ME 1 CONCURRENT FORCES AND STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

OBJECTIVES 1. To illustrate the vector nature of forces; 2. To confirm the conditions for static equilibrium of concurrent forces in two dimensions.

INTRODUCTION All real bodies, living and otherwise, experience forces in their physical environments. The force of gravity acts on all bodies. Right now, gravity is pulling down on you, and your chair or whatever is supporting you supplies an equal force in the upward direction, resulting in equilibrium. Creatures which live in fluids experience a frictional drag force when they move in that fluid. A clear understanding of forces is necessary in order to appreciate how various living things are affected by the forces in their particular environments. In this experiment, a static system of concurrent forces is set up, and the lines of action of the forces are traced onto a sheet of paper. A scaled vector diagram is constructed in order to show that the vector sum of the forces is zero. The force system is also analyzed by finding the components of the individual forces along two mutually perpendicular axes, and showing that the sums of the two sets of components are zero.

THEORY 1. Static equilibrium in two dimensions A point body is said to be in a state of equilibrium if its linear acceleration is zero. According to Newton's second law, this condition for equilibrium requires that the vector sum of the external forces acting on the body is zero. If the linear velocity of the body is also zero in some particular frame of reference, then the body is said to be in a state of static equilibrium in that reference frame. Figure 1 shows a point body with four concurrent forces acting on it. (The word concurrent means that the forces all act through a single point.) The condition for equilibrium will be satisfied if the vector sum of these forces is zero. If the body is at rest in the lab frame of reference, then the condition for static equilibrium is also satisfied. 2. Graphical addition of vectors

Figure 1 Concurrent forces

In the graphical method of vector addition, a scale drawing is constructed in which the lengths of the lines in the drawing correspond to the magnitudes of the forces that they represent. (For example, if the scale is 5 cm = 1 N, a 2 N force is represented by a line which is 10 cm long.) The vectors are drawn such that each starts at the end point of the previous one and points in the direction of the force that it represents. The resultant is drawn from the starting point of the first vector to the ending point of the last vector and points in this same direction. The magnitude of the resultant is found by measuring its length and applying the scale factor to it. In Figure 2, the vectors A, B and C are added to form the resultant, R.
Figure 2 Graphical addition of vectors (vector polygon)

Any number of vectors can be added head-to-tail in this way. Because of its shape, the figure is often called a vector polygon.

3. Analytical addition of vectors a) Components of a vector: The vector B and a set of orthogonal axes (x and y) are shown in Figure 3. The components of B in the x and y directions, Bx and By, are the projections of B on the two axes. The values of the components are given by Bx = B cos , and By = B sin Once the direction of the x-axis ( = 0O) has been established (it can usually be chosen arbitrarily), then by convention, the angle is measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis to the arrow end (the positive sense) of the vector, and has a value between 0 and 360 degrees. If this convention is followed, the algebraic sign of the trigonometric function (sine or cosine) of the angle, as given by a calculator, will yield the correct algebraic sign (positive or negative) for the component. In Figure 4, an (arbitrary) x-axis has been added to the vectors from Figure 1. The conventional method for measuring the angles (counterclockwise from the x-axis) is shown.
Figure 4 Conventional method of measuring vector angles Figure 3 Vector components

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b) Addition of components: The x-component and y-component of the resultant of several vectors are the sum of the x-components of the individual vectors and the sum of the y-components of the same vectors, that is, Rx = Fx = F1 cos 1 + F2 cos 2 +... and Ry = Fy = F1 sin 1+ F2 sin 2 + ... c) Resultant from components: Once the components are known, the magnitude of the resultant of several vectors may be found from R = [(Rx)2 + Ry)2]1/2 The direction of the resultant is given by tan = Ry / Rx , from which

= tan 1

Ry Rx

Note that a calculator does not necessarily give the correct value for from this equation. Instead, it always displays a value between -90O and +90O. As a result, the correct direction must be found by inspection from the algebraic signs of Rx and Ry. An example should help to clarify this. Example: Suppose Rx = -1N and Ry = 1N. The fraction Ry/Rx = 1N/-1N = -1. Taking the inverse tangent of -1 gives -45O, which lies in the fourth quadrant. By inspection, though, since Rx is negative and Ry is positive, the resultant must lie in the second quadrant. Thus, the calculator has given an answer which is 180O off. Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to draw a small set of axes and to sketch on it the angle given by the calculator and the approximate direction given by the signs of Ry and Rx.

APPARATUS

Vertical force board, 2 C-clamps, set of 4 strings, 2 sets of hooked masses, plain paper, masking tape, small mirror. Students supply clear 30-cm plastic ruler, triangle, protractor.

PROCEDURE

Notes: 1. While partners will set up the apparatus together, each person will make a tracing of the force system on a separate sheet of paper and use it for the calculations. 2. Your results are dependent on the care with which the various points are marked and the lines are drawn. Use a sharp pencil and draw fine lines. 1. Set up the force board and clamp it firmly to the table.
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2. Using the strings and the masses supplied, set up a system of four forces (three over the pulleys and one hanging downward) so that the knot is suspended in equilibrium near the centre of the clear space on the force board. None of the forces should have a value which is trivial (very small) compared to the others. Displace the knot from its equilibrium position and release it. The force system should oscillate freely, coming to rest at its original position. Tap (vibrate) the force board in order to minimize the effects of static friction in the pulleys. 3. Slide a sheet of paper between the strings and the force board, and locate it so that a reasonable length of each string lies over the paper. Adjust the forces if necessary. Tape the paper in place. The paper does not need to be square with the force board. 4. Mark the position of each string with tiny circled dots at two widely-spaced points. Use the mirror to eliminate errors due to parallax. Label each pair of marks with the value of the mass on the string, and draw a short arrow to indicate the direction of each force. 5. Remove the sheet of paper from the force board and put your name on it. Complete the force lines and give each force a label, e.g. F1, etc.. 6. When both partners have completed Steps 3 to 5, tidy the apparatus.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

1. Prepare a table similar to the following in your lab notebook, and enter the values in your table as you proceed. Leave space beneath the Fx and Fy columns for their sums. Cos 0.7771 Sin 0.6293

Force

Mass (kg) 0.200

Weight (N) 1.962

Angle 39O

Fx (N) 1.525

Fy (N) 1.235

F1 F2 F3 F4

2. Calculate the weight of each of the masses (W = mg). Show one sample calculation. Use 9.81 m/s2 for the acceleration of gravity. Keep one extra figure in the weights and other calculated values in order to minimize round-off errors.

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Graphical addition of vectors:

3. Draw an (arbitrary) x-axis, which passes through the intersection of your force lines. See Figure 4 for guidance. Measure and record the (counterclockwise) direction angles of the vectors on your sheet. 4. On a separate page in your notebook, draw a scale vector polygon of the forces. Label each of the forces as F1, etc. State your scale, and use as large a scale as the page will permit. Use a sharp pencil and work carefully. 5. Clearly label the resultant vector (it should be very small). Measure its length and convert the length to force units. Measure the direction angle. Reference the angle to the positive x-axis in the conventional way. State the magnitude and the direction of the resultant on your polygon.

Analytical vector addition:

6. Enter the angles from your drawing into the table. Find the values of the sines and cosines of the angles. Note that the number of significant figures in a trigonometric function does not depend on the size the angle. For example, 2O and 358O are both measured to the nearest degree. 7. Calculate the x- and y-components of each of the forces. Use SI units. Show one sample. 8. Sum the x-components and the y-components at the bottom of the columns under the table. Show both the unrounded and the rounded sums. Are both of the rounded sums equal to zero? If they are not, find the percent difference between the sums of the positive and negative components, without regard to sign. The hooked masses used in this experiment may be as much as 1% above their listed values. A percent difference of less than this amount is within the tolerance of the masses. If your percent difference is not within the 1% tolerance allowed by the hooked masses, what other experimental factors might account for it? 9. Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the resultant from the unrounded sums of the components. Reference the angle to the positive x-axis in the conventional way.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Briefly summarize your results.

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