o#setiti #a se y #o1ila &ao y N IP<,?R,:L,:@5 Sto8a se 7ri%eno% ini0i*alne 7er%"ta0i*e na y #o1i*e y. N R,:L,:5 Na&on 7r e r"n#e #e$ifro an*a/ le a 7olo ina 7osta*e L,: N R,A/ a #esna R,: f?L,:/K,:@5 Ali/ iB Ba#n*e r"n#e $ifro an*a se "o6a a #a *e R,: N L,A f?R,A/K,:@ N L,A f?L,:/K,:@5 Zato *e R,: f?L,:/K,:@ N L,A5 Zna6i/ na&on *e#ne r"n#e #e$ifro an*a #o1i*a%o R,AL,A5 Nasta l*a*"!i ta* 7ost"7a&/ na&on s a&e sle#e!e r"#ne #e$ifro an*a #o1i*a se re#o%: R,9L,9/ R,+L,+ 555/ R,L, i na&on Ba#n*e r"n#e R.L.5 Preosta*e na% #a Ba%eni%o re#osle# le e i #esne 7olo ine i #a< 7ri%i*eni%o IP<,5 Da&le/ na &ra*" 7ost"7&a #e$ifro an*a #o1i*a se IP<, leDi "7ra o " Del*i #a se Ba #e$ifro an*e %oDe &oristiti isti al8orita% &ao Ba $ifro an*e5
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KRIPTOGRAFSKI MODOVI KOD DES%A Ia&o *e sa% o7is DES<a #osta #"8/ on se %oDe rlo efi&asno i%7le%entirati/ i Ear# ers&i i soft ers&i5 Do ,KK,5 8o#ine " N)S<" re8istro ano 9A Ear# ers&iE i%7le%enta0i*a DES<a5 Go#ine ,KK(5 7roiB e#en *e 6i7 s A.... tranBistora &o*i %oDe $ifro ati ,.K 1ita ?t*5 ,: %iliona 1lo&o a@ 7o se&"n#i ?6i7 *e &o$tao +.. #olara@5 Je#na aDna 7ri%ena DES<a *e " 1an&ars&i% transa&0i*a%a5 Ta&o se/ iB%eG" ostalo8/ DES &oristio Ba $ifro an*e PIN<o a ?7ersonal i#entifi0ation n"%1ers@/ &ao i transa&0i*a 7re&o 1an&o%ata5 DES *e ta&oGe ta&oGe na$ao 7ri%en" i " 0i ilni% satelits&i% &o%"ni&a0i*a%a5 3 o o% 7o8la l*" #o sa#a *e o7isano &a&o ra#i DES na *e#no% 1lo&" o# :9 1ita5 3 realni% sit"a0i*a%a/ " &o*i%a s" 7or"&e Bnatno #"De/ 7oBnata s" 9 na6ina #elo an*a o#nosno %o#a ?%o#es of o7eration@ DES<a5 Ti %o#o i 7o&ri a*" s e %o8"!e 7ri%*ene DES<a/ a ta&oGe s" 7ri%en*l*i i na 1ilo &o*" si%etri6n" 1lo&o n" $ifr"5 Na**e#nosta ni*i %o# *e EC) ?Ele0troni0 Co#e1oo&@ " &o*e% se s a&i 1lo& ot oreno8 te&sta $ifr"*e s isti% &l*"6e%5 Da&le/ 7or"&a se raB1i*e na 1lo&o e o# 7o :9 1ita ?Ba#n*i 1lo& se #o7"ni a&o *e 7otre1no@/ 7a se $ifrira *e#an 7o *e#an 1lo& &oriste!i " e& *e#an isti &l*"65 EC) %o# *e i#ealan Ba &rat&e 7or"&e/ 7a se 6esto &oristi Ba raB%*en" &l*"6e a Ba $ifo an*e5 Ko# #"8iE 7or"&a si8"rnost EC) %o#a se s%an*"*e/ 1"#"!i #a i#enti6ni 1lo&o i " ot oreno% te&st" #a*" i#enti6ne $ifrate5 Ali/ o# DES<a se %oDe na7ra iti i 7roto6na ?strea%@ $ifra5 Pr i na6in *e 7o%o!" &F' (&i)*er Fee+,a-./ mo+a0 Ko# 7roto6niE $ifri ne%a 7otre1e Ba 7ro$iri an*e% 7or"&e #a 1i se #o1io 0eli 1ro* 1lo&o a5 To Bna6i #a !e $ifrat 1iti iste #"Dine &ao ot oreni te&st5 O1raG"*e se o#*e#no% j 1ito a ?, j :9@5 Na*6e$!e *e j N , ili j N '5 A&o *e j N '/ to Bna6i #a se $ifr"*e slo o 7o slo o ?*e#no% slo " o#8o ara ' 1ito a 7o
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ASCII stan#ar#"@5 OF' (O1t)1t Fee+,a-./ %o# *e rlo sli6an &ao CF)5 Je#ina raBli&a *e $to se "laBni 7o#ata& Ba f"n&0i*" eK " i#"!e% &ora&" $al*e o#%aE na&on 7ri%ene eK " 7retEo#no% &ora&" ?7re 7ri%ene =OR<a@5 Je#na o# 7re#nosti OF) %o#a *e #a se 8re$&e " trans%isi*i ne 7ro7a8ira*"5 3 7osle#n*e re%e *e s e 7o7"larni*i &TR (&o1nter/ mo+0 3 n*e%" se &oristi niB 1ro*a6a ?0o"ntera@ c,/ c(/ 555 5 NiB 1lo&o a $ifrata #o1i*a se 7o sle#e!e% 7ra il": yi N xi eK?ci@5 )ro*a6i %ora*" 1iti " 7aro i%a raBli6iti5 O1i6no se to 7ostiDe ta&o $to se 1ro*a6" c, 7ri#r"Di ne&a ini0i*alna re#nost/ a 7oto% se ostali 1ro*a6i 7o e!a a*" Ba ,: ci N c, P ?i < ,@ ?sa1iran*e *e 7o %o#"l" (b/ 8#*e *e b #"Dina 1lo&aQ &o# DES<a *e b N :9@5

DES2 IDEA2 DES%3 Dat *e &rata& o7is &ri7tosiste%a &o*i se &oriste &ao Ba%ena Ba DES5 To s" trostr"&i DES ?Tri7le DES/ TDES/ +DES@/ IDEA i DES<=5 Je#na o# na*7o7"larni*iE Ba%*ena Ba DES *e Trostruki DES ?&oriste se *o$ i naBi i Tri7le DES i +DES@: y N eM?dL?eK?x@@@/ x N dK?eL?dM?y@@@5 O #e *e &l*"6 #"Dine A: R +N,:' 1ito a5 esto se &oristi i erBi*a " &o*o* *e M N K/ 7a *e " n*o* #"Dina &l*"6a A: R (N,,(5 RaBlo8 Ba &o%1ina0i*" J edeJ *e &o%7ati1ilnost s o1i6ni% DES<o%: #o ol*no *e sta iti L N M ili K N(L5 IDEA ?International Data En0r>7tion Al8oritE%@ *e &ri7tosiste% &o*i s" raB ili $ a*0ars&i &ri7to8rafi ="e*ia Lai i Ja%es Masse> s ETH ZSri0E5 IDEA &oristi ,('< 1itni &l*"6 Ba $ifro an*e :9<1itniE 1lo&o a ot oreno8 te&sta5 Koristi tri o7era0i*e na ,:< 1itni% 7o#1lo&o i%a: L =OR L sa1iran*e 7o %o#"l" (,: L %noDen*e 7o %o#"l" ( P , ,: MnoDen*e se o #e %oDe s%atrati analo8ono S<&"ti*a%a " DES<"5 Mo#"l (,:P, *e o#a1ran B1o8 efi&asni*e i%7le%enta0i*e %o#"larno8 %noDen*a5 O e tri o7era0i*e s" in&o%7ati1ilne/ " s%isl" #a ni&o*e # e ne Ba#o ol*a a*" Ba&one aso0i*ati nosti i #istri1"ti nosti5 IDEA i%a ' r"n#i i Ba r$n" transfor%a0i*"5 3 n*i%a se &oristi A( ,:< 1itniE %eG"&l*"6e a 8enerisaniE 7o%o!" 7olaBno8 ,('<1itno8 &l*"6a5
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DES-X *e *o$ *e#na o# ari*anti DES<a5 Na7ra l*en *e " na%eri #a se 7o e!a si8"rnost o# J1r"te for0e atta0&J<a/ o#nosno o# na7a#a J8r"1o% silo%J/ &oriste!i teEni&" J1elo8 &l*"6aJ5 Z1o8 ne#ostat&a &o*i *e i%ao DES<%ale #"Dine &l*"6a/ A: 1ita/ o#nosno (A: %o8"!iE &l*"0e a/ i &o*i se %o8ao raB1iti/ NSA *e BaEte ala #a se 7o e!a #"Dina &l*"6a i "s o*ila no i al8orita%5 NaB an *e DES<=/ a 7re#loBio 8a *e a%eri6&i &ri7o8raf Ronal# Ri erst/ " %a*" ,K'95 8o#5 Ko# o o8 &ri7osiste%a #"Dina &l*"6a *e sa A: 7o e!ana na ,'9 1ita5 O i% 7o e!an*e% *e 7o e!ana i si8"rnost o# na7a#a #iferen0i*ano% &ri7oanaliBo% i linearno% analiBo%5

A+"an-e+ En-r4)tion Stan+ar+ (AES/ Go#ine ,KK;5 National Instit"te of Stan#ar#s an# Te0Enolo8> ?NIST@ o1*a io *e &on&"rs Ba &ri7tosiste% &o*i 1i tre1ao &ao o7$te 7riE a!eni stan#ar# #a Ba%eni DES5 Po1e#ni& na &on&"rs" #o1io 1i i%e A# an0e# En0r>7tion Stan#ar# ?AES@5 NIST *e 7osta io sl*e#e!e BaEt*e e na &ri7tosiste%: ,5 %ora 1iti si%etri6an (5 %ora 1iti 1lo&o ni +5 tre1a ra#iti sa ,('<1itni% 1lo&o i%a i &l*"6e i%a s tri #"Dine: ,('/,K( i (A: 1ito a5 Ne&oli&o *e raBlo8a B1o8 &o*iE NIST ni*e o#a1rao +DES &ao AES: +DES &oristi 9' r"n#i #a 1i 7osti8ao si8"rnost Ba &o*" *e ero atno #o ol*no +( r"n#e5 Soft ers&e i%7le%enta0i*e +DES<a s" 7res7ore Ba ne&e 7ri%ene/ 7ose1no Ba #i8italne i#eo 7o#at&e5 :9<1itni 1lo&o i nis" na*efi&asni*i " ne&i% 7ri%ena%a5 Kon&"rs *e Ba r$en ,A5:5,KK'5 O# (, 7risti8le 7ri*a e/ ,A iE *e Ba#o ol*ilo NIST< o e &riteri*"%e5 3 a 8"st" ,KKK5 8o#5 NIST *e o1*a io A finalista: MARS/ RC:/ RIJNDAEL/ SERPENT i TTOFISH5 MARS ?I)M@/ RC: ?RSA Se0"rit> In05@ i TTOFISH ?Co"nter7ane S>ste%s@ s7a#a*" " Feistelo e $ifre5 Feistelo a $ifra *e 1lo&o na $ifra " &o*o* se " i<to* r"n#i &oriste for%"le Li N Ri <,/ Ri N Li <, f ?Ri <,/ Ki@ ?#a&le/ isto &ao &o# DES<a@5 Ko# MARS &ri7tosiste%a 1lo&o i ne #i*ele na (/ e! na 9 #i*ela5 MARS i%a +( r"n#e/ RC: i%a
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(. r"n#i/ #o& TTOFISH i%a ,: r"n#i5 S7e0ifi6nost &ri7tosiste%a RC: s" &ori$!en*e f"n&0i*e f?x@ N x?(xP,@/ &o*o% se orst ar"*e #if"Bi*a i rota0i*a 7o#ata&a5 O o #a*e ot7ornost na #iferen0i*aln" i linearn" &ri7toanaliB"5 S7e0ifi6nost TTOFISH<a *e #a se S<&"ti*e #ina%i6&i %en*a*" " Ba isnosti o# &l*"6a/ $to &o%7li&"*e #iferen0i*aln" i linearn" &ri7toanaliB"5 SERPENT s" &onstr"isali &ri7to8rafi iB En8les&e/ IBraela i Dans&e5 S7a#a " s"7stit"0i*s&o<7er%"ta0i*s&e $ifre5 I%a +( r"n#e i/ $to *e Ba n*e8a s7e0ifi6no/ " s a&o* r"n#i 7aralelno &oristi +( i#enti6ne S<&"ti*e5 RIJNDAEL s" raB ili 1el8i*s&i &ri7to8rafi5 RaBli&"*e se o# ostaliE 7o to%e $to se " &onstr"&0i*i S<&"ti*a &oriste o7era0i*e " &ona6no% 7ol*" GF5 Kona6no/ (5'5(...5 o1*a l*eno *e #a *e 7o1e#ni& Ba AES<RIJNDAEL5 RIJNDAEL s" raB ili 1el8i*s&i &ri7to8rafi Joan Dae%en i Vin0ent Ri*%en s &atoli6&o8 s e"6ili$ta Le" en/ 7o &o*i%a *e i #o1io i%e5

Ri*n#ael 7re#sta l*a 1lo& $ifars&i al8orita% &o*i 7o#rDa a 7ro%enl*i " #"Din" 1lo&a infor%a0i*e ?,('/ ,K( i (A: 1ita@ &ao i 7ro%enl*i " #"Din" &l*"6a ?,('/ ,K( i (A: 1ita@5 Nai%e/ 7or"&e $ifro ane DES al8orit%o% s" se/ B1o8 ne#ostata&a " sa%o% al8orit%" ?1eB1e#onosni ne#osta0i " s"7stit"0ioni% s<&"ti*a%a@/ %ale #"Dine &l*"6a ?A:<1ita@ i 7o e!ane 7ro0esne %o!i ra6"nara/ %o8le #e$ifro ati Ba sa%o 7ar 6aso a5 Na&on sele&0ione 7ro0e#"re/ Ba realiBa0i*" AES stan#ar#a iBa1ran *e Ri*n#ael al8orita%5 Ri*n#ael al8orita% *e " o#nos" na &on&"rets&e al8orit%e ?MARS/ RC:/ Ser7ent/ TIofisE@ 1io 1rDi i BaEte ao *e %an*e o7erati ne %e%ori*e " 7ro0es" $ifro an*a i #e$ifro an*a 7or"&a5 Ri*n#ael al8orita% sa ,('<1itno% #"Dino% &l*"6a *e 1rDi Ba o&o (5A 7"ta " o#nos" na +<DES al8orita%5

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5AK$JUAK

3&oli&o *e#an %eto# i%a ne#ostata&a " o#re#*eno% 7ra 0"/ " #r"8o% %eto#"/ &o*i se 7o*a i &ao is7ra &a/ o1a eBno se *a e 7ote$&o!e ne&e #r"8e 7riro#e5 Sto se si%etrino8 $ifro ana*a/ &ao na**e#nosta ni*e8 %eto#a sa eli&o% 7ro7"sno% %o!i ti6e/ s i na7a#i na o a* siste% s" na7a#i na %eto# &ori$!en Ba 8enerisan*e niBa Bna&o a &l*"6a5 A&o se " t" s rE" &oristi &ri7to8rafs&i sla1 al8orita%/ to %oDe #a iBaBo e ne ol*e5 A&o se &oristi 7ra i iB or sl"6aniE 1ro*e a/ sto *e teDe iB o#l*i o/ siste% *e si8"ran5 Pro1le% se " o i% %eto#a%a *a l*a " #istri1"0i*i sa%o8 &l*"0a o# 7o$il*ao0a #o sa%o8 7ri%ao0a *er oni %o8" 1iti na eo%a "#al*eni% %esti%a5

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LITERAT3RA: sr5Ii&i7e#ia5or8 III5s0ri1#50o% III5Bsis5Er alas5%atf5185a05rs

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