AIDS

1991

AIDS

1991


, ()
,
-,

,
,
-,
-, .
,


. (
50 1268/82
, 202 2 5343)

TTEIF*

I E X Q M E N A

" ' 9~
il

............................

' : ....................
- -
- , y ...............

13
16
18

Op I
.............................

., . - - ne.
20
, . .................
21
, ne :; .............
22
..............
23
, .................
24

,
~ ....................
. - ................

25
25

. . : - \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

V '

*~'

: -

AIDS
Eu Qu n ..............................
30
:: .............
31
AIDS ...................
34
AFDS , .......
35
. T O U ..
36
' : AIDS............. .
38
: .... ,. .. , ................. .
40
. .....
42
&
AIDS ........................
44

 CS
VII.

,^
- ,;

, ;

L
.
..'3, , . .. .......

46
48

48
49

51
^2

-

-
..

57
59
63
89

<??

101

102

103

HO

. '

(W.H.O.,
1987) .

(Rumbold, 1986).
20

Isabel
Hampton Robb (Thompson et al,
1988)
"Nursing Ethics",

. ,

.
,
(Aroskar, 1980; Purtilo & Casssel, 1985;
Rumbold,
1986)

10

.
,

HIV

(AIDS)

- , AIDS

.

-
- ,
- u<f|q .

II.
-

(1965-1966).
-

...

(1967-1980).

(1980-1984).

...-... . 1984III.
- : .
1965-'66.

.
-

: .

1978. ....
- :

I.P.P.F.

13
E

, ?

(Rumbold,
1986; Thompson et al.,
1988).

.
,
,


.

(AIDS),
,

AIDS

,
(Bennet,
1987; Viele
et al., 1987).

AIDS,

.
, ,
AIDS


, (W..0./EURO,
1989).

(I.C.N.)

(W.H.O.)
AIDS,

(W.H.O., 1989).

14

AIDS.
- ,
.



. ,

. , ,

AIDS
, ,
,
AIDS
(Reisman, 1988).

:
)

, )
)

. ,

,
AIDS,

,
(Reisman, 1988).

,

AIDS
,
.


, AIDS,

" "
.
,

,
,
,

15

- :

HIV.

,
AIDS.

AIDS.
,


AIDS.




.

.
, .

.
-Bopy,
. .
, ,

,
.

16

,
,

,
,
(Brandt,
1985).

430 ..,

,

,
: "... ,

,
, .

,

'

"
(, 1974).

1348, : "
,

... , ,

".
Florence Nightingale

. ,
"Notes of Nursing",
1860 :
"0
""
. " "
""

,
.
"0

17

; .
,
,

".
: "

.
.

,
n

" [Nightingale,
1860
(1969)
Dover Pub. . Y . ] .


,

,

.

(Reisman, 1988).

Beachamp
(1979)

, n

.

18

- -

,

: ,
-. 0
,

,
.

(W.H.O., 1987).
0

( )
.
, , , ,
.
0

""
(David,
1985).
0 -


'.
.

,
,
.
,

(
),
.
. ,
(-Bopy, 1990).


,
. 0
.

19

T I C
.



.

, ,

? .
n

(Rumbold, 1986).
Aroskar
(1980)
.

20

(Aroskar,
1980; Thompson et al., 1988).

.

.
: ,
n
*

. Aroskar (1980)

.
.

(Aroskar,
1980).
,

(, 1987).

Aroskar
(1980)

.

.

21

(Davis & Aroskar,

1986; Thompson et al., 1988).

1978; Rumbold,

'

3
(Rumbold, 1986).
,

.

(Thomson et al.,
1988).

.
.

, ,

. Aroskar
(1980) .

,
. 0


(Thompson et al., 1988; Purtilo &
Cassel, 1985; , 1987).

19 .
J.S. Mill
, J.S. Mill

" " ? (


) CWarnock, 19743.

22

' ?

(Rumbold,
1986).
0 Seedhouse
(1988)

, ,
,
.

,
, ..
"
",
"
" (Frankena, 1973).
\

.
, ,
,
. '

""

(Purtilo & Cassel, 1985).

(Seedhouse, 1988).

. 0 Sir David Ross,
20 ,

,
" "
. ,

23

(Purtilo & Casse 1 , 1985).

,

(Seedhouse,
1988).

( )

Rawls (1958).

.

, .

).

Rawls
(1971)

Kat
.


, Rawls (1971),

:
n
,

, ,
,

24

T L
.

.


.

Y ta
,

,
.

(Aroskar,
1980).

: ,

;

' .

"

' ",

"
" (Purtilo &< Cassel ,
1985).

Rawls
(1971)

.


.
'

25

I KM

.
.

, ,

(ICN, 1973; , 1983; RCN, 1979; Benjamin
& Curtis, 1981; Thompson et al., 1983; UKCC, 1984;
Rumbold,
1986).

(Royal College
of Nursing, 1976)

, '
,
.

.


(UKCC, 1984).
, Rumbold
(1986),
,
.

.
'

26

,
.
Rubold (1986)
:

.

-

(Reisman, 1988).
Rumpold (1986)
:

,
.



, ,

.

.
(1965)

27


'.
Liszt (1919)
? ,


.


(-, 1983).

,
.

.
, ,
.

(ICN)
:
0

,

(I.C.N. Code, 1973).

(I.C.N.,
1973)

,

.
, Florence Nightingale
, n
.
,
CNightgale,
1860 (1969), Dover Pub. ..].



(Thompson, 1979).

,
.

(-, 1983).

28

.
,
,
,
,
. ,

,

.
,

683/1948
"
",
: "
, , , ,

,
,

'

".

29
371

:
",
,
,
,
,
,
,

, ,

,

".

, ,

.
Durkheim
(, 1964).

30

A I D S

,
,

AIDS
(Zunger & Miles,
1987; Perfect, 1987; Christ et al., 1986; Reisman,
1988).

AIDS

:
)

,
II)
,
: )


(

) , ) ,
)
, ,
III)

.

AIDS
[Reisman, (1988).
Kim Perfect (1988)

,
,

AIDS.
Valenti
(1986) : "
AIDS
.

AIDS

31

AIDS

".
Reisman (1988)

AIDS
,


.
American Medical College (1986) :
"...

, AIDS".

(Viele et al., 1984; Bennett,
1987; Reisman,
1988):
1) , ,

HIV.
2)

.
3)

.
4) , ,

HIV

, .

AIDS
(Lo et al., 1986),
.

AIDS

32
&

.
AIDS
,

.


.

, ,

(Lo & Jonsen, 1980; Jonsen et al., 1986).
, n

(..., Committee on Ethics, 1985; Bailey & Cranford, 1986; Cohen, 1988),
. Lo Jonsen
(1980) Jonsen et al., (1986)

,

,

.
,

:
1)

.

AIDS

^. ,
AIDS

.
2)



.

33


AIDS.

.
(stress) ,

34

AIDS

? AIDS

,
,

AIDS,

(, 1989).
,

,

AIDS.

AIDS,

.
Reisman (1988)

AIDS
, .

/
AIDS,

/,

^
, Volderding

Abrams
(1985),

.

35
.
AIDS (, 1990) :

.
AIDS

AIDS

-,

AIDS

,
..

, ,
(Caccens, 1985; DeSimone et al., 1986;
Volderding et al., 1985; Matthews et al., 1987).

AIDS

(Reisman, 1988).

(Reisman, 1988; Viele et al., 1984).
()

(Kansas city,
Missouri,
ANA,
1985)
:

36

.

.

,
(Reisman, 1988).

(Thompson et
al.,
1988).

HIV.
0
()
, "
" (Kansas
city, Missouri, ANA, 1985).

(...),
Le Roy Walters (1983),
,

. :

,
.

.

.

37

AIDS.

.
,
,

HIV.

(Pollak, 1989).

()
:

HIV

HIV.

.



HIV.

AIDS
.

,

- .

38
,

,
..:

HIV;

;

(Reisman, 1988). , ,
n

.

,

.

(Kelly, 1987).

Reisman (1988)

AIDS,

.
0 Walters (1983) Vielet et al.
(1984)
Schoenbaum
et al.
(1987)

Selwyn et al.
(1987),

AIDS

39

.
,
,

. ,

, ,

AIDS

. 0 Walters (1983)
AIDS,
,

,
.
,

,

1980,
(C.D.C., 1987).

. ,

,

.
,

,
,

HIV
(Schoenbaum et al., 1987; Selweyn et al.,
1987).
,

HIV
,

HIV
(Reisman, 1988).

, .


,

(Walters, 1983).

40

HIV AIDS
.
,
(LeRoy
Walters, 1988).

AIDS
,
.
, n
AIDS
(,
1990)

.
0 Dan (1987)

, ,

.
,

AIDS (Kelly,
1987).

(1987)
.

. ,
Kelly (1987),

.

()
.



. , Kelly
(1987), ,

41

^
. '
Kelly (1987)
.
,
, ,

,
.

( &
, 1987).
, O'Conner (1986),

AIDS
,


,
(Pear, 1986).

""

. Kevin


.

,
.
AIDS
,

(Kelly,
1987). ,

AIDS.

42

H Kelly (1957) :

.

,
,
,

,
test



.

AIDS
,

(A.M.C.)

AIDS
(A.C.P., .D.C.., 1986).

.

Dan (1987), ""


. Kim Perfect (1988)

0 23 (1963)
: "...

,

...".

AIDS ( & , 1987;
Zuger & Miles, 1987; Kim & Perfect, 1988; Reisman,

43

1955)

. 0

, ,

AIDS
.
Clark et al.
(1987)

AIDS
. .
0 Dan
(1987)

.
, '

.
Kim
Perfect
(1988) Reisman
(1988) ,



AIDS.

AIDS

AIDS
.

,


AIDS (Reisman, 1988). , Kim
Perfect (1988),

AIDS.

44
AIDS
O L

AIDS

AIDS

.

()
(Kansas city, Missouri, ,
1985)

AIDS

'

.
,
(Committee
on Ethics)

AIDS,

0 ,

,

,

45

.
AIDS ( 1990)
n

- ' - .

46

. 0 Volinn
(1983)

: 1. , 2.
, 3. , 4.
, 5.

. 0 Volinn
(1983),
,

.
0 Janken (1984)
,

. 0

(1986)

. 0 Janken (1974)

.
,

,

, Brandt
(1985),

. 0 Volinn
(1983)

.
0
Brandt
(1985)

.
,

""

.

47

:,

Brandt (1985)

AIDS. , ,

. 0
Viol inn (1983)
,
,

( & . ) .
To
AIDS

,

,

, ,

.




AIDS,

(Jarvis,
1987).

,

(Viele, 1984).

. , Jarvis
(1987),

AIDS

48

Op

(, 1986). 0 Gordon Allport (1935)

:
"...

".
0 Fishbein
(1967)
,
,
,
,


.

.
Shrif
Shrif (1967)
: ",

? ,

,



".
Hovland
Rosenberg (1960)
,

.
\
0 Katz (1960)

, .
Dobb (1948).

Katz

:
0

^
.

49

, : e

.
0

,


.


.

. 0 Katz

.

,

. Katz


.

.
,

. 0 Oskara
(1977)
. 0

50

,



.
.

. Katz (1960)

. 0 Triantis
(1977),

Oskam
(1977) " " (,
,
),

. Oskam

.
Oskam (1977),
, , ,
, ,

. 0 ,

,

.
AIDS
.

AIDS.
,

,

AIDS. ,

Ht 0

51

,

.

AIDS
. Valenti
Anarella
(1986)

,
AIDS,
.

,
,
AIDS. .
(1987) ,

. ,
AIDS

(,
1990).

, Pratt (1987),

,

, .

(,
1986).

(Shrif & Shrif, 1987).
Allport
(1935)
.

,

(Fishbein, 1967).

Fishbein
Ajzen (1980).

52

(1971)

Fishbein (1967).

,
,

.
0 Wicker (1969)
, ,

.

Festinger (1957),


.

(Fishben, 1967).



,

. 0 Festinger (1957),

. 0 (1959)

(, 1986).
!
ME AIDS

AIDS

. ,

stress.

,
'

,
(Rubinow,
1984; Simmons & Alling,
1984; Healy,
1985;
Lusby, 1985).

53

AIDS, O L Mossie

Barbuto

.
AIDS
,

(Hugh Frank, 1986; Clever & Omenn, 1988).

(Farber,
1983).
,

,

-

(Steinbrook,
1985;
McKusick,
1986; Wchter,
1986).

- .

,

(Clever
&<
Omenn,
1988).
To

AIDS

Eunther (1977), Greenberg

Velletutti (1980) Marshall (1980) :
*
*

*

*

*

*

,

.

AIDS

(Farber, 1983).

54

Clever
Omenn (1958) ,

.
: AIDS

,
n
,

AIDS

,
,

 I K O

57

')
;
AIDS.

. AIDS

-
xou / y AIDS;
II.

/
AIDS
. ;
1-.
/
#) AIDS
;

59

AIDS 12
.

()
AIDS 12
. 102
.
5
' 3 4

, . ,
98 .
: *

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

=98
5
8
11
7
14
13
6
4
9
11
5
5

%
5,1
8,1

11,1
7,7

14,1
13,1
6,1
4,0
9,1

11,1
5,1
5,1

12 .
.

.
,

60
,
;

,
.

AIDS.

(Pilot
Study)

-.

:
1

( 1,2,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8,9,
11,12,13,19)

2.

AIDS ( 15, 15,

16, 2 3 , 2 6 ) .
S2 :
2.

2.
2.

/
,

AIDS
( 4 ) .
/

( 5 ) .
/

AIDS

HIV
( 1 2 ) .

61
3.

/
os
1
. 15,17 25
:
.
/

AIDS

-
( 6 ) .
II.

AIDS ( 11) .
,

Likert
.

Likert

" " "

", .

(Krier,
1988)
Virginia
.
( 1987) .

4.

HIV

/ HIV;
( 14, 20, 21, 2 2 , 24, 2 7 ) .

uno-

Georgetown
,

62

(,
1987)

"AIDS -

".
: 8,9,10.

0
:

Mann-Whitney

Kruskal-Wal 1 is.
Mann-Whitney

(
10)

(,
1975)

Kruskal-Wal1 is

( 4, 6 ) .

()
0,05.

S.P.S.S. (Statistical Package for Social

Sciences).

98

63

'

AIDS.

2.

7
91

7
93

< 30
30 - 39
40 +

44
40
14

45
41
14

//

40
2
4
47
3

42
2
4
49
3

64
30
4

6 4'
32
4

47
49

49
51

43
2

96
4

47
31
13
6

49
32
13
6

64

2,

'

,

,
,

65
12
13
6

68
13
13
6

42

45

32

34

20

21

()

1-4
5-9
10 - 14
15 +

24
38
21
15

25
39
21
15

11
14
67

13
15
74

(...)
TEI-
/ /

36
24
16
22

37
25
16
22

9
25
42
16

10
27
46
17

AIDS

54
18
15

60
21
19

AIDS

1-3
> 3

23
47
22

25
51
24

65

21 53 ,
307,4 .
, (49%)

.
67,4%

,
32,6% . 49% -
96% .

, 49%

"

", 32% "

" 13% "".

""

68%",
"" 13% ""
13% " " 6%.
/ 1 23
, 95,5 .
, 13%

,
15.-%
3
,

74-%

.
,
37% , 25:%
( , ), 16% 22% .

10%
,
27% , 46%
17%
.
""
"60"% ""
21%. ~~ " _ ^
" 19%. :
-
-
.
'
. , /
.
, /,
HIV,

,
,
.
AIDS

,
" " 25%,
"1-3
" 51% " 3 " 24%.



HE AIDS
3 . /
ADS ,

1.

AIDS
/

53
7
23

64
8
28

AIDS

33
43
19

35
45
20

13
19

41
59

3. ,

3
1, 2 /
, 3
- .

67

33
,
AIDS, 13
, 41%,
59% <5 .

, ,
,

AIDS.
- 19
- 20% /,

,
.
2 3

Festinger (1957),
/
.

1, 2 3 3
,
/. 3

2.

,
-, 5.
1, 2 3
3,

,
AIDS.
,

/,

/
.

68

4. / ,

-
-
-
-

9
25
40
15

2
9
11
7

22
36
28

4 44
10 40
20 50

47

7 47
=4,18,
=0,65
6

3 34
6 24 '
9 22 _
1 6!

< 30
30 - 39
40 +

43
38
14

10 23
19 50
4 29

22
38
20
15

6
13
9
5

(Kruskal-Wallis)

1-4
5-9
10 - 14
15 +

23 53
12 32
8 57

2
4 =7,49, =0,11

27
34
45
33

13
16
6
8

59
42
30
54

10 23
7 18
2 14

3
9
5
2

14
24
25
13

2 4 =4,52, =0,61

(Kruskal-Wallis)

-
- (...)

35
23

- -

15

10
8
4

42

12 29

29
16
35
10
27
8
2 4 =2,88,

46
43
53
=0,63

9 26
5 22
3 30

- //
/

- / /
/
51

19

20 48

37
23 45
2 2 =0,98, =0,61

10

24

18

69

Ili, 4.

-
64
-
12
- /
16
AIDS

1-3
> 3

22
46
22

-
61
- ()
26
- ,
4
(-)
/
AIDS
-
-
-

53
18
15

(+)

22 35
31 48
6 50
3 25
4 25
8 50
2 4 =3,15, =0,53

11 17
3 25
4 25

7
12
12

32
10 45
26
26 57
55
6 27
2 4 =6,53, =0,16

5 23
8 17
4 18

25
5
0

41
26 43
19
12 46
0
4 100
2 2 =5,33, =0,07

10 16
9 35
0
0

16 30
28 53
4 2.3
8 44
9 60
3 20
2 4 =8,48, =0,076
2 2 =6,30, =0,04

9
6
3

8
33
20

-
14
11 79
1
7
2 14
-
56
25 45
19 34
12 21
- /
5 21
6 25

24
13 54
2
4 =11 ,6, =0.021

70

4,
(47%),
,
.

(26 = 4,48, >0,05).
<30,
1-4 23%
27%, 30-39
, 50%, ,
10-14
(45%).

,
(35%)

(27%) -.

(24 = 2,88, >0,05).


(22 =0,98, >0,05).

(37%) ,
(29%)
, .

(41%) (19%),
(22 =5,33, =0,07).

.
,
,
, , 35%.

5 .
,

/ ,
AIDS.

TI

2
( 4 =3,15, >0,05).
,
,

/ ,

.

(60%) /
AIDS
.
, , (30%)
(22%).
2
( 4 = 8,48, <0,076).
"" "" ""
=0,043.

. /

AIDS 7%.
(34%) /

(54%) .
(24 =11,6, =0,021).

(1971)

.
/
HIV,
4,
HIV.

72
/
5. OL /
(- 33)

1. /
HIV

'

10

30,3

17

30,3

2.

24,2

12,1

3.

15,2

12

36,4

4.
AIDS

12,1

12,2

5.

9,1

3,0

6.

6,1

3,0

7.

3,0

3,0

33 100,0

33 100,0

,
AIDS,

73
. 30,3%
HIV, 24,2%
, 15,2%
, 12,1% , 9,1%
, 6,1%

3% .

/

AIDS

, 36,4%,

, 30,3%

12,2%

, 12,1% ,
3% , 3%

3%

.
OL , HIV

,

.

, ,
AIDS

"" .

74

6. /
(=13)

-
-
-
-

< 30
30 - 39
40 +

9
11
7
2

9
19
4
(Kruskal-Wallis)

1-4
6
5-9
12
10 - 14
9
15 +
5
(Kruskal-Wallis)
/
-
- (...)
- -

4
36
6
55
1
14
0
0
2
=2,96,
=0,23
2

24

7
5
6
0

64
45
86
0

5
56
4
7
37
12
1
25
3
=7,49, p=0,U

44
63
75

3
6
3
1
2
=4,52,
6

10
8
4

- <5//
/
12
- / /
/
18

50
50
33
20
=0,61

3
6
6
4

50
50
67
80

5
5
50
4
4
50
2
2
50
=0,00, =1,00

50
50
50

50

50

6
33
12
2 =0,28, =0,59

67

75

-
22
-
6
- /
4

10
2

45
33

12
4
3

55
67
75

3
10
67
4
2
=8,46,
=0.
015
2

43
91
33

25
1
=0,75,
=0,
69
2
2

AIDS

1-3
> 3

7
11
12

-
- ()

24
5

-
-

18
13

4
1
8

57

38

40
2
2
=1
=0,00,

6
6

33
46

16
3

67
60

12
7

67
54

11

55

67

2 =0,12, =0,73


- /
20
- /

12

45

4
33
2 =0,08, =0,78

* 2 , ,
1 .

76

, ,
, , ,
,
AIDS, ,

(>0,05),
AIDS (2 2 = 8,46, =0,015).

(67%) ,

AIDS.

AIDS
14%
55%.
.
33%,
50%.


,
.
, ,

. ,



. ,

HIV, ,

.
55%
-
-


AIDS,

77

- voi
,
. Farber
(1983)

,

.


, ,
Hugh (1986), Clever KOL Omenn (1988)
,
,
, .
, /
, ,
,
.

.

78

7.

.
u LO HIV

..

16
28

'

14

62
8

8
28

28

42
100

2 4 =10,7
=0,030

11

19
100

21

23

16

58
4

38
13

100

5
38

47

19

5
37

9
19

44

21
19

100

100

2 2 =3,80,
-0,15

HIV


(=0,030).
6

.
28%
" ,
"y
44%
.

8 .
AIDS
HIV (=98)
TO AIDS

(*)

. . . . .59

, . .50

. .. . . . 47
.
46
/
. . . , . 37

, . . . , 37
. , .. . 34

. . . . . 19

. . 8
/ 8

(%)
/

27

14

59

27

14

34

16

50

34

16

32

21

47

32

21

45

46

45

21

42

36

21

43

24
36

39
30

37
34

36
24

39
30

22

58

19

22

59

86

86

15

77

20

73

8,

AIDS,

HIV,

. ,
V a l e n t i A n a r e l l a
(1986).

. . .

AIDS.
,
8,
/,
^

(47'/.).

80

9. AIDS
(=18)

> 15
10 - 14
5-9
1-4

5
59
21
7

=10,6

n
%

92

5
64
23
8
100

SD=3,1

, ( 9 ) ,

,
, 10,63,1.
, 8% (7 ) 1-4
, 23% (21 ) 5-9, 64% (59 )
10-14 5% (5 ) 15-16.
40.
16
18 .

AIDS,
HIV.

AIDS
,
10,
, ,

HIV.
, HIV
,
20% .
/
HIV ,

HIV
/
.

/ .

81
10. ( ) (SD)
,

^\

'

..

10,5
10,4
10,7

'

11,1
10,3

SD

3,1
3,4
2,3

22 =0,01
=0,99
Kruskal-Wallis

2,7
3,4

=0,49
=0,63
Menn-Whitney

10

82


AIDS
1 1 .

AIDS
(: ()
AIDS;)

-
-
-
-

2 22
14 56
21 53
7 47

-
- (...)
- -

15 44
9 39
12 75

- //
/
20 4 8
- /
/
25 48

-
30 48
- ,
4 34
- /
10 58
AIDS

1- 3
> 3

9 41
29 62
7 33

0
0
8
2

0
0
20
13

24
4 12
48
3 13
13
2 13
=15,6, =0,016

7
0
0

0
0

22

15

18 3 4
4
8
2 3 =2,78, =0,43

10

17
6
3
26

27
7 11
50
1 8
18
2 12
=4,07, =0,67

8
12
4
26

36
1 5
26
2
4
19
7 33
= 1 7 , 5 , =0,005

4
4
3

6 67
1 11
9 36
2
8
7 18
4 10
5 33
1 7
2 9 =14,9, =0,09
8
11
2
26

& 15

14
1 8
2 12

18
2
1-5

S3

, 22%

67% ,
,
AIDS.
, 56%
36% ,

47%
33%.
2
( 9 =14,9, =0,09).

- -- 75%

13%
.
(...) 39% 48%,

, 44%
, 24%
.
20%
,

.
,
,

.
(75%) -

,
,

.

AIDS,
(TEI
986) AIDS
.

,
,

84

49% . ,
22%.

,
48% 35%.

(2 3 = 2,78, >0,05).
, 48%

27% .

, ,
, 33% 50%,

,
59% 18%.
2
( 6 = 4,07, =0,67).

AIDS
/ AIDS.

AIDS,
41%

36% .
1-3
, 62% 26%
. ,
3 , 33%
, 19% 33%

.
(26 = 17,5, =0,005).
, AIDS
, /
,

,
.

85

12. /
AIDS AIDS

- 29
30-39.
40 +

1-4
5-9
10 - 14
15 +

44

/ . ?

n %
%
%
%

16

21

48

1 2

15

40
4 10
23 SI
S 13
14
5 36
4 29
3 21
(Kruskal-Wallis)
23 = 9 , 2 8 , p=0,026

2J0

24
2 8
12 50
2 8
38
6 16
18 47
2 5
21
4 19
13 62
2 10
15
4 27
5 33
3 20
(Kruskal-Wallis)
2 3 =3,70, p=0,30

-
-
-
- .

9
25
42
16

34

14

8
12
2
3

33
3210
20

2
3
7
1

22
12
17
6

5 56
1 11
11 44
3 12
26 62
1 2
5 31
4 25 *2 6 =10,6, =0,10

1
8
8
6

11
32
19
31

6
4
3

17
17
19

22 61
1 3
11 48
3 13
8 50
1 6
2 4 = 1 , 4 3 , =0,84

7
5
4

19
22
25

-
-
- -

^-TCUTI C t \ ^

36
23
16

e^v^vjjc,

*\^

*"

86

12

-
43
-
53


-
65
-
12
- /
17
AIDS

1-3
> 3

23
47
22

6
10

14
19

24 56
0
0
24 45
9 17
2 3 = 9 , 4 5 , =0,024

13
10

30
19

7 11
1 8
7 41

35 54
4
6
4 33
3 25
6 35
2 12
2 6 = 1 5 , 5 , =0,017

19
4
2

29
33
12

10 43
2
9
24 51
3
6
10 45
2
9
=3,64, =0,73
2 6

9
10
6

39
21
27

9
21
18

2
10
4

12,

AIDS,

/,

,
,

,

,

AIDS .

HIV

,
/

AIDS

87

2
( 3 =
9,28, =0,026). 29 ,
(48%)
(2%).
30-39, (57%)
(10%). ,
40 ,
(36%)
(14%).

/
>40 ( =0,026)

(..
, ,
),
AIDS
1980,
.
,
/ <29

,
>40 .
,

, AIDS,

, ,
, 10

.

88

,
(2 3 =3,7, =0,30,
2 6 =10,6, =0,10 2 4 =1,43,=0,84 )

.
1-4 (50%)
, (8%).


HIV (2 3 =9,45, =0,024).
, ,

(56%).
.
,
(45%)

, (17%),

HIV.

,

2
( 6 =15,5, =0,017).

,

(54%)
(6%).

(33%)
(33%) (8%).

,

(41%)

AIDS,
HIV.
(12%)
(12%).

AIDS
(2 6 =3,64, =0,13).
,

(43%)

(95) (9%).
1-3 ,
(51%)
(6%). 3
, (45%)

(9%).

89

,
.

(AIDS)

AIDS
(Zunger and Miles, 19S7, Perfect, 1987, Christ et al,
1986, Reisman, 1988).

,
,
,
,

(Dunea, 1987, Gillon, 1987, Searle, 1987,

Funstenberg et al, 1984).
'

AIDS
,

HIV,

AIDS. '
(Servellen et al, 1988).



/

AIDS.

: 1)
, 2)
HIV

3)

AIDS.

-

/ AIDS.

"

,

AIDS. n

90
/ -
. L O HIV.
, ,

.
/

AIDS
AIDS

AIDS ( 3 ) .
35"/. (33
)

, 45"/.
20"/.

AIDS.
/,

,
,

64"/..

Jarvis (1987)
/

AIDS,
5'/. /
..., Wertzh
.
(1988),
Servellen
.
(1988),
18"/. 23,1"/.
/
....
, 5 33

AIDS, 13 , (39*/.),
.

(Festinger, 1957). n

,
,

AIDS,

(Festinger, 1957),

.

AIDS.

9
.

AIDS
6
/, ta ,
, /

AIDS. ' , Servellen , .

(1988) , 127. / ,
..., ,
,

AIDS.

(=0,02)

/
(
4 ) . 77.

,

, ,

547..

,
607.
/

AIDS .
,

,
,
,

AIDS.
,

/,

/. ,

AIDS,
,

(307.), ( 5 ) .
0 Reisman
&
.
Servellen
.
(1988)

....
, ,
/,

AIDS

92

/
6
AIDS
( 5 ) .

AIDS ,
6

6 , , 6
(=0,03). 2/3

AIDS (
7).
,

( 4, 7 ) .
,

, ,

/.
21"/.

HIV,

/,
.

/.
/

.

...
(Servellen
et al, 1988), 817. /



AIDS, 10,97.
.


AIDS,

AIDS . 677. /

, AIDS
3 (=0,01).
Rubinow 1984 /,

AIDS,

93

. n /

, '

,
607.

AIDS. ,

-
,

-
.
, n

/.

,
AIDS,

/
AIDS.
/

, ,
,

/
.

, /
AIDS,
.
,

AIDS. , 69 90,

AIDS
(=0,005).

3,
337.
AIDS,

5"/.

AIDS.

/
AIDS ( 1 1 ) .

/
,

94
- AIDS

AIDS.
/

(Purtilo et al, 1985),

AIDS /
AIDS

-
(=0,016, 1 1 ) ,

...,

-.

,
AIDS.
/

AIDS

'
/, .
, >

/
AIDS

,

.

AIDS,

. n

AIDS.

95

AIDS. O L
Wertzh , . (1988)

- Femea
(1990)
AIDS
/

.
AIDS.
,
/ ,

HIV,
,
HIV
.

/
AIDS
(
12).
n
,

/
AIDS.
/

(=0,02),

(=0,01)
(=0,002),
/
AIDS

. . 29
,

,


-

(Friedman 1988).


AIDS,

.

Festinger
(1959)
(Katz,
1960),

96

- n
, ,

-
AIDS

/, ,
11, -
-ca

AIDS, ,

-
Kelly (1982) O'Connor (1986),



AIDS,

..., ,

AIDS.

AIDS,
.

/
AIDS 1 3

16"/.,

AIDS,

, 60"/.

AIDS. '

/ AIDS
.


/ .

n
/
AIDS AIDS

97

, -
, AIDS.
2
:

/,

AIDS,
,

AIDS.

/ ,
AIDS.

mm

AIDS.

AIDS

HIV.

/

,

/

,

AIDS.

,

98

12 ...

2 ,

, Mann-Whitney
KruskalWalls. :

,
,
,

98
, , :
, , , AIDS
/ .

:
/

HIV
, ,
AIDS

HIV,

/.
0

AIDS
/, ,
, /

AIDS.

, 3 5 %

,
45%

2 0 %

( 3 ) .
/,
AIDS , ,
(=0,07)

/

, AIDS.
60%, ,
.

,
, , 3 0 % .

99
npeyyLan "",
""
"",

(=0,04).

. (7%) /

,

.

(34%) /
. ,

(54%)

(=0,021). ( 4 ) .

, ,
,

,
n

, n .
( 5 ) .


,

4 1 % .

,
,
, ,

, ,
/*

AIDS
(=0,01).

( 6 ) .

(=0,01),

AIDS
(=0,005) ( 1 1 ) .

100

/
/, AIDS
.

(<0,05) ( 7 ) .

,
.

AIDS,

(=0,017).

, / ,
41%
AIDS.
, / ,

11% 8%
.
/
AIDS
HIV
, ,

AIDS.

, ,
, .
23 ,
, 48%,
. 16%
AIDS

AIDS. 30-39
57%
10% .

-101SUMMftRV
UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS, DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
ATHENS, 1991
NURSES' ETHICAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS AIDS PATIENTS
by Margaritidou-Tiblalexi Vaso
The purpose of the present thesis was the study of the
ethical attitude of the nursing
personnel
towards
patients
suffering
from AIDS. Specifically, there were investigated 1)
the wish and request of the nursing
personnel
to
be
transferred
to a section with no AIDS patients. 2) The felt
character of their obligation
to nursing
care
for AIDS
patients. 3) The attitude of discrimination towards patients
with AIDS based on the way they were infected
by the virus
HIV.
The above variables were correlated
with
demographic
factors, as well as factors concerning
the work
environment
and
the knowledge of the nursing personnel as far as AIDS in
general and safety equipment are
concerned. The study
was
based
on 98 questionnaires
completed by an equal number of
nursing personnel providing
care
for
AIDS patients in 12
hospitals of Athens.
The statistical
criterion x= was used for the evaluation
and the effectiveness of each factor. Of
the total
nursing
personnel
questioned
35X wished a change of section, 45"/. did
not wish such a change and 207. did not express an opinion,
while only 43"/. of those wishing to change actually applied for
a transfer. The wish for transfer to a different
section
correlates
in a statistically significant degree with their
unsafety by the use of safety equipment and
their
knowledge
about the AIDS diagnosis (p=0,004). The reasons given are in
order, fear of infection by the HIV virus and
the
cohabition
with
children. The most frequent
factor correlated with a
request for a transfer was the number of deaths in the section
(over three) (p=0,01), while with the same number of deaths,
the obligation for nursing care appeared more weak
(p=0,01).
Those who have graduated recently feel a stronger obligation
for caring for patients with AIDS.
A discriminating attitude is adopted by those who
to be very religious persons (p=0,01).

declare

102

= Beneficence of
normaleficence

= Principle of
justice



= Principle of
respect of autonomy

= Discrimination

= Publicity

= Ethics

= Moral

= Ethical

principles
principles

= Ethical

= Moral

= Ethical dilemma

= Moral dilemmas

= Morals

theory

judgement

= Formalism Theory
=

Fairness

= Ego
ism
-
= Meta-ethics

= Universality

= Finality

= Stigmatization

= Utilitarianism Theory

103

AIDS.

.

,
AIDS.

.
() ,
.
, .

104

()

()

:
1

:
1

( )

()
1

()

()

( )

-
( --)

05
7

;
1
-o
2

3
-
4
5
6
7

( )

-
_
-

8 ;
1

8 , ;
1

;
1

2
- ( )
3
4
5

( )
<

10 :
( )
-

()-



-

()

4.06
11
;
( - )
1
2
3
4

12
;
( )
1

4

13 , , AIDS
; ( )
1

2
1-3
3
3
4

AIDS;
, :
, , , .

-

-

3"

- ^
-

-
-
.
-
- -

-

-

--
- (
)

>
-

-^i

-
-?
J5.


., ?
AIDS;
1

3

. , ;
1

,
, 1 2, :
(, 1 2)




AIDS
'



( )
:
(),
AIDS; ( )
()
()
()
()


-

AIDS;
1

2

3

4

5

ios
1 9

()
AIDS; ( 6
)

AIDS
1

20
AIDS;
1

2
3
4

,
. ,

21 ()
AIDS; ( )
1
()
2
()
3
()
4
()
22
; ( )
1

2

3

4

5
_ AnOX--ToS--^-23.
1
2

3
4
5

109
,
, AIDS;
( :
, , , )

-

->
-
- .
-

.
-
- .
-
_i>
- -
- .
- .
--
s
- (
)
->

AIDS;
( ).

1
2

3
4

()

( )

AIDS AIDS .
1
2
3
4
5

no
2 7 ( - )

. 2

( )
HIV ,
10
HIV_^

.
-

HIV
AIDS

AIDS

AIDS.

AIDS,
HIV

9
10

^
^

9
^

AIDS ACQUIRED IMMJNODEFFICIENCY SYNDROMEN

, AIDS,

11

AIDS
AIDS

12

AIDS

13

0 AIDS

14

0

.

15

0 AIDS

16

0 AIDS .

17

0 AIDS _

18

0 L AIDS .

"7

-7*

, .
,
.
(1987).
:

. 4:221-224.
A.C.P., .D.C.. (1986).
Allport, G. (1987). Attitudes: A handbook of
social psychology. New York: Rssel and Roussel 1
Co., . 813.
Ajzen, . Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding
attitudes
and
predicting
social
behavior.
Englewood Cliffs, N.S., Prentice Hall.
American Nurses' Association, committee on Ethics:
Guidelines
for
Nurses'
Participation
and
Leadership
in
Institutional
Ethical
Review
Process.
Kansas City,
Mo,
American Nurses'
Association, 1985.
American Nurses' Association: Code for nurses
Interpretive Statements. Kansas City, Missouri,
American Nurses' Association, 1985.
American Nurses' Association: Statement regarding
risk versus responsibility in providing nursing
care. A mimeographed statement of the Committee on
Ethics. Kansas City, Missouri, American Nurses'
Association, November 13, 1986.
:
1131 .
, . , 1975.

7.

! 1134
.
, . , 1975.

9.

Aroskar,
.. (1980). Anatomy of an Ethical
Dilemma: THE THEORY. American Journal of Nursing,
April 1980, p. 649.
Banks, T.L. in (4), pp. 175-181.

IT2

Barker, P. (1980). Nursing times. May 29, pp. 978.

t

Beachamp,
T.L.,
Childress JF: Principles of
Biomedical Ethics. New Yok, Oxford University
Press, pp. 56-167, 201-227 (1979).
Beck, L.W. (trans.) 1949). Kant's critique of
practical reason and other writings in maral
philosophy. Chicago University Press. Chicago.
Benjamin, M. and Curtis, J. (1981). Ethics in
Nursing, New York: Oxford University Press, see
references to "Codes"
Bennett,
J,A. (1987). Nurses talk about
challenge of AIDS. Am. J. Nurs. 87:1150-1155.

the

Boccaccio, G.: The decamenon of Giovanni Boccacio

Winwar F (trans.), New York: Random House, 1955,
XXIV.
"",
19 19 .
Brandt, . (1985). No magic bullet: A social
history of venereal diseages in the United States
since 1880. New York: Oxford University Press.
Burrow,

G.

N.:

Carina

far

urne

Carney, R. (1971). Risk-taking behavior concepts .

and
applications
to
socciety.
Springfield,
Illinois: Charlec C. Thomas.
Cassens BJ: Social consequences of the acquired
immmudeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 103:
768-771, 1985.
Centers
for
Disease
Control : Update: Human
immunodeficiency virus infections in health-care
workers exposed to blood of infected patients.
MMWR 36: 285-289, 1987.

13
Centers
for
Disease
Control:
Human
immunodeficiency
virus
infection
in the United
States. MMWR.34: 583-589, 1985.
Centers
for Disease
Control.
Update:
Human
immunodeficiency
virus infections in health-care
workers exposed to bloof of
infected
patients.
Morbidity
and Mortality
Weekly Report, 36(19,
285-289, 1987.
Christ, G.H., Wiener, L.S., Magnihan,
R.T.:
Psychosocial
issues
in AIDS. Psychiatric
Ann.
16:173, 1986.
Chursh,
G.
(1985,
September
23).
The new
untouchables:
Anxiety
over AIDS is rverging on
hysteria
in some,
parts of the
country-Time
Magazine, 126(12), 2 4 , 27.
Clack, M., Huck, S.,
Doctors fear AIDS, too.
58-59.

Quade, V., Canton, M.:

Newsweek 1987; August 3:

Clever, L. and Omenn, G.

Public Health 9:273-303.

(1988). American Rev.

Cohen, C.: Ethics committees.

18:11, 1988.

Hasting cent

Rep.

-
: To

, ,

- .

, 1790.
*

\
-, .
,

(1983).

Davis,
A.J.,
Aroskar,
..
(1978).
dilemmas and nursing practice. Appleton
Crofts, New York.

.
Ethical
Century

-,
.

1987.

,
.
Descartes, R.: Disc 1637 de la mthode, III, 1.
DeSimone, P., Pisaneschi,
al: Medical
ethics grand
15:121-152, 1986.

J. I., Jaffe, H.W., et

rounds, Hosp. Pract

Dickens ., (1988): Legal rights and Duties in the AIDS

epidemic. SCIENCE, Vol. 239, pp. 380.
Dobb,
L.W.
(1948). The behavior
Psychological Review, 55_, 175-176.
Dunea, G.
(1987).
295, 22 August.

of

attitude.

British Medical Journal

Volume

Durkheim, E.
(1964). The Division of labour in
Society, Glencoe, Free Press.
AIDS.

.
"

AIDS".
, 1990.
, 683/1948.
Friedland, G.
(1988). AIDS and compassion. JAMA,
May 20, 1988, Vol. 259, No. 19.
Frankena, W.K.
(1973): Ethics 2d ed.
Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, pp. 30-31.

Englewood

Farber, .
(1983). Stress and burnout in human
service professions. New York: Pergamon Press.
Festinger, L.: A theory of cognitive
Evanston III: Row, Peterson, 1957.

dissonance.

Fishbein, M.
(Ed.) (1967). Readings on attitude
theory and measurement. New York: John Wiley

Sons, Inc., pp. 8-23.

Funstenberg, ., Olson, M.M.: Social
work and
AIDS. Soc Work Health Care 1984, 9:45-62.

15

, . (1965),
, .

Gerbert, ., Badner, V., Maguire

dental practice. J. Public Health
48:68-73.
,
1986.

,
.: AIDS and
Dent. 1988,

.: , , ,

.: ,
1986.

Goffman, . (1963). Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, New

Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Greenberg, S. Valetutty, P. (1980). Stress and
the helping
professions.
Baltimore: Poul
J.
Brookes.
Gnther, M.
(1977). The threatened
staff: A
psychanalytic contribution to medical
psychology.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, .18, 385-397.
Guy de Chaulial
Healy, C. (1985). AIDS and the professional ethic.
The Australian Nurses Journal, 14., 10.
Hovland,
C.I. Rosenberg
(1980).
Attitude
organization and change. New Haven, Conn.: Yale U.
:

.
.
1974.

.
.
11 . 47.

Health
and
Public
Policy Committee
(1986),
American College of Physicians and the
Infectious
Disease
Society
of
America:
Acquired
immunodeficieny
syndrome.
Ann.
Intern./Med.,
104:575-581.
Healy, C. (1985). Intensive c a r e i r . The problem
of stress. Nursing Times, 74, 753-754.

1(6
International Council of Nurses (1973). Code forNurses:
Ethical
Concepts Applied to Nursing
I.C.N. Geneva.
International Nursing Review
1973.

Vol.

20,

Nov.

25,

Jarvis, D.R. (1987). Attitudes of Nurses Toward

with AIDS. Virginia Commonwealth University.
Johnsen, A.R., Siegler, M., Winslade, W.S. (1986).
Clinical ethics: a practical approach to ethical
decisions in clinical medicine - 2nd ed., New
York: MacMi1 Ian.
Janken, J. (1974, March). The nurse in crisis.
Nursing Clinics of North America, 19.(1), 17-24.
Kelly,
K.
(1987): "AIDS and
Hospital Psychiatry 9, 331-340.

Ethics,

General

Keyes, R. (1985). Chancing it: Why we take risks.

Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
Katz, D., (1960, summer). The functional approach
to the study of
attitudes.
Public
Opinion
Quarterly, 24, 163-204.
Kim, E.J. and Perfect, R.J. (1988). To help the
sick: An Historical and Ethical Essay Concerning
the Refusal to Care for patients with AIDS. The
American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 84, Jan. 1988,
135-138.
Krier, .: L'infirmire face au SIDA. Les Cahiers
du Germ pp. 60-70 (1988).
: .
2 AIDS, , 1990.
Likert, R., "A technique for the measurement of
attitudes", Archives of Psychology, No. 140, New
York.

Iti
Liszt (1919). Lehrbuch des deutschen strafrechts.
. ,
-, , i 1977.
Lo, ., Jonsen, A.R. (1980). Clinical decisions to
limit treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1980, 93:764-8.
Lo, ., Thomas, ., Paffin, Neal ., Cohen, R.,
Wchter, Luce J. and Hopewel P. (1987). Ethical
Dilemmas about intensive care for patients with
AIDS, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 9, No
6, Nov.-Dec. 1163-1167.
Lusby, C. (1985). AIDS: The impact on the health
care worker, Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and
Oncology, 19, 164-167.
Marschall, J. (1980). Stress amongst nurses. In C.
Cooper & J. Marschall
(Ed.) White Collar and
professional stress, pp. 19-59, New York, Wiley &
Sons.
Massie, M.J., Barbuto, J.: Medical staff responses
to AIDS: management issues.
In: Program and
Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American
Psychiatric
Association.
American Psychiatric
Association, Abstract 65F, Washington.
Matthews, G.W. , Verla, J.D., Neslund, J.D. (1986).
The initial impaoct of AIDS on public health law
in the United States. JAMA 257:344-352, 1987.
McKusick, L., ed. 1986. What to do about AIDS/ In
Physicians and Mental Health Professionals Discuss
the Issues. Barkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press.

, ., AIDS.
....., 1989.

...

Morgenthau T.: Gay America in transition. Newsweek

Aug. 8, 1983.

Il

Nightingale, F. Notes on Nursing. New York, Dover

Publications, Inc., 1969.
O'Conner, J. (1986). AIDS discrimination sometimes
legal, says Justice Decartment. Psychiatric News
21:1, 1986.
Oskamp,
S.
(1977).
Attitudes and
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice
72.

opinions.
Hall, p.

Oxford University Press (London) (1974), Oxford

Advanced Learns Dictionary of Current English,
A.S. Hornby.
,

36:185, 1979.

.


. Materia Medica Greca,
15, 3, 1987.
Pear,
R: US files first AIDS discrimination
charge. The New York Times, August 9, 1986.
Pollak ., The Social Dimensions of AIDS. AIDS
. , , 1989.
^
<2 f>tf
Purtilo,
R.
and Casse 1, C, (1985). Ethical
Dimensions in the Health Professions. Saunders
Company. London.
Pratt, R.J. AIDS: A strategy for nursing care.
London, Edward Arnold, 1987.
Rai ley, SC, Cranford, RE: Ethics committees: What
have we learned? In Friedman E. (ed.): Making
Choices:
Ethics
Issues
for
Health
Care
Professionals.
Chicago,
American
Hospital
Publishing, 1986.
Rawls, J. Justice as fairness.
Review, 1958; 67:164-94.

The Philosophical

119
Rawls, John; A
Mass.,
Harvard
131-135.

Theory of
University

Justice. Cambridge,
Press,
1971,
pp.

Readshaw, V. (1981). Conscientious objectors at

work. Social Audit, London p. 2.
Reisman, C.E. (1988, D e c ) .
North America, Vol. 23, No, 4.

Nursing Clinics of

Rim,
Y.
(1963).
Risk taking and need
achievement. Acta Psychol ogica, 21_, 108-115.
Robb, I.H.
15, 57.

(1915) Nursing Ethics.

Cleveland,

for
p.

Royal College of Nursing (1976). R.C.N. Code of

Professional Conduct - A Discussion Document,
London: R.C.N.
Royal College of Nursing (1979). R.C.N. Code of
Professional Conduct: Discussion document, R.C.N.,
London.
Royal College of Nursing (R.C.N.) (1977). Code of
Professiional
conduct: A discussion document,
Journal of Medical Ethics 3(3), 121.
Royal College of Nursing (R.C.N.) (1976). Code of
Professional
conduct:
A discussion document,
R.C.N., London (Reproduced in JME 1977 3(3)).
Rumbold, G. (1986) Ethics in nursing
Bai liiere Tindall, London, Ch. 12.

practice.

Rubinow, D. (1984). The psychosocial impact of

AIDS. Topics in Clinical Nursing 6_, 26-30.
Schoenbaum, E.E., Selwyn, P.A., Hartel, D. et al:
HIV seroconversion in intravenaus drug abusers:
Rate and risk factors. Presented at the Third
International Conference on AIDS,
Washington,
D.C., June 3, 1987.

-^-

Seedhouse, David
Health Care.

(1968).

Ethics:

The

Heart

of

Selwyn, P.A., Feiner, C., Cox, C. et al: Knowledge

about AIDS and high risk behavior among IV drug
users in New York. AIDS 1987; 1:247-254.
Sherif, C Shrif, M. (Ed.) (1987). Attitude,
ego-involvement and change. New York: Jonn Wiley &
Sons, p. 32.
Servellen
M. V., Lewis C. E., Leake B.:
Nurse's
responses
to
the
AIDS
crisis implications
for
continuing
education
programs.
The
Journal
of
in
1988^4-8? E d U C a t O n
N o s i n g , 1<?> j a n u a r y / F e b r u a r y
Short, J.
(1984). The social
fabric at risk:
Towards the
social
transformation
of
risk
analysis.
American
Sociological
Review
49,
711-722.
Silverman, M.F., Silverman, D.B.: Aids and
the
threat
to public
health.
Hastings Cent
Rep.
15:19-22, 1985.
Simmons-Ailing, S.
(1984).
needs of the health care
Clinical Nursing 6, 31-37.

AIDS: Psychosocial
worker.
Topics
in

Slovic, P.
(1987, April).
Science, 236, 280-285.

Perception of

risk.

Smart, J., Williams, B. (1973). Uti1ifarianism

and against. Cambridge University Press.

for

Steinbrook, P., Lo, ., Tirpack, J., Dilley, J.W.,

Volberding,
P.A.
(1985). Ethical
dilemmas
in
caring
for
patients
with
the
acquired
immunudeficiency
syndrome.
Ann.
Int.
Med.
103(5):787-90.

Thompson,
I.E.
(1979).
The
nature
confidentiality. J. Med. Ethics, 5_:57-64.

of

-VatT h o m p s o n , I.E., M e l i a , K.M. and R o y d , K.M. ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

Nursing Ethics,
E d i n b u r g h : Churchill L i v i n g s t o n e .
(See
Chapter
2,
Secton
4
on ' E t h i c s ,
Law and
R e 1i g i ' ) .
T h o m p s o n , I.E., M e l i a , K.M. and B o y d , K.M. ( 1 9 8 8 ) .
Nursing Ethics,
E d i m b u r g h : Churchill L i v i n g s t o n e .
(See C a p t e r , 1 0 , A p p e n d i c e s ) .
Triandis
H.
C :
Exploratory
b e h a v i o r a l c o m p o n e n t of social

Soc. Psychol. 68, 420-430, 1964.

factor
a n a l y s e s of the
attitudes,
J.
Hbnorm
ra

"

Triandis, H.C.: Attitude and attitude change. New

Work: Willey, 1971.
Triandis, H . C : Interpersonal behavior,
Brooks/Cole, 1977.

Monterey:

, . (1975). .
-
.
, .
.. (1985). .
United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing (UKCCN)
(1983/1984). Codes of Professional Conduct for the
Nurse, Midwife and Health Visitor. United Kingdom
Central Council for Nursing: Midwifery and
Health
Visiting, London.
United Kingdom Central Council

(1986).

Valenti,
W.
(1986). AIDS: Challenge
infection control practitioner. American
of Infection Control, 14 (6), 243-245.

to the
Journal

Valentini, W. , Anarella, J.
(1986). Survey of
hospital personnel on the understanding
of the
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome.
American
Journal of Infection Control, 14(12), 60-63.
Viele, C S . , Codd, M.J., Morrison, C : Caring for
acquired
immune deficiency
syndrome patients.
Oncol Nurs Forum 11:56-60, 1984.

22

Volberding, P.,
Abrams, D. ; Clinical
care
and
research
in AIDS. Hastings Cent Rep 15:16-18,
1985.
Vol inn,
I.
(1983),
Health
profesionals
as
stigmatizers
and
destigmatizers of diseases.
Alcoholism and leprory as examples. Social Science
Medicine, 17(7).
Wchter, R.M.
(1986). The impact of the acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome on medical
residency
training. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1777-80.
Walters, L.: Ethical
and
legal
issues
in
the
prevention
and
treatment
of
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome.
Presented
at
a
conference
on
AIDS
co-sponsored
by
The
International
Center
for
Interdisciplinary
Diseases, Georgetown School
of Medicine and the
National
Institute of Allergy and
Infectious
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, October
21-22, 1983.
Walters, L.: Ethical issues in the prevention and
treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Science 1988
Feb. 5:239 (4830), 580-586.
Warnock: Utilarianism.
Ch. Mill, J.S..
Glasgow: Collins/Fontana, p. 236, 1974.

On liberty.

Wertzh, D.: Knowledge and attitudes of AIDS health

care
providers bafore and after aducation. Programs. Public
Health Reports. Vol. 102, No 3, pp. 248-254.
Wicker,
A.W.: Attitudes
versus
action:
The
relationship
of
verbal
and overt
behavioral
responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social
Issues (1969), 2 5 , 41-78.
W.H.O.: Ethics and
Health Promotion (1987). A
report from the Health Promotion Programme. W.H.O.
Copenhagen.
W.H.O. Nursing care of people with AIDS and their
families (Kiel), 1989.
W.H.O./EURO: Nursing care of people with AIDS and
their families: A report
from
the programme
of
nursing. Copenhagen, 1989.
Zuger
., Miles, S.H.: Physicians, AIDS,
and
occupational risk: Historie traditions and eihic
obligations. JAMA 1987, 258:1924-1928.