6

CkvemwaXw

Ckvemw-aXw
A_p-A-Avem auZqZn

{]kvXm-h\
{]kn Ckvem-anI Nn-I\pw ]WvUn-X\- p-amb auem\m
hnh\w:

hn.-]n. apl--Zen

`mjm-]-cn-jvI-cWw:

s{]m^. sI.-]n. Iam-ep-o

Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-tmSv

A_p AAvem auZq-Zn-bpsS "cnkmse Zo\n-m-n's

]cn-`m-j-bmWv "Ckvemw aXw'. Fgp-]-Xn-e-[nIw `mj-I-fntev hnh\w sN-s hnJymX {K-am-Wn-Xv. aebm-f
- ns CXn-s ]Xn-\mev ]Xn-p-I CXn\Iw
{]kn-o-Ic- n-s- -n-p-v. C{X-tbsd hmb-\
- msc e`n
thsd Hcn-kvem-anI {Khpw Ctmfw shfnw In-n.
"cnkmse Zo\n-mn's Cwojv ]Xnv Xm-dmnb s{]m^. JpinZv AlvaZv Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-Ibpw
]T-\ml-amb ASn-p-dn-p-Ifpw Cu ]Xn-n hnh\w sNbvXv tNn-p-v. s{]m^. sI.-]n. Iam-ep-o Bhiy-amb `mjm-]-cn-jvI-cWw hcp-n-bn-p-v.
Cu al-Zv{Kw kXym-t\z-jn-Ismcp amK-Zo-]am-bn-o-cs F {]mY-\-tbmsS klr-Z-b-k-aw
kan-p-sIm-p-p.
{]km-[-I

10

cmw ]Xn-ns
hnh-I-p-dnv
Ckvem-ans kp-c-cq]w tIc-fo-bv {Kln-p-hm DX-Ip CkvemanI {K- ae-bmf `mj-bn Xptemw Ipd-hm-sW hkvXpX Fmhcpw Hcp-t]mse {Kln-n-cn-p Hcp ]c-amY-amWv. Cu Ipdhv ]cn-l-cnp--Xn\v ASp--Im-e-mbn ]e am\y-mcpw cwK-n-d-n-sm-n-cnp-p-sh-Xv Bim-h-lw-Xs. Ah-cpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn Ckvem-anI
kmln-Xy-nv ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn {]m_eyw IqSn-sm-p-h-cn-I-bmWv.
Fm, Ckvem-ans bYmtm-tiyw ]qo-I-cn-m ]cym-]vX-amb
{K- C\nbpw th{X Dm-bn--gn-n-n-sp ]d-bmsX \nhrn-bn. Ckvem-ans ]qhnI amlm-y--sfbpw alIr-Xy--sfbpw
]mSn-p-Igvn AXns kvamcIw \ne-\n-dp-n-tm-cpI, Ckvem-ans GsXnepw Hcp `mK-nv ASn-m-\-s-m IqSp-X {]m[m\yw \evIn
AXn-mbn hmZn-pI, sXtm icntbm Fsmpw t\mmsX temIv
{]N-cn-p-I-gn-n-p GXm-Zi knm-hpw Ckvem-an-t-Xm-sWp
sXfn-bn-m ]mSp-s]-SpI, tIhew \nm-c-kw-K-Xn-Isf ASn-m-\-amn
apkvenw-I-fn B`y--c-I-e-l-fpw Ipg---fp-ap-m-p-hm t{]cW
\evIpI, Cy-bvI
- pw ]pdpw `c-Wm-[n-]
- am-cmbn hmWn-cp A{Ian-Ifpw [qcpw ZpamKn-I-fp-amb "apkvenw cmPm--amp'thn
hmZn-pI, hK ]-]m-X-ns ASn-m-\-n CXc kap-Zm-bs-Xn-cn shdppw hntZz-jhpw krjvSn-pI XpS-nb tkh-\-fmWv \ne-hn-ep IrXn-I-fn `qcn-`m-Khpw \nh-ln-p--sXp hyk\-k-taXw ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-pp. Hcm-[p-\nI hnZymYn-bpsS lrZ-b-n
DZv`-hn-p, Ckvemw Fm Fv F ASn-m-\-]-c-amb tNmZyn\p X Dcw \evIp-hm Ah apXnp ImWp-n.
C\n, Chn-Ss aX-]-T\ k{-Zm-b-am-sW-n, AXpw IqSp-X-sempw
Bim-P-\-I-a. Ad_n `mj-bnepw amXr-`m-j-bnepw aX-]-T-\-n-\p
Gm-Sp-I tIc-f-n [mcm-f-ap-s hkvXpX hnkva-cn----Xs-nepw Kuc-h-ap bmsXmcp eyhpw Ah-bvn-m--Xn ^e-ambn

CkvemwaXw

AXpw an-hmdpw \njv^-e-am-bn--gn-n-cn--bmWv. Pohn-X-ns shdpsamcp D]-h-Ip-s ho-W-amWv, Htsd Ad_n hnZymYn-Ifpw Cwojv
hnZymYn-Ifpw Ckvem-an-s\-w-_-nv kzoI-cn-p-Xv. Ckvemw ssZhm \evIs
- imiz-Xhpw ]cn-]qW-hp-amb Pohn-Xh
- y-h
- b
- m-sWpw
Pohn-Xs apgp-h\
- p-am-WX
- m-hi
- y-s-Sp-s
- X-p-ap bmYmYyw Ah-cpsS
Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn Xotc {]I-S-ambn ImWp-n.
B[p-\nI hnZymYn-I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-sm--hw Ahv CkvemanI hnZym-`ymkw \evIm-Xn-cp--Xns ^e-ambn Ckvem-an-t\m-S-hv
Ah P\n-p-Ibpw bqtdm-n\npw Cd-p-aXn sN-s \mkvXnI-Xz-a-b-amb kbkns\ ssZh-hm-Iy-sa-tmWw Ah I-Sp hnizkn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckvem-an-s\bpw a\pjy \nanX hyh--Ip-]cn-bmbn Ckvem-an\p amlm-y-sbpw AXns {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-sbbpw
Ipdnv Bcw-`
- nXs Imcy-Im-cW
- k
- l
- nXw {Kln-m-Xn-cp-X
- mWv CXns\-m-ap GI ImcWw. AXn-\m, Ckvem-ans auen-I-kn-m--fpw
BZi ey-fpw AXns {]mtbm-Kn-IX
- bpw Cs akvXn-jvI
- sf
BIjn-p-amdv bpn-bpw shfn-s-Sp-p-I-sb-Xv Ahiyw Bh-iyam-bn-on-cn-pp. Ckvemw CXc aX--sf-tmse shdpw Nne ]qPI am{X-a; {]XypX, a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs BI-am\w hnP-b-{]-Z-am-nop-hm ssZh-m \evI-s ]cn-]qW PohnX ]-Xn-bmWv.
kakvX temI-sbpw AXns {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw krjvSn AtX ssZhw
Xs \nan--Xm-I-sImv, temI {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv XnIpw tbmPn-p Hcp
aXw AYhm Pohn-X-]-Xn Ckvemw Hp am{X-ta-bpq. AX-\p-k-cnv
Pohn-p-XpsImt a\p-jyv imnbpw kam-[m-\hpw ssIh-cn-Ib
- pq.
Cu ]c-amY- temIw Adn-n-cn-t-Xv F-t-Xn-ep-a[
- nIw AXym-t]-n-X-am-bn-cn--bm-Wnv.
Ccw Bh-iy- ]qo-I-cn-p {K- Cy-bpsS CX-c`m-K--fn Iptd-sbms {]Nm-c-n hp-I-gn-n-p-s-nepw, `mjm
sshhn[yw aqew Ah-bpsS Da ^e-f
- m-kz-Zn-p-hm Chn-Ss s]mXpP-\-v km[n-p-n. AXn-\m, Acw hnin-jvS-{K-- aebm-f-`m-j-bn-tev hnh\w sNbvXv tIc-fo-bpw Ah-bpsS D-Sw
{Kln-p-hm Ah-k-cw Dm-n-sm-Sp-pI FXv Cs ]cn-Xxn-Xn-bn {]m[m-\y-aln-p Hcp tkh-\a
- mWv. {]kvXpX Dt-iy-\nhl-W-n A{]-[m-\-a-m Hcp ]v hln-p-sa {]Xo--bmWv Cu
]cn-{i-a-n\v Rv {]tNm-Z\w \evIn-bn-p-Xv. R-fpsS {]Xosb CsX-{X-am{Xw ]qo-I-cn-p-p-sv hmb-\-m Xs Xos-Sp-n-sm-s. auem\m knZv A_p-A-Avem auZqZn AhI
DZp-hn cNn "cnkmse Zo\n-mv' F {K-ns ]cn-`m-jb
- m-WnXv.
kpam ]Xn-s\v hj-n-S-bn ]Xn-\mev ]Xn-p-I-fn-embn aqe-{K-ns Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-ncw {]Xn-I {]kn-o-Ir-X-am-bn-pv.
Cwojv, lnn, Xangv XpS-nb `mj-I-fnepw ]e hj--fmbn A-Xns
F{Xtbm ]Xn-p-I ]pd-n-d-n-bn-pv. CnsS Ua-kvI-kn-\nv Ad_n-`m-j-bnepw AXv {]kn--oIrXam-bn--gn-n-cn-pp. AXv ]mT-]p-kvXI-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m Ua-kvI-knse hnZymYn-I Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw

11

Ah-Xm-cnI

A[n-Ir-X-hr---fn\nv A\p-Iqeamb adp-]Sn e`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXnpv.

ae-bm-f-n {]kvXpX {Kw BZy-ambn {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv 1945 BKkvXn-em-bn-cpp. 1942 ^n{_-hc
- n--bn {]kn-o-Ic
- n aqe-{K-
- ns \memw
]Xnv apnsh-m-bn-cpp ]cn-`mj \S-Xv. Cm-Is, aqe-{Kw ]Xn\memw ]Xn-p-hsc Fn-bn-cn--bmWv. CXn-\n-Sv {K-Imhv Xs
aqe-{K--n Nnd am-n-cp- hcp-p-Ibpw Nne ]pXnb Ipdn-pI Iqn-tp-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. aqe-{K--ns \ne-hn-en-cn-p
]Xn-\memw ]Xnv apnshv BZyw ]cn-tim-[n--Xn\p ]pdta `mjm]-c-ambpw apw Nne ]cn-jvI-c-W- hcp-n-sm-mWv Ctm Cu
cmw ]Xnv ]pd-n-d-p-Xv. CXn--\p-{K-ln Am-lpsh kvtXm{Xw
sNp-Ibpw Cu ]cn-{i-as ka-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m Ah-t\mSv
{]mYn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImv Cu {Kw s]mXp-P-\-k-aw kanp-sIm-pp.
FS-bq
1. 4. '55
apl--Zen

13

Ah-Xm-cnI

14

CkvemwaXw

4. hnizmk Imcy- ................................................................. 64

D-Sw
BapJw ..................................................................................................................... 15
Ah-Xm-cnI .............................................................................................................. 17

ssZh-n-ep hnizmkw ................................................................................. 65

hnip hmIy-ns AYw ......................................................................... 66
hnip hmIy-ns s]mcp ....................................................................... 66
GI-ssZh hnizm-k-ns ^e ......................................................... 70
ae-p-I-fn-ep hnizmkw ............................................................................... 74
ssZh-{K---fn-ep hnizmkw ................................................................... 76
hnip--Jp-Bs khn-ti-j-X-I ............................................................. 77
ssZh-Zq-X-m-cn-ep hnizmkw ...................................................................... 79
]c-tem-I-n-ep hnizmkw ........................................................................... 81
]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-ns Bh-iy-IX ......................................................... 81
]c-tem-I-hn-izm-kw bpn-bpsS shfn--n ........................................ 83
]cn-ip hmIyw ................................................................................................... 86

1. Ckvemw ....................................................................................... 27

5. A\p-jvTm-\Ia- .............................................................. 87

"Ckveman's AYw ........................................................................................ 27

Ckvem-ans bmYmYyw .................................................................................. 28
ssZh-\n-tj-[ns bmYmYyw ................................................................. 29
\ntj-[ns sISp-Xn-I ............................................................................ 30
Ckvem-ans kZv^-e- .............................................................................. 33

C_m-Z-ns hnh ....................................................................................... 87

\a-kvImcw .............................................................................................................. 89
{hXm-\p-jvTm\w ..................................................................................................... 91
kImv ................................................................................................................... 92
lv ........................................................................................................................ 94
Ckvem-anI tkh\w ........................................................................................... 96

2. hnizm-khpw A\p-k-c-Whpw .................................................. 38

"hnizmk'ns AYw .................................................................................. 39
m\e_v[nbpsS amK ...................................................................... 40
AZr-iy-Im-cy--fn-ep hnizmkw................................................................ 42

6. Zo\pw ico-Apw .................................................................... 98

ico-A-ns hn[n-I Fs\ Adn-bmw? ............................................ 99
^nJvlv ..................................................................................................................... 99
Xk-p^v ................................................................................................................ 101

3. {]hm-N-IXzw .............................................................................. 43
{]hm-N-I-Xz-ns bmYmYyw ..................................................................... 43
{]hm-N-Is\ Fs\ Xncn--dn-bmw? ........................................................... 45
{]hm-N-Is\ A\p-k-cn- ............................................................................ 45
{]hm-N-I-\n hniz-kn-p-sX-n\v? ....................................................... 47
{]hm-N-I-Xzw kwn]vX Ncn{Xw ............................................................... 48
apl-Zv \_n-bpsS {]hm-N-IXzw ................................................................. 52
apl--Zv -\-_n-bpsS {]hm-N-I-Xzw sXfn-hp-I ..................................... 53
{]hm-N-IXz ]cnkam]vXn sXfn-hp-I ..................................................... 61

7. ico-A-ns hn[n-I ........................................................ 103

\mev Ah-Im-i- .......................................................................................... 106
ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i- .......................................................................... 106
tZ-l-ns Ah-Im-i- ............................................................................ 109
ka-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- ............................................................... 110
CXc krjvSn-I-fp-sS Ah-Im-i- ........................................................... 116
ico-A-v kmh-P-\o-\w, imizXw .......................................................... 117

15

Ah-Xm-cnI

BapJw
Cu {Kw sslkvIq-fp-I-fn Ah-km\ mkp-I-fntem tImtf-Pp-I-fn
BZy-m-kp-I-fntem ]Tn-p hnZymYn-Isf Dt-in-s-gp-Xn-b-XmWv.
hnm\ km-Z-\mYw s]mXpth ]mcm-bWw sNp--hpw CXv
klm-b-I-am-bn-cnpw. CXns Hmw ]Xn-p-Xs Cy-bnse F{Xtbm
hnZym-e-b- Db mkp-I-fn AwKo-I-cn-n-pv. Ctm CXv Bhiy-amb Nne ]cn-jvI-c-W- hcp-n-sm-mWv {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Xv.
hnZymYn-Iv IqSp-X-embpw Ia-]-c-amb hnj-b- ]Tn-n-pI
Fp--XmWv \psS CS-bn A[ym-]\ hnj-b-n s]mXpth kzoIcn-n-p k{-Zmbw. AXn \a-kvImcw, t\mv, ipo-I-cWw Fn-hbpsSbpw Cu C\-ns ap Ia--fp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-am-Wp-m-bn-cnpI. hnizm-k]
- c
- a
- mb kwK-Xn-Is
- f-p-dn-p A[y-b\w Xmc-Xt- ay\ Ipdhm-bn-cnpw. C\n Aev]w h-Xp-ap-s-n Xs AXv Bim-kyhpw
^e-{]-Zh
- p-amb hn[-n-em-Ip-p-an. Ckvemw Fv? AXns ey-sav?
Ckvem-anI BZi-hn-izm-k-v a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bp _-sav?
Ckvemw kzoI-cn-p-XpsImp {]tbm-P-\hpw kzoI-cn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xp-sIm-p \jvS-hp-sav? `oj-Wnbpw _e-{]-tbm-Khpw hgn-bmtWm
Ckvemw BZi-kn-m-- AwKo-I-cn-n-p-Xv; AX, {]kvXpX
BZi-kn-m-
- f
- psS kXym-h
- v kmywhln-p kzoIm-cy-amb
h sXfnhpw AXns ]-eptm? Fsmpw hnZymYn-I X-fpsS
]T-\-Imew Ign-bp--Xp-hsc Adn-bp-n. {]kvXpX kwK-Xn-I-fm-hs,
Ckvem-ans bmYmYyw {Kln-p-hm\pw hnizm-km-Zi- icn-s-Sp-phm\pw Ahiyw Bh-iy-am-Wp-Xm\pw. Ah lrZ-b
- n thcq-m-Xn-cn-p
Ime-tmfw "^nJvlv akv-Ae' (Ia-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]iv\-)IfpsS
A[y-b\w Hpw ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cn--bn. Fp-sIm-s-m hnizm-k-anmsX hn[n-I A\p-k-cn-pI Akm-[y-amWv. hnizmkw in-s-Sp-Xm-Is, Ckvem-an-Im-Ziw icnv {Kln-p--Xp-sIm-p-amWv.
AtX-{]-Imcw \a-kvImcw, t\mv XpS-nb Ia--fpsS hni-Z-`m-K hnh-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p-X
- n\p ]Icw hnZymYn-Iv aX-hn-[n-If
- p-sSbpw
Bcm-[\m Ia--fp-sSbpw bpn-Ifpw cl-ky-fpw {Kln-n-pI F-

16

CkvemwaXw

XmWv IqSp-X Bh-iy-am-bn-p-Xv. Fnte aX Iev]-\-I-f-\p-k-cn-phm Ah kza-\-mse k--cm-hp-I-bpq. \a-kvIm-c-ns coXnbpw

{Iahpw kw_-n hnh-cWw \a-kvI-cn-m-\p-t-in-p--ht ^e{]-Z-am-Ip-I-bp-q-sh-Xv hy-amWv. \a-kvI-cn-m Xs Hcp--an-m-hv, Cn {]Im-c-n-emWv \a-kvI-cn-t--sXp ]d-p-sIm-Spn-s-p -^ew? AXn-\m, \a-kvIm-c-\n-b-a- hnh-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Xn\p apv bYmY-n \a-kvIm-c-sa-spw X-fpsS ta AsXn\p \n_--am-n-sbpw AXns ^ew Fsm-s-sbpw AXpt]-n-p--Xp-sImv kw`-hn-p \jvS--sf-s-m-sapw hnZymYnIv hnh-cnp sImSp-t--XmWv. ap aX-hn-[n-I-fp-sSbpw nXn CXpXs. BZyw Ahsb lrZ-b-n thcp-d-n-m-\mWv {ian-t-Xv.
Fmte Ah-bpsS hni-Z-`m-K- hnh-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Xv ^e-{]-Z-am-hpI-bpq.
{]kvXpX Bh-iys ap\n-dp-n-bmWv Rm Cu {Kw cNn-n-pXv. aXm-[y-b\
-
- ns ]gb k{-Zm-b
- f
- n\npw Hsms `n-ambn,
B[p-\nI Ime-tv IqSp-X ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp ]pXn-b-coXn kzoI-cnm Rm\n-Xn {ian-n-pv. ]cn-ip Jp-Bs in-W--fpsS
kwt]w Rm\n-Xn D-bn-p-Ibpw sXfn-hp-I hnh-cn-p--Xn ]cnip Jp-Bs-- \-Xs A\p-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Cu ]cn-{iaw
GsXmcp Dt-iys ap\n-dpn \S-s
- -pthm, AXp k^-ea
- m-Ip-hm\pw
aXm-[y-b-\-n Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp \ho\ coXn-bpsS
IhmSw Cu {Kw aqew Xpd-p-hm\pw ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-p-am-dm-Is.
A_p-A-Avem

17

Ah-Xm-cnI

Ah-Xm-cnI
atX-Xc kwkvImcw aX-s-Xnsc Dbp shp-hn-fn-Isf s]mnm-pI Cm-ev _pn-Po-hn-Ismcp ^mj-\mWv. ]t, aXw,
hninjym Ckvemw, B[p-\nI kwkvIm-c-n\v t\sc Dbp shphn-fn-I A]qh-amtb {]Xn-^-en-n--s-Sp-pq.
Ign Iptd iX-I--fmbn aXw, ]mm-Xy-tem-Iv {]Xn-tcm-[ns ]mX-bn-em-bn-cpp. ]e-tmgpw am-]-W-n-s-Xm-bn-cpp
AXns kzcw Fm-bvt]mgpw AXv, kzw BZi-aq-ey--\y-amb
Pohn-X-kw-kvIm-c-co-Xn-I-tfmSv Cf-hp-Ifpw hnp-ho-gvN-Ifpw sNbvXp-t]mp.
apkvenw temIhpw ]mm-Xy \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS IS-m-{I-a-W-sf sNdpp-\n-evp-I-bm-bn-cpp. hninjym, Ahv Gsd HSnhpw NX-hp-ta]n
cmjv{So-bhpw km-n-I-hp-am-b -kzm-[o-\-nskm{am-Py-Xz-nsISm-{I-aW
-
- sf. Xqew Pohn-X{- ]-iv\
- t- fm-Sp aXm-I kao-]\w XnckvI-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw aX-n\v km-nIkmaq-lnI -cw-K--fn-ep ]v
\ma-am-{X-ambn Npcp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. km{am-PyXz hmgvN-bn Ign-pt]m--hsc hnin-jym-, ap-kvenw-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw aX-hn-izmkw
Xmzn-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb cwK--fn, Xopw A{]-k--am-bnop Fv ]d-bm-h-X-s-nepw, cmw m\-tv X-s-p-sh-XmWv hmkvXhw. Cu nXnhnti-j-n\v Ctm amw kw`-hn-psIm-n-cn--bmWv. km{am-Py-Xz-ns then-tbw Cd-n-p-S-n-bn-cnpp. apkvenw-temIw cmjv{Sob kzmX{yw t\Sn-sb-Sp- -tijw kzw
kmwkvIm-cnI hynXzw hos-Sp-p-hm-\p BZi ka-c-n-emWv.
X-fpsS kz-amb B[ym-n-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb t{kmX-p-I
NnI-s-Sp--Wn-\n-c-n-smv kzw kaq-ls ]p\x-t{Im-Uo-I-cnp-hm\pw Hcp \h-tem-I-{Iaw cq]-s-Sp-p-hm-\pap {]b-Xv\-n-em-WXn-tm. ]qhmh-I hos-Sp-m-\p apkvenw-tem-I-ns Cu
{ia-s-bmWv Ckvem-anse \thm-m\ {]m-\- {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-pXv.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns {]Xn-k-nsb Hcp aqey-{]-Xn-k-n-bm-bmWv
apkvenw-I Im-Wp-Xv. Hcp ]pXnb kmaqlnI-{Iaw ]Sp-p-bp--Xn-

18

CkvemwaXw

eqsS am{Xta Cu hnj-am-h--bn\nv a\p-jyv tamN-\-apq Fv

Ah hniz-kn-pp. Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Nne Cf-hp-I \evIp-Itbm kmaqlnI-m-]-\-ns D]-cn-L-S-\-bn Nne am- hcp-p-Itbm A
bYmY-n-em-hiyw. adnv, kaqlw \ne-sIm-p ASn--d-I-sfbpw a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw kmm-XvI-cn-m-\m-{K-ln-p Bi-b--sfbpw IWni-amb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\v hnt[-b-am-p-I-bmWv thXv. km-nI
cmjv{Sob _--fn A\p-`-h-s-Sp {]Xn-k-n-I, B[p-\nI \mKcn-IX {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp BZi--fp-sSbpw aqey--fp-sSbpw \S-]-Sn{I-a--fp-sSbpw kzm`m-hn-I-amb A\--c-^ew am{X-amWv. AXn-\m, a\pjy-s\bpw kaq-l-sbpw Ipdn \qX-\-amb Hcp ImgvN-m-Sn-tev kaqls \bn-p--Xn-eqsS am{Xta {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m-\mhq Fv
Ckvemw \ntZ-in-pp. a\p-jys kao-]-\-n auen-I-amb am-n\p Hcm-lzm-\-at{X, CXv. aX-ns kmaqlnI Xz--sfbpw aqey-sfbpw Bg-n {Kln-mte Cu amw km[y-amhq. kmaqlnIkmnI {]iv\--tfm-Sp AXns \ne-]m-Sns\ bYm-X-Y-ambn Xn-s-Spp-Ibpw thWw. Fn am{Xta aXm-`n-ap-Jy-ap kaq-l-v a\pjy-k-aqlw C-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p shp-hn-fn-I-tfmSv {Inbm--Ihpw ]pXpa-bm-Xp-amb kao-]\w cq]-s-Sp-m-\mhq.
Cu kao-]\w BZim-[n-jvTn-X-am-IWw. km-n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhp-am-b-Nne B\p-Iq-ey--fm-h-cpXv apkvenw-Iv {]tNm-Z-\-ta-tI
bYmY eyw. km-nI D]-cn-L-S-\-bn Nne ]cn-jvI-c-W- hcppI FXpw BI-cpXv. adnv, kzw BZi--fp-sS-bpw aqey--fpsSbpw AkvXn-hm-c--fp-sSbpw N-q-tSm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp ]pXnb temI-{Iaw
Bbn-cn-Ww.
kml-N-cy-sf ]cn-hn-n-p-sImv auen-I-amb amw hcpmw
F-XmWv ]mm-Xy kao-]\w. AXp-sIm-m-Wv kmaq-lnI-L-S-\-bn
amw F Bi-b-n\v Du \evI-s-Xv. Cu kao-]\w ]t, DnjvS ^
- ew ssIh-cn-p-X
- n ]cm-Pb
- s
- p. kv{Xo]pcp-jam-cmb hynI-fn amw hcp-t--Xns Bh-iy-IX Ah Xn--fp. Fnv
_mly-tem-Is ]cn-hn-n-p--Xn {i-tI-{o-I-cnp. ka-{K-amb
]cn-h-\-amWv bYmY-n-em-hiyw P\--sfbpw _mly-tem-Isbpw Hcp-t]mse Dsm-p ]cn-h\w. LS-\m-]-c-amb ]cn-jvIcWw Hcm-hiyw Xs-sb-nepw, {]iv\w LS-\-bp-tSXv am{X-a. a\p-jylr-Z-b-fpw BXvamhpw Bbn-cn-Ww ]cn-h-\-ns {]mcw-`-_np.
bmYmYy-sbpw Pohn-X
- n Xp ]Z-hn-sbbpw ZuXy-sbpw
Ipdnv Ah ]pep-- hn-`m-h-\-bnembn-cn-Ww am-ns XpSw.
kmaqlnI ]cn-h-\t- m-Sp Ckvem-ans kao-]\w C-d hkvXpX-Isf XnI t_m[y-tmsS I-dn-bpp.
"Ckvemw' F ]Zw Ad_n `mj-bn-te-XmWv. kam-[m\w FYw
hcp "kevav', kaWw FYw hcp "knevav' Fo cv aqe-]-Z-fn-\n-mWv "Ckvemw' F ]Zw \njv]Z- n-Xv. AXv ssZth-Ov kzbw
kan-m-\p k-X
- s
- b-p-dn-pp. {kjvSm-hn-t\mSpw Ahs khkr-jvSn-Pm-e
- t- fmSpw cRvPn-tmsS hn-m B kaWw hgn km[n-

Ah-Xm-cnI

19

pp. ssZth-Ov kqW-ambn kan-p--Xn-eq-sS-bmWv a\x-imnbpw kam-[m-\hpw kwPm-Xa

- m-Ip-Xv. ssZth-Obpw a\p-tjy-Obpw Hmbn-o-cp--tXmsS Pohn-X-ns hn`n taJ-e-I ka-{K-amb Hcm-Zin\v Iogn DZv{K-Yn-X-am-bn-o-cpp. AtXmsS Pohn-Xs aX-]cw atXXcw, hnipw Ahn-ipw, BXvaobw `uXnIw Fn-s\ thXn-cnv
\np-Xv \ncY-I-ambn amdpp. ssZhw GI\pw Ahn-`m-Py\pw BbXp-t]mse a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw hyn-Xzhpw GIhpw Ahn-`-hpw Xs.
Pohn-X-ns Hmtcm hihpw AXns ap -h-i--fn\nv ths-Spm-\m-hm-X
- mWv. aX-]c
- a
- mbXpw atX-Xc
- a
- m-bXpw kzm[n-Im-ca
- p hyXykvX-amb cn-\--f. adnv, Htc \mW-b-ns Ccp -]p-d- am{Xw.
Hmtcm a\p-jy-Iahpw ssZh-hp-ambpw Ahs amK-Zi-\-hp-ambpw _s--XmWv. a\p-jy-Ia-tm-tcm-n\pw AXyp-Zm--amb am\w \evIs-n-cn-pp. Xaqew AXv hnip-hpw kmY-Ihpw tkmt-iyhpambno-cpp.
Ckvem-an\v Hcp {]]--ho--Whpw Pohn-Xs kw_-nv Hcp
ImgvN-m-Sp-apv. {kjvSm-hns GI-Xbpw Ahs CO-p \psS
ka-Whpw kw_-n Xncn--dn-hmWv AXn--Sn-m\w. khhpw DZv`hn-p-Xv GI-\mb ssZh-n\n-mWv. khcpw An-a-ambn ssZhtmSv D-c-hm-ZnXzap-h-cp-amWv. ssZh-ns GI-Xv AXn-s-Xmb
Hc-\--c-^-e-apv ssZh-ns krjvSn-I-fpsS GI-X-bt{X AXv. hwiw,
hWw, PmXn, kv, A[n-Imcw XpS-n-b-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-ep
hnth-N\
-
- AXp-hgn A{]-Xy-a
- m-hpp. kh-cp-sSbpw {kjvSmhv Hmb-Xn-\m, CXc hyn-If
- p-am-bp \psS _w kqW ka-Xz-n
A[n-jvTn-X-ambn amdpp. Cm-c-W-m \psS ZuXyw kzw {kjvSmhn-p ka-W-am-bn-o-cpp. {kjvSm-hn-p A\p-k-c-Whpw Bcm[-\bpw \psS Pohn-X-e-yhpw.
PohnXw Icp-n-Sn-n-p--Xn-\p amK-Zi\w {kjvSmhv \apv
\evIm-Xn-cp-n-n. krjvSn-bpsS Bcw`w sXmv Xs a\p-jyv ssZhnI
ktiw ]Ip-sIm-Sp-p-hm ssZhn-I-k-t-i-ns {]t_m-[-Iamcmbn {]hm-N-Iamsc ssZhw \ntbm-Kn-n-pv. AXmWv, ssZth-O Fv
Fv Ip-]n-Sn-m-\p t{kmXv. As\ BZw(A) apX Bcw-`nv
apl-Zv(k)bn Ah-km-\n-p {]hm-NI
- am-cpsS irwJe Xs \apv
e`np. C_vdmlow, aqkm, \qlv, bq\pkv, k-cn, Cukm(A) XpS-nb-h {]hm-N-Iam-cpsS Cu kphW- irw-J-e-bnse In-I-fmWv. ZmhqZv,
aqkm, Cukm, apl-Zv(A) Fo {]hm-N-Iamv Hmtcm thZ-{Kw
\evI-s-Sp-I-bp-apmbn. apl-Zv \_n(k)v \evI-s Jp-B-\mWv
Ghpw HSp-hn-es Znhy-{Kw.
ssZhn-I-h-N-\--fmWv Jp-Bs D-Sw. a\p-jy-I-c-fpsS CSs]-S-ep-I-fm If-s-SmsX, amtam G-p-dntem IqSmsX ssZhn-Ish-fn-]m-Sp-I ]qW-ambpw AXn kpc-n-X-ambn tijn-pp. apIme--fn \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb Fm ssZh-Zq-Xam-cp-sSbpw kt-i-ns
k AXpsm-pp. Pohn-Xs samw Icp-n-Sn-n-p--Xn-\p
Hcp N-qSv AXv kan-pp. \a-Xna-Isf hnth-Nn-p--Xn-\p

20

CkvemwaXw

IWn-i-amb am\-Z-WvU--fp--Xn. hyn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-n-sbpw

kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-n-p amK-\ntZ-i--fp--Xn. KX-Ime a\p-jyk-aqlw sNbvXp-Iq-nb t`mjvp-I AXn ]cm-ain--s-n-cn-pp.
a\p-jy-k-aq-l-n\v Ii-\-amb XmoXpw ssZhkm-ao]yw sImXn-p-hv \ne-p-t]m-Im amK-Zi\w e`n-psa Ddpw AXv \evIpp.
Jp-B Hcp amKw hc-p-Im-Wn-pp. t\cmb amKw"kzndm-p
apkvXJow.' B amK-n-eqsS Ncn-p--h-cpsS apgp-h Pohn-Xhpw
kqW-ambn ]cn-hn-n--s-Sp-p. kz`m-h-n AXv hn-h-I-c-amb
amw hcp-pp. a\p-jy-Xv Ia-hocyw ]I-cpp. Cu hocyw a\p-jys
BXva-kw-kvI-c-W-n {]hn-p-Xp-S-pp. ]noSXv `qanbn ssZhns hyh kwm-]n-p-hm-\p \nc--c- bXv\ambn cq]-s-Spp.
^etam kXy-nepw \a-bnepw \oXn-bnepw [a-nepw A[n-jvTn-Xamb Hcp \h-tem-Ihpw.
temI-\nan-Xn-bn kv{Xopw ]pcp-jpw \nWm-b-I-amb ]v hlnp-hm-\pv. Ah Cu `qan-bn ssZh-ns {]Xn-\n[n (Jeo^)IfmWv.
Cu `mK-a`- n-\b
- n-p-hm am\-kn-Ia
- mbn k-cm-s
- -h
- c
- m-Wh
- . B `mKw
`wKn-bm-b-`n-\-bn-p--Xn-emWv hnPbw. \a Iev]n-pI, Xna hne-pI,
a\p-jys\ a\p-jys ASn-a--n\nv hntam-Nn-n-pI, kzw
CObpw ssZh-ns CObpw Hm-bn-o-cp-tm am{Xta Btcm-Ky]qW-amb Hcp kaqlw krjvSn--sSq Fv t_m[y-s-Sp-n-sm-SppI XpS-n-b-h-bmWv B {]mXn-\n[y \nh-l-W-ns icn-bmb cq]w.
CXv \nh-ln-p--h-cpsS Pohn-X-eyw ssZh-ns Xr]vXn am{X-am-bncnpw. Abm kh-kr-jvSn-Pm-e--sfbpw ]c-kv]c _ap--h-sb
\ne-bn ]cn-K-Wnpw. Cu Ah, a\p-jy-taw F Bi-bs,
a\p-jy-cpsS Pp-k-l-P-amb Bh-iy- \nh-ln-pI F \ne-hm-cn\nv, Cu temIpw ]c-tem-Ipw AXyp--a-am-b-sXtm AXv
t\Sn-sb-Sp-pI F \ne-hm-c-n-tev Dbn-sm-p-h-cpp.
CXmWv Ckvem-ans {]m]-nI hoWw. CXmWv a\p-jy-s\bpw
Ahs `mK-t[-bs
- bpw Ipdn Ckvem-ans ImgvN
- mSv. aX-n\v ]mmXy-temIw Iev]n-p AY-n-ep Hcp aX-a, Ckvemw. AXv Htc
kabw hnizm-kk
- w-ln-Xbpw Pohn-Xc
- o-Xn-bp-amWv, {]Xy-bi
- m-kv{Xhpw kmaqlnI-{I-a-hp-amWv, Xz-kw-ln-Xbpw s]cp-am-hp-amWv, Hcp [a-kw-lnXbpw, Ch-sb-sbms {]tbm-K-h-cn-p kwL-SnX {]m-\hpw.
Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-ns AXp-eyX AXns aqey--fnepw Xz-fn-ep-amWv IpSn-sIm-p-Xv. tim`-\-amb Hcp Ncn{X Ime-L--n-\p
tijw apkvenw-I Cmcyw hnkva-cn-p-Ibpw kzw kwkvIm-c-ns
_mly-tam-Sn-bn am{Xw hymtam-ln-Xc
- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXt- XmsS X ]WnXp-bnb B `h\w ]qW-ambn kwcn-p-hm t]mepw Ah-mbn. kzw BZihpw aqey-fpw Xz--fp-amWv Ckvem-ans in.
AXns {]kn Fm-es
- bpw t]mse Cm-epw hep-XmWv. ImemXo-X-am-W-Xns ktiw. Xz--fm-Is, kmh-eu-In-Ihpw.
Hcp \h-tem-I-{I-a-nv thn-bp \psS At\z-j-W-n am\pjnI {]iv\-sf hyXy-kvX -]-cn-t{]-y-n-eqsS kao-]n-p ]pXnb

Ah-Xm-cnI

21

Hcp hyh--sb-bmWv \mw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-t-Xv. B hyh kp-NnX-amb tZiob{]mtZ-inI Xm]-cy--fpsS ho-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS am{Xw
{]iv\-sf kao-]n-p Hm-I-cpXv. adnv \a-tbXv, Xna-tbXv
FXpw hyn-]-chpw tZio-bhpw AtZ-io-b-hp-amb hn`n- -X-e-fn, \oXn-\n-jvThpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb Hcp temI-{Iaw cq]-s-Sp-p-hm
F{X \mbn {]b-Xv\n-p-hm \apv Ignbpw FXpambn-cn-Ww B
ho-W-n--Sn-m\w.
\ne-hn-ep kmaq-lnI{Iaw A{I-a-nepw Nqj-W-nepw A[n-jvTnX-am-sW Imcyw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-n-p--XmWv. a\p-jy-s\bpw,
a\p-jyv kzw kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSpw kaq-l-tmSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw {]]-tmSpap _-sbpw kw_-n-p sXmb ImgvN-m-SmWv Cu
ZpK-Xnv tlXp Fv Ckvemw a\-n-em-pp. Hcp \h-tem-I
-- n\v
thn-bp At\z-jWw a\p-jy-s\bpw kaq-l-n Ahs ]n-s\bpw
kw_-nv ]pXnb ImgvN-mSv Dsm-p-hm \s t{]cn-n-pp.
temI-a-X--fpsS ImgvN-m-Sn s]mXp-hmbpw, Ckvem-ans ho-W-n
{]tXy-I-ambpw, N-bpsS aaw a\p-jy-s\bpw kaq-l-sbpw Ipdn
]pXnb Zi-\-n-tev am-s-tS--Xpv. Hcp ]pXn-b -kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cnh-\-n-tev \bnpw hn[w a\p-jym-h-t_m-[-nepw aqey-t_m-[nepw amw hcp-p-hm-\p {]bXv\w Fn-[-am-bn-cn-Ww F hnjb-n-tevv N Xncn--s-tS--Xpv.
Cu k-ev]a
- mWv B\p-Im-enI Ckvem-anI \thm-m-\
- ns {]tNmZ-\-ambn hn-n-p-Xv. Cu ]cn-t{]-y-ns N-q-n\n-p-sImmWv apkv e nw- I - f nv Hcp ]pXnb I- h y- \ nh- l - W - n- mbn
DWs-gp-t-p- h-cp-Xv. B[p-\n-IX
- b
- psS {]iv\
- sf A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- npw
Am-cmjv{S Xe-n atX-Xc
- k
- n-m-
- s
- fbpw m]-\
- s
- fbpw shphn-fnpw Ah Dbns-gp-t-n-cn-pp. ]Sn-m-dp-\np hen-p-Ibdn h sshtZ-in-I-kn-m---fn\nv kzw Nnm-a-WvU-e-sbpw
kap-Zm-b-sbpw ipo-I-cn-p-sImpw a\p-jy-Ip-e-n--Jnew CkvemanI Pohn-X-{I-a-ns Pme-I-ambn hn-m-hp--hn[w kzw \mn
]pXnb hyh sIn--Sp-p-hm kh-hn-`-h-fpw Hcp-q-n-smpw
apt-dp-I-bm-W-h. apkvenw-tem-Iv Zriy-am-Ip Cu ]pXnb Dm-\ns apJy-in-ev]n-I-fn {]ap-J-\mWv knZv A_p AAvem auZqZn.
{InkvXz_vZw 1903- `qPm-X-\mb auZqZn 1918- Xs Xs s]mXpPo-hnXw Bcw-`np. ]{Xm-[n-], ]WvUn-X, Nn-I, {]m-\-\m-b-I,
sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \qdn-tesd {K--fpsS Imhv, Bbn-c-n-tesd
{]`m-j-W--fpsS DSa Fo \ne-I-fn-semw auZqZn Xs ]mShw sXfnbn-p-I-bp-mbn. 1979- At-l-ns \ncymWw Hcp Ime-L--ns
AywIpdnp.
Cym]mn-m D]-`q-J-WvU-nse _unI aWvU-e-n
{InkvXz_vZw 1927-embn-cpp At-l-ns Ac-tw. Av At-lns {]mbw shdpw Ccp-]-n-\mev. "APn-lmZp ^n Ckvemw' F
_rl-mb {K-n-eqsS Atlw Hcp tImfn-fw Xs krjvSnp.
Hcp Zn\-]-{X-n JWvUix {]kn-o-I-cn teJ-\-v 1930- {K-

22

CkvemwaXw

cq]w \evI-s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cpp. ap-Xp-I-fpsS BZy-]m-Z-n Xs D]-`qJ-WvU-ns _unI aWvU-e-nse kzm[o-\-i-n-bp, Iqk-enm {]apJ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-op Atlw. 1933 apX Xm ]{Xm[n-]Xyw hln-p-t]m "XPp-am-\p Jp-B' amknI D]-`q-J-WvUnse apkvenw _pn-Po-hn-I-fpsS a\-n hn kzm[o\w t\Sn. \mev]Xp-I-fpsS XpSw apX auem\m auZq-Zn-bpsS IrXn-I Ad_n, Cwojv
XpS-nb apJy hntZi `mj-If
- n-tev hnh\w sNbvXp XpS-n-bt- XmsS
At-l-ns Bi-b- D]-`q-J-WvU-ns AXnn-I-pdw Ht\Iw P\-a-\-p-Isf BIjnp. \ncym-X-\m-hp-tm-tgpw Atlw,
Cm-e-L--n Ghpa[nIw hmb-\-m-cp apkvenw {K-Im-c-\mbn
amdn--gn-n-cpp Fv ]d-bp--Xn Hpw AXn-i-tbm-n-bn. - B[p\nI CkvemanI \thm-m-\-n\pw Nnpw {]h-\-pw Aaqeyhpw A\L-hp-amb kw`m-h-\-I-fn ]WvUn-X!
auem\m auZq-Znsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ckvemw _pn-]-c-amb
hym]mcw am{X-am-bn-cp-n. Ckvem-an-s\mv Pohn-p-hm\pw Ckvem-an\v
thn Pohn-p-hm\pw Atlw ]c-am-h[n {ianp. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fpsS a[yn-em-bn-cn-s-s Xs kh-I-gn-hp-Ifpw Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]-\-sf
hni-Zo-I-cn-p-hm\pw hymJym-\n-p-hm-\pambn kan-p-hm Atlw
Xocp-am-\n-p-Ig- n-n-cpp. am{X-a, Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]\
-
- sf {]mtbm-KnI
bmYmYy-f
- mbn ]cn-hn-n-p-hm Xs Ign-hp-I ]c-am-h[n {]tbmP-\-s-Sp--W-sapw Atlw \n-bnp. Ckvemw Nne hnizm-k-{]-amW--fp-sSbpw BNm-c-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kwlnX am{X-a-spw adnv, Hcp
Pohn-X-hy-h-k-vY-bm-sWpw Atlw kh-i-nbpw D]-tbm-Knv {]Jym]n-p-sIm-n-cpp. ssZhnI shfn-]m-Sn-em-W-Xns thcp-I; ssZh-t_m[-am-W-Xn hym]n--nd-nb BXvamhv. ssZthOv hg--ep-w \a-bpsS
{]tbm-K-h-XvI-c-W-hp-am-W-Xns eyw. Cu PohnX coXn ]np-S-cm Hcp
apkvenw _m[y--\mWv. hmNmIaWm AX-h {]tbm-K-n sImpht ]q. `qap-J-Xns\ \ne-\np-hm Ah ]Wn-sb-Spt aXnbmhq Atlw hniz-knp. XZm-h-iymYw, Xs sshm-\nI kw`m-h\-Ip ]pdta, 1941- Pam-As Ckveman F kwL-S-\v Atlw
cq]w \evIn. Av apX 1972 hsc Atlw Xs-bm-bn-cpp AXns
\mb- I . Btcm- K y- ] - c - a mb Imc- W - - f m \mb- I - m\w Hgn
tijhpw, Pam-As Ckvem-an-bp-ambn _-sp {]hn-p--hp
am{X-a, AXp-ambn _-sam-p-an-m temI-ns \m\m-`m-K
- p-ap
apkvenw kv{Xo]p-cp-jampw amK-Zi-\hpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw Bth-i-hpam-bn-cpp auZqZn. IqSp-X IqSp-X-em-fp-I, hninjym apkvenw bph-P-\, auZq-Znsb AwKo-I-cn-p-hm\pw, Atlw hyhpw i-hp-amb
`mj-bn DZvtLm-jWw sNbvX Ckvem-anI ImgvN-mSv Xncn--dnv
Dsm-p-hm\pw aptm-p-h-p-sIm-n-cpp.
AtXmsS auem\m auZqZn Hcp Am-U-an-jy am{X-a-m-Xmbn. Xm
kan Ckvem-anI ImgvN-mSv {]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn-p--Xn\v thn-bp
\nc--c-amb ka-c-n-tes Hcp Ia-tbm-m-hmbn Atlw. Cu ka-cn-n-S-bn At-l-ns anp ]e kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-fpw temIw

Ah-Xm-cnI

23

Ip. alm-a-\-kvI-Xbpw kln-jvWp-Xbpw abpw Ah-bn FSp-p-]d-tb--h-bmWv. cmjv{Sob Imcy--fn CS-s]--Xn-\m, {]tXy-Inpw 1948
apX, ]mn-m `c-W-Iq-S-ns ssII-fm At-l-n\v Gsd aZ\--tf-evt-n-hp. Atlw \mb-I-\mb {]m-\-ns bYmY
kz`m-hhpw eyhpw a\-n-em-p--Xn B `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I ]cm-P-bsp. A_q-l-\o^, AlvaZv _nlw-_, C_v\p-ssX-an, ssiJv
AlvaZv klnn, knZv JpXp_v XpS-nb KX-Ime ]WvUn-X-sc-tmse
auZq-Znpw ]e-X-hW XS-hd hoSmbn. 1953- Xe-\m-cn-g-mWv Atlw
Xqp-a-c-n\nv c-s-Xv. 1963- Atlw Hc-{I-an-bpsS shSn-bp-sbbpw AXn-Po-hnp. ]oU-\-sf t\cn-Sp--Xn Atlw Akm-am\y-amb Apw sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb a\--cppw {]Zin-np. AXv
At-l-n\v an{X--fpsS am{X-a i{Xp--fp-sSbpw kvt\lm-Z-c-hp-I
t\Sn-sm-Spp.
_rl-mb Hcp {]m-\-ns \mb-I F \ne-bn Xs Npaen h`m-c--fp-m-bn-cn-s-s {K-c-N-\v Atlw kabw
Isn FXv FSp-p-]-d-tb--XmWv. B cN-\-I-fm-Is KW-n
am{X-a KpW-nepw anI-p-\np. At-l-ns "amw Hm]kv' Bbn
KWn--s-Sp Jp-B hymJym-\-{Kw Xs \nkvXp-e-amb BJym-\ssi-en-bp-sSbpw sshm-\n-Ia
- mb Bg-n-sbpw ss[j-Wn-Ia
- mb Dze-X-bp-sSbpw anI ZrjvSm--at{X. B[p-\nI a\p-jys {]iv\-v
]cn-lm-c-ambn Ckvem-ans\ FSp-p-Im-Wn-p--Xn auZqZn {]I-Sn-n
ss\]p-Wy-amWv At-l-ns apJy khn-ti-jX. Ckvem-anI hnj-b-fn-ep AKm-[-amb ]mWvUn-Xy-tm-sSmw B[p-\nI a\p-jys
{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-sf kw_-n XnI [mc-Wbpw At-l-n-\pm-bn-cpp F-Xm-Wn-Xn\v ImcWw.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-tm Atlw AXn-bm-Ymn-Xn-IX
- b
- psS Imiyw ImWn-n. B[p-\nI a\-p-If
- n Bg-n
thcq-nb Bi-b-, Ah Cm-es ^mj-\mWv F-Xn-\mtem,
temI-\m-b-Iam-cmbn Icp-X-s-Sp P\-X-In-S-bn Ahbvv BZ-cWo-b -m-\-apv F-Xn-\mtem At-ls kw{`-an-n-p-an. a\p-jyk-aq-l-ns ]cn-N-b-k--n\nv Btcm-Ky-I-chpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hpamb Awi- Bh-iym-\p-kmcw kzmb--am-p-hm\pw Ahsb, CkvemanI {]Xy- b - i mkv { Xw {]Xn- \ n- [ o- I - c n- p Pohn- X - e - y- - f psS
kmmm-c-n\v th-hn[w {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-hm\pw Atlw
apkvenw-I-tfm-Sm-h-iy-sp. auZq-Zn-bpsS Cu \ne-]m-SmWv ]e-scbpw Atl-n-te--Sp-n-Xv. ]e-scbpw AI-n-bXpw AXp-Xs. hnti-jnpw,
Xo{h-bm-Ym-n-Xn-I-scbpw apkvenw-k-aq-l-nse Aan-X-ambn ]mm-Xyh-cn--s--h-scbpw.
auZq-Zn-bpsS asmcp hnJymX IrXn-bmWv cnkm-etb Zo\n-mv.
Ckvem-ans ASn-m\ k-ev]
- s
- fbpw Xz-s
- fbpw Ipdn-p {]mYanI ]T-\a
- m-WXv. km[m-cW
- h
- m-b\
-
- mv, hninjym bphm-v Ckvemans AYhpw kt-ihpw kw_-nv EPphpw efn-Xhpw kp{Km-ly-hpamb Hcp hymJym\w Cu IrXn \evIpp. kw{`a-P-\-I-amb koW-X-

24

CkvemwaXw

Ifpw X-im-kv{X-nse ht{Im-n-IfpwsImv k-hpw Fm

A\p-hm-N-Is\ hnizm-k-ns ssNX-\y-hp-ambn t\cnv _n-n-p-hm
Hpw klm-b-I-a-m--Xp-amb aX-X-z-im-kv{X-{K---fpsS Iv Xnp ssien-b Cu IrXn-bp-sSXv.
Xptemw `n-amb Hcp IrXn-bm-WnXv. Ckvem-anI Xz--fpsS efnX-amb hnh-cWw AXv A\p-hm-N-Iv \evIpp Pohn-X-tm-Sp
AXns kao-]\w, hnizm-kI
- m-cy-, Bcm-[\
- m-Im-cy-, Pohn-XZ- i\w
Fmw. Jp-Bs hymJym-\-co-Xn-bp-ambn XmZmXvayw {]m]n Hcm-Jym-\ssien. Ckvem-ans ASn-m-\m-[ym-]\
-
- f
- psS cXv\
- p-cpw. apJy-ambpw
kmam- \ y- P - \ - - s fbpw hnZymYn- I - s fbpw Dt- i nv cNn- - X m- I - b m
koW-amb Xz-im-kv{X -k-a-ky-IsImv A\p-hm-NI\v `mc-an-bp Hpw CXn-en. cNbn-Xm-hns `mjbpw ssienbpw kv^pShpw
EPphpw efn-X-hp-at{X. "cnkm-esb Zo\n-mv' F ioj-I-n 1932 DZp-`m-j-bn-se-gp-X-s aqe-{Kw Db mkp-I-fnse hnZymYn-Isfbpw kmam-\y-P-\--sfbpw Dt-inv Xm-dm-n-b-XmWv. AXp DnjvS
eyw \nd-th-p-IX
- s sNbvXp. Ctm]mIn-kvXm D]-`q-JW
- vU
- nse
an hnZym-e-b--fnepw Cu IrXn aX-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-ambn \n-bn--sp.
Cwojv, Ad_n, lnn, t]jy, Pa, {^v, Cm-en-b, Snjv,
t]mp-Kokv, kzmlnen, CtUm-t\-jy, Pm-\okv, ae-bmfw, Xan,
]jvXp, s_Kmfn, KpP-dmn, knn XpS-nb \nc-h[n `mj-I-fn-tev
Cu IrXn hnh\w sN-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn.
1940emWv {]Ya Cwojv ]cn-`mj shfnwIXv. tUm. A_vZp
K\n Bbn-cpp ]cn-`m-j-I. AXns AkwJyw ]Xn-p-I ]pd-ndn. Hn-e-[nIw Imc-W--fm Hcp ]pXnb Cwojv ]cn-`m-j-bpsS
Bhiyw A\p-`-h-sp. {]Ya Cwojv ]cn-`m-jv Iptd-tbsd t]mcm-bvaI-fp-m-bn-cpp. IqSmsX, aqe-IrXn Xs, 1940Ifn kp{]-[m-\-amb ]e
am--tfmSpw A\p-_---tfmSpw IqSn ]cn-jvI-cn--s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. Cu
]cn-jvI-cn ]Xn-ns (]cn-jvI-cn 16-mw ]Xnv)* Hcp ]pXnb Cwojv
]cn-`mj Xm-dm-p-hm-\p Npa-Xe Fn hp-tNp. 1950 a[ytmsS Rm\Xp ]qn-bmn. {]Ya ]cn-`mj apn shn-cp-s-nepw
AXn\nv hfsc Ipdv JWvUn-I-I am{Xta Cu ]pXnb ]cn-`m-jbn tNn-pq. hmkvX-h-n aqe-{K--ns Hcp ]Zm-\p-]Z ]cn`m-jv Rm apXnn-n. km[y-am-tb-S-tmfw aqe-{Kw ASn
hnh\w sNp-hm BXvamY-amb {iaw \S-n-bn-p-s-nepw, aqe{K--nse Bi-b--fpsS IqSp-X ^e-{]-Z-amb kwth-Z\-n\v Bhiy-sav tXmnb k`-f
- n B {iaw Dt]-n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp. 1959
Fs Cwojv ]cn-`mj ]cn-tim-[n-p-hm aqe-{K--Im-c ka-\v
ImWnp. At-l-ns AwKo-Im-c-tmsS Cu hnh\w s]mXp-P-\k-aw kan-X-ambn.
1959- ]pd-n-d-nb {]Ya ]Xnv Ign cv Zi-I--fn-embn,
]e-X-hW ]p\x-{]-kn-o-I-cn--s-n-pv. kwh--c- IS-p-t]m-Ish,
* \ne-hn-ep ae-bmf ]cn-`mj aqe-{K--ns ]Xn-\memw ]Xnv apn shp--XmWv
{]km-[-I.

25

Ah-Xm-cnI

Fs ]cn-`m-jv C\nbpw ]cn-jvI-c-W- th-Xp-sv tXmn. 1968

apX 78 hsc-bp bp.sI. bnse Fs ZoL-hmkw, hnZymYn-Po-hnX
Imev hnh\w sNbvX Cu IrXnsb IqSp-X ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-phm Ah-k-c-taIn. Ctm, B hnh-\-ns ]cn-jvI-cn ]Xnv
e-\nse Ckvem-anIv ^ut-j {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Cu
IrXn ]cn-jvI-cn-p--Xn\v hne-s klm-b- \evIn-b-Xn\v Middle East
Educations ]{Xm-[n-]cpw The Times Higher Education Supplements ap hntZi-]{- Xm-[n-]cpw Fs kplr-p-amb t]m aqam-t\mSv F\nv \n-bpv.
{]Ya ]cn-`mj Xm-dm-p--Xn Fs klm-bn JzmPm A_vZp
hmlnZv, Akm AAvkw Fn-h-tcm-Sp IrX--Xbpw Rm\n-hnsS
tcJ-s-Sp-s. ]t, auem\m auZq-Zn-tbm-Sp hn IS-mSv tcJs-Sp-p-hm Fs XqenI Ai--amWv. At-l-ns Bi-b-fpw
DZm--amb Pohn-X-am-Xr-Ibpw A{Xbpw in-bmb kzm[o-\-amWv Fs
Pohn-X
- n, Fs hf-bpsS Hmtcm hnXm-\
- nepw sNep-n-bn-p-Xv.
Atlw A\-izc Pohn-X-n-tev bm{X ]d-p-t]m-bXv Fp-am{Xw
AKm-[-amb iq\y-X-bmWv Fn krjvSn--sXv ]d-bpI h. kh-i At-ls A\p-{K-ln-p-am-dm-Is. At-l-ns ZuXyw GsSpp \S-p-hm At-l-ns A\p-bm-bn-Iv Aq--n-sem-cmfm-b-Xn Rm A`n-am\w sImppAmlp DXhn \evIp-Ibpw sNpam-dm-Is. ]c-Xw a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-n hnhw krjvSn-p-Ibpw
Ahsc Ckvem-ans cmP-]m-X-bn-tev B\-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvX IrXn-Ifn-sem-mWv cnkmse Zo\n-mv. hnhn[ temI-`m-jI
- f
- n-embn ]p en]cw {]Xn-I {]kn-o-I-cn--s IrXn. Cu IrXn-bpsS {]kn-oI-c-W-n `mK-`m-m-Ip-hm km[np FXv AXp-ey-amb Hcp _lp-aXn-bmbn Rm Icp-Xpp.
Cn-yqv Hm^v t]mfnkn Uokv,
Ckvem-am-_mZv, ]mn-m
apldw Hv 1400
\hw-_ Ccp-]Xv 1979

JpinZv AlvaZv

26

CkvemwaXw

28

CkvemwaXw

Ckvem-ans bmYmYyw

Ckvemw
an

temI-a-X-fpw Hp-In B aX-ns m]-I-stbm Asn AXpZv`-hn kap-Zm-b-n-stbm t]cn-em-W-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv. DZm-l-cW-ambn, {InkvXp-aXw F t] tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\nv e`n-X
- mWv. _pa-X-am-Is, AXns m]-I-\mb alm-m-_p--\n\npw. kucmjv{S
aXw F t] AXns m]-I-\mb kucmjv{Ssc(Zoraster) kqNn-npp. blq-Z-aXw B t]cp tKm{X-n-em-WpZv`hn-Xv. an aX--fpsSbpw \ma-I-c-W-n--Sn-m\w CXpXs. Fm, Ckvemw aXw Cu
s]mXp Xz-n--]-hm-Z-at{X. "Ckvemw' F t] Hcp {]tXyI hynbn\ntm kap-Zm-b-n\ntm DZv`-hn--X. B \maw shfn-s-Sp-pXv Hcp khn-tij KpW-s-bmWv. Ckvemw Hcp hyn-bpsS krjvSntbm
Hcp kap-Zm-b-ns Ip-Itbm Asv AXns \maw hy-am-pp.
hyn, \maw, P\X Fn-h-tbmSv AXnv {]tXyI _-sam-p-an.
Ckvemw F khn-tij KpWw a\p-jy-cn kwPm-X-am-p-I-bm-W-Xns
eyw. KX-Ime P\-k-aq-l--fnse kXy-k-cpw kpIr-Xn-I-fp-amb
GsXms Bfp-I-fn {]kvXpX KpWw Dm-bn-cp-pthm Ah-scmw
"apkvenw'-I-fm-bn-cpp. Cpw Ah-cmWv "apkvenw-I.' Fpw Ah Xsbm-bn-cnpw "apkvenw-'I.

"Ckveman's AYw
"Ckvemw' FXv Hcp Ad_n i_vZa
- mWv. "A\p-kc
- Ww', IogvhW
- w,
kqW kaWw Fsmw AXn-Y-apv. asmcp hn[w ]d-m,
"Ckvemw' Fm ssZhs A\p-k-cn-epw Ahv Iogvh-W-epw
Ah-\n khkzw kan--ep-amWv "Ckvemw' F t]cns s]mcpfpw
AXt{X.*
* Ckvemw F ]Z-n\v kam-[m\w Fpw AY-apv. ssZh-nv kzbw kan-pI
hgn Hcmv imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-ambn kam-[m\w e`y-am-Ipp FYw. A\p-kc-W-\n-jvT-amb A-c-samcp PohnXw a\x-imn ssIh-cp-p-Ibpw AXp-hgn kaq-ln-ep-S-\ofw kam-[m\w m]n-p-Ibpw sNpp.

{]m]-nI hkvXp--sfmw Nne \nb-a-v hnt[-b-am-sWv

ImWmw. kqcyN{\-{X-tKm-f--sfmw `{Z-amb Nne \nb-a--fm
_n--s-n-cn-pp. B \nb-a-s-Xnsc AWp-h-fhpw Nen-p-hm\-hbvv km[y-a. `qan, Hcp \nn-X-th-K-n-emWv Id-p-Xv. AXns
\nnX thK-ntem ka-b-ntem ]Y-ntem Hcp amhpw kw`-hn-pn. hmbphpw shhpw shfn-hpw Dujvam-hp-samw C{]-Imcw Nne
\nb-a-hy-h--I-[o-\-amWv. [mXp-hK-, kky-e-Xm-Zn-I, PpPm-e- Fnh Dm-hp-Ibpw hf-cp-Ibpw sNdp-Xm-hp-Ibpw hep-Xm-hpIbpw Pohn-p-Ibpw acn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv Ahbvv \n-bn--s-np \nb-a-smv am{Xw. C\n, a\p-jyt\m? Ah\pw Nne {]IrXn
\nb-a-v hnt[-b-\mWv. Ah P\n-p-Xpw hf-cp-Xpw izkn-pXpw Blm-c-]m-\o-b- Ign-p-Xpw NqSpw shfn-hpw Ic--am-pXpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n-m-[m-c-amb \nb-a-hy-h--I-f-\p-k-cn-mWv.
Ahs lrZ-b-an-Sn-p-Ifpw izmk-p-Sn-p-Ifpw c-Nw-{I-a-W-hp-samw
AXm-Xns \nb-aa
- \
- p-kc
- n-p-am{Xw. Ahs akvXn-jvIhpw Zl-t\-{n-bhpw
\mUo-hyq-lhpw ssIIm-ep-Ifpw ]t-{n-b
- fpw Fp-th ico-c
- nse
Hmtcm tImihpw AXm-Xn\v \n-bn--s tPmen-I am{X-amWv \nhln-p-Xv.
hm\-tem-I-nse htKm-f- apX `qan-bnse ]c-am-Wp-h-sc-bp
khhpw Aew-L\
- o-ba
- mb Nne \nb-a
- v hnt[-ba
- mWv Fv Npcpw.
B \nb-a- alm-\mb Hcp ]cm-in \nan--XmWv. B ]cm-i-n-sbbmWv {]]--a-Jn-ehpw AXnse kakvX krjvSn-Pm-e-fpw A\p-k-cnp-Xv. ImcWw, Ah \nan \nb-a-mWv Ah-sbmw Iogvsn-cn-p-Xv. Cu AY-n, kakvX temI-n-sbpw aXw CkvemamWv. ImcWw, Ckvemw Fm ssZhs A\p-kc
- n-epw Ahv IogvhW-epamWv. Atm kqcy-N-{-\--{Xm-Zn-tKm-f- apkvenw-I-fmWv;
`qan apkven-amWv; hmbphpw shhpw {]Im-ihpw apkvenw-I-fmWv; IpIfpw ac-fpw arK-fpw apkvenw-I-fmWv; ssZhs Adn-bm--h\pw
ssZh-\n-tj-[nbpw ssZth-X-c-i-n-Isf ]qPn-p--h\pw ssZh-n
A\ysc ]m-fn-I-fm-p--h-\p-samw apkvenw Xs-bmWv. ImcWw,
{]IrXym apkven-am-W-h. Ahs P\-\hpw Pohn-Xhpw ac-W-hp-samw
Xs ssZhnI \nb-a-v hnt[-b-amWv. Ahs khmw-K--fp-sSbpw
kh-tIm-i--fp-sSbpw aXw Ckvem-amWv. ImcWw, Ah-sbmw ssZhn-I\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-mWv Dm-hp-Ibpw hf-cp-Ibpw Nen-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv.
Fn-t\sd, Ahn-th-I-m, ssZh-\n-tj-[tam _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-ktam
{]Jym-]n-p kzw \mhp-t]mepw apkven-amWv. ssZth-X-cam-cpsS
apn Ah \n_-]
- qhw Ip\n-p kzw incpw A-Xb
- m
Ah-tcm-Sp kvt\l-`-n-_-lp-am-\- \nd-p-Xp-fp-p Ahs
a\pw apkven-amWv. ImcWw, Ah-sbm-sbpw {]hn-p-Xv ssZhnI
\nb-a--\p-k-cn-mWv. Ah-bpsS Hmtcm Ne-\hpw ssZhnI hyh-Iv hnt[-b-hp-amWv.
CXv a\p-jym-h--bpsS Hcp hiw. CXn-smcp ad-ph-i-apv. a\p-jy

29

Ckvemw

CXc krjvSn-Pm-e--sf-tm-se-b. hntij _pn-bm-e-\p-Kr-lo-X-\m-Wh. Ahv Nnm-i

- nbpw {Kmly-i
- n-bp-apv. A`n-{]m-b{- ]-IS- \ tijnbpv. Hcp Imcyw kzoI-cn-m\pw asmv Xnc-kvIc
- n-m\pw Ahv Ignbpw.
Hns\ CjvS-s-Sm\pw asm-ns\ shdp-m-\p-amhpw. Hcp Pohn-X-]-Xn
kzbw \nan-p-Itbm asm-cm \nan-Xv kzoI-cn-p-Itbm sNm
Ignbpw. Cu taJ-eI
- f
- n a\p-jy, CX-c- h-kvXp-s
- f-tmse Hcp \nnX
\nb-a-hy-h-v hnt[-b-\. Bibw, A`n-{]mbw, Iaw Fn-h-bn
Ahv sXc-s-Sp-n-p kzmX-{y-apv. Hm-as Ah--bn
Ah CXc krjvSn--Pm-e
- s
- f-tmse Pa\m "apkvenw' BsW-n cma-s-Xn "apkvenw' BIepw BIm-Xn-cn-epw Ahs A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[nbn s]-XmWv.
Cu A[n-Im-c-ns ASn-m-\-n a\p-jys\ cv Xc-ambn
Xncnmw. Hcp a\p-jy Xs {kjvSm-hns\ Xncn--dn-bp-Ibpw Ahs\
kzw \mY\pw bP-am-\\pw Bbn kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXh
- \
- mWv. kzm[nIm-c-ap {]iv\--fnt]mepw Ah bP-am\ lnXw am\n-pp. Cu
a\p-jy ]qW apkven-amWv. Ahs "Ckvemw' ]qW-am-bn--gnp.
Ahs PohnXw ASn-apSn "apkvenw'BWv. Adnthm t_m[tam CmsX,
\n_-n-X\
- mbn Iogvs]-n-cp AtX \mYv Ctm Adn-thmSpw t_m[tmSpw IqSn hgn-s-n-cn-p-I-bm-W-h. Dt-iy-c-ln-X-ambn A\p-k-cn-ncp ssZhs Ctm-gh Dt-iy-]qhw A\p-k-cn-pp. Ctm-g-hs
m\w bYmY-amWv. ImcWw, Adn-hn\pw m\-k-m-Z-\-n-\p-ap
in- {]-Zm\w sNbvX ssZhs Ah AdnpIgnp. Ctm-g-hs
Nnbpw A`n-{]m-bhpw icn-bmWv. ImcWw, Nnm-i-nbpw {Kmly-inbpw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ti-jnbpw {]Zm-\w-sNbvX ssZhs A\p-k-cnp-hm Ah kzta-[bm Btem-Nnp Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-pp. Ctm-gh
- s
\mhv kXy-amWv ]d-bp-Xv. ImcWw, AXnv kwkm-c-tijn \evInb
ssZh-s--n-bmWv AXv samgn-bp-Xv. Ahs apgp-h Pohn-X-nepw
kXyhpw kamK-hp-am-Wp-Xv. ImcWw, Ah X\n-[
- n-Im-ca
- p-X
- nepw
Cm-X
- nepw ssZhn-I\
- n-ba
-
- f
- m-W\
- p-kc
- n-p-Xv. Ctm ka-kvXt- emI-tmSpw Ah _w m]n-p-I-gnp. ImcWw, {]m]-nI hkvXp-f-Jn-ehpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw tkhn-p-Ibpw sNp AtX ssZhs
Xs-bmWv Ah\pw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw tkhn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv. Ctmg-h `qan-bn ssZh-ns {]Xn-\n[n (Jeo^)bmWv. apgp-tem-Ihpw AhtXpw Ah ssZh-n-t-Xp-amWv.

ssZh-\n-tj-[-ns bmYmYyw
C-d a\p-jy-\n\npw hyXy-kvX-\mbn CXm asm-cm: Ah
apkven-ambn P\np; Adnhpw t_m[-hp-an-msX apkven-am-bn-s
XpSp. ]t, kzw _pnbpw m\- h p- a p- ] - t bm- K nv Ah
ssZhs Adn-n; X\nv A[n-Im-chpw kzmX-{yhpap- Im-cy-fn ssZhs A\p- k - c n- p- h m Cjv S - s - n. Ch ssZh- \ ntj[n(Im^n) BWv. "Ip^v' F ]Z-ns AYw "Hfn-n-pI', "adbn-SpI' Fsm-s-bm-Ipp. Cu a\p-jy kzw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta

30

CkvemwaXw

Ahn-th-I-am-Ip ad Cn-cn-p-I-bmWv. AXp-sIm-mWv Ahs\ "Im^n'

Fp ]d-bp-Xv. kXy-n Ckvem-anI {]Ir-Xn-tbm-sS-bm-W-h P\nXv. Ahs ico-c-nse kh-tIm-i-fpw {]hn-p-Xv Ckvemans {]Ir-Xn-bn-emWv. Ahs Npn-ep-ap kakvXtemIhpw Nen-pXv Ckvem-ans {]Ir-Xn-bn-emWv. ]t, Ahs _pn-bpsS ta ad
hoWn-cn-pp. ka-kvX-tem-I-n-sbpw Xs Xsbpw {]IrXn Ahv
Am-Xa
- m-bn-tm-bn-cn-pp. AXn-\m-eh- B {]Ir-Xn-s-Xn-cmbn Nnnpp; AXn-s-Xn-cmbn Nen-p-hm ]cn-{i-an-p-Ibpw sNpp.

\ntj-[-ns sISp-Xn-I
ssZh-\n-tj[w Hc--X-bmWv. F, kmm AX AXv
Xs-bmWv. a\p-jy kzw {kjvSm-hmb ssZhs Adn-bm-Xn-cn-pI
F-Xn-s\-m ISp AX as-pv? {]]--am-Ip Cu ]SpIq- b{-ime cm-I Nen-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv Hcm Im-Wpp.
]t, AXv \nanv \nb-{nv \S-p--Xm-scv Ah-dn-p-IqSm!
[mXp-eh
- W
-
- fpw cmk-hk
- vXp-fpw tNv a\p-jy F \nkvXp-ehpw
AZv`p-XI
- c
- h
- p-amb Hcp krjvSnsb hms-Sp AXn-\n-]p-W\
- mb inev]n
Bcm-sW--h--dn-bn! Ahs apn A\ym-Zr-i-amb Bkq-{X-W-nsbpw KWn- X - h n- Z y- b p- s Sbpw ck- X - { - n- s bpw ]cn- ] qWX
kv^pcnp\nevp sshhn[y kp-c-amb \nc-h[n hkvXp-fpv. IWni-amb bpnbpw A-c-n-p kmaYyhpw sXfn-p-\n-evp ]Wn-c--fpv. Fnpw Ah-\-dn-bp-n, Chbvp ]nn {]hn-p
kh-\pw khi-\pw kaY\pw bpn-am-\p-amb in-tb-sXv!
Adn-hns Cu BZym--cw-t]mepw kzmb--am-n-bn-n-m Ccw Hcp
hynv bYmY m\-ns IhmSw Xpd--s-Sp--sX-s\? Cu
an-ep-sm-cm, F{X KmV-am-bm-tem-Nn-mepw F{X Xe-]p-I-m-tem-Nnmepw m\-ns EPphpw kt-l-c-ln-X-hp-amb Dd amKw Hcp
cwKpw Is-p-Ib
- n. ImcWw, XpS-
- n Xs A-Xb
- m-Ip
A-Im-c-am-W-bm ImWpI. HSp-hpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-p-I-bn.
ssZh-\n-tj[w(Ip^v) Hcp A{I-aa
- mWv. F, Ghpw henb A{Iaw
Ip^vdmWv. A{Iaw Fm-se-sv \ap--dnbmw. Hcp hkvXpsh kzw
{]Ir-Xnpw kz`m-h-n\pw hncp--ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p--XmWv A{Iaw.
{]m]-nI hkvXp-f-Jn-ehpw ssZh-ns Bm-\p-hn-I-fmsWpw Ah-bpsS {]IrXn Xs "Ckvemw' BsWpw app ]d-phtm. a\p-jy-i-co-chpw AXnse khmw-K-fpw CtX {]Ir-Xn-b-\p-k-cnmWv Nen-p-Xv. Ah-bvp-ta B[n-]Xyw ]pem-\p ]cn-an-Xamb kzmX{yw ssZhw a\p-jyv \evIn-bn-p-s-Xv icn-bmWv. ]t,
Ah ssZh-ln-X-n-s\m-p-]-tbm-Kn--W-sa--XmWv Ah-bpsS {]IrXn
Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xv. ]t, Hcp \ntj[n, Ah kzw {]Ir-Xn-s-Xn-cm-bmWp-]t- bm-Kn-pI. Ah kzin-cv A\y-cpsS apn Ip\n-pp. bYmYn-eXv ssZh-ns Zmk-\mWv. A\y-tcm-Sp kvt\lm-Z-c-hp-I-fm-Ip
hn{K-l-sf Ah kza-\-n {]Xn-jvTn-pp. {]IrXym ssZh-tmSp `b-`-n-_-lp-am-\- am{Xw \nd-p- \nevt--XmWm a\-v.

Ckvemw

31

kzw Ah-b-h-fpw kzw \n-b-{-W-n-ep ap hkvXp-sfbpw

Ah ssZth-O-s-Xn-cmbn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pp. kXy-n Ah-bpsS
{]IrXn B{K-ln-p-Xv Ah ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv D]-tbm-Kn--s-SW-sa-mWv. Cu a\p-jy kh-h-kvXp--tfmSpw A{Iaw ImWn-p-IbmWv. kzw AkvXn-Xz-tmSp t]mepw. Cbm-sf-m henb asm-c-{Ian-bmcv?
ssZh-\n-tj[w A{Iaw am{X-a, [nm-chpw IqSn-bmWv. cmPy-t{Zm-lhpw
\n-tI-Sp-am-WXv. Btem-Nnp t\mpI: a\p-jys hiw kz-ambn FmWp-Xv? Ahs akvXnjvIw krjvSn--Xm-cmWv? Aht\m AtXm,
ssZhtam? lrZbw, t\{Xw, \mhv XpS-nb Ah-b-h- BcpsS krjvSnbmWv? Ahs Xstbm AtXm ssZh-n-stXm? a\p-jys Npnepw
AkwJyw hkvXp-! B hkvXp- Ahs D]-tbm-K-n\v ]mIn! Ah D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm-\p inbpw bpn-bp-apv a\p-jyv!
CsXms krjvSn-sm-cp-n-bXv a\p-jy Xstbm AtXm ssZhtam?
kIe hkvXp-fpw ssZh-n-s-XmWv; Ah-\m-W-h-bpsS {kjvSmhv;
Ah am{X-am-W-h-bpsS DSa; Ah \evIn-b-Xp-sImv am{X-amWv Ah
a\p-jyv e`n-Xv CsXmw Bcpw k-Xn-p kXy--fmWv. kXyw
CXm-sW-n, ssZhw \evInb akvXnjvIw D]-tbm-Knv ssZh-n-s-Xncn Nnn-p-Xpw ssZhw \evInb lrZ-b-n ssZh-hn-cp-m-i-b-
]pep-Xpw ssZh-ac
- p-fnb ]t-{n-b
- ssZhm-`o-jvS
- n-s\-Xn-cmbn
D]-tbm-Kn-pXpw [nm-chpw \n-tISpw ssZ-h-t{Zm-l-hp-a-s-n asmWv? Hcp `rXy bP-am-\s tNmdpw Xnv Abm-tfmSv [nmcw ImWnm \ma-hs\ \n-sI--h-s\v hnfnpw. Hcp-tZym-K- kzw A[nIm-c- `c-W-Iq-S-n-s-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-p--]w \ma-hs\ cmPyt{Zmln Fp hnfnpw. Hcm X\n-p-]-Imcw sNbvX-hs\ hn-p
]w \ma-hs\ \n-bn-m--h-s\pw h-I-s\pw hnfnpw.
Fm, a\p-jy a\p-jy-t\mSv \n-tISpw h-\bpw [nm-chpw
sNpI Fv ]d-bp--Xn FY-am-Wp-Xv? Hcp a\p-jyv Blmcw
\evIm asmcp a\p-jyv Ign-bp--sX-s\? bYmY-n Blmcw
\evIp-Xv ssZh-at? DtZym-K
- c
- psS A[n-Im-c
- FhnsS\nv hp?
B[n-]-Xyhpw A[n-Im-chpw \evIp-Xv ssZh-at? Hcm A]-cv \a
sNp--sX-s\? Fmw ssZh-Z--at? a\p-jys Ghpw henb ISmSv kzw amXm-]n-Xm--tfm-Sm-Wtm. Fm, amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS lrZb--fn km-\-hm--ey-ap-m-n-b-Xm-cmWv? amXm-hns ape-m
BcpsS krjvSn-bmWv? Xm ]Wn-s-p-m-nb kmZyw, {]tbm-P-\-cln-X-amb Hcp amwk-]nWvUw am{X-amb Xs km-\-n\mbn kktmjw hybw sNp-hm-\p a\-nXn ]nXr-lr-Z-b-n BcmWv
krjvSn-Xv? B amwk-]n-WvUs Xon-tm-n-h-fp-hm\pw Ahv
inW kwkvIc-W
- \evIp-hm-\p-ambn kzw [\hpw ka-bhpw kpJt`m-K-fpw _en-bn-p-hm-\p t{]c-I-in ]nXm--fn krjvSn-Xm-cmWv? "ssZhw' Ft adp-]-Sn-bpq. Atm a\p-jys kmm
KpW-Imw-nbpw bYmY cmPmhpw ssZh-amWv. kthm-]cn Ahs kwc-I\pw. B ssZhs \ntj-[n-p-Ibpw Ahs\ ssZh-am-bw-Ko-I-cn-m-

32

CkvemwaXw

Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp a\p-jy F{X ISp [nm-cnbpw cmPy-t{Zm-lnbp-amWv! B ssZhs A\p-k-cn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xpw Ahs Zmk-\mbn
hn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xpw Fp-am{Xw h-\bpw \n-tI-Sp-amWv!
Fm, ssZh-\n-tj[w ssZh-n\v h lm\nbpw hcp-n--f-bpsav Icp-X-cpXv. alm-cm-Pm-hmWv ssZhw. Ahs `c-Wm-Xnn-bpsS
BZnbpw Ayhpw \ap-n-Xp-hsc a\-n-em-m Ign-n-n. AXn-i-\mWv ssZhw. tImSn--W-mb hm\-tKm-f-sf kzw B-b-\pk-cnv ]p-t]mse Id-n-sm-n-cn-p alm-i-n-am. {]]--nep kI-eXpw Ahs kzmWv. Ah-bpsS Ah-Im-i
- n asm-n\pw
Hml-cn-bn. AXn-_r-lpw \no-a-hp-am-WXv. {]]--nse kh- hkvXp-fpw B{i-bn-p alm-k-{am-m-W-h. Ahv am-scbpw B{ibn-t Bh-iy-an. kh{X kzX-{-\m-Wh
- . A-s\-bp Hcp almcm-Pm-hn\v a\p-jy Ahs\ kzoI-cn-p--XvsImv h em`tam Xnc-kvIcn-p--Xp-sImv h \jvStam kw`-hn-ptam? AXn-\p-am{Xw a\p-jymkvXn-Xz-n\v Fv m\-am-Wp-Xv? a\p-jys IrX-Lv\-Xbpw [nmchpw hgn ssZh-n\v bmsXmcp lm\nbpw Gev]n-pI km[y-a. adnv,
AXp-hgn a\p-jy kzw \mi-n-\p kma-{Kn-I kzbw Hcp-pI
am{X-amWv sNp-Xv.
a\p-jy Xopw ]cm-Pn-X\pw \jvS-s--h\pw Bbn-o-cpI FXmWv ssZh-\n-tj-[-n-sbpw ssZh-[n-m-c-n-sbpw A\n-hm-cy-^ew.
Ah-sm-cn-epw m\-ns t\hgn e`n-n. kzw {kjvSm-hns\-tmepw Adn-bm-\p-X-Im m\w asv Ad-nhmWv t\Sn-sm-SppI? Ahs _pn kZm hf--h-gnt Ncnq. kzw {kjvSm-hns\
Xncn--dn-bp--Xn ]ng-p-t]mb _pn as-n-emWv t\hgn \S-pI?
Pohn-X-nse kIe Gm-Sp-I-fnepw Ahv ]nghv ]nW-p-sIm-ncnpw; [man-Ihpw \mK-cn-Ihpw kmwkKn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb taJ-e-I-sfmw \mtimap-J-am-bn-cnpw.
temIh \m-ihpw Ipg-hpw ]cpw; c-p-g-I-sfm-gppw. A\ysc
A{I-anpw; A]-cs Ah-Im-i--f-]-l-cnpw. Zpjn Bi-b-fpw
ZpjvsN-bvXn-Ifpw hgn kzPo-hn-Xs Xs ZpjvI-chpw \c-I-Xp-ey-hpampw. C\n-bh
- ]mc-{XnI temI-s-n-bmtem? Ahs A{I-a
- nc-bmb kh- hkvXp-fpw Ah-s-Xn-cn A\ymbw t_m[n-npw.
Ahs akvXn-jvIhpw lrZ-bhpw Ip-Ifpw ImXp-Ifpw ssIIm-ep-Ifpw
am{X-a-, Hmtcm tcmahpw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn Bh-emXn t_m[n-npw
\ns Iev]\ ewLn-p-Ibpw \ns [n-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-hm Cu
A{Ian Rsf _em-mcw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p-shv! ssZhs
[n-cn-p-sImv Ah \S-p-Ibpw \nh-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvX `qanbpw
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn Ign Blm-chpw \njn amK-n km-Zn-p-Ibpw
sNe-h-gn-p-Ibpw sNbvX [\hpw A\ym-b-ambn ssIh-i-s-Spn D]tbm-Kn ap hkvXp-fpw ssZh-k
- n-[n-bn Ah-s-Xnsc ]cmXn ]dbpw.
\oXn-am-\mb ssZhw ]cm-Xn-m-cpsS k-S-]-cn-lm-c-n-\mbn Ip-hm-fnIv ITn-\hpw \ny-hp-amb in \evIp-Ibpw sNpw.

33

Ckvemw

Ckvem-ans kZv^-e-
ssZh-\n-tj-[-ns tZmj-^-e--fmWv CXp-hsc ]d-Xv. C\n,
Ckvem-an-I-amKw Df-hm-p kZv^-e- ]cn-tim-[nmw. {]]--nep-S-\ofw Znhy-Xz-ns sXfn-hp-I hym]n-p-In-Sp--p-sv apv {Kln-p-htm. kp`-{Z-amb Hcp hyh--bn, kpi--amb \nba-p
Iogn Nen-p-sIm-n-cn-p AXn-a-l-mb Cu {]]w \nanv \Sp-Xv AP--\mb Hc-[n-]-\m-sWpw Ahs B[n-]-Xy-n-s-Xnsc
Xe-s]m-m bmsXm-n\pw km[y-a-spw D-Xnv kIe {]m]-nI-h-kvXp--fpw kmyw hln-p-pv. {]]--n-s-Xp-t]m-se-s
ssZhs A\p-k-cn-pI F-XmWv a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnbpw. t_m[-]qh-amsX Xs Ah kZm ssZhs A\p-kc
- n-p-sIm-n-cn-pp. ImcWw,
ssZh-ns {]IrXn\nb-a- ewLnpsImv Ah-n-hnsS Pohn-n-cnpI km[y-a.
ssZhw a\p-jy\v m\ km-Z\
- t- ijn \evIn; Btem-N\m i-nbpw
{Kl-Wt- i-jnbpw \evIn; kXym-kXy hnth-N\
-
- n-\p Ign-thIn. AtXmsSmw Ahv kzmX-{yhpw {]Zm\w sNbvXp. Cu kzmX-{y-Zm-\-ns
kmm Dtiyw a\p-jys\ ]co-n--emWv Ahs m\-sbpw
_pn-sbbpw hnth-N-\-i-n-sbbpw ]co-n-. Ahv e`n kzmX{yw Fs\ D]-tbm-Kn-pp Fv ]cn-tim-[n-. Cu ]co--bn
GsX-n-ep-samcp amKw Xs kzoI-cn-p-hm a\p-jy \n_-n-s-Sp-n. As\ \n_-n-p ]w ]co--bpsS Dtiyw Xs
hn^-eam-bn-tmIpw. tNmZy-S- e
- mkp sImSp tijw Hcp \nnX Dcw
Xs-sb-gp-Xm hnZymYn-Isf \n_-n-p--]w ]ns-sb-n-\mWv
]co? GXp--c-hp-sa-gp-Xm kzmX{yw Ds-nte Ah-cpsS icn-bmb
tbmKyX Is-m-\mhq. icn-bp--c-sa-gp-Xp--h hnP-bnpw. Ahp
apn ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS IhmSw Xpd-p-Inpw. sXmb D-c-sa-gp-Xn-b-h
tXmevpw. kzw A{]m-]vXnbpw Atbm-Ky-Xbpw `mhn ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS
]mX Ahp apn AS-p-I-fbpw.
Hcp hyn Xsbpw {]]--n-sbpw {]IrXn Adn-bp-n. kzw
{kjvSm-hn-s\bpw Ahs KpW-K-W--sfbpw icn-bmbn a\-n-em-p-n.
X\np e`n ]cn-an-X-amb kzmX{yw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s-Spn Abm \nba-ew-L\w \S-p-Ibpw [nmcw ImWn-p-Ibpw sNpp. Cu a\p-jy
]co--bn tXm-h-\mWv. m\w, _pn, hnth-N-\-in, I-hyt_m[w Fn-hb
- nse ]co-b
- n-eb
- m tXm-n-bn-cn-pp. Xms\mcp XcwXmW a\p-jy-\m-sWpw Hn\pw sImm--h-\m-sWpw kzbw sXfnbn-n-cn-pp. AXn-\m, tasNm hn[-n-ep ]cn-Wm-ata Abmfln-p-pq.
C\n asmcp hyn ]co Pbn--h. Abm Xs m\hpw
_pnbpw icn-p-]-tbm-Knv ssZhs Adnp; AwKo-I-cnp. AXn-bm \n_-n-X-\m-bn-cp-n. \a Xna-Isf thXn-cn-p--Xn ]nghv
]msX, Xs kzX-{-amb sXc-s-Sp-n-eqsS Abm \asb CjvSsp. Xna kzoI-cn-p-hm-\-bmv kzmX-{y-ap-m-bn-cpp. ]t,

34

CkvemwaXw

sNbvXn. Abm kzw {]IrXn icnv a\-n-emn; Xs ssZhs

Xncn-d- np. \nbaw ewLn-m-\b
- mv kzmX-{y-ap-m-bn-cpp. ]t,
ssZhm-\p-k-c-W-am-W-bm sXc-s-Sp-Xv. Cu a\p-jy ]-co--bn
Pbnp. Fp-sImv? Abm Xs _pn icn-p-]-tbm-Knp; IpIsImv \-hw Ip; ImXp-IsImv \mbn tIp; akvXn-jvIwsImv icn-bmb A`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cnp; kXyw kzoI-cn-p-sav a\vsImv Xocp-am-\np; kXyw Xncn--dn-p-sImv Xm kXy-t_m-[-ap-h-\m-sWv ImWnp; kXy-n\p apn Xe-Ip-\n-p-sImv Xm
kXy-ns tkh-I-\m-sWv sXfn-bnp. As\ Abm ]co
Pbnp. Ccw kZvKp-W--fp hyn-I Cl-nepw ]c-nepw
hnPbw {]m]n-pI Xs-sNpw Xo.
Cu a\p-jy PvRm\ Ia--fpsS GXv taJ-e-bnepw icn-bmb hgnbnte k-cnq. ImcWw, {kjvSm-hns\ Xncn--dn-bp-Ibpw Ahs KpW a\-n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvX hyn m\-ns BZn-bp-a-yhpw
icnv {Kln- - h - \ mWv . Acw hynv Hcn- epw ]nghv ]n.
AbmfpsS BZy Imshv Xs kamK-n-emWv. Xs Ay
eyspdnpw Dd t_m[-ap--bmv. Abm Hcp Xzm-t\z-jnsb-tmse {]]--c-l-ky--f-dn-bm ]cn-{i-anpw. ]t, Abm Hc-hnizm-kn-sb-tmse Dulm-t]m-l--fnepw A\p-am-\--fnepw sNp-S-n.
Abm {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw hgn {]m]-nI \nb-a- ]-Tn-m ]cn-{ianpw; {]]-
- n-e
- `-hnp InS-p cl-ky- ]pd-s-Sppw; a\pjy- \ n ssZhw \nt]n- p- s h inhnti- j - At\z- j nv
Ispw; BImi `qan-I-fnse kh hkvXp-fpw Fs\ bYm-hn[n
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-sav Ip]nSnpw; Fm, Atm-sgms imkv{Xm-\s Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNp--Xn\npw ssZh-t_m[w Abmsf
XSbpw. ""Rm Cm-Wp hkvXp--fp-sS-sbmw DS-a-bmWv; {]Ir-Xnsb
Rm Iog-S-n--gnp; Rm {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xs Fs kzmY-n\mbn btYjvSw D]-tbm-Knpw; temIs Rm An-a-dnpw; sImbpw
sImebpw c-sm-cn-nepw hgn Fs A[n-Im-cm-[n-]Xyw Rm temIamsI m]npw'' Fn--s\-bp sX-p[m-c-W-sbmpw Abmpm-hn. CXv ssZh-\n-tj-[n-bmb Hcp imkv{X-s am{Xw hoc-hm-Z-fmWv.* imkv{Xob Kth-jW
-
- f
- n ]ptcm-Ka
- n-p-tmdpw apkvenw imkv{Xs ssZh-hn-izmkw ZrV-X-c-am-bn-sm-t-bn-cnpw. A{X-bp-a-bm
ssZh-tmSv \n-bp-h
- \
- p-am-bn-cnpw. kz\m-Y Xs Ignhpw m\hpw
h[n-n-p--Xns tXmX-\p-k-cnv Xm kaq-l-ns tssa-iz-cy* Cu Zpxn-Xn-bmWv Cv B[p-\nI a\p-jys\ t\cn-n-cn-p-Xv. tUm. tPmUv ]d-bpp:
""imkv{Xw Znhy-k-am-\-amb Ign-hp-I \apv {]Zm\w sNbvXn-cn-pp. Fnepw Ah
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p--Xn kvIq Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-sSbpw at\m-`m-h-amWv
\mw {]Zin-n-p-Xv.'' {]apJ Zmi-\n-I-\mb _{Sv d Fgp-Xpp: ""Iptd-qSn
sXfn-p-]-d-bp--Xm-bm, D]m-[n-Ip-thn a\p-jy-km-aYyhpw ey-p-thn
a\p-jy-hn-UvVn-hpw Xn \S-p Hcp ]-b-ns \Sp-mWv \mw Cp-Xv.
hnh-c-tSpw Imcy--a-X-bn-m-bvabpw sImmWv a\p-jy Cv hsc AXn-Po-hn-n-pXv. m\hpw Imcy-a
- X
- bpw hnUvVn-hpw Hp-tN-tXmsS `mhn IqSp-X kwibm-kv]-Z-am-bn-cn--bmWv. m\w in-bmWv. \-s--t]mse Xna-pap in.
m\w IqSp--Xn--\p-k-cnv a\p-jy\v XtSw IqSm--]w m\ h[\ bYmY-

Ckvemw

35

mbn ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-t--Xp-s-m-bn-cnpw Abm-fpsS

hnizmkw. ssZhw X\n-cp-fnb A\p-{K-l-p \n-{]-Im-i\w
AsXmp am{X-am-sW--bm IcpXpw.
A{]-Imcw Xs Ncn{Xw, km-n-Ii
- mkv{Xw, cmjv{S-ao-amwk, \nbaw
XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fn \S-p ]T\Kth-jW \nco--W--fnepw
Hcp apkvenw Hcn-epw \ntj-[n-bpsS ]nd-In-em-bn-cn-n. ]t, Ccp-h-cpsSbpw ho-W--fn henb Acw ImWpw. imkv{X ]T\w \S-p
apkven-an\v icn-bmb ho-Whpw ]hn-{X-amb Dt-iyhpw Dm-bn-cnpw.
Xaqew Abm icn-bmb \nK-a-\--f-nse-n-t-cpp; Ncn{Xw ]Tn-ptm a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS `qX-Im-em-\p-`h
-
- f
- n\nv ]mT-apsm-pp.
P\-k-aq-l--fpsS Dm\]X-\-v tlXp-hmbn hn LS-Ifpw Ah-cpsS kwkvImc\mK-cn-IX
- I
- f
- n-e
- `-hn Pt\m-]I
- m-c{- ]-Za
- mb
Imcy-fpw Abm NnI-s-Sppw. Fnv DIr-jvS-hn-`m-K--fn
Is-nb KpW-hn-ti-j--fp-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Zpjn kaq-l-fpsS XIv \nZm-\a
- m-bn-o Xna-Isf Xnc-kvIc
- n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
km-nI cwK--bm GXm\pw hyn-Iv am{Xw em`w t\Sn-smSp-p-Ibpw \nc-h[n t]v \jvSw hcp-n-sh-p-Ibpw sNp hyh-Iv ]Icw a\p-jy-cm-in-sm-cp-t]mse KpW-{]-Z-amb [\m-K-a-\-hyb
coXn Bhn-jvI-cnpw. cmjv{So-b-ta-J-e-bn Abm-fpsS apgp-{i-bpw,
temIv imnbpw kam-[m-\hpw \abpw \oXnbpw hnf-bm-Sm-\p-X-Ip
`c-Wh
- y-h m]n-p-X
- n-em-bn-cnpw. Hcp hyntbm Intbm ssZhZm-k-amsc kzw Zmkam-cmn amm-Xn-cn-m Abm {inpw. `cW-sbpw AXns apgp-h kzm[o-\-i-n-sbbpw ssZh-ns A\m-ambn am{Xta Abm KWnq. am{X-a, Ahsb ssZh-Zm-kam-cpsS
tssaiz-cy-mbn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-hm ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-pIbpw sNpw. \nbaw ssIIm-cyw-sN-p-tm P\-v kqW\oXn ssIh-cp-e
- m-bn-cnpw Abm-fpsS eyw Al-cm-bh
- v kzw
Ah-Im-i- \oXn-]qhw e`y-am-p-Ibpw Bcpw A\o-Xnv hnt[-b-cmhm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp \nb-a-hy-h.
apkven-ans kz`m-h-n ssZh-`-nbpw kXy-k--Xbpw kamK
\njvTbpw Dm-bn-cnpw. kh-n-sbpw DSa ssZh-amWv; Xsbpw ap-h-cps-Sbpw ]-ep--sXmw ssZh-Z--amWv; Xm bmsXm-n-sbpw
DS-a-b kzi-co-c-ns t]mepw. kI-eXpw ssZh-ns A\m-a-mWv;
Ah ssIImcyw sNm X\nv \evI-s A[n-Imc kzmX-{y-sf
Xm ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv am{Xw ssIImcyw sNt--Xpv; Hcp-\m
Cu A\m-av ssZhw Xncn-p-hmpw; Av Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-sbpw
IWv Xm t_m[n-n-t-n-hcpw Cu t_m[w Hmtcm apkven-an-sbpw
n km-]-h[-\-bm-bn-cnpw.'' (Impact of Science on Society pp. 120-121)
asmcp {]apJ Nn-I Cu hntcm-[m-`m-ks hnh-cn-p-Xv ImWpI: ""hmbp-hn ]d-hI-sf-tmse ]d-m\pw shf-f-n ay-s-tmse \om\pw \mw ]Tn-n-cn-pp.
`qan-bn a\p-jy-s\-tmse Pohn-m am{Xw \ap-d- n-p-IqSm.'' (Quoted by Joad in 'Counter
Attack From the East' p. 28)

36

CkvemwaXw

a\-n kPo-h-am-bn-cnpw.
Cu t_m[-tmsS PohnXw \bn-p a\p-jys kz`mh KpW-
Fp-am{Xw DIr-jvSa
- m-bn-cnpw! Abm-fpsS a\v Zphn-Nm-c
- f
- n\nv
ap-am-bn-cnpw; ZpjvNn--I Abm-fpsS akvXn-jvI-n-\-\y-am-bn-cnpw;
Xs Ip-Isf Xna-I-fn\n--bm Xncn-p-I-fbpw; kt`y-X-c-am-b-hbn\nv ImXp-If
- S- pw. Abm-fpsS \mhv AkXyw Dcn-bm-Sp-Ib
- n. kzw
Bam-i-b-n \njn--amb `Ww \nd-bvp--Xnepw Abm-njvSw
hni-n-cn-p--Xm-bn-cnpw. Abm-fpsS Ic-, \ymb-an-msX, A\yv
t\sc Db-cp-I-bn; Imep-I sXmb hgn-bn Ncn-p-Ibpan; kzw
inc-ns\, AXv tOZn--s-Sp-sav hmt]mepw, A\y-cpsS apn-ebm Ip\n-p-I-bn. Xs bmsXm-cm-ibpw Bh-iyhpw A{I-ahpw A\oXnbpw hgn ]qo-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- n. \a-bp-sSbpw t{ijvTX
- b
- p-sSbpw aqnbm-bn-cn-p-a-bm. Abmv kXyw, kh-nepw hne-s--Xm-bn-cnpw.
AXn-p-thn Xs apgp-h Bi-I-fp-a-bm _en-bnpw. kIe em`fpw ]cn-Xy-Pnpw kztZ-l-s-tmepw! h em`hpw {]Xo-ntm
\jvSw `btm Ak-Xy-hp-ambn Atijw Abm kl-I-cn-p-I-bn.
hnPbw A-c-mv am{Xw Al-X-s--XmWv.
Cu a\p-jys\-m t{ijvT\pw am\y-\p-amb asm-cm Dm-hn.
Imc-W-apv. Abm-fpsS incv ssZh-n-s-b-msX am-cpsS apnepw
Ip\n-bp-n. Abm-fpsS ssII ssZth-X-cam-cpsS apn-tev \ofpn. Atm ]ns, Abmsf lo\Xzw _m[n-p--sX-s\? Cu a\pjy-s\-m i-\mb asm-cmfpw Dm-hn. ImcWw, Abmv ssZhs-sbm-gnv am-scbpw `b-an. ssZh-n-\n-msX A\p-{K-ltam
HuZm-cytam Abm-fm-in-p-n. Cu an-ep Hcmsf kXy-n \nv
hyXn-N-en-n-p-hm Ign-bp in-tb-Xpv? Abm-fpsS hnizmkw hnep-hm-m GXv k-n-\mWv km[y-am-hpI.
Cu hnizm-kn-sb-m sFiz-cy-hm-\mbn asm-cmfpw `qap-J
- p-m-hn.
ImcWw, Abm BUw-_-c-{]n-b-\; tZtl-O-I-fpsS ASn-a-b. Zpcbpw
AXymn-bp-ap-h
- \
- ; \ymbhpw \nb-ah
- n-t[-bh
- p-amb A[zm-\^
- e
-
- n
kwXr-]vX-\m-W-bm. \njn--amK-nepw \nb-a-hn-cp--ambpw kzcq-]n
k-n-t\mSv \nbpw shdppw am{Xta Abmp-mIq. Abm-fXv Ahm-]qhw Xnc-kvI-cnpw. a\x-im-nbpw kwXr-]vXn-bp-am-Ip k-ns\-m Aaq-ey-amb asv kzmWv a\p-jy\v e`n-m-\p-Xv?
Cu a\p-jy-s\-m D-a-\mb Hcp kplrtm Iqp-Im-ct\m Dmhn. ImcWw, Abm Fm-hc
- p-sSbpw Ah-Imiw hI-shp sImSp-pp;
Bcp-sSbpw Ah-Imiw A]-l-cn-p-n. kh-P-\--tfmSpw \a-sNpp. BtcmSpw Xna-sN-p-n. kh-P-\--fp-sSbpw tssa-izcymbn {]hn-p-p. Fm, AXn\v bmsXmcp {]Xn-^e-hpam-{K-ln-p-n. P\-lr-Z-b- kzbw Abm-fn-te-m-Ijn--s-Spp.
Abmsf kvt\ln-p-hm\pw _lp-am-\n-p-hm\pw kI-ecpw \n_-n-Xcm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNpp.
Cu a\p-jys\-m kh-k--X\pw hniz-kvX-\p-ambn asm-cp--\pm-hn. ImcWw, Abm hnizm-k-h-\ sNp-I-bn; kXyw apdp-sI-

Ckvemw

37

n-Snpw; hmKvZw ]menpw; Fn\pw tbmKy-\m-bn-cnpw; ap--h

Xs Im-ep-an-s-nepw ssZhw ImWp-p-s t_m[-m-e-bm
kh-cw-Kpw kXy-k-X ]pepw. Cu an-ep Hcmsf BcmWv
hniz-kn-m-Xn-cn-pI? Hcp apkven-ans kz`m-h-N-cy-I ]Tn-p--]w
Abm \oN\pw lo\\pw ]cm-Pn-X\pw A\y-[o-\\pw Bbn-cn-pI
Hcn-epw km[y-a-sv hy-amIpw. Abm-sf-tmgpw tPXmhpw A[n-Imcnbpw D-X\pw Xs Bbn-cnpw. ImcWw, Ah-\n-ep-f-hm-p t{ijvTKp-W-sf AXn-P-bn-p-hm Hcp inpw km[y-am-hn.
Cs\, Cu temIv am\y-X-tbmSpw t{ijvT-Kp-W--tfmSpw IqSn
PohnXw \bn--tijw Ah kz\m-Y-\mb {]] {kjvSm-hns Xncp-kn-[n-bn lmP-cm-hpp. Atm ssZhw Xs kvt\lm-\p-{K-l-fpw
Icp-Wm-I-Sm--fpw Ahs ta hjn--pp. ImcWw, ssZhw Ahs\-tbev]n A\m-av hcp-n-sh D-c-hm-Zn-Xz- Abm IrXyambn \nd-th-n-bn-cn-pp. ssZh-ns kIe ]co--Ifpw \qdp-i-X-am\w
amtmsS Abm hnP-bn-n-cn-pp. CXt{X, imiz-X -hn-Pbw. CltemIw sXmv ]c-temIw hsc XpSp-t]m-Ip, A\--amb, al--camb hnPbw.
CXm-Wnkvemw {]IrXn aXw. Cu aXw Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-btmtSm cmPy-tmtSm am{X-ambn _-s--X. Fm Imepw, Fm
cmPypw Fm kap-Zm-b--fnepw Ign-p-t]mb ssZh-`-cpw kXy-k-cp-amb Fm k-\--fp-sSbpw aX-am-bn-cpp CXv. NnecpsS `mjbn AXns t] "Ckvemw' Fm-bn-cpncnmw. ap t]cp-I-fnepw AXdn-b-s-n-cnmw. GXm-bmepw Ah-scmw "apkvenw-'I Xs-bm-bn-cpp.

hnizm-khpw
A\p-k-c-Whpw

"Ckvemw' FXv temI-\m-Y\- mb ssZhs A\p-kc- n-p-X- ns t]cmsWv Ign A[ym-b-n\nv {Kln-p-htm. C\n ]d-bp-Xv, A\pk-c-W-n\v Adn-hn-sbpw ZrVhn-izm-k-n-sbpw Bh-iy-I-X-sb-p-dnmWv. a\p-jy Nne kwK-Xn-I Adn-bp-Ibpw B Adnhv ZrV-hn-izm-kambn amdp-Ibpw sNm Ime-tmfw Ahv ssZhs A\p-k-cn-pI
km[y-a. Hm-a-Xmbn, ssZh-ns BkvXn-Iy-s-p-dnv a\p-jyv
]qW-amb Dd-p-m-bn-cn-Ww. ssZhw Ds-p hnizmkw Xs Cm-hv ssZhs A\p-k-cn-m-\m-hn-tm. AtXm-sSmw ssZhnI kbpsS KpW--sf-p-dn-p Adnhpw thWw. ssZhw GI-\m-sWpw
Ahv Xpey-ambn Hp-an-spw Ad-nbm Hcm A\y-cpsS apn
Xe-Ip-\n-p-Ibpw ssI\o-p-Ibpw sNpI kzm`m-hnIw. AXp-t]mses
ssZhw Fmw tIp--h\pw Adn-bp--h-\p-am-sWv Hcm-dn-bn-sn ssZhnI \nb- a - ewLn- p- - X n\nv kzbw XS- b m
Abms-s\ Ignbpw? ssZhn-I-Kp-W--sf-p-dn-p icn-bmb Adnhns A`m-h-n Ckvemw \njvIjn-p BZi-]-chpw Ia-]-c-hpamb kZv]-m-hn Ncn-p-hm a\p-jyv km[y-am-hn. Ckvemw hn`mh\ sNp hnin-jvS-Kp-W- Abm-fn Df-hm-Ip-I-bp-an. Fm,
{]kvXpX Adnhv tIh-e-amb Adnhv am{X-am-bm t]mcm. adnv, AXn-sXn-cmb Nn-I-fn\nv a\pw AXnv hncp--amb Ia--fn\nv
Pohn-Xhpw ap-am-I---hw AXv Dd--hn-izm-k-ambn amdWw.
]noSv, ssZhm-`o-jvS-a-\p-k-cnv PohnXw \bn-p-hm-\p amK-ta-sX-dn-bWw. ssZh-ns lnXm-ln-X--f-dn-bWw. ssZhw CjvS-s-Sp-Xpw
shdp-p--Xp-sa-sm-s-sbv a\-n-em-Ww. Cu Adnhv, ssZhnI
\nb-a-hy-h--I-sf-p-dn-p ]qW-m-\-n\nt e`nq. B hyh-I ssZh-n-tXv Xs-bm-sWpw Ah ]np-Sc
- p-X
- n-eqsS am{Xta
ssZh-{]oXn e`nq Fpap ZrV-hn-izm-khpw thWw. ImcWw, ssZhnI-\n-b-a--sf-p-dnv A-\mb Hcm GXv \nb-a--fmW-\p-k-cn-pI?
C\n, Adn-hp-s-ns ZrV-hn-izm-k-an-s-ntem? As-n,

hnizm-khpw A\p-k-c-Whpw

39

ssZhnI \nb-a-hy-h-k-vY-I-sf-tmse ap -\n-b-a-hy-h--Ifpw icn-bm-bncn-m-sa--h hnNm-cn-p-p-s-ntem? Hcn--ep-a-hv ssZhnI \nb-ahy-h-sb IrXy-amtbm ]qW-amtbm A\p-k-cn-m-\m-hn.
Cu Adn-hn\pw ZrV-hn-izm-k-n\pw tijw thXv ssZh-[n-m-cns `hn-jy-n-s\-p-dnpw ssZhm-\p-k-c-W-ns kZv^-e-s-pdnpap Adn-hmWv. ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-s-bpw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn lmPcm-Ip--Xn-s\bpw Ipdnpw Ahn-Ss cm in-Isfnbpw ]qW-amb
Adnhpw AXn- Dd hnizm-khpw Dm-bn-cn--Ww. ]c-temI PohnXsp-dnv A-\mb Hcm A\p-kc
- W
-
- n-sbpw [nm-c
- n-sbpw
^e-n Fv hyXym-k-amWv ImWpI? A\p-k-cn--h\pw [n-cn--h\pw
Ahs In kaw. Ccp-hcpw \inv am-bn-tm-hp-Ib
- mWv. Fn-cns,
ssZhm-\p-k-c-W-ns \n_--\-Ifpw AXp hcp-n-sh-p {]bm-kfpw kln-m Abm Xm-dm-Iptam? Cl-tem-Iv IjvS-\-jvS-
Gp-hm-n-smv Abm ]m]-fpw Ip-Ir-Xy-fpw shSn-bp-sav {]Xon-mtam? Cu Ah--bn a\p-jy ssZhnI \nb-a--tfmSv Iqdp-h-\m-hp-I-bn. C\n-sbm-cmv ]c-tem-I-s-p-dnpw ssZh-ns tImSXn-sb-p-dnpw Adn-hpv. ]t, Ah-bn ZrV-hn-izm-k-an-s-ntem?
ssZhm-\p-k-c-W-n ASn-bp-d-p-\n-evm-\m-hn. kwi-bhpw ktlhpw
a\p-jys\ Hnepw Dd-n-p-\np-I-bn. Hcp {]hrn ^e-{]-Z-sa-p-dp-s-nte \n-fXv a\-n-cpn sNp-I-bp-ffq. AXp-t]mse tZmj-Ic-am-sW ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-s-nte \nXv kzta-[bm hPn-m\mhq. AXn-\m, Hcp amKw Ah-ew-_n-p-hm AX-h-ew-_n-m-ep-mIp ]cn-Wm-a-sbpw Ay-^-e-sbpw Ipdn-p Adnhv Hgn-p-IqSm-XmWv. B Adnhv ZrV-hn-izm-k-ambn cq]m-cw {]m]n-p-Ibpw thWw.

"hnizmk'ns AYw
"Adnhv', "ZrV-hn-izmkw' Fo ]Z--fpsS Ad_n i_vZ-as{X
"Cuam' (hnizmkw). icn-bmbn Adn-bp-Ibpw t_m[-]qhw AwKo-I-cnp-Ibpw sNpI FmWv "Cuam' F ]Z-ns ]qW-amb AYw.
As\ sNp--hs\ "apA-van' Fpw ]d-bpp. ssZh-ns GIXbpw Ahs km-Kp-W-fpw \nb-a-hy-h-bpw cm-in--Ifpw
Adnv Ah-bn ZrV-ambn hnizkn-p--h\mWv apA-van (hnizmkn).
a\p-jy "apkvenw'* Bbn-o-cpI F-XmWv "Cuams' ^ew.
"Cuam' CmsX Bpw apkven-am-hpI km[y-asv Cu hni-ZoI-cWw hy-am-pp. kky-v Ah-bpsS hnp-am-bp _-amWv
Cuamv Ckvem-ap-am-bp-Xv. hnn-msX kky-ap-m-Im--Xp-t]mse
Cuam-\n-msX Ckvem-ap-an. ]mInb hnv, ans ]pjvSn-p-dthm Imemh--bpsS {]mXn-Iq-eytam aqew, \mbn hfn-sp hcmw. AXpt]mse Cuams _e-lo-\-Xtbm inW]cn-io-e-\--fpsS t]mcmbvatbm Iqp-sI-p-I-fpsS Zpxkzm-[o-\tam aqew Hcm ]qW\pw ]Iz-\pamb apkvenw BIm-sX-bp-an-cnmw.
* ssZhs am{Xw A\p-k-cnv Pohn-p--h.

40

CkvemwaXw

Cuam-sbpw Ckvem-an-sbpw ASn-m-\-n a\p-jysc \membn

Xcw Xncnmw:
1. ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw B hnizm-k
- m {]tNm-Zn-Xc
- mbn ssZhI-ev]-\-I ]qW-ambn inc-km-h-ln-p-Ibpw sNp--h. ssZhw shdpp-- Im-cy--fn\nv Ah An-bn \ns--t]mse hnp-\nevpw.
ssZh- a n- j v S - s - S p Imcy- mbn, [\- k - m- Z - \ mYw kmthiw
{]hn-p--t]mse A[zm-\npw. Ch-ct{X kmm apkvenw-I.
2. hnizm-kn-Is
- f-nepw, ssZh-n\v kqW-ambn kan-m kzbw
t{]cn-n-m am{Xw hnizm-k-n\v in-bn-m--h. Ch-cpsS ]Zhn
Aev]w Xmsg-bm-sW-nepw apkvenw-IXs. Ch \nb-ae
- w-LI
- cpw AXnp inv Al-cp-amWv. ]t, Ah-cpsS nXn cmPy-t{Zm-ln-I-fptStXm [nm-cn-I-fp-tStXm A; shdpw Ip-hm-fn-I-fp-tSXv am{X-amWv.
ImcWw, Ah cmPm-hns\ k-Xn-p-Ibpw cmP-\n-b-a-sf \nb-a-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-pv.
3. hnizmkw Xosc-bn-s-nepw ]pdta, ssZhn-I-\n-b-a- A\p-k-cnp--h. Ch kXy-n, cmPy-t{Zm-ln-I-fmWv. Ch-cpsS ]pdw-]qv
bYmY-n ssZh-tm-Sp A\p-k-c-W-a. AXn-\ms, ]cn-KWn--s-tS--Xp-a. cmPm-hns\ cmPm-hmbpw cmP-Io-b -\n-b-a-sf
bYmY- \n-b-a--fmbpw AwKo-I-cn-m--h-sc-tm-se-bm-Wn-h. ]pdta,
cmP-\n-b-a--f-\p-k-cn-p-p-s-nepw Ah cmPm-hn\v Iogvs--hcpw cmPIob \nb-a--tfmSv Iqdp--hcpw BsWv ]d-bpI h. GXp-\n-epw
cmPy-t{Zm-ln-I-fpsS Iq-n-em-W-h-cpsS m\w.
4. hnizmkw Hp-an-m--tXm-sSmw ZpamKn-Ifpw Zpcm-Nm-cn-I-fp-am-bh. Ghpw XmW-]-Sn-bn-em-Wn-h. ImcWw, Ch [nm-cn-I-fpw cmPyt{Zm-ln-I-fp-am-b-tXm-sSmw Zphr-cpw \mi-Im-cn-I-fpw-Iq-Sn-bmWv.
Cu hn`-P-\-n\nv Hcp Imcyw hy-am-Ipp a\p-jys hnPb-ku-`m-Ky- \ne-sIm-p-Xv Cuams\ B{i-bn-mWv; Ckvemw AXv
]qWtam A]qWtam BIs Cuam-\m-Ip hnn\nt apf-phcq. Cuam Cm-n-Sv Ckvemapw Dm-In ]Icw "Ip^v' BWpm-hpI. AXns asmcp t]cmWv "_Km-hv'. cmPy-t{Zmlw, [nmcw,
\nb-a-ew-L\w Fsm-s-bm-W-Xn-Yw. AXp Nne-tm Kpcp-X-c-amIpw
ap Nne-tm \nm-chpw. AXv am{X-amWv hyXymkw.

m\-e-_v[n-bpsS amK-
A\p-k-c-W-n\v hnizmkw AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv. hnizm-k-n\v
m\hpw ssZhn-I-Kp-W--sfbpw ssZhnI hyh--sbbpw ]c-temI
Pohn-X-sbpw Ipdn-p m\w; ZrV-hn-izm-k-n-tev \bn-p
bYmY m\w. Cu m\w Fhn-sS-\nv, Fs\ e`npw? CXmWv
ASp Nm-hn-jbw.
AXn-a-l-mb Cu {]]w Hcp {kjvSm-hns krjvSn-bmWv; Ah
Xs- b mWv AXv \nb- { nv \S- p- Xv . Cu kXy- n\v kmn
\nevp ssZhnI ZrjvSm-- Cu {]]--n-sepw hym]np InS-

hnizm-khpw A\p-k-c-Whpw

41

pv. - Cm-cy--sfmw apv hnh-cn-p-htm. {]kvXpX ZrjvSm--fn kh ssZhnI KpW-fpw {]I-S-ambn ImWmw. bpn, in,
ss\]pWyw, m\w, ImcpWyw, kpc, khm-[n-]Xyw XpSn Fmw.
Fm, CuZri Imcy- honv {Kln-p--Xn a\p-jy-_p-nv
Gsd-psd ]nghv ]n-bn-cn-pp. {]kvXpX ZrjvSm---sfmw apn-epm-bnpw Nne ssZhw cp-spw ap Nne aqp-spw thsd
Nne \nc-h[
- n-bp-spw hmZnpIfp. \mem-as
- Xmcp Iq Znhy-Xzs
]e-Xmbn `mKnp. ag-smcp ssZhw, Imn\v Hcp -ssZhw, AKv\n-smcp
ssZhw Fn-s\. {]kvXpX ssZh-smw t\Xm-hmbn Hcp henb
ssZhhpw. Cu hn[w ssZh-sbpw Ahs KpW--sfbpw {Kln-p-Xn a\p-jy-_p-nv ]nghv ]n-tm-bn-pv. Ah-sbmw khn-kvXcw {]Xn]m-Zn-m ChnsS k`-an.
ac-Wm-\--c -Po-hn-X-s-p-dn ImgvN-m-Snepw P\-v sXp-]n.
ac-W-tmsS a\p-jy am-bn-tm-Ipp; ]ns asmcp Pohn-X-ta-bn
Nne hmZnp. a\p- j y Xs Ia- ^ - e - A\p- ` - h n- m- \ mbn
]p\Pa-sa-Spv Cu temI-tv Xs hopw hopw Xncn-p-h-cpp-sh-mWv ap Nne-cpsS hmZw.
ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv Pohn-m-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a- a\p-jy\v
kzw bpn-bp-]-tbm-Knv \nan-mtam? hfsc ZpjvI-c-amb Hcp tPmenbm-WXv. a\pjy_pn Xopw Ip-a-Xpw Ahs sshm-\nI knn
A]m-chpw BsWv k-ev]n-pI. AXp-]-tbm-Knv \nc-h[n kwh-c--fnse ]co--W-\n-co--W-p tijw XZzn-j-b-n GXm-smc-`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-m Ahv Ign-tpw. Fm, Atmgpw Xm
]qW-ambpw kXyw Is-n--gn--pshv Dd-n-m Ah-m-hn.
bmsXm-cp -amK-Zi-\hpw \evImsX a\p-jys\ kzX-{-\mbn hn-tijw
Ah-t\mSv kzw _pnbpw Ign-hp-ap-]-tbm-Knv kXyw Ip-]n-Sn-m-\mh-iy-s-SpI, Ip ]nSn--hsc tPXm--fmbpw Am--hsc tXm-h-cmbpw
KWn-pI CXmWv a\p-jy-_p--n-bpsS ta \S-mhp kqW
]co. Fm, Icp-Wm-a-b-\m-b -ssZhw kzZm-kamsc Acw AXnI-Tn-\-amb Hcp ]co-v hnt[-b-\m-p-n. adnv, Xs Imcp-Wym-Xn-tcI-m, Ah, a\p-jy-cn\n-smcp hn`m-Ks {]tXyIw sXc-sSpv Xs KpW-sf kw_-n icn-bmb m\w Ahv \evIn.
Xs lnX-n-s\mv PohnXw \bn-p-hm-\p amK-ta-sXv Ahsc
Adn-bnp. ]c-temI Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p bYmY hnh-c- Ahp
\evIn. Fnv Ah-tcmSv ap P\-v Ah Fn-p-sIm-Sp--W-sav
\ntZ-inp. Ah-cmWv ssZh-ns {]hm-N-Iam. Ahv B m\w
\evInb coXnsb Znhy-t_m-[\w1 Fv ]d-bpp. Ahv \evInb
{Ks ssZh-{Kw 2 Ftm ssZh- h mIyw 3 Ftm hnfn- pp.
CtXmsS, a\p-jy-_p-nbpw hnth-Ihpw asmcp hn[-n-ep ]co-v
hnt[-b-am--s-Sp-I-bmbn. {]hm-N-Iam-cpsS DIrjvS PohnXw Ipw,
Ah-cpsS DZm-a
- m-XrI ]Tnpw a\p-jy At-ls {]hm-NI
- \
- mbn hniz1. hlvbv 2. InXm-_p-mln 3. Iem-ap-mln

42

CkvemwaXw

kn-p-ptm Ct F-XmWm ]co. Ah kXy-k-\pw kXytk-h-I-\p-am-sW-n kXy-sbpw kXyw DZvt_m-[n-n-p--h-sc-bpw

kzoI-cnv ]co Pbnpw. kzoI-cn-p-n-s-n-e-Xns AYw kzw
{Kl-W-tijn Ah ]mgm-n--f-p-shv am{Xw. B \ntj[w Ahs\
]co--bn ]cm-Pn-X-\m-pp. am{X-a, ssZh-sbpw ssZhnI \nb-ahy-h--sbbpw Ipdn-p bYmY m\w Ic-K-X-am-p-hm Hcn-epw
Ahv km[n-n-spw hcpw.

AZriy Imcy--fn-ep hnizmkw

\ap-smcp Imcyw Adn-bn-s-n-se-mWv sNpI? Adn-hp-h
- sc kao]npw; Ah-cpsS \ntZiw kzoI-cnpw. tcmKw _m[n-mtem? kzbw NnInn-p--Xn-\p-]-Icw Hcp tUmIvSsd kao-]npw. tUmIvS-dpsS tbmKyXbpw {]i-kvXnbpw ]cn-N-bhpw aqew B tUmIvSv \s NnIn-n-m\p Ign-hp-sv \mw hniz-kn-pp. B hnizm-k-ns ASn-m-\n-emWv Abm IpdnpXcp acpv Ign-p-Xpw Dt]-n-m ]dh hPn-p-Xpw. \nb-a{- ]-iv\
- f
- n D]-tZiw tXSm \msamcp hoens\ kao-]n-p-Ibpw Abm ]d-bp-Xv hniz-kn-p-Ibpw A\p-k-cnp-Ibpw sNpw. hnZym-k-m-Z-\-n Kpcp-\m-Ys\ hniz-kn-pp;
Atlw ]Tn-n-p-X-cp-Xv ASn AwKo-I-cn-pp. bm{X-bn hgn-b-dnbmsX hm, Adn-hp-h
- sc \mw hniz-kn-p-Ibpw Ah ImWnpXcp
hgnv bm{X XpS-cp-Ibpw sNpp. Npcp--n, euInI Imcy--fn
Adnhv t\Sp-hm Adn-hp--hsc hniz-kn-p-hm\pw A\p-k-cn-p-hm\pw
\mw \n_-n-X-cmWv. CXn-mWv AZr-iy-Im-cy--fn-ep hnizmkw Fv
]d-bp-Xv.
AZr-iy-Im-cy-f
- n hniz-kn-pI F-Xns AYw \ap-d- n-hn-m
Imcy- Adn-hp--h-cn\nv ]Tn-p-Ibpw AXn Ddv hniz-kn-pIbpw sNpI Ft{X. {]]--\m-Y-\mb ssZh-sbpw Ahs KpW-sfbpw Ipdnv \ap-d- n-hn; ssZh-ns ae-p-I ssZh-\n-ba
-
- v
hgn-sv temI Imcy- \S-n-sm-n-cn-pp Fv \ap--dn-hn.
Ah \s hebw sNbvXn-cn--bm-sWpw \ap--dn-p-IqSm. ssZhln-X-n-s\mv Pohn-p-hm-\p kXy-amK-ta-sX Imcyhpw \ap-m-X-amWv. ]c-temI Pohn-X-s-p-dnpw \apv th{X m\-an.
AXn-\m, {]kvXpX kwK-Xn-I Adn-bp Hcmsf Ip]nSn-t-Xv
Bh-iy-ambn hcpp. Hcm-fpsS kamK-\n-jvTbpw kXy-k
- X
- bpw ssZh`-nbpw PohnX hnip-nbpw bpn-bp--amb kwkm-chpw Iv, Abm
]-d-bp-Xv kXyhpw hniz-k-\o-b-hp-am-sWv k-Xn-p-p-sh-n \mw
hniz-kn-p-Xv AZr-iy-Im-cy--fn-emWv. ssZhs A\p-k-cn-p-hm\pw
ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv Pohn-p-hm\pw AZr-iy-Im-cy--fn-ep Adnhpw
hnizm-khpw Hgn-p-Iq-Sm--XmWv. Cu Adnhv {]hm-N-Iam-cn\nt
e`nq.

44

{]hm-N-IXzw

gn A[ym-b-n aqv Imcy--fmWv hnh-cn-Xv: Hv: ssZhs

A\p-k-cnv Pohn-p-hm ssZh-ns k, KpW-, ssZhn-I-amKw,
]c-tem-I
- nse cm-in-I
- Fnh kw_-nv icn-bmb m\hpw
AXn hnizm-khpw Dm-bn-cn-Ww. cv: {]kvXpX m\w kz]-cn-{ia-m kzmb--am-pI F ITn\ ]co--W-n\v ssZhw a\p-jys\
hnt[-b-am-n-bn-. adnv, AXv Znhy-t_m-[\w hgn Nne t{ijvT-hy-nIv ({]hm-N-Iamv) \evIp-Ibpw ap--hXv Fn-p-sIm-Sp-phm {]hm-N-Iam-tcmSv Bm-]n-p-I-bp-amWv sNbvXXv. aqv: P\-fpsS Npa-Xe B {]hm-N-Is\ Xncn--dn-bpI FXmWv. IWn-i-amb ]cntim-[-\-Iptijw Hcm kXy-k--\mb {]hm-N-I-\m-sWv t_m-[ys-p-I-gn-m At-l-n hniz-kn-p-Ibpw Atlw ssIsm
amKw sXpw ]ng-msX A\p-[m-h\w sNp-I-bp-amWv thXv.
Fm, {]hm-N-Iamsc Xncn--dn-bp-hm-s\-mWv hgn?

{]hm-N-I-Xz-ns bmYmYyw
a\p-jy-m-h-iy-ap hkvXp--sfmw ssZh-an-hnsS Hcp-n-sh-n-psv ImWmw. P\n-p Hcp Ipns\ t\mq: Fsms kma-{KnI-fp-am-bmWv Ah\o temI-tv hcp-Xv. ImWm Iv, tIm
ImXv, izk-\-n\v aqv, kv]i-\-i-nv Naw, \S-m Imep-I,
]Wn-sb-Sp-m ssII, Nnn-m akvXnjvIw A-s\-sb-smw!
Ch-sbmw apIqn Xs Ipns sImp-i-co-c-n k-am--sn-cn-pp. Cu temIv Fn-t-tijw Pohn-m th kma-{KnIfpw kpkw. hmbp, shfnw, NqSv, shw, `qan Fn-hp ]pdta,
amXm-hns amdn-S-n ]m. amXm-]n-Xm--fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K--fpsSbpw am{X-a, A\y-cp-sS-t]mepw kvt\l-hm--ey-; emf-\-I.
As\ B Ipv hf-cp-tmdpw Ahs Bh-iy- ]qo-I-cn-phm-\p kIe hkvXp-fpw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Ahv e`n-p-sIm-n-cn-pp
BImi `qan-I-fnse kIe in-Ifpw Ahs\ hfp--Xn _-

CkvemwaXw

{i--cm-b-Xp-t]mse!
am{X-a, kI-e-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw a\p-jyv \evI-s-n-cn-pp. Imb_ew, _pn, {Kl-W-in, kwkmc tijn XpSn \nc-h[n Ign-hp-I.
Cm-cy-n ssZhw hnkva-bm-h-l-amb Hcp hyh Dm-n-bXmbn
ImWmw. Ign-hp-I Fm-h-cnepw Htc A\p-]m-X-n-e! Bbn-cp-s-n
a\p-jy ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-p-Itbm hne-sh-p-Itbm sNp-am-bn-cp-n.
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS s]mXp-hmb Bhiyw ap\nn Ign-hp-I-sfmw a\pjyp-Xs \evInb ssZhw Hmtcm-cp-pw \evInb Ign-hns
tXmXnepw A\p-]m-X-nepw t`Zw Iev]np. Nnev Imb-_ew IqSpX \evIn-b-tm ap Nnev Iem-hm-k\bpw sXmgn ss\]p-Wy-hpamWv {]Zm\w sNbvXXv. Nnev _pn-in IqSp-X; ap Nne-cn
t\XrXz hmk-\bpw. `c-W-ti-jn-bmWv Nne-cn apg-p-\n-evp-Xv. Akmam-\y-amb hmNm-e-X-bmWv Nne-cpsS khn-ti-j-X-sb-n ap Nne IrXl-kvXc
- mb Fgp-p-Im-cmWv. KWn-Xi
- m-kv{X-nse AXn-Zp-jvIc
- a
- mb hnja-{]-iv\-v ]cn-lmcw ImWp--Xn anSp--cmWv Nne. ap Nne
imkv{Xob Ip-]n-Sn--sImv temIs hnkva-bn-n-pp. {]IrXym-Xs \nb-a-n X]-c-cmWv Hcp Iq. ap--h hj--tfmfw
Nnn-npw ]nSn-In-m t]mbnp-I-fn Ah-cpsS Nn \njv{]-bmkw
sNs-pp. CsXmw ssZh-ns al-mb bpn-bpsS ^e-at{X.
Cu Ign-hp-I-sfmpw hyn-I kzbw krjvSn-p--h-b. ]cn-io-e-\wsImv kzmb--am-hp--Xp-a. Pa-kn-am-Wh. ssZhw kzw bpnpw Dt-iy-n-\p-samv Hmtcm-cp-pw \evIn-bn-p-h.
ssZhw Ign-hp-I Zm\w sNbvX coXn ]cn-tim-[n-m Hcp Imcyw hy-amIpw. kmaqly Pohn-X-n IqSp-Xemh-iy-amb Ign-hp-I IqSpX-em-fp-Ipw Bhiyw Ipd-hp-h Ipd Bfp-Iv am{X-ambpw
\evIp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv. tbmm-, Ij-I, Bim-cn-am XpSn-b-h [mcmfw P\n-pp. sshPvRm-\nI knn, cmPy-X-{-X,
tk\m-\m-b-IXzw XpS-n-bhsIm-\p-Kr-lo-X-cm-b-h Ipd-hmtb ImWq.
Hcp {]tXyI Ie-bn Akm-[m-cW ss\]p-Wy-ap--h AXnepw Ipd-hmbn-cnpw. ImcWw, Acw Hcp hyn-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I \qm-p-Itfmfw A-c-n-ep asmcp hnZ-Kv[s Bh-iy-an-m-Xm-pp.
ChnsS Hcp tNmZy-ap-b-cpp. Pohn-X-hn-P-b-n\v, Iptd Fn-\obamcpw imkv{X-amcpw Xz-m-\n-Ifpw \nb-a-]-Sp-fpw cmjv{Sao-amw-k-Icpw sXmgnhn-Z-Kv[cpw am{Xw aXntbm? am-h-iy--sfm-p-ant
a\p-jy\v? a\p-jyv ssZh-amKw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-m Ign-hp Nnecpw
th-Xnt? Cu temIv Fsmsbpspw Ah Fs\ D]-tbmK-s-Sp--W-sapw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\m-fpv. Fm, Xm Bpth-n-bmWv? {]m]-nI hkvXp--sfmw X\nv \evIn-b-Xm-cmWv? AXv
\evIn-b-hs lnX-n-s\mv Pohn-t--sX-s\? Pohn-X-hn-Pbw IcK-X-am-m-\p amK-taXv? CXymZn Imcy- a\p-jys\ ]Tn-n-m\pw
tht Bsc-nepw? thW-sa--Xn Hpw kwi-b-an. kXy-n AhbmWv Fm-nepw {][m\w. \psS AXn-\n-m-c-amb Bh-iy-t]mepw
]qo-I-cn-p-hm thp kIe Gm-Sp-Ifpw sNbvX ssZhw, kp{]-

{]hm-N-IXzw

45

[m-\-amb Cu Bh-iy-n A{i ImWnp Fv ]d-m \psS

_pn AwKo-I-cn-ptam? C; ssZhw AXn A{i ImWn-n-t-bn.
sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw Iem-im-kv{X--fnepw hnZ-Kv[sc krjvSn--Xp-t]mse,
Xsbpw Xs KpW--sfbpw Adn-bp \n]p-Wamscbpw ssZhw
krjvSn-n-pv. Ahv ssZhw t\cnv m\w ]Ip-sIm-Spp aX]-chpw [man-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]-c-hp-amb m\w. AXv ap P\-v
]Ip-sIm-Sp-pI F alm-tk-h-\-n-\mbn Ahsc Npa-X-e-s-Spn
\nb-anp. Cu alm-m-mWv {]hm-N-I1, ssZh-Zq-X2 Fsms
]d-bp-Xv.

{]hm-N-Is\ Fs\ Xncn--dnbmw?

Imhy-{]-Xn-`-bp Hcm-fpsS kwkmcw tIm AX-bm-fpsS Pa-kn-amb Ign-hm-sWv a\-n-emIpw. F{X Xs {ian-mepw Abm-fp-tSXv
t]mep IhnX cNn-p-hm ap--hm-hn. AXp-t]mse {]kwKw,
Fgpv, imkv{Xob Kth-jWw XpS-nb Imcy--fn Pa-hm-k-\-bp-hs
- cbpw Ah-cpsS {]hr-n-If
- psS khn-ti-jX
- I
- f
- n\nv Xncn-d- nbmw.
ImcWw, Ah kzw tPmen-I-fn A\-\y-km-[m-c-Wamb tbmKyX sXfnbn-n-cnpw. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv {]hm-NI
- \pw. A\yv Duln-mt]mepw
Ign-bm Imcy- At-l-ns a\-n \njv{]-bmkw sXfnbpw.
A\y-cpsS ZrjvSn-bns]Sm kqva-amb kwK-Xn-I-fn ZrjvSn-I
]Xnbpw. Atlw ]d-bp Imcy- \psS _pn AwKo-I-cnpw.
F, AXmWv icn-sbv _pn kmy-s-Sppw. At-l
- ns Hmtcm
hmn-sbpw kXym-h ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p-`-h-fpw {]m]-nI ZrjvSm-fpw hgn sXfn-p-sIm-t-bn-cnpw. Fm, F{X {ian-mepw Acw
Hcp hmp-t]mepw \apv ]d-bm-\m-hn. At-l-ns {]IrXn ]cn-ip-am-bn-cnpw. Xaqew kIe Gm-Sp-I-fnepw EPphpw t{ijvThpw kwib-cl
- n-Xh
- p-amb amK-tf ssIsmq. No hmtm Zpjv{]-hr-ntbm
At-l-n\nsm-cn-epw ]pd-p-h-cn. kXyhpw ka-fpw ap-h-tcm-Sp-]-tZ-in-p--tXm-sSmw kzbw {]mhn-I-am-p-Ibpw sNpw.
hmn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]hn--Xn\v DZm-l-c-W- ImWn, At-l-ns
Pohn-X-n; hmntem {]hr-n-bntem kzmY-X-bpsS \ng-em-w-t]mepw
Zriy-am-hn. A\y-Po-h
- p-XI
- p-hm kzPo-hn-X
- n-et- lw IjvS\
- j
- vS
-
klnpw. am{X-a, kzw KpW-n-\mbn A\yv lm\n-h-cp-p-I-bpan. kXy-k-X, t{ijvT-Nn, kamK-\njvT, ]cn-ipn XpS-nb
DIr-jvS-Kp-W-v amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-p-a-tlw. F{X Xs ]cn-tim-[nmepw At-l-ns Pohn-X-n-semcp \yq\X Ip-]n-Sn-pI Akm[y-am-bn-cnpw. {]hm-N-Is\ Xncn--dn-bp-hm klm-bn-p kwK-Xn-I-fmWnh.

{]hm-N-Is\ A\p-k-cn-
Hcp hyn {]hm-NI
- \
- m-sWv t_m[y-am-bn-g- n-m At-l
- ns
hmpI kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw {]hr-n-Isf Ah-ew-_n-p-Ibpw sNt-1. {]hm-N-I = \_n 2. ssZh-Zq-X = dkq

46

CkvemwaXw

Xm-h-iy-amWv. Hcp hyn ssZh-ns {]hm-N-I-\m-sWv k-Xn-pIbpw AtX-k-abw Abm-fpsS hmpw {]hr-nbpw Xnc-kvI-cn-p-Ibpw
sNpI FXv bpnhncp--at{X. ImcWw, Hcm {]hm-N-I-\mWv Fv
k-Xn-p--Xns AYw Abm-fpsS {]kvXm-h-\-I ssZh-n-\nv
e`n-Xpw {]hr-n-I ssZhm-`o-jvSa-\p-k-cn-p-XpamsWv \mw kXn-pp FmWv. AXn]ns, At-l
- n-s-Xn-cn \mw ]d-bp-Xpw
{]hn-p-Xpw bYmY-n ssZh-hn-cp--ambn `hnpw. ssZh-hn-cp-am-b-sXmpw kXy-am-bn-cn-n. AXn-\m, Hcp hynsb {]hm-N-I\mbn k-Xnp Ign-m]ns, At-l-ns hmp-I A-cw{]Xn kzoI-cn-p-hm\pw B-I inc-km-h-ln-p-hm\pw \mw \n_n-X-cmWv Ah-bn-e-S-nb Xz-fpw bpn-Ifpw ^e-fpw \apv
a\-n-em-bmepw Cs-nepw. Hcp- Imcyw {]hm-N-I-s-XmWv FXp Xs
AXv kXy-am-sW--Xn\v sXfn-hmWv. kIe bpn-Ifpw \a-I-fpw AXne-`-hn-n-cn-p-sav Icp-Xm\pw AXp Xs aXn. Hcp Imcy-ns
bpntbm ^etam \ap-d- n-bm-\m-hp-n F-Xns AYw AXv apgps
tZmj-amWv F. AXv a\-n-em-p--Xn \apv ]nghv ]n-bn-pv
Fv am{X-amWv. Hcp hnj-b-n ]qW-ssh-ZKv[yw Cm Hcmv
AXnse AXn-kq-va-amb kwK-Xn-I {Kln-m Ign-p-sIm--W-san-tm. Fm, B hnj-b-n ]qW hnZ-Kv[-\mb Hcm ]d-bpXv, X\n--Xn-ep bpn ]nSn-In-n-bn F GI Imc-W-m Xn-f-bp--h F{X henb hnUvVn-I-fmWv. temI-nse kIe tPmenpw
AXn hnZ-Kv[-cm-b-h thWw. Hcp hnZ-Kv[s\ Is-n-bm ]ns
Ah-\n \mw ]qW-hn-izmkw An-pp. AXn]ns, amcpw Ahs- {]-hr-n-I-fn-en-S-s]-Sn. ImcWw, Fm-hcpw Fm-nepw Hcp-t]mse
hnZ-Kv[-cm-bn-cn-n-tm. A-c-samcp hnZ-Kv[s\ Is-m-\mWv \mw
kzw _p-nbpw kmaYy-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-t-Xv. Is-nb hyn
hnZ-Kv[-\m-sWv t_m[yw hpIgn-m ]ns Abm-fn ]qW-ambn
hnizm-k-an-Ww. AXn-vtijw Ahs {]hr-n-I-fn ssII-S-pXpw Hmtcm Imcy-n-sbpw Xzhpw bpnbpw ]Tn-n-p-X-cm--]w
kzoI-cn-p-Ib
- n-sv iTn-p-Xpw _pn-b. Hcp ho-en\v tIkv Gev]np-sIm-Sp tijw At-l-tmSv Ccw hmZ- D-bn-m Abm
\nsf ]nSnv ]pd-mpw. Hcp tUmIvS-tdmSv NnIn--bpsS bpnbpw
sXfnhpw tNmZn- p- X p- S - n- b m Abm \n- f psS NnInXs
thsp shpw. ssZh-s-p-dnv bYmY-m\w Ic--am-p-IbmWv \psS Bhiyw. ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv Pohn-m ]nb amKta-sXpw Adn-bWw. CXv kzbw Adn-bm-\p-X-Ip D]-I-c-W-sampw
\psS ]-en. AXn-\m, \mw ssZh-ns {]hm-N-Is\ Is-tn-bn-cn-pp. Cu At\z-jW
-
- n \psS apgp-h Ignhpw kmaYyhpw
hn\n-tbm-Kn-t--Xpv. Cs-n, h I]-S-s\bpw {]hm-N-I-s\v sXn-cn-p-t]mIpw. B]-c-amb hgn-bn sNp-s]-Sp-I-bmhpw AXns
^ew. Fm, ka-{K-amb At\z-j-W-]-T-\-p-tijw Hcm kXy{]-hm-N-I-\m-sWv t_m[y-s-p-I-gn-m, At-l-n ]qW-ambn
hniz-kn-p-Ibpw At-l-ns Iev]-\-I IWn-i-ambn A\p-k-cn-p-

{]hm-N-IXzw

47

Ibpw sNbvtX ]q.

{]hm-N-I-\n hniz-kn-p--sX-n\v?
Ckvem-anI Zi\w ssZh-n-\nv ssZh-ns {]hm-N-Iam
aptJ\ e`n--XmWv. CXv {Kln-m ]ns, {]hm-N-I-\n hniz-kn-pIbpw At-ls A\p-kc
- n-p-Ibpw A\p-Kan-p-Ibpw sNt-Xv Fm
a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw _m[y-X-bm-bn-o-cpp. {]hm-N-Is amKw hnv kz_pnsb Ah-ew-_-amn ap h amKhpw \nan-p--h hgn-]n-g--h-\msW Imcy-n kwi-b-ta-Xp-an.
Cu hnj-b-n P\- ckm-h-l-amb ]e A_--fpw sNppv. Nne {]hm-N-Is kXy-k-X k-Xn-pp. ]t, Atls hniz-kn-p-Itbm A\p-K-an-p-Itbm sNp-n. Ch \ntj-[nI am{X-a hnUvVn-I IqSn-bmWv. ImcWw, kXy-hm-s\v k-Xn-tijw {]hm-N-Is\ A\p-K-an-m-Xn-cn-p--Xns AYw a\p-jy a\x]qhw hymPw ]n]-p-p-sh-mWv. CXn]cw hnUvVnw as-pv?
Nne ]d-bp-Xv, Xv {]hm-N-Is\ A\p-k-cn-t--Xn-spw
kXy-amKw Xv kzbw Ip-]n-Sn-p-hm Ign-bp-sa-p-amWv. Cu
hmZhpw sXmWv. \n KWn-X-imkv{Xw ]Tn-n-cn-p-atm. cp _npn-S-bn t\tcJ Hp-am-{Xta DmIq. ap- tc-J-I Hp-In
hf-tXm As-n _np-sf ]c-kv]cw _n-n-m-tXm Bbncnpw. kXy-amK-ns nXnbpw CXp-Xs. Ckvem-ans `mj-bn
AXns\ "kzndm-p apkvXJow' Fp hnfn-pp. AXv a\p-jy-\n
\nm-cw-`nv ssZh-n-e-h-km-\n-pp. imkv{X-{]-Imcw a\p-jyv ssZhn-te-p amKhpw Hp-am-{Xta DmIq. AsXm-gn-p-h hf-hp-tXm
ssZh-k-n-[n-hsc Fm-tXm Bbn-cnpw. B t\amK-amWv {]hmN-Iam ImWn-p-X-Xv. AXn-\m, {]hm-N-I ImWn-p-X amKw
hnv ap amK- tXSp--h Hp-In ssZh-k-n-[n-bn-se-p-I-bn,
As-n hf hgnt Fq. ssZh-k-n-[n-bn-se-m-Xn-cp-m
Ah \in--Xp-Xs. hf hgnv hcp--h-cm-Is X\n hnUvVn-Ifpw.
hntij _pn-bn-m arK-t]mepw Hcn-S
- p-\nv asm-cn-Ss
- -m
t\h-gntb sXc-s-Spq. hf hgn-h t]mhn. B \nev ssZhns Hcp- a Zmk, t\amKw ImWnpsImSp- p- t m ""\o
ImWnpXcp amK-n-eqsS Rm\n; hf amK-nXs sXnn-cnv Rm kzbw ey-n-se-n-smmw'' Fp ]d-bp-p-shn Abm-sf-n \nsv tXmpp?
Aev]w IqSn Bg-n Nnn-p ]w, {]hm-N-I-amKw \nc-knp--hv ssZh-n-te-s-m Hcp amKhpw hf-tXm t\ptXm e`n-n-sv t_m[y-amhpw. ImcWw, kXy-k--\pw -\n-kzmYnbp-amb Hcmsf \nc-kn-p--hv Ftm Ipg--apv Fm-WYw. kXyn\v t\sc I-Sb
- vm t{]cn-n-p Ftm Hv. AXv Ahs Nnmi-n-bpsS A]qW-X-bmhmw; Al-m-c-amhmw; kXyhpw \abpw kzoIcn-m Xm-dn-m--hn[w Zpjn-p-t]mb {]Ir-X-amhmw; ]qhn-I-cn-ep
A-amb hnizm-k-amImw; ]qhn-Im-Nm-c-v ]Icw asmpw kzoI-

48

CkvemwaXw

cn-m Xm-dn-m--Xmhmw. CsXm-p-a-s-n Ah tZtl-O-I-fpsS

ASn-a-bm-b-Xp-sIm-mhmw. {]hm-N-Is\ AwKo-I-cn-p-I-gn-m ]ns
]m]-fpw Zphr-n-Ifpw sNm-\p kzmX{yw \jvS-s-p-t]m-I-psav
Ah `b-s-Sp-p-m-hWw. Cu Ipg---fn-sem-s-n-ep-ap hynv
Hcn-epw ssZhnI amK-Zi\w e`n-n. C-d--sXmpw Cm,
kXy-k-\pw \njv]-\pamb Hcp kXym-t\zjn {]hm-N-Is in-W \nc-kn-pI FXv Xopw Akw-`-hy-at{X.
{]iv\
- n\v Kuc-hm-hl-amb asmcp hi-apv. kXy-{]-hm- N-I ssZh\n-bp--\mWv. {]hm-N-Is\ hniz-kn-p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw thWsa-Xv ssZh-im-k-\-bmWv. Atm {]hm-N-I-\n-cm-kw -ssZh-[n-m-camWv. Hcp cmPy-nse ]ucam `c-W-IqSw \n-bn-p DtZym-Ks\ A\p-kc
- n-m _m-[y-c
- mWv. DtZym-K
- s\ [n-cn-p-X
- ns
AYw `c-W-Iq-Ss [n-cn-pI FmWv. `c-W-Iq-Ss AwKo-I-cnp-Ibpw AXv \nb-an-p DtZym-K-s\ \ncm-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI
FXv ]c-kv]c
- h
- n-cp-a
- mWv. AXp-t]mse ssZhw apgp-h a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw
cmPm-hmWv. AXn-\m, a\p-jy-cpsS amK-Zi-\-n-\mbn cmPmhv \nban hynsb AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw A\p-K-an-p-Ibpw sNt-Xv kh-a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw _m[y-Xb
- mWv. {]hm-NI
- s\ Xnc-kvIc
- n-p-h
- ssZh-n
hniz-kn-mepw "Im^n' Xs.

{]hm-N-IXzw kwn]vX Ncn{Xw

{]hm-N-IXz ]c-c Fs\ Bcw-`np? {Ia-{]-hr--ambn AsX-s\
Ay-{]-hm-N-I-\n-sen? CXmWv C\n-bs N.
ssZhw BZy-ambn Hcp a\p-jys\ krjvSnp. Ah-\n\n-vXs
Ahs CW-sbbpw. Ah-cn\n-mWv a\p-jy-hwiw `qap-J-msI hym]nXv. Cu temIv PmX-cmb a\p-jy-scmw {]kvXpX Z-Xn-am-cpsS km\--fmWv.* a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-ns Bcw`w Hcp a\p-jy-\n\nm-sWv
kIe kap-Zm-b--fp-sSbpw aX-]-chpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb CXn-lm-k-
sFI-I-WvtTy\ k-Xn-pp. `qtKm-f-ns hnhn[ `mK--fn, Htc
kabw, shtsd a\p-jy Dm-bn-o-Xmbn imkv{X-K-th-j-W-fpw
sXfn-bn-n-n. F, `qan-bpsS \m\m-`m-K--fn ImW-s-Sp a\p-jyscmw Htc a\p-jy-\n\nv DZv`-hn--Xm-bn-cnmw FmWv imkv{X-cn Gdn-b-]pw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv.
B {]Ya a\p-jys t] BZw Fm-bn-cpp. At-ls ssZhw
{]Ya {]hm-N-I IqSn-bmbn \n-bnp. Xs km-\-v Ckvemw
]Tn-n-p-sIm-Sp-p-hm At-lt- mSv Bm-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""\nfpsS ssZhw GI-\mWv; ka-kvX-tem-I-n-sbpw ssZhw; Ahs\ am{Xw
* hfsc {][m-\hpw hn-hm--I-hp-amb Hcm-i-b-am-WnXv. GI-am-\-h-Xbpw a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-hpamWv AXns bpn-]-c-amb t\w. hWhKtZi`mjmZn `n-X-Isf B[m-c-amn
a\p-jyn-S-bn hnth-N\w Iev]n-p-Xv hnUvVn--amWv. tZio-b-Xzhpw kp-Nn-XhKo-b-Xzhpw c-sm-Xn-]q hntcm-[-a-t\m-`m-hhpw temIs shn-ap-dn-p-sIm-ncn-p Cm-ev am\p-jn-ssI-Iy-n-s-Xmb Cu knmw `mhnsb kw_-n-n-Stmfw i-am-sbmcp Bim-In-c-W-amWv.
JpinZv AlvaZv

{]hm-N-IXzw

49

Bcm-[n-pI; Ahs am{Xw Zmkam-cm-hpI; Ah-t\mSv am{Xw klm-baYn-pI; Ahs lnX-n-s\mv am{Xw Pohn-pI; \oXnbpw kXyhpw
]men-pI Fm \nv al-mb {]Xn-^ew e`npw. C\n,
ssZh-[n-m-cn-I-fmbn ]nn-cn-bp-I-bm-sW-ntem, Ahs ITn-\-in-v
\n ]m{X-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw'' - Cu ktiw kzw km-\-v
\evIm-\mWv ssZhw BZ-an-t\mSv Iev]n-Xv.
BZ-ans km-\--fnse k-\- ]nXmhv \ntZ-in-p-sIm-Sp
kamK-n-eqsS Ncn-p-t]mp. ZpjvS-P-\- AXv ssIh-np Ifp.
Ah Xn-jvS-{]-Imcw Pohnp XpSn. Imem--tcW ]e-hn-[-n-ep
Zpcm-Nm-c-fpw Ah-cn-ep-Zv`-hnp. Nne kqcyN{ \-{X--sfbpw ap
Nne ac-, arK-, \Zn-I Fn-h-sbbpw ]qPn-p-Xp-Sn. hmbp,
shw, AKv\n, tcmKw, BtcmKyw XpS-nbhbpw Bcm-[\
- m-]m-{X-f
- mbn.
{]Ir-Xn-bnse Hmtcm Xcw A\p-{K-l-pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ssZh-fmbn. kIe ssZh-f
- p-sSbpw {]oXn km-Zn-p-hm-\mbn Fm-n-s\bpw
]qPnp. Cs\, _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\1bpsSbpw _nw_m-cm-[-\-bp-sSbpw \nch[n cq]- DZv`-hnp. \nc-h[n aX- cq]w-sImp F-Xm-bn-cpp
^ew.
BZw k-Xn-I `qan-bpsS hnhn[ `mK--fn hym]n-p-Ibpw hnhn[
kap-Zm-b-fpw cmjv{S--fp-ambn cq]m--c-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L--ambn-cpp AXv. Hmtcm kap-Zm-bhpw Hmtcm {]tXyI aXw \nanp. Hmtcm
kap-Zm-b-n-sbpw BNmc k{-Zm-b-fpw hn`n--am-bn-cpp. GI-\mb
ssZhs Ah adp. Hw BZw ]Tn-n Imcy-fpw. PohnXw Hmtcmcp-c
- p-sSbpw CjvSm-\p-km-ca
- mbn. \m\m-Xcw Zphr-n-Ifpw Zpcm-Nm-c
- fpw
Ah-cn hfp-hp. A-hn-izm-k-fpw Dulm-t]m-l-fpw Acp
XIp. \a Xna-Isf thXn-cn-p--Xn ]nW A_--
aqew [aw A[a-ambpw adnpw Ah sXn--cnp.*
Cu ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bn, ssZhw, Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-n-tepw CkvemanI {]t_m-[-\mYw {]hm-N-Iamsc Ab-p-hm XpSn. X-fpsS
kap-Zmbw hnkva-cnpIf Imcy- {]hm-N-Iam Ahsc A\p-kvacnnp. GI-ssZ-hs am{Xw Bcm-[n-p-hm Ah P\-sf DZvt_m[n-np. _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n\npw _nw_m-cm-[-\-bn\npw P\sf ]nn-cn-np. aqV-amb BNmc k{-Zm-b
- -dpXn hcpn. ssZh1. inv = _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw.
* aX-N-cn-{X-s-p-dn Cu ho-W-KXn \ne-hn-en-cn-p "aX-]-cn-Wm-a-hmZ'n\v IS-Ihn-cp--amWv. {]kvXpX hmZ-{]-Imcw {]Ir-Xn-]q-P-bmWv aX-]-cn-Wm-a-nse BZy-Zi.
]pcm-X-\- k-ap-Zm-b--fpsS {]Ir-Xn-]q-P-sb-p-dn-p Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I Hcp \nnX
]cn-[n-hsc am{Xta Ah ]cn-tim-[n-p-pq. AXm-Is, am-n-cp-e
- p-Ipw ssIIS--ep-Ipw hnt[-b-hp-amWv. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb cq]- ]cn-tim-[n-m Ah Hcps-Sm-dn. GI-ssZ-h-kn-mw(XuloZv) Bbn-cpp AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Bcm-[-\m-{Iaw
F hmZs _e-s-Sp-p--XmWv ]nevme imkv{X \nK-a-\-. GI-ssZ-h-kn-m-n\nv sXn-s-dn-p-t]m-b-h-bmWv asm cq]-t`-Z-fpw. CtX ]n IqSp-Xednbm\m{K-ln-p--h 'The Origin and Growth of Religion' F t]cn Fv.sP. tdmkv(e,
saz) Cwo-jn-tev hnh\w sNbvX Prof. W. schmidts hne-s Kth-jW
{]_w t\mpI.
JpinZv AlvaZv

50

CkvemwaXw

ln- X - n- s \mv PohnXw \bn- p- h m- \ p D- a - a mKw ImWnp

sImSpp. icn-bmb \nb-a- \evIp-Ibpw Ah A\p-k-cn-m Bhiy-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cy, ssN\, Cdm, CdmJv, CuPn]vXv, B{^n,
bqtdmv XpSn `qtKm-f-ns \m\m-Zn-nepw Cs\ {]hm-N-Iam
\nbp--cm-bn-cpp. Ah-cp-sS-sbmw aXw Hm-bn-cpp. \psS `mj-bn
"Ckvemw' Fv hnfn-p AtX aXw.*
Fm, {]hm-N-Iam-cpsS in-W-co-Xn-Ifpw \nb-a-hy-h--Ifpw,
Xn Xn Aev]mev]w hyXym-k-ap-m-bn-cpp. Hmtcm P\-X-bp-sSbpw
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw \mK-cn-I-hp-amb \ne-hmcw IW-n-se-Sp-mWv {]hm-NIam {]hn-Xv. kmwkvIm-cnI \mK-cnI_unI cwK--fn a\pjy {]Ya ]Sn-bn-em-bn-cp--tm Ahv eLp-hmb inW\ntZ-i aXn-bm-bn-cpp. Fm, ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-p-h-cpw-tXmdpw in-Wfpw BNm-c-ap-d-Ifpw hn]p-e-s-Sp-n-sm-n-cpp. Cu hyXym-k-
]t, _mly-X-e-n am{X-am-bn-cpp. BXvamhv Ftmgpw, Fm-bnSpw Hp-Xs GIssZ knmw, kXy-k-X, BXvamYX, ]mc{Xn-I-hn-izmkw XpS-n-bh. Cu auenI Imcy- Fm {]hm-N-Iam-cpsSbpw in-W--fpsS Poh-\m-bn-cpp.
{]hm-N-Iam-tcm-Sp P\--fpsS s]cp-amw AXn-hn-Nn-{X-am-bn-cpp.
P\--f-hsc ]e-hn-[-n D]-{Z-hnp. Ah-cpsS ktiw \ntj-[np;
Nnesc sImp. Nnesc \mn\n-m-n-tbm-Snp; Bbp-jvm-e-a-{Xbpw
{]t_m-[\w sNbvXnpw Nnev Atm ]tm A\p-bm-bn-I-fn-tesd
e`n-n. Fm, Ccw {]Xn-_-- Ahv hne-m-bn. kzw
tPmen Ah apS-msX XpSp. HSp-hn Ah-cpsS {]b-Xv\- ^ew
Ip XpSn. hk-ap-Zm-b-fpw {]_e cmjv{S-fpw Ah-cpsS A\pbm-bn-I-fmbn. AXn ]ns, ss]im-NnI in-I ap hgn-I-f-t\z-jnp.
{]hm-N-Iam-cpsS Ime-tijw, Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-\-sf A\p-bm-bn-I
cq]-t`Zw hcpn. ssZhn-I-{K---fn kzw Bi-b- Ipn-ncpIn. Bcm-[-\v \ho-\-cq-]--fm-hn-jvI-cnp. Nne {]hm-N-Iam-scs ]qPnp XpS-n. ap Nne {]hm-N-I ssZhm-h-Xm-c-am-sWv
hmZnp. ssZh-]p-{X-\m-bn--cp-Xn-b-h thsd. {]hm-N-I ssZhm-[n-Im-cn ]p-]-p-p-shv ap Nne. Npcp--n, Bbp-jvm-e-a-{Xbpw
hn{K-l-]q-P-s-Xnsc s]mcp-Xn-b-h-sc-s P\- hn{K-l--fmn.
Fsmcp hntcm-[m-`mkw! {]hm-N-Iam \evIn-tmb Ia-]--Xnbpw
Ah Zpjn-np Ifp. ]e-Xcw aqVm-Nm-c-fpw Zp\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw AXne-h IS-n-qn; sIp-I-Y-Ifpw hymtP-Xn-lm-k-fpw Ien-qn;
a\p-jy-\nanX \nb-a- Iqn-tp. ^etam, GXm\pw \qm-p-I
Ign--tm {]hm-N-Is kmm A[ym-]-\- Xncn--dn-bm Ign* Ckvem-ans Bcw`w apl-Zv \_n(k) apXm-sWv s]mXp-hn, hninjym ]mmXy Fgp-p-Imn-S-bn Hcp sXn-m-c-W-bpv. Xncp-ta-\nsb Ckvem-ans BZym-]-I-s\-p-IqSn Nne hn-ti-jn-n-pp. hmkvX-h-n kXy-n\v t\sc-bp
sIm\w am{X-am-WnXv. ssZh-ns bYmY {]hm-N-Iam-cp-sS-sbmw aXw Ckvemw
Bbn-cpp. ssZh-n-\n-p kt-i-ns hml-I am{X-am-bn-cp kXy-{]-hmN-I aptJ\ a\p-jy-hw-i-n\v \evI-s Znhy-sh-fn-]m-SmWv Ckvemw.
JpinZv AlvaZv

{]hm-N-IXzw

51

bm--hn[w hymP-hp-ambn Iep-t]mbn. kXyadn-bm Hcp amK-hp-anm-Xm-bn-op.* kzoIm-cy-ambn Hpw tijn-m hn[w {]hm-N-IamcpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-It]mepw CXn-lm-k--fpsS `mh-\-bn-e-en-p-tNp.
Fnepw {]hm-N-I-b-Xv\- Xopw \njv^-e-am-bn-tm-bn. ]e cq]n aen-\-am-bnpw kXyw sNdnb tXmXn-se-nepw P\-k-aq-l--fn-e-hti-jnp. ssZh-sbpw ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hn-X-sbpw Ipdn t_m[w
cq]-t`-Z--tfm-sS-bm-sW-nepw Fm kap-Zm-b--fnepw \ne-\np. \a,
kXyw, kZm-Nmcw, kkz-`mhw Fo kZvKp-W- temIw s]mXpth
AwKo-I-cnp. tZihK`mjm-t`-Z--Xo-X-ambn a\p-jy-hw-i-n\v
s]mXpth kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp aX-ns {]Nm-cWw km[y-am-I---hn[w
{]hm-N-Iam kzk-ap-Zm-bs {]tXyIw k-amn.
Bcw-`-n Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-nepw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw {]hm-NIam hp-sIm-n-cp-p-shv apv ]d-p-htm. Ah-cn-tem-tcm-cp-cp-sSbpw in-W- Ah-c-h-cpsS kap-Zm-b-n ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cpp.
ImcWw, Av kaq-l- H-s-mWv Pohn-n-cp-Xv. Cp ImWp
ASp-hpw _hpw Ap-m-bn-cpn. Hmtcm kap-Zm-bhpw kzw tZi]-cn-[n-p-n _n-X-cm-bn-cpp. Xaqew Fm-hpw _m[-Iam-Ip
Hcp aXw Fm kaq-l--fnepw {]N-cn-n-pI Ffp--am-bn-cp-n. IqSmsX,
kap-Zm-b--fpsS Ah--I Hn-s\mv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cpp. P\-fn {]I-S-amb Zqjy--fm-Is `n-kz-`m-h-n-ep-Xpw. A-X-bm-sWntem, hym]-Ihpw. AXn-\m, {]hm-N-Iam Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-n\pw
{]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn in-W- \evIn. {]hm-N-Iam-cpsS tPmen
ZpjvI-c-am-bn-cpp. sXmb hnizm-k-p ]Icw ]pXn-bh ]Tn-n-Ww;
{]mIr-X-\n-b-a--fpsS m\v DIr-jvS-am-bh m]n-Ww; sImp
Ipn-I-sf--t]mse P\-sf ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn kwkvI-cnp hfWw.
Cn[w P\-sf kwkvI-cn-p-hm F{X kl-{km-_vZ- hn\n-tbm-Kntn hp Fv ssZh-nt\ Adnbq! Fnepw a\p-jy-k-aqlw {Ia-{]hr--ambn \mK-cnI ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cnp. AXv ssiihw hnv buh-\n-tev ISp; hyh-kmb hym]mc sXmgn cwK--fn-ep-mb ]ptcmK-Xn-tbm-sSmw kaq-l- Xn IqSp-X ASpv _-sp XpSn.
IS hgnbpw Ic-h-gnbpw hI-c-I Xn KXm-KX _- m]nX- a mbn. an kaq- l - - f nepw ssIsbgpv {]N- c np. AXv
hnm\Iemimkv{X--fpsS {]N-mc-W-n\v hgn-hp. AtXmsS kaql- Xn Bib hn\n-abw Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. h km{amPy- m]n--s--tXmsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-fpw kap-Zm-b-fpw Htc
cmjv{So-b-hy-h-v Iogn-embn. Cs\ P\-k-aq-l-n-S-bn appm-bn-cp AIevbpw A\y-Xzhpw Ipdp. As\ apgp-h temIn\p-ambn HtcI Pohn-X-hy-h \evIm-\p kml-Ncyw kwPm-X-am-hp* Fm {]hm-N-Iam-cp-sSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I Cu coXn-bn-emWv X-fpsS kmm
aXw(Ckvemw) Zpjn-nv Cv hnhn[ \ma--fn Adn-b-s-Sp aX- \nan-Xv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Cukm(A)s aXw Ckvemw Bbn-cpp. ]t, At-l-n-\vtijw
A\p-bm-bn-I At-l-s-s Bcm-[np. At-l-ns in-W--fn ]eXpw
Iqn--en Cv {InkvXp-aXw F t]cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp aXw \nan-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

52

CkvemwaXw

I-bm-bn-cpp.
GI-tZiw 2500 kwh--c-v apv Xs Hcp s]mXp aXs
kzbw kzoI-cn-p-hm Ign-bpw-hn[w a\p-jys at\m-L-S\ hnImkw
{]m]np Ign-n-cpp. _p-aXw Hcp [man-I-kw-lnX am{X-am-bn-cpp.
Hc-]qW- aXw. Fn-p-aXv Cy-bpsS AXn-cp-I ISv Hcp hiv Pm\nepw atm-fn-bb
- nepw adp-hi
- v A^vKm-\n-m-\nepw _pJm-db
- nepw apw
{]N-cnp. AXns {]Nm-c-Iam hnZq-c-tZ-i--fn-se-n-tp. Aev]
iX- I - p- t ijw {Inkv X paXw ]ndp. Cuk(A) Ckv e mapw
sImmWv hn-cp-Xv. At-l-n-\vtijw \nan--s--XmWv {InkvXpaXw. AXpw Hc-]qW a
- X
- a
- mWv. B aXs {InkvXym-\n-I temI-ns
]e-`m-Kpw {]N-cn-np. CsXmw sXfn-bn-p-Xv a\p-jy-k-aqlw Hcp
temI-a-Xs {]Xo-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-mWv. kXyhpw kqW-hpamb Hcp aXw InmsX h-tm Inn-b-Xns\ Ah-sc-Xn-tcp Ah A]Izhpw A]qWhpw Bbn-cp-np IqSn.

apl--Zv\-_n-bpsS {]hm-N-IXzw
Cu L-n-emWv AJne temI-n\pw apgp-h a\p-jy-k-aq-lp-ambn Hcp {]hm-N-I apl--Zv\_n(k) Atd-_y-bn \ntbm-KnX-\m-bXv. kqW-amb Hcnkvemw ssZhw At-l
- n\v \evIn. AXv temIp-S-\ofw {]N-cn-n-pI F al-mb ZuXyw Atls Gev]n-pIbpw sNbvXp. Atd-_y-bpsS `qan-imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-t\mq. kh-tem-In-\p-ap Hcp ZuXy-ns tI{-am-bn-cn-p-hm AXn-s\-m A\ptbm-Py-amb asmcp {]tZ-i-hp-an-sv ImWmw. Cu cmPy-ns InSv
Gjy-bp-sSbpw B{^n--bp-sSbpw a[y-n-emWv. bqtdmpw kao-]-p-Xs-bpv. hninjym, Am-ev \mK-cn-I-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn bqtdm]y kaq-l--fn-e-[n-Ihpw \nh-kn-n-cp-Xv bqtdm-]ns sXp-`m-Km-bn-cpp. B `mKw Atd-_y-tbmSv ASp-mWv. Cybpw Atd-_ybpw
Xn-ep AtX Zqc-n.
C\n, Atd-_y-bpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-pI. apl-Zv\_n-bpsS
{]hm-N-I-Xz-n\v Atd-_yP-\-X-tbmfw tbmPn asmcp P\-]Zw Apm-bn-cp-n-sv ImWmw. t]cp-tI ap kap-Zm-b
- s
- fmw in bnv
Poh--h--fmbn Xo Imew. Ad-_n-I-fm-hs, \h ssNX-\y-amPn
Pohk-ap-Zm-b-am-bn-cpp. CX-c- kap-Zm-b--fnse [man-I-X-z-,
\mK-cn-I ]
- p-tcm-KX
- n-bpsS Ipsm-gpn-sem-en-p-t]m-bn-cpp. Fm, Ad_n-Isf kpJ-tem-ep-]cpw Ae-kcpw lo\-cp-am-n-op bmsXmcp
\mK-cn-I-Xbpw Av cq]w {]m]n-n-cp-n. \mK-cn-I- ]p-tcm-KXn ssIhcn kaq-l
- f
- n Av ImW-s-n-cp Xna-If
- n\nv ap-cm-bn-cpp
Ah. am\p- j nI KpW- - anXpw Ah- c n- e p- m- b n- c pp. Ah
[ocamcpw \n`o-X-cp-am-bn-cpp; DZm-ccpw Icm ]men-p--h-cp-am-bn-cpp;
kzX{ Nnm-KX
- n-m-cm-bn-cpp; kzmX{y t{]an-If
- m-bn-cpp; Bcp-sSbpw
ASn-aI
- f
- m-bn-cp-n. am\w Imm Poht]mepw _en-bn-p-am-bn-cpp;
efn-X-Po-hn-X-am-W-h \bn-Xv. BUw-_cw Ahn-jvS-am-bn-cp-n.
Fm, Ahv Nne ZpKp-W-fpw Dm-bn-cpp F-Xn X-

{]hm-N-IXzw

53

an. Fm-eXv Xsf kwkvImcw ]Tn-n-p Hcp {]hm-N-It\m ]cnjvImthm 2500 hj-ambn DS-se-Sp-m--Xns ^e-am-bn-cpp.* \qmp-I-fmbn acp-`q-an-bn kzX-{-Po-hnXw \bn--Xns ^e-ambn AX
hym]-I-am-bn-cpp Ah-cn. Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jy\v Ahsc kwkvI-cns-Sp-phm-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-n. Fn-cp-mepw, temIv al-mb Hcp
hnhw krjvSn-p-hm-\p Ignhv Ahp-m-bn-cpp AXn\v alm\mb Hcp a\p-jy Ahsc kwkvI-cn-s-Sp-Ww; Abm-fpsS D-X-amb
Bi-b- DIr-jvS-amb Hcp ey-n-te--hsc \bn-Ww.
C\n, Ad_n`mj-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-pI. Ghpw D-X-amb Bi-b {]I-Sn-n-p-hm\pw ssZhnI m\-nse AXn-kq-va-amb kwKXn-I hnh-cn-p-hm\pw Ad-_n-sb-m-f-\p-tbm-Py-amb asmcp `mj-bn.
P\-a-\-p-Isf lTm-Zm-Ijn-p ssien-bp-ap--Xn\v. [mcmfw Bi-b-fpsm-n-m GXm\pw ]Z- aXn. Akv{Xw IWs lrZ-bn-tev Xpf-p-I-b-dp in B `mj-pv. ImXp-Iv C{X-tbsd
a[pcw ]I-cp `mjbpw thsd-bn. AXns cmK-n-epa--\mbn a\pjy kzbw adv BSn-p-Spw. hnip Jp-B t]mep Hcp al
{K-n\v C-c-samcp `mj Xs-bmWv Bh-iyw. Npcp--n, a\pjy-cm-in-sm-mbn Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ntbm-Kn-m Atd_y sXc-sSpXv ssZh-ns al-mb bpn-bm-bn-cpp!

apl-Zv\_n-bpsS {]hm-N-IXzw sXfn-hp-I

Bbn-c
-
qdv kwh-c
-
- -p-dt- -smv Xncn-p-t\m-pI.
Av temIv sSen-{Km^pw sSen-t^m-Wp-an. Xoh-nbpw tamtmImdp-an. {]n, ]{X--fn. ]pkvX-I--fpan. Cp bm{Xm-ku-I-cy-fn. Cm-c-W--fm, Atd_y CXc \mSp-I-fn\nv H-sp InS
Hcp cmPy-am-bn-cpp. Npp-ap Cdm, tdmw, CuPn]vXv Fn-hn-S--fn
hnm\ Iem-im-kv{X- Aev]m-ev]a
- mbn {]N-cn-n-cpp. ]t, Ism aWm-Sp-I Atd-_ysb B cm-Py--fn\nsmw thsSpn \nn. Atd-_y hym]m-cn-I amk--tfmfw acp-`qan Xmn B
cmPy--fn-se-n-s-n-cpp. ]t, B _w hym]m-c-n am{X-samXpn. Atd-_y-bn-em-Is, \mK-cn-IX hnImkw {]m]n-n-cp-n. AhnsS
]mT-im-eI
- tfm {Km-eb
-
- tfm Dm-bn-cp-n. hnZym-`ymkw {]Nmcw t\Snbn-cp-n. Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-m-\p-ad- n-bp-h
- hnc-en-se-m-hp-h
- am{Xw.
Ahm-Is, Am-es hnm\ Iem-im-kv{X-f
- n ]cn-Nbw Dmbn-cp-p-an. hyh-m-]nX `c-Wtam \nb-a-hy-h-tbm AhnsS Cm-bncpp. Hmtcm tKm{Xhpw kzw \nev kzm[n-Im-cn-I. sImbpw
Ihbpw kh{X. Ie-lhpw sImebpw kh-km-[m-cWw. a\p-jy-Pohv hne \jvS-s Imew. i Ai-sc sImv sIm-b-Snp.**
hy`n-Nmcw, aZy-]m\w, NqXp-Ifn Fnh kmh-{XnIw. \X ]c-ky-ambn
{]Zin- n- p- - X n Bpw Hcp ktm- N - h p- a p- m- b n- c p- n.
* C_vdm-low-\_n(A), Ckvam-Cu\_n(A) Fn-h-cpsS Imew apl-Zv\_n(k)v 2500
hjw apmWv. Cu \o Ime-L--n-\n-Sv Atd-_y-bn Hcp {]hm-N-I hn-n.

54

CkvemwaXw

kv{XoIt]mepw ]cn-ip IA-v_sb \Kv\-cmbn {]Z-nWw sNbvXncpp. \nb-a-hn-cpw, \nb-a-hn-t[bw Fn--s\-bp hnth-N\w Ah\y-am-bn-cpp. Hcp \nb-{-W-n\pw hnt[-b-cm-Im Ah Xm-dp-m-bncp-n. A{X i-am-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS kzmX-{y-t_m[w. Hcp hn[nIm-hn-s\bpw A\p-k-cn-p-hm Ah k--cm-bn. inem {]Xn-a-Ifm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS ssZh-. hgn-bn I `wKnbpw an\p-k-hp-ap
GXv inebpw Ahv ssZh-am-bn-cpp. BcpsS apnepw Ip\n-bm B
inc-p-I ine-Ip apn btYjvSw Ip\np! B ine-I XfpsS Bh-iy--sfmw \nh-ln-p-sa--h hniz-knp!
C-n-ep Hcp kaq-l-n, CXp-t]m-ep Hcp kml-N-cy-n
Hcm P\n-pp. ssii-h-nXs amXm-]n-Xm- At-ls hnpt]mbn. Aev]w Ignv ]nXm-a-l\pw. B {]mb-n e`n-t-p
Ghpw Ipd kwc-Ww t]mepw \evIm-\m-fn. hnthIw h {]mbn Ad_n _meam-tcm-sSmw BSp tabvm t]mhpp. bphXzw
{]m]n--tm hym]m-c-n-tes-Spp. Atlw \nevp-Xpw Ccn-pXpw \S-p-Xpw ta hnh-cn Xc-m-cmb Ad-_n-I-fpsS IqsS-bmWv.
hnZym-`ymkw t]cn\p t]mepw At-l-n\v e`n-n-n. Fgp-Xmt\m hmbnmt\m Adn-bn. Fm, At-l-ns kz`m-hhpw at\m-K-Xnbpw ap-h-cp-tS-Xn\nv XnIpw `n-amWv. Atlw BtcmSpw If-hp-]-d-bpn; kt`y-Xc hmp-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-p-n; kwkm-c-n ImTn-\ytam
]mcp-jytam C; a[p-chpw hn\-bm-\zn-X-hp-amb `mjWw. B am[p-cy-m
P\- At-l-n-em-Ir-jvS-cm-hpp; A\y-cp-sS-Xm-b-sXmpw Atlw
sXmb hgnv kz-am-p-n; hniz-kvXXbm, P\- hne-s
hkvXp- kqn-m-t\-ev]n-p-Xv At-l-s-bmWv. Atlw Ah
kzw Poh-s\-sb-tmWw kqn-pp. At-l-ns kXy-k-X
khcpw AwKo-I-cn-pp; Ah-c-t-ls "hniz-kvX' (A-A-ao)
Fv hnfn-pp. ebpw ktm-Nhpw At-l
- ns {]Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cpp.
t_m[wsh-tijw \Kv\-\mbn Bcp-a-t-ls In-n. At-l-ns
kZm-Nm-c-\njvT IWn-i-am-bn-cpp. Hc-\y-kv{Xosb Atlw Ip-bn
t\mn-bn-n. ]cn-ip-hpw \na-e-hp-amb B {]IrXn kIe hn[ A[a-sfbpw shdpp. aqVcpw aen-\-lr-Z-bcpw t]mn-cn-I-fp-amb P\--fpam-bp kl-hmkw B kz`m-h- Dsm-m Hcn-epw CS-bm-nbn. At-l-ns kh-Ia--fnepw hrnbpw shSnpw sXfn-p\np. kaqlw \S-p sImbpw sImebpw Iv B a\v hyY
]qp. AXn-\m, Ie-l-mn-S-bn knbpw kulr-Z-hp-ap-m-m
Atlw ]cn-{i-an-pp. At-l-ns lrZbw At-bw Aen-hp-XmWv. A\y-cpsS ZpxJw At-l-sbpw ZpxJn-n-pp; A\m-Y-I-sfbpw
hn[-hI
- s
- fbpw Atlw klm-bn-pp. hni-p-h
- m-lmcw \evIpp;
bm{X-msc klm-bn-pp. At-l-n\nv Bpw Hcp t{Zmlhpw
** ' The Arab Civilization' (]pdw 10) F IrXn-bn s{]m^. tPmk^v sl (Joseph Hell)
Fgp-Xpp: ""Ccw hg-p-I tZio-b-amb sFIy-t_m[w XIp-Ibpw A]-cn-lm-cyamb kzP-\-]--]mXw Ah-cn hfn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X kzbw kqW-cmsWv Hmtcm tKm{Xhpw IcpXn. ap--h Xv sImm\pw sIm-b-Sn-m\pw
Ih sNm-\p-ap \nb-am-\p-krX Cc-I-fm-sWpw.''

{]hm-N-IXzw

55

t\cn-Sp-n. _nw_-]q-P-I-tcm-sSmw Ign-npw _nw_--sf-b-tlw ITn\-ambn shdp-pp. Hcn--ep-samcp krjvSn-bpsS apn-e-tlw Xe Ip\np-n. BIm-i`- q-an-If
- n-ep hkvXp-s
- fmpw ]qP-bln-pn F
Bibw At-l
- ns A-cm-f
- n\nv kzbw ]pd-p-hc
- pp. ssZhw
Hp-am-{Xta Dm-Imhq; Hp-am-{X-ta-bpq Fv At-l-ns a\v
kzbw ]d-bpp. As\ B a\p-jy aqV-cmb B P\-n-S-bn
thXn-cnv ImW-s-Spp. Ncq-\-bnse cXv\w-t]mse; sImSpw-X-an-semcp `mkpc Zo]w t]mse!
\mev]Xp hb-m-Ip-thmfw Atlw Cu hnin-jvShpw hnip--hp-amb
PohnXw \bn-pp. ]mh-\hpw am\yhpw DXvIr-jvS-hp-amb PohnXw. B
L-n, X\nv Nppw hym]n-n-cn-p L\m--Imcw At-ls
]cn-{`m Nn-\m-pp. A-Xbpw A[ahpw Acm-P-I-Xzhpw _lpssZ-h-Xz-hpam-Ip A-Im-c-. HSp-hn-e-tlw A-Im-c--fpsS Cu
]mcm-hm-c
- n\nv tamN\w B{K-ln-pp. ImcWw, AhnsS Xs {]IrXn-n-W-p--Xmbn Hp-an. As\, Atlw Zqsc Hcp ]h-X-nse
Kpl-bpsS im-amb GIm--X-bn ]e Znh-k- Ign-p-Iq-pp. {hXipn hcp-pp. a\-n\pw akvXn-jvI-n\pw Gsd-tbsd ss\aeyw
ssIh-cp-pp. ZoL-amb [ym\-nepw Nn-bnepw apgp-Inb Zn\-cm-{X. Nppw hym]np InS-p A-Imcw \ow sNm-\p-X-Ip Hcp
ssIncn A-a-tbmsS Atlw ]c-Xpp. \mi-K-n-em-p-t]mb,
Zpjn B temIs AmsS ]pXp-n--Wn-bm-\p-X-Ip- Hcp in
X\nv ssIh-s-n-se-m-in-pp ]cn-ip-hpw imn-]qW-hp-amb
Hcp \h-temIw ]Sp-p-bm-\p-X-Ip Hcp in-hn-tijw!
s]s-Xm, At-l-ns nXn-bn hn amw. Xm tXSn-smn-cp shfnw s]mSp-s\ a\-n {]Xy--amb t]mse. apsm-cnepw tXmm Hcp in Xn hv \ndbpw t]mse. Kpl-bpsS
GIm-X hnv Atlw ]pdv hcpp. kzw kap-Zm-b-ns ASp sNv- C-{]-Imcw DZvt_m-[n-n-pp: "\n-fm-cm-[n-p Cu {]Xna-I Xopw \njv{]-tbm-P-\-amWv. kqcy-N-{-\--{Xm-Zn-I-fpw BImi-`q-an-I-fnse kI-e- N-cm-N-c-fpw ssZh-ns krjvSn-I am{Xw. AtX
ssZh-amWv \n-fp-sSbpw {kjvSmhv \nv Blmcw Xcp-X
- h
- \
- mWv.
\nsf Pohn-n-p-Xpw acn-n-p-X
- p-ah
- \
- mWv. AXp-sIm-h
- s\ am{Xw
Bcm-[n-pI. Bh-iy- Ahv am{Xw kan-pI; klmbw Aht\mSv am{Xw tXSpI. \n sNbvXpIqp tamj-Whpw Ihbpw aZy]m-\hpw NqXm-hpw hy`n-Nm-ch
- p-samw hIp-
- f
- mWv. ssZhw Xosc CjvSs-Sm-h. AXp-sIm--h-sbmw XyPn-p-ho. kXyw am{Xw ]d-bpI;
\oXn ]pepI; A\y-cpsS Poh\pw [\-hp-a-]-l-cn--cpXv; CS-]m-Sp-Ifn kXy-k-X ]men-pI; \n-sfmw a\p-jy-cmWv; a\p-jytcm
kaamcpw. hwiw, tKm{Xw, tZiw, `mj, hWw, cq]w, thjw, kv
Fn-h-bn-sempw Hcp amlm-y-hp-an. ssZh-`n, kXy-k-X,
kaw, hnip PohnXw Ch-bmWv amlm-y-ns am\-ZWvUw.
ac-Wm-\
- cw \nsmw ssZh-k
- n-[n-bn lmP-cm-tI-X
- pv. \oXnam-\mb ssZh-ns kn-[n-bn ip]mitbm ssIq-entbm \S-p-I-

56

CkvemwaXw

bn. Bcp-sSbpw tKm{X-am-lmyw KpWw sNn. kXy-hn-izm-khpw

kXvIahpw am{X-am-Wh
- nsS {]tbm-P\
- s
- -SpI. B Aaqey kv ssIhi-ap--h kzKw ]qIpw. Cm--h \c-I-nepw.
CXm-bn-cpp Atlw \evInb D]-tZ-i-ns Npcpw. ]t,
hnUvVn-I-fmb P\- Ah-cpsS bYmY KpWImw-n-bmb B D-a]p-cp-js\ ]e-hn-[-n t{Zmln-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. X-fpsS ]qhnIm-Nm-c-sf Bt-]np, apKm-an-Isf Xn--dp XpS-n-b-h-bm-bncpp Ah-c-t-l-n I Ipw. B Ip-ns t]cn Ah-c-t-ls
iIm-cnp; Is-dnp; ITn-\-ambn aZnp; tZtlm-]-{Z-h-taev]np; Ahkm\w h[n-p-hm t]mepw KqVm-tem-N\ \Sn. ]Xn-aqv kwh--c Ah-c-t-ls \nc-cw {Iqc-ambn B{I-anp sImn-cpp. KXy-ca
- n-msX kztZiw shSn-bm t]mepw Atlw \n_-n-X\
- mbn. Fnp-a-h AS-n-bn-cp-n. Atlw Fn-t {]tZ-ipw hj-tfmfw Ah-c-t-ls ]e-hn-[-n iey-s-Sp-n-sm-n-cpp.
Cu IjvS-X-I-sfmw B alm-\p-`m-h Fn-\mWv kln-Xv? temIn\v kXy-ns t\amKw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\m-{K-ln-XpsImpam{Xw. Cu ]pXnb Bi-b--fp-t]-n-m Xm-dm-Ip ]w XfpsS t\XrXzw Xs At-l-n\v \evIp-hm-\-h Xm-dm-bn-cpp. kns Iqmcw At-l
- ns ]mZ-f
- n-en-m-\h
- Hcp-a
- m-bn-cpp.*
]t, Atlw AsXmw Xosc Ah-K-Wnp. Xs I-hy-\nh-l-Wn ]X-dmsX \ne-sImp. Hcm kzmY-em-`-p-th-n-b-msX,
A\y-cpsS \bpw tahpw am{Xw ap\nn \m\m-Xcw IjvS-m-Sp-I
* kXy-amK-n FXnns sImSp-m-p-I Xs t\cn-tS-n-hp, {]hm-NI
- v. Atlw
AsXmw ]pn-cn-tbmsS t\cnp. {]oW-\-tm {]tem-`-\-tm hg-msX
Atlw Xs amK-n Dd-p-\np. `oj-Wn-I \_nsb `b-s-Sp-m t]m-X
Fp-I Ad-_n-I HSp-hn asm-c-Shv {]tbm-Knp. AXpw, ]t, ]cm-P-b-n-emWv
Iem-in-Xv.
Jpssdin {]ap-J-c-S-p Hcp \nth-ZI kwLw \_n-bpsS ASp-p-hp. `mhn-m Ignbp Fm sFlnI {]Xm-]hpw Ah \_nv shp-\on, At-ls hi-m-m
thn. Ah ]dp: ""[\-amWv \n\m-h-iy-sa-n \n\-n-jvS-ap-{X [\w R
Xcmw. m\-am-\-amWv tamln-p--sX-n R \ns cmPm-hmbn hmgnmw. kucy-n-emWv Is-n \o sXc-s-Sp-p ku-cy-[m-as \n\v thfn Ignmw.''
\_nsb h-hn-t[-\bpw ZuXy-\nh-l-W-n\nv ]nn-cn-n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS
Dtiyw. Bscbpw Ffp--n hio-I-cn-p-hm t]m {]tem-`-\-. ]t, {]hmN-Is ZrjvSn-bn Ah-sb{X Xpw! Hcp kvt^mS\w t]mse At-l-ns adp-]Sn
hp: ""sIm-ap-Xtem A[n-Im-ctam F\n-p-th! P\-smcp ap-dn-bn-p-Im-c\m-bn-mWv ssZh-sas \ntbm-Kn-Xv. Ahs ktiw \ns-n-p-Ib
- mWv Rm.
AXv kzoI-cn-m \no temIv kuJyhpw kam-[m-\hpw t\Smw. ]c-tem-Iv
imizX kpJhpw. kzoI-cn-m ]w \ap-n-S-bn ssZhw Xs Xop Iev]n-psImpw.''
asm-cn- \mp aq-m-cpsS \n_--n\v hgn ZuXy-ap-t]-n-m Xtm-Sm-h-iys kzw ]nXr-hy-t\m-S-tlw ]dp: ""]nXrhym! he-Xp-ssI-bn kqcy-s\bpw CSXp
ssIbn N{-s\bpw Ah shp-X-mepw Cu IrXy-n\nv Rm hnc-an-p-X. Hp-In {]kvXpX {iaw k^-e-ambn ssZh-{]oXn t\SpI. As-n B amKn-em-bn-smv \in-pI. cn-semv kw`-hn-p--Xp-hsc Rm\nXv XpScpw.'' {]hmN-Is \nkvXp-e-amb \n-b-ZmVyhpw BZi-\n-jvT-bp-amWv \man-hnsS ImWp-Xv.JpinZv AlvaZv

{]hm-N-IXzw

57

t]dpI! GsXmcp P\-n\v thn At-l-anXv sNp-pthm B P\w

Is-dn-bp-tm Ah-cpsS \-p-thn {]mYn-pI! CXn-ep-apIrjvShpw DZm--hp-amb BmY-Xbpw KpW-Imw-bpw \apv hn`m-h\
sNm-\m-Iptam?
C\nbpw Nnnp t\mpI! B a\p-jy Kpl-bnse GIm--hmkw
hnv ]pdv hcpp Hcp ]pXnb kt-i-hp-ambn. AtXmsS F{X hn
am-am-W-t-l-n kw`-hn-p-Xv! Ctm-g-tlw Dcp-hn-Sp hmp-I
kmln-Xy-k---amWv; AY-Kw-`o-c-amWv; Ccw hmp-I apmcpw ]dn-n. ]noSpw ]d-n-n. kzw Imhy-{]-Xn-`-bnepw {]kw-K-ssh-`h-nepw kmln-Xy-{]u-Vn-bnepw A`n-am-\n-n-cp--h-cmWv Ad-_n-I.
Fm, Xm\p-cn-bm-Sp-Xp t]mep Hcp hmIy-sa-nepw \nan-m B
\nc--c Ah-sc-sbm--Sw shp-hn-fnp. ]t, kzw ]cm-Pbw kXnv Ah At-l-ns apn Xe-Ip-\n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Fn-t\sd,
At-l-ns Xs ap hN-\-fpw {]`m-j-W-fpw B {]tXyI hmIy-fpsS Kmw`o-cyhpw AY-]p-jvSnbpw ku-cyhpw kv^pcn-n-p--h-bmbn-cpn. At-l-ns kzw hN-\-sf, B {]tXy-I -h-N-\--tfmSv
Cpw Xmc-Xa
- y-s-Spn t\mq Ah Xn hy-amb Acw ImWmw.
Hcp hnZybpw A`y-kn-n-n-m, acp-`q-hm-kn-bmb B a\p-jy ]dbp-hm XpS-nb kmc-K`hpw AY-k
- p-jvSh
- p-amb hmIy- apmcpw
]d--h-b. Cms-nepw ]d-bpI km[y-hp-a. Atlw Xsbpw,
\mev]Xp hb-n\v apv, A-c-samcp hmpw D-cn-n-p-an. Fsmw
hnj-b--fm-W-Xn ssIImcyw sN-s-Xv! kmmKn-Ihpw [man-Ihpw
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmwkKn-Ihpw km-n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bh
- p-amb sshhn[y-am hnj-b-! F, a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-nse kIe {]iv\-
kw_-npw \nkvXp-e-amb \nb-a- \nc--c-\mb B a\p-jys
\mhn\np-Xnp hoWp. Ah-bpsS bpn-cl
- k
- y- Npcp-fg- n-p-hm
alm ]n-Xc
- p-sSbpw _pn-Po-hn-If
- p-sSbpw kwh-c
-
- \o Nnbpw
Kth-j-Whpw thn-hp. temIw Kth-jW]T-\--fn ]ptcm-K-an-ptmdpw Ah-bn-e-S-nb bpnbpw Xzhpw IqSp-X IqSp-X-embn shfns-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bpamWv. Bbn-c-n-ap-q-dn]cw* kwh--c-
sImgn-p-ho-sW-nepw Atlw sImp-h \nb-a--fn am-n-cp-ep-Iv ]gp-tXXpw ImWp-n. ]e \nb-a-kw-ln-X-Ifpw Bbncw XhW
\nan--s-Sp-Ibpw Xncp--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. ]t, Hmtcm ]co-Whpw ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cpp. Fm, \ma-am{X hnZym-`ymkw t]mepw
knn-m B a\p-jy ]c-k-lmbw IqSmsX \S-m-nb \nb-a-ns
Hcp hIp-p-t]mepw amt--Xmbn hn-n!
Ccp-]-n-aqp hjs Ime-L--n, Atlw kzw kz`m-hta--bpsS _e-m _-ssh-cn-I-sf-tmepw B an{X--fmn amn;
FXn-cm-fn-Isf A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw. FXnm I-sIn cwK-p-h hin-It]mepw tXmhn k-Xnv At-l-ns Im hoWp. HSphn-e-tlw hnPbw t\Sn. Atm-gp-a-tlw i{Xp--tfmSv {]Xn-Imcw
* 1932-emWv auem\m auZqZn Cu {Kw cNn-Xv.

58

CkvemwaXw

sNbvXn. BtcmSpw A{Iaw {]hn-p-an. kzw ]nXr-hys\ h[nv,

Ic-sf-Spv Nh-p-Xp-n-b-hv t]mepw Atlw amp \evIn.* Xs
Is-dn-bp-Ibpw _ln-jvI-cn-p-Ibpw Bn-tbm-Sn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-hpw
hnP-bm-\-cw s]mdppsImSpp. Bsc-bp-a-tlw hn-n; DS--Sn-Isfmpw ewLn-n. bp-n t]mepw A{Iaw ImWn-n. _-ssh-cnIp IqSn At-l-n-\p-ta A-c-sam-cm-tcm-]Ww D-bn-p-hm-\mbn. CtX kXy-k--Xbpw [a\n-jvTbpwsImmWv apgp-h Ad-_n-Ifp-sSbpw lrZ-b-s-b-tlw an\p-k-s-Sp-n-bXv. ]noSv AtX KpW-fpsS ]n_-e-m, kh-ZpKp-W--fp-sSbpw Ie-h-d-bm-bn-cp B Ad_n-Isf, Ah-c-I-spInS A-Xm--Im-c-n\n--tlw tamNn-np-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-amn Ah-sc-b-tlw hmsSpp. Hcp hyh-pw hg-m-Xn-cp Ad-_n-Isf temI-N-cn-{X-n-epZm-l-c-W-an-m \nb-a-]m-e-I-cm-n-op. Hcp `c-W-co-Xnpw hnt[b-am-Im Xm-dn-m-Xn-cp Ahsc {]uV-amb Hcp `c-W-ns A\p-kc-W-ap {]P-I-fmn amn. [manIkZm-Nmc KpW--fpsS kv]i-taevm Ahsc AXypIrjvS KpW--fpsS tIZm-c-am-n-op. Cv
Ah-cpsS Ncn{Xw hmbn-p--h hnkva-b-kvX-_v[cm-bn-tm-Ipp. A[x]-X-\-ns Bg-n InS Hcp P\X Hcp a\p-jys {ia-^-e-ambn,
temI-nse AP--i-n-bm-hpI AtXm, shdpw Ccp-]-n-aqv kwhcwsImv! XpS-h temI-nse As h in-I-sf-sbmw
{lkz-ImewsImv XIpIfp. temI-n-\-h [ahpw kZm-Nmchpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw ]Tn-n-p-sIm-Spp. Ckvem-ans in-Whpw A[ym]-\-fpw ssII-fn-ten B{^n--bnepw bqtdm-n-ep-a-h hnP-b-t`cn
apgn.**
CXp-hsc ]d-Xv Atlw Ad-_n-I-fn ssIh-cn t\--sf-pdn-mWv. Fm, CXn-tesd hnkva-bm-h-l-amWv At-l-ns Bi-b temI-amsI Df-hm-nb ^e-. temI-ns Nnm-K-Xn-bnepw
* DlpZv bp-n, Ad_n tKm{X--e-h-\mb A_q-kp-^vbms `mcy lnv \_n-bpsS
]nXr-hy lwk(d)bpsS Ic ISnv Nhv Acniw Xo kw`hw.
** PA-v^-dp_v\p A_o-Xzm-en-_ns Ncn-{X-{]-kn--amb {]kwKw C-cp-W-n {]kvXmhy-amWv. _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-I-cpsS aZ\w kln--h-m-Xm-b-tm
Abcm-Py-amb
A_n-ko-\n-b-bn-tev(Cs FtXym]y) IpSn-tb-dp-hm A\p-N-c-m-cn Nne-tcmSv
\_n(k) Bh-iy-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. As\ Hcp hn`mKw A_n-ko-\n-b-bn-tev t]mbn.
\_npw A\p-bm-bn-Ip-sa-Xn-cn Fp ISpwssIbpw sNp-hm aSn-m-Xn-cp
am {]am-Wn-am shdp-sX-bn-cp-n. Ah A`-bmYn-Isf A\p-K-anp. A_nko-\nb cmPm-hmb \m-in-tbmSv (t\Kkv) Ahsc _em-mcw aSn Ab-m Bhiy-sp. \_n XpS-n-sh al-mb hn-h-n-tev shfnwhoin-smv \m-inbpsS sImm-c-n A`-bmYn-I-fn-sem-cm-fmb PA-v^ Hcp {]kwKw sNbvXp. AXns
cXv\-p-cp--amWv NphsS:
""Atbm! cmPmth, R hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cmb Hcp P\-X-bm-bn-cpp. R ihw Xo\nI-fm-bn-cpp. lo\-am-b-sXpw sNp-am-bn-cpp. _p--tfm-Sp _m[yX R
\nd-th-n-bn. Abhm-kn-I-tfmSv \ny-ambn hnp. Zp_-es sNe-hn i
XSn-p-sIm-gpp. Ah-km\w Rsf kap--cn-m ssZhw Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ntbmKnp. At-l-ns kXy-k-X, Av, BPhw, Zo\m-\p-I XpS-nb KpW-
Rv kp]-cn-Nn-X--fmWv. Atlw Rsf ssZhm-cm-[-\-bn-tev Wnp. hn{Klm-cm-[\ hnen. kXyta ]d-bmhq Fpw Icm ]men--W-sapw c-_w am\n-

{]hm-N-IXzw

59

60

CkvemwaXw

BNm-c--fnepw \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fnepw Atlw hn hnhw krjvSnp.

At-ls t\Xmhpw amK-Zin-bp-am-bw-Ko-I-cn--h am{X-a, FXnhcpw, _-ssh-cn-It]mepw, B kzm[o-\-n\nsm-gn-hm-bn FXm-W-Zv`pXw. temIw ad-p-t]mb GI-ssZh hnizm-k-ns i-\mb
hm-hmbn Atlw cwK-p-h--tXmsS, _lp-ssZh hnizm-k-nepw
hn{K-l-]q-P-bn-ep-a-[n-jvTn-X-amb aX- t]mepw AXns hml-I-cm-Im
\n_-n-X-cmbn. At-l-ns [manI kZm-Nmc knm-- Atbw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-cpp. XZv^-e-ambn AXv A\y-k-Zm-Nmc kwln-X-Ifn h kzm[o\w sNepn. Cpw sNep-n-sm-n-cn-pp. \nbaw,
cmPy-X{w, kwkvImcw, \mK-cn-IX, imkv{Xo-b-Nn XpS-nb taJ-e-Ifn-e-tlw \ntZin Xz- XnIpw icnbpw ]cn-]-Iz-hp-am-bn-cpp.
Xn-anw FXn-cm-fn-I t]mepw Ah sas sas ]In-sb-Sp-phm XpSn. Cpw ]In-sm-n-cn-pp.*
A-cmb Hcp kaq-l-n, A-Im-cm-hr-X-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-mWv
Cu a\p-jys P\\w. \mev]Xp hb-p-hsc CS-b-hr-nbpw hym]m-c-hpa-m-sXm-p-a-tlw sNbvXn-n. hnZym-`ym-ktam in-Wtam e`n-n-n.
A-n-ep Hcp a\p-jyv \mev]Xv XnI--tm-tgpw Fhn-sS-\n-mWv
s]mSp-s\ Cu Ign-hp-I-f-{Xbpw knn-Xv? FhnsS\nm-W-t-l-n\v
m\w e`n-Xv? `Wm-[n-], ssk\y-\m-b-I, ]cn-jvImhv, cmPy-X{-, \nb-a-, Xz-m\n Fo \ne-I-fn-semw Atlw
AZzn-Xo-b-\m-bn-cpp. AtX kabw Xs Atlw \ni-bpsS \o-bm-a ssZhm-cm-[-\-bn apgp-Ipp. `mcym-k-m-\--tfm-Sp ISa \nhln-pp. AK-Xn-Ipw Ai-c-Wpw tkh\w sNpp.* `c-Wm-[n-

Imcw ssIbn hnpw shdp-samcp Zcn-{Z-s\-tmse Pohn-pp; ]\tbm-e-sIm-p-m-nb ]cp-]-cp ]mb-bn-ep-d-pp; ]cp- hkv{X [cn-pp. efn-X-amb Blmcw am{Xw Ign-pp. Nne-tm ]nWn
InS-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Cu tbmKy-XI
- s
- fmw AWn-\n-c
- n-smv, Xm Hc-am-\p-j\
- m-sWv
Atlw hmZnp Fp shpI. Fn BmWv AXv Jn-p-hm
Ign-bpI? Fm kXy-k
- \
- mb B a\p-jy FmWv ]d-s
- Xtm?
Hpw Xt-X-sv! Fmw ssZh-ns-Xm-sWv! Rm \n-fpsS
apn kan-p Cu \nkvXpe hmIy- GsXm-n\v Xpey-ambn
Hcp -hm-Iy-sa-nepw cNn-p--Xn temIw ]cm-P-b-s-pthm B hmIy Rm kzbw cNn--h-b; Fs {]Xn-`-bpsS ^e-a; Ah ssZhns hmIy--fmWv. Ah-bpsS t]cn-ep kh _lp-a-Xnbpw ssZhn-mWv; Rm sNp Imcy--fm-Is, Fs kzw bpn-bp-sSbpw
{]m]vXn-bp-sSbpw ^e-a. ssZh-\ntZiw A\p-k-cn-p-h am{X-amWv.
Nnnp t\mpI: C{Xbpw kXy-k--\mb a\p-jy {]hm-N-I-\mWv
F Imcyw Fs\ \ntj-[npw? At-l-ns tbmKy-X-Ifpw Ign-hpIfpw Ia-fpw ap\nn Xp-ey-\mb asmcp hynsb temI Ncn{X-n Is-m-\m-hptam?** C{X-sbms tbmKy-X-I-fp-m-bnpw
AXn Al-c
- n-p-Itbm AXns _lp-aXn kzbw Ah-Im-is
- -Sp-Itbm
sNp--Xn\v ]Icw Ah X\nv {]Zm\w sNbvX ssZh-n-s-Xm-sWv
Xpdv {]Jym-]n-p-I-bmWv Atlw. Fn-cns, At-l-n hnizkn-m-Xn-cn-m Fp-Im-c-W-am-Wp-Xv? kzw tbmKy-X-I-sf-n
"CsXmw ssZh-Z--amWv' Fv Atlw ]d-bp-tm "A, CsXmw

-W-sapw Abmv KpWw sN-W-sapw Atlw Rsf D]-tZ-inp.

Aoew hPn--W-sapw c-sm-cn-n \n-W-sapw Atlw R-tfm-Sm-m]np. Fm-hn[ B`m-k-fpw Atlw \njn--amn. If-hv]-d-b, A\m-Y-I-fpsS
[\w A]-l-cn-, ]Xn-{h-X-I-fn hy`n-Nm-c-pw Npa- BZn-bm-b-h-sbmw. BIbm R-f-t-ls hniz-knp; At-ls ]np-Sp; Atlw ]d {]Imcw
\S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''JpinZv AlvaZv
* BX se\mUv ]d-bpp: ""kXy-n, Ckvemw al-mb Hcp IrXy-amWv \nh-lnXv. a\pjy Ncn-{X-n, amp-If
- b
- m-\m-hm Hcp m\w AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-n-cn-pp.
temIw C\nbpw hfpIgn-bp-tm am{Xta Ckvem-ans m\w ]qW-ambn AwKoI-cn--s-Sp-I-bpq.'' Hcp ap\nc imk-v{X--\mb tPm sZht]m-ns \nco-Ww
ImWpI: ""DuP-X{w, tPymXn-ximkv{Xw, Xz-imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw XpSn
]mw-i-XIw apX bqtdm-n ]pjvSn-{]m-]n-p-h hnm\ imJ-I-sf-mw-Xs,
auen-I-ambn, Atd-_y Nnm-[m-c-I-fn\nv Dcp-n-cn-p-h--h-bm-sWv kXnt ]q. kvs]bv\nse Ad-_n-I bqtdm-]y Xz-Nn--bpsS ]nXm--fmbn KWn-s-tS--Xp-amWv.''

hnJymX Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tdm_v {_nt^mv Xs "THE MAKING OF HISTORY' F {Kn ]d-bpp: Ad-_n-I-fn-m-bn-cp-s-n X-fpsS apIm-em-h--I AXn-P-bnp-hm klm-bn KpW--fpsm-p-hm bqtdm-]y \mK-cn-I-Xv an-hmdpw Ignbp-am-bn-cp-n. Imc-W-apv: Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX ISp sNm Hcp taJ-ebpw
Is-pI km[y-a-s-nepw B[p-\nI bpK-ns \nWm-bI inbpw am\-hnI
t\--fpsS apJy-t{km-X-p-amb imkv{Xob Nn-bp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-im-J-I-fpsSbpw taJ-e-bn AXv sNep-nb kzm[o\w asm-nepw A{X {]I-S-a Fp-thWw
Icp-Xm. "kbkv' Fv \mw hnfn-p-Xv Hcp ]pXnb At\z-jW ssNX-\y-ns
^e-am-bn-cppKth-j-W-ns ]pXnb coXn-I, ]co--W-n-sbpw \nco--W-nsbpw ]cn-am-W-n-s-bp-amb ]pXnb ]pXnb ssien-I; KWn-X-im-kv{X-n {KopImp-t]m-ep-a-m-X-amb cq]-n-ep ]pXnb Imsh-p-Im-bp At\z-j-WXzc. B ssNX-\yhpw B coXn-Ifpw bqtdm-]yv ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-bXv Ad-_n-I-fmWv.''
t{]m{K-ohv FUp-t-j Atkm-kn-tb-js m]-I-\mb mhpUv tIm_v ]d-bpp:
""bqtdm-n-ep-mb sshm-\nI \thm-m-\-ns bYmY ImcWw Ckvemw Bbncpp.''(Quoted by Robert. L.Gullick Jr. in 'Mohammad the Educator')JpinZv AlvaZv
* {]hm-N-I-s\m-cn- ]dp: ""IS-m-c-\mbn ac-W-a-S-bm-\n-S-bp, As-n, ac-Wtijw _p-sf \ncm-ew-_-\m-n-tb-m-hp h-h-cp-ap-s-n Fs kao-]n-s.
Ah-cp-sS-sbmw cm-Im-hmWv Rm.''- Xncp-Zq-X-cpsS PohnXw CXnv Da kmnbs{X.JpinZv AlvaZv
** temI-nse \qdp alm-msc "The hundreds''F {K-n-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-nb
ssa Fv. lmv {]Ya m\w \evIn-bXv apl-Zv\_n-m-sW-tmpI.
{]km-[-I

Quoted by A. Karim in "ISLAM's CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION.'

hnJymX {_nojv Nn-I-\mb _{S v d C{]-Imcw FgpXn: ""Ing-ns A[o-iXzw

ssk\nI taJ-e-bn am{X-am-bn-cp-n. imkv{Xw, Xz-Nn, Ihn-X, Ie-IFmw
apl--Zo-b-cpsS temIv ]pjvSn{]m]np. Av bqtdmv A-X-bn-emp InS-p-Ibm-bn-cpp. ]t, bqtdm-p-Im amln-m Hu-Xy-tmsS B Ime-L-s
"Ccp bpKw' Fp hnfnp. Fm, Ccpv bqtdm-n am{X-am-bn-cppXo-bmbpw,
{InkvXy bqtdm-n am{Xw. ImcWw, Av apl--Zo-b-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-n-em-bn-cp
kvs]bn-\n DPz-e-amb Hcp \mK-cn-IX \ne-\n-n-cpp.'' PAKISTAN QUARTERLY-Vol. IV.
No. 3.

{]hm-N-IXzw

61

\ns- X-e-bn\nv Xs DZv`-hn--XmWv' Fv \msa-n\v ]d-bWw?

I]-S-m A\y-cpsS tbmKy-X-I t]mepw kz-am-n-om-\mWv {ianpI. Fm, At-l-am-Is, Xt-sXv \njv{]-bmkw hmZn-m-hp
tbmKy-X-I t]mepw kz-sa--h-Im-i-s-Sp-n. {]kvXpX tbmKy-X-I
At-l-nv e`n-p amK-s-n amp-a-dn-p-IqSm. XZ-Sn-m\-n Hc-am-\p-j-\m-sWv hmZn-m t]mepw Bsc-Xnm? Fnpw
AX-tlw ]d-bp-n-s-n At-ls
- -m henb kXy-hm am-cmWv?
Ct-l-at{X, \psS t\Xmhv. kh-tem-I-n-p-ap {]hm-N-I-\mb
apl-Zv apkvX^m Xncp-ta\n(k). At-l-ns {]hm-N-I-Xz-n-\p
sXfnhv At-l-ns kXy-\n-jvT-bmWv. At-l-ns al-XvIr-Xypw kz`mhtapw PohnX hnip-npw Ncn{Xw kmn-bmWv. lrZb-ip-n-tbmSpw kXy-k--X-tbmSpw \oXn-t_m-[-tmSpw IqSn B Ncn{Xw
]Tn-p GXv \njv]-\pw Atlw Hcp {]hm-N-I Xs-sbv kXnpw. Atlw temI-k-aw kan ssZh-hm-Iy--fpsS kam-lm-camWv ]cn-ip Jp-B. Xpd lrZ-b-tmsS, t_m[-]qhw B {Kw
]mcm-bWw sNp Bcpw AXv \nw-i-b-ambpw Hcp ssZhnI {K-amsWv ]d-bm \n_-n-X-\mhpw. A-c-samcp {Kw cNn-pI a\pjy
Ign-hn--Xo-X-am-sWpw Abm-fw-Ko-I-cn-t-n-hcpw.

{]hm-N-IXz ]cn-k-am]vXnsXfn-hp-I
Cv Ckvem-ans\ bYm-hn[n Adn-bp-hm-\p GI-amKw hnip JpB\pw {]hm-NI Ncy-bp-amWv. apl-Zv\_n apgp-h a\p-jyp-ap {]hmN-I-\mWv. At-l-tm-Sp-IqSn {]hm-N-IXz ]c-c ssZhw F-t-pambn Ah-km-\n-n-n-cn-pp. ssZhw Xs Zmk-mv \evIm-\p-t-inn-cp kIe \ntZ-i-fpw Ay {]hm-N-I hgn \evIn--gn-n-cnpp. Cu {]hm-NI
- \
- n hniz-kn-p-Ibpw At-ls A\p-Ka
- n-p-Ibpw
sNt-Xv kXym-t\z-jn-Ifpw bYmY ssZh-Zm-k-m-cm-bn-cn-m Dtin-p--h-cp-amb Fm-hpw \n_--amWv.
"{]hm-N-I-Xz-ns bmYmYyw' F ioj-I-n apv \n
Nne Imcy- {Kln-p-htm. Am-cy- apnshv Nnn-m {]hmN-I Zn\w {]Xn P\n-b
- n-spw Hmtcm kap-Zm-b
- nepw Ftmgpw {]hmN-Iam htc Bh-iy-an-spw a\-n-emmw. Hcp {]hm-N-Is
PohnXw At-l-ns A[ym-]-\--fpsS Pohn-p amXr-I-bm-bn-cnpw.
B A[ym-]-\- \ne-\n-evp Ime-tmfw {]hm-N-I Pohn-n-cnpp F-XmWv ^ew. Cu ASn-m-\
- n, apl-Zv \_n-bpsS apKman-I-fmb {]hm-N-I-m-cmcpw Pohn-n-cn-n. Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-\-
bYmY cq]-n \ne-hn-en FXp Xs ImcWw. Ah-cpsS A\pbm-bn-I Ah-bpsS cq]w amn-f
-
n-cn-pp. Ah sImp-h ssZh
{K--fn-sem-p-t]mepw bYmY cq]-n-en-n. B {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS
A\p-bm-bn-Ip-t]mepw A-s\-bp-sv hmZ-an. kzw {]hm-N-Im-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cy-I t]mepw Ah adp. ap {]hm-N-I-m-cn Hcmfp-sSbpw bYmYhpw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-hp-amb Pohn-X-Ncy Cs-hn-sSbpw
e`y-a. FhnsS, Ftm P\np; Fsms {]hnp; Fs\

62

CkvemwaXw

Pohnp; Fsmw \ntZ-inp; Fsmw \ntcm-[npCsXmpw Ahsc -kw-_-nv Dd-np ]d-bpI km[y-a. Fm, apl-Zv\_n Cpw
Pohn-n-cn-pv! ImcWw, At-l-ns inW \ntZi-fpw Pohn-XN-cy-Ifpw Cpw \ne-\n-evpp. Atlw sImp-h hnip Jp-B
AXns bYmY A-c--tfmsS Cp-apv. AXn-semcp amhpw kw`hn-n-n. {]hm-N-Is hmpw {]hr-nbpw Ncy-bp-samw kpc-n-X-ambn-cn-p-pv. Bbn-c-n-ap-q-dn]cw kwh--c-p tijhpw \mw
Xncp-ta-\nsb t\cn ImWp-Xp t]mse, Ah-bpsS sXfn Nn{Xw Ncn{X-n tcJ-sp InS-pv. apl-Zv\_n-bpsS PohnXw tcJ-s-Sp-nb
A{X kpc-n-X-ambpw kqva-ambpw asmcp alm-]p-cp-j-sbpw PohnXw
Ncn{Xw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n. Pohn-X-nse GXp k`-n\pw GXv
{]iv\-n\pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-n\nv \ap-smcp amXrI
e`npw. apl-Zv\_nv tijw asmcp {]hm-N-I Bh-iy-an-s--Xn\v
Cu sXfn-hp-I Xs [mcm-f-amWv.
Hcp {]hm-NI
-
- p-tijw asmcp {]hm-NI
- s BK-a\
-
- n\v aqn-semcp
ImcWw Dm-hmsX h. Hv: BZy {]hm-N-Is A[ym-]-\- \mamh-ti-j-am-bn-tm-hp-Ibpw Ahsb ]p\Po-hn-n-t Bhiyw t\cn-SpIbpw sNpI. cv:- BZy {]hm-N-Is inWw A]qW-am-hp-Ibpw
AXn-\m AXn t`Z-KX
- ntbm Iqn-ttem \S-t-X
- mbn hcn-Ibpw
sNpI. aqv:- BZy {]hm-N-Is in-W- Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-bn\v am{X-am-bn-cn-p-Ibpw AXn-\m ap kap-Zm-b-v thsd {]hmN-I Bh-iy-ambn hcn-Ibpw sNpI.* Cu aqp Imc-W--fn-sem-pt]mepw Ctm-g-h-ti-jn-p-n.
Hm-a-Xmbn, apl--Zv\_n(k)bpsS A[ym-]-\- Cpw kpc-nXhpw kPo-h-hp-ambn \ne-\n-evp-pv. At-l-ns auenI hnizmk-Ia--sf-sm-s-bm-bn-cpp; \ntZi--sf-m-bn-cpp; Atlw \Sm-nb PohnX coXn-tbXv; \in-n--h-tbXvXpS-nb Imcy- GX-hk-c-nepw \njv{]-bmkw a\-n-em-p--Xn\p amK- kpc-n-Xambn \ne-hn-epv. B \nev XZzn-j-b-I-ambn asmcp {]hm-N-Is
Bhiyw t\cn-Sp-n. cm-a-X-mbn, apl--Zv\_n(k) aptJ\ temI-n\v
Ckvem-ans ]cn-]qW inWw \evI-s-n-cn-pp. C\n-b-Xn hXpw
Iqp-Itbm Ipd-bvp-Itbm sNt-X
- n. t`Z-KX
- nbpw Bh-iy-an. asmcp
{]hm-N-I hv ]cn-l-cn-t Hcp \yq\Xbpw AXn-n. AXn-\m,
cm-as Imc-Whpw \ne-hn-en.** aqm-a-Xmbn, Xncp-ta\n Hcp {]tXyI
kap-Zm-b-nt\m cmjv{S-nt\m am{X-a, kh temI-n-\p-ap {]hmN-I-\m-bn-mWv \ntbm-Kn-X-\m-bXv. kIe a\p-jypw At-lns
in-Ww-Xs [mcmfw aXn. AXn-\m, C\n Hcp kap-Zmb-nt\m cmPynt\m thn Hcp {]hm-N-I htc Bhiyw Ah-ti-jn-p-n.
* Hcp {]hm-N-Is kmn-[y-n Abm-fpsS klm-b-n-\mbn asmcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ntbmKn-p-I-sb \mem-a-sXmcp cq]hpw km[y-amWv. ]t, Rm\Xv hnp-I-f-bm ImcWw,
hnip Jp-B-\n AXn\p cp-Zm-l-c-W--tf-bpq F-XmWv. klm-bn-I-fmb {]hmN-I-msc \ntbm-Kn- Am-lp-hns Hcp s]mXp \nb-a-am-sWv B cp-Zm-l-c-WsImv am{Xw sXfn-bp-I-bn.{K-Im-c
** ]pXn-sbmcp ZuXy-n\v Hcp \nn-X-Imew Ign-m aXn Fv Nne ]d-bpp. ]Xn-

{]hm-N-IXzw

63

Xqew aqm-as Imc-W-n\pw {]k-n-bn.

CXp-sIm-mWv apl--Zv\_n(k)sb hnip--Jp-B ""Jm-ap-_n-o''Fv hnti-jn-n-n-p-Xv. "{]hm-N-IXz ]c-c Ah-km-\n-n-h' Fm-W-Xn-Yw.* C\n, apl--Zv\-_n-bpsS amKw kzbw ]np-Scp-Ibpw temIs AXn-tev Wn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp P\-X-bmWm-hiyw. apl-Z- v\_n sImp-h \nb-a
- \S-m-p Hcp hyh
m]n-p-X
- n-\mbn kh-hn[ XymK-fpw hcn-m k-X
- b
- p Hcp
P\X.

hn

hnizmkImcy-
aqp \qm-p-Ip apv Ah-X-cn Hcp aXw A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw Ime-l-c-W-s-Xpw
]pXp-bp-K-ns Bh-iy- \nh-ln-p-hm A{]m-]vX-hp-am-bn-cn-p-sa-m-W-h-cpsS
hmZw. XnIpw ASn-m\ cln-X-am-WnXv. Imc-W- ]dbmw:
1. Ckvem-anI in-W- imiz-X-amWv. ImcWw, `qX`mhn h-am-\--f-dn-bp ssZhamWv Ah Ah-X-cn-n-Xv. `mhn-bpsS Ahy--amb Ihm-S-n-te-s-n-t\m-m ]cnan-Xn-I-fp a\p-jy-Zr-jvSnt Ign-bm-Xpq. e-Ime ]cn-an-Xn-I-Xo-X-\mb ssZhw
A-s\-b.
2. Ckvemw a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-m-Is am-an. ]ucm-WnI
a\p-jys AtX aqi-bn-s-bmWv a\p-jy-scmw hm-s-n-cn-p-Xv. a\p-jys
auenI {]Ir-Xnv am-an.
3. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n imiz-Xn-I-X-bp-sSbpw am-n-sbpw LS-I-n-S-bn kp-camb Hcp kao-I-c-W-apv. Fmw imiz-X-a. Fmw am-n\v hnt[-b-hp-a. ASn-m\
{]am-W-fpw auen-I-aq-ey-fpw ams kzoI-cn-p-I-bn. _mly-cq-]--fmWv Imen-\-\p-k-cnv amdp-Xv. ]cn-K-W-\o-b-amb Nne Xz--fpsS shfn--n amn-bn-pXpw Ah-Xs. imiz-Xn-IX, amw Ch cn-sbpw Bh-iy- Ckvemw \nhnn-pv. Ckvem-ans imizX Xz--fmWv Jp-B-\nepw kp-n-ep-ap-Xv. AXXv
Imes Bh-iy--f-\p-k-cnv Ah {]tbm-Kn--s-Sp-Xv CPvXn-lm-Zn-eq-sS-bmWv. PohnX-ns auenI Xz-pw imizX aqey-pw A\p-kr-X-ambn a\p-jy-k-aq-lns imiz-X-amb hnIm-k-n--\p-cq-]-amb Ahn-I-e-am-sbmcp hyh sIn--Sp
GI-aXw Ckvem-at{X.
4. imkv{Xo-b-ambn t\mn-bmepw `qan-bn a\p-tjym]n DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp-sh AtXbp-K-n-emWv a\p-jy Cpw Pohn-p-Xv. a\pjy Pohn-X-ns {]kvXpX Xe-n
]d-b- bmsXmcp amhpw kw`-hn-n-n. \mK-cn-I-X-I DZv`-hn-p-Ibpw AkvX-anp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwkvIm-c- \ms-Sp-p-Ibpw Nc-a-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. km{amPy- P-sa-Sp-p-Ibpw Nm-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fnepw, Imew {]m]-nI ]cnWm-a-ns al-mb irwJ-e-bn ]Xn-hn]Sn \ne-sIm-pp. AXn-\m \qm-pIp apv \evI-s-smcp \nba kwlnX Imew sNptmdpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bnocpw F hmZw ASn-m-\-c-ln-Xhpw A_--P-Sn-e-hp-amWv.
* \_n(k)]d-bpp: F\n-p-tijw C\n-sbmcp {]hm-N-I Dm-Ip-X.'' asm-cn-
Atlw ]dp: ""Fsbpw F\nv app--h-cp-sSbpw D]-a-bn-XmWv: Hcm Hcp ancw
]WnXp. AXns\ kp-chpw kp`-K-hp-amn. ]t, Hcp aqe--ns m\w Hgn-hm-nshp. P\- AXns\ {]Z-nWw shp-Ibpw AXns at\m-lm-cn-X-bn AZv`pXw
Iqdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fp-sImv Hcp Ip-IqSn shn F-h tNmZnp. B Iv
Rm\m-Ipp. Rm\t{X, Ay-{]-hm-N-I.'' (_pJmcn, apkvenw).-

izm-k -Im-cy--fn-tev IS-p--Xn\p apmbn Ign A[ym-b-fn {]Xn-]m-Zn Imcy- Hp-IqSn ]cn-tim-[nmw.
1. "Ckvem-ans AYw ssZh-n-\p A\p-k-cWw, Iogvh-Ww
Fsm-s-bmWv. ssZh-ns k, KpW-, ssZh-amKw, ]c-temIw
Fn-hs
- b-p-dnv icn-bmb m\anmsX "Ckvemw' Dsm-m-\m-hn.
Cu m\w ssZh-ns {]hm-NI
-
- m aptJ\ am{Xta e`nq. Atm,
"Ckveman's icn-bmb \nh-N\w"{]hm-N-Im-[ym-]-\--fn hniz-kn-psImpw {]hm-NI amXrI ]n]-n-smpw ssZh-Zm-k-\mbn Pohn-pI'
Fm-bn-o-cpp. {]hm-N-Is klm-b-an-msX t\cnv ssZhs A\pk-cn-pp Fv hmZn-p--h Hcn-epw apkven-a.
2. apIm-e--fn Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-nepw shtsd {]hm-N-I-m
hp-sIm-n-cppHtc kap-Zm-b-ns Hcmv tijw asm-cm
F \ne-bn. Am-ev, Hmtcm kap-Zm-bs kw_-npw "Ckvemw'
FXv AXXv kap-Zm-b
- nse {]hm-NI
-
- m Ah-cn {]t_m-[\w sNbvX
aX-ns t]cm-bn-cpp. Ckvem-ans auenI Xz- Fm Imepw
Fm cmPypw Hp-Xs Bbn-cp-p-sh-nepw \nba-hy-h--Ifpw
Bcm-[\
- m-amK-fpw* hn`n-
- f
- m-bn-cpp. AXn-\m, Hcp kap-Zm-b
- n\v
B kap-Zm-b-n-tev \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb {]hm-N-I-m-cn am{Xta hniz-knt-n-bn-cp-pq. CXc kap-Zm-b
- f
- nse {]hm-NI
-
- msc A\p-Ka
- n-t
Bhiyapm-bn-cp-n.
3. apl--Zv\_n(k), Fm a\p-jy-k-aq-l-p-ap {]hm-N-I-\mbn
\ntbm-Kn-s
- -Sp-Ibpw Atlw aptJ\ Ckvemw ]qo-Ic
- n-s
- -Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. AtXm-sSmw temI-n\v apgp-h-\p-ambn Htc "ico-Av' \evIs-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sSmw temI-n\v apgp-h-\p-ambn Htc "icoAv' \evI-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apl--Zv\-_n-bpsS ZuXyw Hcp {]tXyI
kap-Zm-b-nt\m Hcp {]tXyI cmPy-nt\m D-X. Hcp {]tXyI Imetv am{X-hp-a. adnv, apgp-h a\p-jy-hw-i-n\pap-XmWv; Fm
Ime-t-p-ap--XmWv. ap {]hm-N-I-m sIm-p-h ico-A-p-Isfmw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-a-\-tmsS Zp_-e-sp. C\n temIm-h-km\w
hsc asmcp {]hm-N-I hcn. ssZh-n-\nv asmcp PohnX ]Xn
Ah-X-cn--bp-an. AXn-\m, Ctm "Ckvemw' FXv apl-Zv\_n

JpinZv AlvaZv

*Ckvem-ans kmt-XnI `mj-bn"ico-Av'.

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

65

sImp-h Zo\ns am{Xw t]cmWv. apl-Zv\_n-bpsS {]hm-N-IXzw

AwKo-Ic
- n-p-Ibpw Atlw \ntZ-in Imcy-f
- n-semw hniz-kn-p-Ibpw,
At-l-ns B-I ssZh-n-s-Xm-sWv k-Xnv Ahsb
khm-\m A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw sNp--Xn-\mWv Cv "Ckvemw' Fv
]d-bp-Xv. apkven-am-Ip-hm \n_--]qhw hniz-kn-t-tXm, hnizkn-m-Xn-cp-m Im^n-dm-bn-tm-Ip-sav `b-t-tXm Bb Hcp {]hmN-I\pw C\n hcm-\n.
C{Xbpw Imcy--fmWv ap A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-Xv. C\n, apl-Zv\_n(k) hniz-kn-m-\m-hi
- y-s Imcy-s
- f-spw Ah F{X-am{Xw
bpn`{Z-am-sWpw At\z-jnmw.

ssZh-n-ep hnizmkw
apl-Z- v\_n(k)bpsS {]Y-ahpw auen-Ih
- p-amb A[ym-]\w "emC-eml
C-mlp' F-Xs{X. Am-lp-h-msX thsd Hcn-em-lp-an FmWo
hmIy-n-\Yw. Ckvem-ans ASn-m-\-amWo hmIyw. Hcp apkven-ans\
Ahn-izm-kn-bn\npw _lp-ssZh hnizm-kn-bn\npw \mkvXn-I\n\npw thXn-cn-p-\np-Xv Cu hmIy-amWv. Cu hmIyw k-Xnp--hcpw \ntj-[n-p--hcpw Xn `oa-amb hyXymkw Dm-bn-ocpp. AXv k-Xn-p--h Hcp hn`m-Khpw \ntj-[n-p--h asmcp
hn`m-Khpambn-am-dpp. AXv kzoI-cn-p-h
- v Cl]c-tem-I
- f
- n hnPbhpw tam-hp-apv. Xnc-kvI-cn-p--hm-Is ]cm-P-bhpw lo\-Xzhpw
am{Xhpw.
a\p-jyn-S-bn kwPm-X-am-Ip Cu h Acw "emw', "Aen^v',
"lm' Fo A-c- IqSn-t Hcp ]Zw D-cn-p--Xns am{Xw
^e-a. "Iz\o' F ]Zw ew XhW Dcp-hn-mepw ]\n hnp-am-d-Wsa-n AXv tkhn-pI Xs thW-atm. AXp-t]mse ""em Ceml
C-mlp''Fv Dcp-hn-Sp--Xp-sImv am{Xw ^e-sam-p-an. Xm\p--cn-p-Xns AYhpw AXp-hgn Xm kzbw k-Xn-p kwK-Xn-I-fpsS
Kuc-hhpw Xn hptNcp _m[y-X-I-fpsS `mchpw kw_-nv
XnI t_m[-ap-s-nte AXp-sImv ^e-apq. Cu hmIyw kzoI-cnp-h
- cpw Xnc-kvIc
- n-p-h
- cpw Xn A-ca
- p-m-Ip-hm\pw thWw Nne
Imcy-: D-cn-p hmIy-ns AYw lrZ-b-n thcq-Ww;
AXn ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-m-bn-cn-Ww; hncp hnizm-k--fn\nv apam-hp-Ibpw thWw. "An Icn-p--XmWv', "hnjw amc-I-amWv' XpS-nb
Bi-b- \psS a\-n-ep-m-p--Xp-t]m-ep Hcp hnIm-c-sa-nepw
{]kvXpX hmIyn\pap-m-IWw. An-bpsS {]Ir-Xn-sb-p-dn hnizmkw ASp-n ssIbn-Sp--Xn\nv \s XS-bpp; hnj-ns kz`m-hn-ep hnizmkw AXv Ign-p--Xn\nv \s hne-pp. AXpt]mse "em Ceml C-mlp' F hnip-- hm-Iy-n-ep hnizmkw
_lp-ssZ-hXzw, Ahn-izmkw, \mkvXn-IX XpS-n-b-h-bpsS AXn-\n-m-camb Awi--fn\nv t]mepw \s ipo-I-cn-t--XmWv.

hnip hmIy-ns AYw

66

CkvemwaXw

BZy-ambn "Cemlv' F ]Zw FSp-pI. "C_m-Z-n-l-\m-b-h'

Fm-W-Xn-Yw. kthm-]-cn-bmb {]Xm] in-bp-sS-bpw Hu-Xy-nsbpw ASn-m-\-n Bcm-[n--s-Sp-hm\pw A\p-k-cn--s-Sp-hm\pw
ASn-a-hrn sN-s-Sp-hm\pw `b-`n _lp-am-\--tfmsS inc-p-I
Ip\n--s-Sp-hm\pw Al-X-bp--h Fv kmcw. a\p-jy-_p-nsb Ac-n----hn[w hn]p-e-amb inamlm-y-ap--h F AYhpw
"Cemlv' F ]Zw Dsm-pp. temI-nse kIe hkvXp-fpw
B{i-bn-p-h
- \pw kI-ecpw klm-ba
- Yn-p-h
- \pw AtXm-sSmw BcpsSbpw B{ibw Bh-iy-an-m--h\pw Bb in F Bi-bhpw
"Cemln'eS-n-bn-pv. AZr-iy F AYhpw AXn-e-`-hnp InSpp. a\p-tjy-{n-b-v ImWm Ign-bm hn[w Ign-hp-I tKm]yam-bn-cn-p--h-s\bpw "Cemlv' Fp ]dbpw. t]jy\n "JpZm' Fpw
lnn-bn "tZhX' Fpw Cwo-jn "tKmUv'Fpw ]d-bp--Xns
AYhpw GXmv CXp Xs. temI-nse CXc -`m-j-I-fnepw Cu
Bibw [z\n-n-p-hm {]tXyIw hmp-I-fpv.*
"Amlp' F ]Zw GIssZh-n-\p {]tXyI \ma-amWv. Atm
"em Ceml C-mlp' F hmIy-ns AYw Amlp F t]tcmSp-Iq-Snb GI-ssZ-h-sam-gnv thsdmcp "Cem-ln' Fmbn. AXm-bXv, ]qPl-\mbn Am-lp-h-msX am-cp-an. Bcm-[\, ASn-a-hrn, A\p-kcWw Fo cq]-nepw Xe-Ip-\n--s-Sp-hm Al-\mbn Ah-\-msX
am-cp-an; DS-a-\pw hn[n-Imhpw Ah am{X-amWv; kIe hkvXpfpw Ahs B{in-X-cmWv. kI-ecpw Ah-t\mSv am{Xw klm-b-aYnm \n_-n-X-cmWv. Ah AZr-iy-\mWv.- CsXm-s-bm-W-Xp-sImp hnh.

hnip- -hm-Iy-ns s]mcp

hnip- hm-Iy-nse ]Z--fpsS AYw am{X-am-Wn--d-Xv. C\n
AXns s]mcp-sf-m-sWv ]cn-tim-[nmw. ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{Xhpw ]ucmWnI P\-X-Xn-I-fpsS kvamcI Nn-fpw \s ]Tn-n-p Hcp hkvXpX-bpv: a\p-jy Fm-epw ssZh-n hniz-knv AXns\ Bcm-[nn-cp-p-sh--Xm-WXv. Cv Pohn-p ]cn-jvIr-Xcpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-amb
kap-Zm-b--sfm-sbpw GtXm coXn-bn ssZh-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ssZhs
Bcm-[n-p--h-cp-amWv. CXv ssZh-s-p-dn-p Nn a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnbn \neo-\-amb Hm-sWv hy-am-pp. Hcp insb ssZh-ambn
kzoI-cnv AXns\ Bcm-[n-p-hm \n_-n-p Hcp t{]cI in
a\p-jy-\n {]IrXym Xs-bpv. FmWv Cu t{]c-I-in? kzw
AkvXn-Xz-sbpw ap a\p-jy-cpsS ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-I-sfbpw kkqvaw ]Tnm B tNmZy-n-p-cw ImWmw.
a\p-jy bYmY-n Hc-Sn-a-bm-bn-mWv P\n-p-Xv. Ah {]IrXym-Xs _e-lo-\\pw B{in-X-\p-amWv. Xs AkvXnXzw \ne-\nn* DZm-l-c-W-ambn {Kov `mj-bn Oeo's Fpw emn-\n Deus Fpw tKmn-n Guth
Fpw Pa\n Goth Fpw BWv ]d-bpI(Fssk-tm-]o-Unb {_nm-\n, hmfyw
10, t]Pv 46, NnmtKm1056)

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

67

tm-cm Bh-iy-amb \nc-h[n hkvXp-f

- pv. Fm, Ah-sbmpw Ah-[o-\a
- . Ah kzbw Ahv e`n-p-Ib
- mWv; AXp-t]mse Ah-\n\nv
A]-l-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw. Ah-p-]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb F{Xtbm hkvXp--fpv.
Ah Ic--am-m Ah Dt-in-pp; Ah Nne-tm Ahv e`npp. ap Nne-tm \ntj-[n-s
- -Spp. ImcWw, Ah Xopw Ahs
A[n-Im-c-n-e.
Ahv tZmjhpw \jvShpw hcp-p Nne Imcy--fpv. Ahs
PohnX kmZyw apgp-h \nan-j-t\cwsImv \in-n-m Icp-p-h;
Ahs Bi-Ifpw {]Xo--Ifpw Ah XIpIf-bpp. Ahs\ tcmKnepw B]-p-I-fn-ep-a-I-s-Sp-pp. Ahsb XSp--W-sa--h-m-{Kl-apv. ]t, Ftm-gp-aXv km[n-p-n. Xqew Ah-sbmpw Xs
A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bntem Ign-hntem s]-X-s Hcp [mcW Ah-\n thcqpp.
Nne hkvXp- Ahs\ `b-hn-lz-e\pw ]cm-PnX a\-kvI-\p-am-pp.
Dpw-K-amb ]h-X-; h \Zn-I; `oam-Im-c-m-cmb Pp-; sImSpmv; {]fbw; `qIw; taL-KP\w; Icm-f-amb A-Imcw; I-n-p
an ]nW-cp-I; tXmcm t]amcn; Pzen-p kqcy-tKmfw; {]` hnXdp N{; ann-n-f
- p \-{X- A-s\-sb-{Xtbm {]m]-nI
hkvXp- Ah ImWpp. Xs-m F{Xtbm A[nIw hep-hpw
inbpw {]Xm-]-hp-ap-h. Ah-bpsS apn Xm tIhew Ai-\pw
\nm-c-\p-am-sW tXm Ah-\n in{]m]n-pp. Xm ASn-abpw
B{in-X-\p-am-sW t_m[w a\-n-ep-d-bvpp. AtXmsS, Cu {]Xn-`mk--fp-sS-sbmw DS-a-X hln-p B alm in-sb-p-dnv Ah
Nnnp XpS-pp. AXns amlm-y--sf-p-dn t_m[w, IogvhW-tmsS AXns apn Xe-Ip-\n-p-hm- Ahs\ \n_-n-X-\mp-p. AXns AP--i-n-sb-p-dn [mcW, AXns apn kzw
\n-lm-bm-h {]I-Sn-n-p-hm Ahs\ t{]cn-n-pp. X\nv \
sNp in-I-sf-p-dn Nn Ah-tbmSv klm-b-aYn-p-hm Ahs\
Dp-I\
- m-pp. X\nv \mi-\j
- vSt- a-ev]n-p in-Is
- f-p-dn Adnhv
Ah-bpsS tIm]-n\nv c {]m]n-p--Xn-\p amK- tXSm
Ahs\ DZyp--\m-pp.
a\p-jy A-Xb
- psS Xmtg ]Sn-bn-em-bn-cn-p-tm inbpw {]Xm]-hp-ap--Xmtbm KpW-tZm-j- sNm {]m]vXn-bp--Xmtbm Ahv
tXmp hkvXp-sf ssZh-sav [cn-pp. As\, {]m]-nI {]Xn`m- k - - f n an- X n- s \bpw Ah ]qPn- p- I bpw Bcm- [ n- p- I bpw
sNpp. Fm, m\-am-Ip {]Imiw hym]np XpS-p--tXmsS
Ah-sbmw Xs-tmse Ai-cpw B{in-Xcpw ASn-a-I-fp-am-sW--h
a\-n-em-pp. F{X `oIc Pphpw Hcp sImXp-In-s\-tmse Np-t]mIpp. Hcn- Iqew Ipn-sbm-gp-Ip h \Zn-I t]mepw asm-cn hn hcp t]mIpp. ]h-X-sf a\p-jy Xs CSnv \ncpp. hr-e-Xm-Zn-I apf-n-p-I-sb-Xv `qan-bpsS kzw A[n-Imc
]cn-[n-bn s]-X. Pe-ns kl-Ic
- W
- a
- n-s-n `qan \n-lm-bb
- mWv.
sh-n-p-an tkzm-[n-Imcw. AXv Imns\ B{i-bn-pp. Imn\pw

68

CkvemwaXw

kzm[n--Im-c-an. AXp-m-hp-Xpw Cm-Xm-hp-Xpw ap Nne-Xns\ B{ibn-mWv. kqcyN{\-{XmZn tKmf-fpw Nne \nb-a-v hnt[-bamWv. B \nb-a-s-Xn-cmbn H-\-m t]mepw Ah-bvm-hn.
Cs\ Nnn-p a\pjya\v AZr-iyhpw cl-ky-hp-amb in-I-fntev \on-p-S-pp. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-p ]nn Nne AZriy
in-I HfnpInS-pspw Ah-bm-Wn-sXmw \nb-{n-p-s
- Xpw
Ah Icp-Xn-p-S
- pp. ChnsS\nmWv tZh-m-cp-sSbpw tZh-XI
- f
- p-sSbpw
Bcw`w. Imn\pw Xobn\pw sh-n\pw tcmK-n\pw Btcm-Ky-n\pw
Hs thsd thsd ssZh-. Ah-bpsS km-ev]nI cq]- \nanv
P\w Bcm-[-\bpw XpSn.
m\-ns shfnw Iptd-qSn sXfn-bp-tm {]m]-nI hyh
Hcp GIo-IrX \nb-a-m _n-X-am-sWv a\p-jyv t_m[y-amIpw.
Imns KXnbpw ag-bpsS hchpw tKmf--fpsS {`a-Whpw Imem-h--bpsS
am-hp-samw Hcp \nnX hyh-b
- nepw {Ia-n-ep-amWv kw`-hnpsImncn-p-Xv. Hmtcm {]hr-nbpw AXm-Xns ka-bv IrXy-ambn \S-pp.
AXn-m-h-iy-amb Fm {]m]-nI in-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw kwL-Snpw
kl-I-cnpw {]hn-pp. Cu {]h-ss\-Iy-n-mbn Ahsb
kwhn-[m-\n \nbaw Fp-am{Xw _en-jvT-am-bn-cnpw! {]m]-nI hyh-bpsS Cu sFIyhpw Hcp-abpw Iv sNdnb ssZh--sfsbmw \bnp Hcp henb ssZhw IqSn-bp-sv k-Xn-p-hm _lp-ssZh
hnizmkn \n_-n-X-\m-bn-o-cpp. ImcWw, ssZh- Xn-ep
`nnv temI-hy-h--sb-s Xmdp-am-dm-p-sa--h--dnbmw. B henb
ssZh-n\v Ah ""Amlp''Ftm ""]c-ta-iz-c'' Ftm atm t]cnv
hnfn-pp. Fm, Bcm-[-\-bnepw A\p-k-c-W-nepw sNdp ssZhpah ]v \evIpp. ZnhyXzw, `qan-bnse Nne k{-Zm-b-
t]mep Hm-sW-mWv Ahs [mcW. ChnsS `c-W
- e
- h
- \pw, Iogn
a{n-amcpw, ]ns sk{I--cn-amcpw Iogp-tZym-K--m-cp-sam-s-bp-tm.
sNdp ssZh-sf Xr]vXn-s-Sp-msX henb ssZh-ns kmao]yw knn-bn-spw Ah [cn-pp. AXn-mbn Ahsb Bcm-[n-pp; AhtbmSv klm-b-aYn-pp. Ahsb a[y--cm-pp; t\-Ifpw hgn-]mSp-Ifpw sImv Ahsb Xr]vXn-s-Sp-pp.
m\-ns {]Imiw A\p-{Iaw h[n-p-tmdpw ssZh--fpsS
kwJy Npcp-n-smt hcpw. B shfn--n Nnn-m-\m-cw-`n-p
a\p-jyv, Am-\n-I Na-p-m-nb ssZh- ssZh-t- f-bs
- pw
Xs-tm-ep ASn-aI
- tfm Xs-mfpw \n-lm-btcm BsWpw hyamhpw. As\ Ahsb Hmtcm-mbn Ah ssIsbm-gnpw. HSp-hn
GI ssZhw am{Xw Ah-ti-jnpw. B GI ssZh-s-p-dn-p hn`m-h\-bn ]nsbpw A-X-I kzm[o\w sNep-n-bn-cnpw. Nne ssZhn-s\mcp qe-i-cocw k-ev]npw. Ah-sm-cn-cn-n-Shpw. AXn-en-cp-v
A-h `cn-p-I-bmWv! ap Nne ssZh-n\v `mcym km-\-sf Iev]npp. ssZh-n-s-Xmb Hcp km\ ]c--cbpw. ssZhw a\p-jy-cq-]n CS-nsS `qan-bn-en-d-n-h-cp-p-sh-mWv ap Nne-cpsS kev]w.
{]]--am-Ip Cu hyh-km-b-ime \S-n-hnv ssZhw Fhn-sStbm hn{iaw

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

69

sImp-I-bm-sWv hniz-kn-p--h-cp-apv. C\nbpw Nne, ]pWy-hm-fm-cp-sSbpw alm-m--fp-sSbpw ip]mibpw a[y--hp-an-msX ssZhkm-ao]yw km[y-a-sv sXn--cn-pp. ap Nne ssZh-n\v XfpsS k-ev]-n-ep Hcp cq]w \evIn AXns\ {]Xn-jvT-bmn ]qPnpp. C-s\-sb-smw A-XI
- ! ^etam, Ah ]nsbpw _lpssZh hnizm-k-nepw Ahn-izm-k-nepw Xs IpSp-n-n-S-pp.
""em Ceml Cm''bpsS ]Zhn kthmIr-jvS-amWv. ssZhw Fm
Imepw kzw {]hm-NI
-
- mp \evInb bYmY m\-am-WnXv. CtX
m\hpwsImmWv BZn-]n-Xm-hmb BZw(A) BK-X-\m-bXv. CtX
m\-amWv C_vdmlow, aqkm, Cukm(A) XpS-nb {]hm-N-I-mv
\evIs
- -n-cp-Xv. CtX m\-ns shfn-hpwsImmWv HSp-hn aplZv\_n(k)bpw BK-X-\m-bXv. CXv X\n-a-bm m\-amWv AX-bpsS Ien-m m\w. {]hm-N-I-mv \evI-s Cu m\n\npw apJw XncnpIf--XmWv P\- _lp-ssZh hnizm-knepw hn{Kl ]qP-bnepw Ahn-izm-k-nepw AI-sp t]mb-Xns
tlXp. Cu sNdp-hm-Iy-n F{X henb bmYmYy-am-W-`-hn-n-p-sXv t\mpI:
1. ZnhyXz hn`m-h\:- AXn-hn-im-e-amb Cu {_lvam--I-Sm-l-ns
DZv`h]cn-Wm-a--sf-p-dnp Nnn-p-tm \psS akvXnjvw
Xfpt]mIpp. Cu {]]w \ap--m-X-amb Imew apX Nen-pXp-S-n-bn-pv. \ap--m-X-am-b -Imew hsc NenpsImn-cn-p-Ibpw
sNpw. CXn A-an-m krjvSn-I P\n-pp. A\p-\n-anjw \Sp
sImn-cn-p AZv`p-X- a\p-jy-_p-nsb kw{`-an-n-pp. As\-bp Cu {]]--n ssZh-am-bn-cn-p--hv Nne KpW-hn-ti-j IqSntb Xocq: Ah e-Ime ]cn-[n-I-Xo-X\pw imiz-X\pw
B{ibw Bh-iy-an-m--h\pw kh-i-\pw alm-bp-n-am\pw Bbn-cnWw; Ah kh-nepw tase Bbn-cn-Ww; Xs B-I ewLnm Hn\pw km[n-m hn[w koam-Xo-Xa
- mb {]m]vXn-bp-h
- \
- m-IWw;
kI-e-hn[ Ign-hp-I-fp-sSbpw DS-a--\m-bn-cn-Ww; ka-kvX-tem-I-nsebpw kIe Poh-Pm-e-pw PohnX kma-{Kn-I Fn-p-sIm-Spp--h-\m-bn-cn-Ww; kIe hn[ \yq\-X-I-fn\npw ]cn-ip--\m-bn-cnWw; Xs {]hr-n-I-fn bmsXmcp kzm[o-\hpw sNep-p-hm amscbpw A\p-h-Zn-m--h\pw.
2. C-d ZnhyXz KpW--sfmw Hcp in-bnXs kt-fn-ncn-Ww. cm-kvXn-Iy- Ah ka-ambn hoXn-s-Sp-pI Xotc Akw-`hy-amWv. ImcWw, Fm-nepw D]-cn-bm-b-h\pw Fm-n\pw ta A[n-Imcw
\S-p--h-\p-ambn Hcmtf Dm-Imhq. Znhy-Xz-Kp-W- ]e ssZh-fn hn`-Pn--s-SpI FXpw kw`-hy-a. ImcWw, hn[n-Imhv Hcph\pw kh- asm-cp-\pw A-Zm-Xmhv aqm-as
- Xm-cp-h\pw Bbm
Hmtcm ssZh-n\pw at ssZhs B{i-bn-t-n-hcpw. Cu ssZh-
]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-p-n-s-n {]]w H-b-Snv \mi-a-S-bp-Ibpw
sNpw. ZnhyXz KpW- ssZh- ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dpI Hcp KpWw
Hcn- Hcp ssZh-n, AtX KpWw asm-cn- asmcp ssZh-

70

CkvemwaXw

nFXpw Akw-`mhyw. ImcWw, kzbw \ne-\n-evm-\m-hm ssZhw

Fs\ Cu {]]-s \ne-\npw? kzw ZnhyXzw A]-l-cn--sp
t]mhp-Xv XS-bm sIev]n-m ssZhw F-s\-bmWv Cu {]]-s
kwc-n-pI? AXn-\m, Znhy-Xz-Kp-W- Hcm-kvXn-Iy-n am{Xw
kt-fn-n-cn-t-Xv AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv.
3. Cu Znhy-Xz-hn-`m-h\ apnshv {]]--n-te-smv ItmSnp t\mq. {]]-nse GsX-n-ep-samcp hkvXp Cu Znhy-Xz-Kp-W kzmb-a
- m-n-bn-ptm? Hcn-e
- p-an. {]]-
- nse apgp-h hkvXpfpw ]cm-{ibw th-hbpw A\y-h-kvXp--fm \nb-{n--s-SphbpamWv. Ah Dm-Ipp; \in-pp. P\n-pp; acn-pp. Hn-sbpw
Ah kpn-ca
- . kzbw {]hn-m-\p in Hn-\p-an. \nnX
\nb-a
- s-Xn-cmbn Nen-p-hm Hn\pw km[y-a. Ah-sbmpw ssZha. ImcWw, Znhy-Xz-ns IWnI t]mepw Hn-ep-an. Ahbvv ZnhyXz-n ]p-an. CXmWv ]cn-ip hmIy-nse BZy-`m-K-amb ""emCeml''(Hcp ssZh-hp-an)FXpsImp hnh.
4. Ctm, {]]--nse kIe hkvXp--fn\npw Znhy-Xzs
\ntjw FSp-p-I-fp. C\n \mw k-Xn-t-Xv Fm-n\p-ap-]cn HcmkvXn-Iy-ap-spw Znhy-Xz-ns apgp-h KpW-fpw Ah-\n am{Xw
kt-fn-n-cn-p-p-shpw Ah-s\m-gnsI thsd Hcp ssZh-hp-an-spw
BWv. CXmWv""C-mlp''hne-S-nb Bibw. CXt{X Ghpw henb
m\w. Kth-j-W-\n-co--W- Gsd-tbsd \S-p-tmdpw m\ns BZy-_n-phpw Ay-_n-phpw ""C-mlp''F kXyw am{X-amsWv \apv t_m[y-amhpw. {]] bmYmYy- ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xnp imkv{X-hn-m-\o-b--fnse GXp imJ-bn Kth-jWw \S-nbmepwAXv {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xtam, ck-X-{tam tPymXn-xim-kv{Xtam, `qanim-kv{Xtam, Poh-im-kv{Xtam BIsKth-jWw ]ptcm-K-an-p-tmdpw,
""em Ceml C-mlp''hns kXym-h kqcy-{]-Imiw t]mse sX-fnp
ImWp-Ibpw AXn-ep hnizmkw IqSp-X ZrV-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw. am{Xa, Cu kXyw \ntj-[np Ign-m ]ns, {]]--nse kIe
hkvXp-fpw AY-iq-\yhpw {]tbm-P\
- c
- l
- n-Xh
- p-am-sWv imkv{Xob Kthj-W-nse Hmtcm Imsh-nepw t_m[y-s-Sp-Ibpw sNpw.

GIssZh hnizm-k-ns ^e-

""em Ceml Cm''AwKo-I-cn-p-Xp aqew Pohn-X-n-ep-m-bn-ocp kZv^-e--tfh? AXv \ntj-[n-p--Xn-\m a\p-jy Cl-temIpw ]c-tem-Ipw A[-a\pw ]cm-Pn-X-\p-am-bn-o-cp--sX-p-sImv?
1. hnip- -hmIyw a\p-jys\ hnim-e-a-\-kvI-\m-pp. ImcWw, BImi-`q-an-I-fpsS {kjvSmhpw kh-tem-I--fp-sSbpw DS-a-\pw ]cn-]m-eI\pamb Hcp ssZh-n-em-W-h hniz-kn-n-cn-p-Xv. Cu hnizm-k-n\v
tijw {]]--n-ep bmsXmpw Ahv A\y-ambn tXmp-I-bn.
Xsbpw asm hkvXp--fp-sSbpw cn-Xmhv Hcm-fm-sWpw X-sfsbmw Htc bP-am-\s Zmk-mcpw Htc cmPm-hns {]P-I-fp-am-sWpw
Abm a\-n-em-pp. Ahs A\p-`m-hhpw A\p-I
- bpw kl-Xm-]hpw

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

71

kvt\lhpw tkh-\hpw kp-NnX ho-W-tm-sS-bm-bn-cn-n. adnv,

Xm hniz-kn-p ssZh-n-tXp t]mse \no-ahpw hnim-e-hp-am-bncnpw. Fm, Iptd sNdp-ssZ-h-v a\p-jy-tXp t]mep ]cn-anXhpw A]qW-hp-amb KpW- k-ev]n-p--hv B hnim-e-hoWw Dsm-m-\m-hn. Hcp ssZh-\n-tj-[npw AXp-m-hn.
2. hnip hmIyw a\p-jys\ Bm-`n-am-\n-bm-pp. ImcWw, Ah
hniz-kn-n-cn-p ssZhw kIe in-I-fp-sSbpw DS-a--\mWv. Pohn-np-Ibpw acn-n-p-Ibpw sNp--h-\mWv; em`-\-jvS--tf-ev]n-p--h\mWv. kzm[o-\hpw A[n-Im-c-hp-samw Ahv am{X-amWv. Cu hnizmkw
ssZh-sam-gn-p kIe hkvXp--fn\npw Abmsf kzm{i-b\pw \n`b-\p-am-pp. Abm-fpsS incv krjvSn-Ip apn Ip\n-bp-I-bn.
ssII A\y-cpsS apn-tev \ofp-I-bn. a\-n BtcmSpw `b-`-n_-lp-am-\- \nd-bp-I-bn. Fm, Hcp _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-bp-sStbm
Ahn-izm-kn-bp-sStbm \mkvXn-I-stbm Ah--sb-mWv? Ah krjvSnI-fpsS apn Xe Ip\n-pp. Ah-cn\nv c {]Xo-n-pp. AhcpsS tIm]w `b-s-Spp.
3. hnip-- hmIyw a\p-jys\ hn\-bm-\zn-X-\m-pp. Al-mcw
Abmsf kv]in-p-Itb C. kzw Ign-hp-I Abmsf hn-X-\m-pI-bn. Xs in-bp-sStbm k-n-stbm tbmKy-X-bp-sStbm t]cnep \mSytam Alw-`m-htam Abm-fpsS a\-n ew ]nSn-n.
ImcWw, Xt-Xm-b-sXmw ssZh-ns Zm\-am-sW-mWv Abm-fpsS
hnizmkw. Ah \evInb ssZhw Xncn-s-Sp-m\pw Ign-hp--h-\m-sW-bm-dnbmw. Fm, Hcp ssZh-\n-tj-[n-bpsS nXntbm? h tbmKyXbpw ssIh-m-ep-S Abm Al-m-cn-bmbn amdpp. Xs t{ib-pI-sfmw kzw Ign-hp-sImv t\Sn-b-Xm-sW--bm Icp-Xpp. _lpssZ-h-hn-izm-k-ns A\n-hmcy ^e-am-W-l-mcw. ImcWw, ssZh-fpw
tZh-X-I-fp-ambn A\yn-m {]tXy-I-_w Xp-sv Ah
DZvtLm-jn-pp!
4. hnip-- hm-Iy-n-ep hnizmkw a\p-jyv B-ipn ssIh-cpp-Ibpw kXvIa-v t{]cW \evIp-Ibpw sNpp. PohnX hnP-bn\v Ah-b-msX ap t]mwhgn-I-fn-sv Abm a\-n-em-pp.
ImcWw, Xm hniz-kn-p ssZhw Bcp-sSbpw B{ibw Bh-iy-an-m-h-\mWv; BtcmSpw {]tXyI _-an-m--h-\mWv; \njv]-\pw
\nkzmYn-bp-amWv; \oXn-am-\mWv. ]c-a-i--\mWv. Znhy-Xz-n ampw
Hcp ]pw A\p-h-Zn-m--h-\mWv. AXn-\m, B-ip-nbpw kahp-a-msX, Xs cpw hnP-b-n\pw ap hgn-I-fn. Fm, _lpssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw Ahn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw hymP-{]-Xo--Ifpw hymtaml--fp-amWv \bn-p-Xv. ssZh-]p-{X-m Xmbn kzbw _en-bnp-sa-mWv Nne-cpsS hnizmkw. ap Nne, X ssZh-ns {]nbs--hcpw ASp _p--fp-am-sWv Icp-Xpp. AXn-\m, Hcn-epw
ssZhw Xsf inn-p-I-bn. alm-m- Xp thn ssZhtmSv ip]mi sNp-sa-mWv thsd Nne-cpsS hnizmkw. tZh-X-Iv
Nne hgn-]m-Sp-I sImSp-m ]ns Fpw {]hn-p-hm-\p

72

CkvemwaXw

ssekkmbn FmWv thsd Nne-cpsS [mcW. ]m]--fnepw ZpjvIa-fnepw AI-s-SpI am{X-amWv Ccw hymP-hn-izm-k--fpsS ^ew. Ah
B-ip-o-I-c-W-n\npw ka--fn\npw {i Xncn-p-hn-SpIbpw sNpw. \mkvXn-I-cm-Is, kzw ZpjvIr-Xy-sf tNmZyw sNp
Hcm-kvXn-Iy-n hniz-kn-p-t-bn. Xn-anw kh-X-{-kz-X-{cmWv Xsf-h Icp-Xpp. tZtl--I-fm-W-h-cpsS ssZh-. Ah
Ah-bpsS Zmk-mcpw.
5. hnip hmIyw a\p-jyv Bibpw {]Xo-bpw \evIpp. \ncmi
Ahs\ _m[n-p-Itb C. ImcWw, {]]--nse kh-`-m-c--fpsSbpw DS-a--\mWv Ah hniz-kn-p ssZhw. Ah kh-\pw
HuZm-cy-hm\pw kh-i--\p-amWv. Cu hnizmkw Ahv Akm-[m-c-Wamb a\x-im-nbpw kwXr-]vXnbpw {]Zm\w sNpp. Ahs lrZ-b
- n
kZm {]Xym-iI
- fpw {]Xo-I
- fpw \nd-n-cnpw. kIe Ihm-S
- fpw sImnb-S-bv--s-mepw PohnX amK- Hsm-mbn \jvS-s-mepw ssZhw
Xs ssIsbm-gn-n. ssZh-ns HuZm-cy-nepw in-bnepw hnizmk-an-p-sImv ]pXnb {]Xo-I
- t- fmsS, {]Xym-iI
- t- fmsS Abm A[zm\n-p-sIm-n-cnpw. Cu a\x-imn {]Zm\w sNp-hm ssZh-hn-izm-k-nmsX km[y-a. Ahn-izm-kn-If
- m-Is Akz-N
- n-c
- m-bn-cnpw. Ah
icWw {]m]n-p-Xv _e-lo-\-amb AkvXn-Xz--fn-emWv. Xqew B]p-I Ahsc \ncm-i-bn-emgvpw. ^etam, ]e-tmgpw B-l-Xybpw.
*
6. hnip hmIy-n-ep hnizmkw a\p-jy-\n, a\--cpv, ZrV-\nbw, nc-Nn-X, kl\w, BmWw XpS-nb \nc-h[n KpW Do-hn-n-pp. ssZh{]oXn ap\nn al-XvIr-Xy-mbn
Hcp-n-p-d-s-Sp-tm ssZh-ns A]m-c-in Xs ]nn-ep-s
ASn-bp-d hnizmkw Ahs a\-n-ep-m-bn-cnpw. Cu hnizmkw ]hX-k-am-\-amb Ddpw sscyhpw Ah-\n krjvSn-pp. Hcp inpw
Ahs\ ]nn-cn-n-p-hm km[y-amhn. Hc-hn-izm-knv Cu in FhnSv e`n-m-\mWv?
* ss\cmiyw Df-hm-p AXn-Zm-cp-W-amb Ah--sb-p-dnv Htc-I-tZi Nn{Xw e`n-m
an. tImfn hnk cNn 'THE OUTSIDE' F IrXn t\mpI.
Cn-jb-n s{]m. tPmUns A\p-`h k
-- m-yhpw {it-b-amWv. ]mm-Xy-sc-p-dnv
Atlw Fgp-Xpp: ""Ncn-{X-n BZy-ambn kv{Xo ]pcp-j-m-cpsS Hcp ]pXnb Xeapd cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXn-cn-pp. Ahv aX-an; aX-ns Bh-iy-hp-an. aXs
Xopw Ah-K-Wn-p--Xn kwXr-]vX-cm-W-h. Xn-anw Ahv a\x-k-am-[m\w
\jvS-s-n-cn-pp. Ahn-S-bn B-l-Xy-bpsS A\p-]mXw Akm-[m-cWamw hn[w
h[n-n-cn--bmWv. =THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF RELIGION=
Ckvem-anI temIs nXn-b-dn-bm Ckvem-an-t\mSv A{X-sbmpw aa-X-bn-m Hcapkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-cs A`n-{]m-b- Xs-sb-Spmw: ""khm-Xn-im-bn-bmb Hcp inbpsS Ana Xon-ep D-S-amb hnizm-k-apsm-p hnp-ho-gvN-bn-m GIssZ-h-hm-Z-amWv Ckvem-ans kh-i-npw \nZm-\-am-bn-p-Xv. A\y-a-X--]-cnNn-X-amb AW at\m`m-hhpw a\-w-Xr-]vXnbpw Ckvem-ans A\p-bm-bn-I A\p-`hn-pp. apkvenw \mSp-I-fn B-lXy hfsc hnc-f-amWv.
PHILIP. K. HITTY, HISTORY OF ARABS, 1951, P. 129 JpinZv AlvaZv

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

73

7. hnip hmIy-n-ep hnizmkw a\p-jys\ [oc-\m-n-opp.

cp Imcy--fmWv a\p-jys\ `ocp-hm-p-Xv. Poh, kv, `mcym-km-\- Fn-h-tbm-Sp kvt\l-am-sWmv. a\p-jys\ acn-n-p-hm
Ign-hp ssZth-Xc in-I Dspw a\p-jyv kzbw ac-Ws
adn-I-S-m Ign-bp-sapap hnizm-k-amWv cm-a-tXv. Cu cv [mcW-I-sfbpw hnip hmIy-n-ep hnizmkw Xncp-pp. hnizm-knsb
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Xs Poh\pw [\hpw `mcym-k-m-\-fpw ssZh-Z-amWv. ssZh-am-W-h-bpsS DSa. Ah ssZh-amK-n _en Ign-phm Abm kZm k--\m-bn-cnpw. ac-W`bw, hnizm-knv Hpw Dmhn. ImcWw, h in-Itm hkvXp-tm Pp-tm Xs
sImm Ign-bp-sa hnizm-ka
- b
- mn. AXn\p A[n-Im-chpw Ignhpw
ssZh-n\v am{X-amWv. Hmtcm Pohn-bp-sSbpw ac-W-n\v ssZhw \nbn Hcp ka-b-apv. AXn\p apmbn AXns\ sImm temI-p
apgp-h in-Ifpw Hnv {ian-mepw km[y-am-hn. CXm-W-bm-fpsS
hnizmkw. hnizm-kn-I-sf-m henb [oc-m temI-n-m-Xn-cn-p-Xv
AXp-sIm-mWv. JUvK-fpw sjp-Ifpw t_mw_p-hj-fpw Ah-cpsS
apn ]cm-P-b-s-Spp. ssZhnI amK-n, X-sf-m ]n-cn
inbpw kwJym-_-e-hp-ap ssk\y-hyq-l--sf-tmepw Ah Xpc-ntbm-Snpw. _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-Ipw Ahn-izm-kn-Ipw \mkvXnIpw Cu in Fhn-Sp Inm? Ahv kzw Poh kthm-]cn
hne-s--Xm-bn-cnpw. i{Xp--tfm-sSmw ac-Whpw hcp-sapw i{Xp--fI-p-t]m-bm ac-Whpw AI-p-t]m-hp-sa-pam-W-h-cpsS hnNmcw!
8. hnip-- hm-Iy-n-ep hnizmkw D-Xn Xr]vXn-s-Sp-hm a\pjys\ t{]cn-n-pp. A\y-cpsS t\sc sImXn-tbmsS t\mp-I-bn,
Abm. AXymn, Akqb XpS-nb ZpjvS hnIm-c--fn\nv AbmfpsS a\v ]cn-ip--am-bn-cnpw. Hcp Imcyw t\Sm \njn-hpw \oN-hpamb amK- ssIsm-p--Xn-s\-p-dn Nn-t]mepw Abm-fn-ep-Znn. Blmcw ssZh-Z--amWv; Ah-\n-n-p Nnev Ah-\Xv IWv \evIpw; Nnev IW-m-nbpw. inbpw t{ibpw m\hpw
]Z-hn-bp-w A[n-Im-c-hp-samw ssZh-ns A[o-\-n-emWv. Xs Cbpw
bpn-bp-a-\p-k-cnv ssZh-aXv {]Zm\w sNpp. ]cn-{i-an-pI F-XmWv
Xs tPmen. hnP-b-]-cm-P-b- ssZh-ns Imcp-Wys B{i-bn-ncn-pp. Ah \evIp-hm-\p-t-in-p ]w temI-nse Hcp inpw
AXp XS-bpI km[y-a. XS-bm-\p-t-in-m Xcm\pw Bp-am-hn
CXmWv hnip hmIyw AwKo-I-cn-p Hcm-fpsS hnizmkw. Fm,
_lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw Ahn-izm-kn-Ifpw \mkvXn-I-cp-am-Is, X-fpsS
hnPb ]cm-P-b- kzw ]cn-{i-a-sbpw `uXnI in-I-sfbpw B{ibn-n-cn-pp Fv sXn--cn-pp. Xaqew Ah hymtam-l-pw
AXymn-Ipw hiw-hZ- c
- m-bn-o-cpp. Imcyw t\Sm ssIqen, apJkvXpXn, h\ XpSn GXv \nIr-jvS-amKhpw Ah ssIsmpw.
A\y-cpsS hnP-b-n-ep Akqb \nanw Ah-cpsS a\v kZm ]pIp-sIm-n-cnpw. ap--hsc XIm F{X \oNhpw arKo-b-hp-amb
amK- kzoI-cn-m\pw Ah aSn-Im-Wn-n.

74

CkvemwaXw

9. hnip hmIy-n-ep hnizmkw a\p-jys\ ssZhnI \nb-a-v

hnt[-b-\m-n-opp. CXmWv hnizm-k-ns Ghpw al-mb
^ew. ssZhw Fm cl-ky-fpw ]c-ky--fp-a-dn-bpp; Ah XtmSv
kzw Poh-\m-Un-sb-m-f-Sp-mWv; GIm--X-bntem \nim--Im-c-ns
ad-hntem sNp GXp cl-ky-hr-nbpw ssZh-a-dn-bpp; lrZ-bm--cmf-n-sem-fn-p-sh-p hnNmc hnIm-c
- t]mepw ssZh-n-s
- e-pp.
kIe krjvSn-I-fn\npw ad-p-sh-m-hp--hbn-sem-p-t]mepw ssZhn\nsm-fn-n-m-\m-hn; ssZh-ns `c-Wm-Xnn-bn\nv cs-tm-SpI km[y-a. kh-cp-sSbpw ]nSn--n\nv tamN\w t\Smw.
]t, ssZh-ns ]nSn--n\nv tamN-\-an. CXmWv hnip- -hmIy-ns Xm]cyw. Cu hnizmkw F{X-Iv CuSp--Xm-Ip-pthm A{XIv a\p-jy ssZh-im-k-\-I-f-\p-k-cn-p--Xn Bthiw sImp-XmWv. ssZhw \ntcm-[n kwK-Xn-It- fmSv ASp-m t]mepw Abm ss[cys-Sp-I-bn. \nim--Im-c-ns GIm--Xbnepw Ah ssZhnI imk\- I \nhnLv \ w \nh- l npw. ImcWw, Hcp \nanjw t]mepw
hnpt]mIm Hcp Xcw cl-ky-tm-eo-kp-Im-cpv, Abm-tfm-sSmw. Hcp
\oXn-\ym-bt- m-SX
- n-sb-p-dn `oXn kZm Abmsf Ae-n-sm-n-cn-pp.
B tImS-Xn-bpsS "hmdn'\nv HmSn c-s-SpI Akm-[y-am-sW-bm-dnbmw. Cm-cWw sImmWv apkvenw BIp-hm-\p Hm-as
\n_-\ ]cn-ip-- hm-Iy-n-ep hnizm-k-amWv Fv ]d-bp-Xv.
"apkven'ans AYw ssZh-tmSv ]qW-ambpw A\p-k-c-W-ap ASna
FmWv. GI-ssZ-h-a-msX asm-cm-cm-[y-\p-an Fv ZrV-ambn hniz-knm Ime-tmfw Ahv ssZh-tmSv A\p-k-c-W-ap--h-\m-bn-ocpI km[y-a-tm.
apl-Zv\_n(k)bpsS A[ym-]-\--fn Cu GI-ssZh hnizmkw
Ghpw {]m[m-\y-aln-p-Xpw auen-I-hp-amWv. Ckvem-ans tI{-_nphpw Ap-X
- p-am-WXv. AXns Fm in-If
- p-sSbpw Dd-hn-Sh
- p-aX
- mWv.
AXns BZi hnizm-k-fpw \nb-a-im-k-\-Ifpw ]Sp--s-n-cn-p-Xv
B hnizm-k-n-t-emWv. AtX Ap-X-n-t-emWv Ah-sbmw Id-pXv. AtX tI{-_n-p-hn\nmWv AXn\v in e`n-p-Xv. AXns\
Xn-\o-n-bm ]ns ""Ckvemw'' F Hn.

ae-p-I-fn-ep hnizmkw
GIssZh hnizm-k-n\p tijw apl-Zv\_n(k) hniz-kn-p-hm-\mm-]n cm-as Imcyw ae-p-I-fn-ep hnizm-k-amWv . _lpssZhhnizm-k-ns Ien\nv GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw kwip--am-bno-cp-sa--Xm-Wn-Xns {][m-\-^ew.
cp-Xcw krjvSn-I-sf-bmWv _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I Znhy-Xz-n
]p-tNn-p-Xv. Hv: qe ico-c
- t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb krjvSn-I kqcy,
N{, \-{X-, An, shw, a\p-jy apX-em-bh. cv: PUmkvXn-Xz-an-m AZr-iy-i-n-IIm-Sn-n-p-h, ag s]n-p-h,
{]Imiw \evIp-h XpS-n-bh. BZy-hn-`m-K-ns-h Zriy-h-kvXp-fm-b-Xn-\m, Ah-bpsS ZnhyXzw ]cn-ip hmIyw-sImv Xs- XnckvI-

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

75

cnmw. cm-as hn`m-K-n s]h AZr-iym-kvXn-Xz--fmWv. Acw

AkvXn-Xz--sf-bmWv _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I an-hmdpw ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-pXv. Ah-sb-p-dn-mWv Ah ssZh--sfpw tZh-X-I-sfpw ssZhk-m-\--sfpw [cnphim-bn-cn-p-Xpw. Ah-bpsS k-ev]-cq-]--fpmn Ah ]qP-Ifpw hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-pp. Xn-anw _lp-ssZh-hn-izm-k-ns Cu cmw C\-n\npw GI-ssZ-h-kn-m-s
]cn-c-n-p-hm hnizm-k-]-c-amb Hcp {]tXyI kwKXn \ntZ-in-n-cn-bmWv.
Cu hnj-b-I-ambn apl-Zv\_n(k)bpsS A[ym-]\w C{]-Im-c-amWv:
tZh-X-Ifpw ssZ-h-fpw ssZh-k-m-\--fp-ambn sXn--cn--s-Sp Cu
AZriy {]Xn-`m-k- bYmY-n ssZh-ns ae-p-I-fmWv.
Ahv Znhy-Xz-n Hcp ]p-an. Ah-scmw ssZh-ns Bm\p-hn-I am{X-amWv. ssZh-im-k-\-I-fn\nv Aev]w t]mepw hyXnN-en-pI Ahv km[y-a. Ah aptJ-\-bmWv ssZhw {]]--am-Ip
Xs km{amPyw `cn-p-Xv. Ah-cm-Is ssZh-im-k-\-I k\n-jvIjw
\nd-th-p-Ibpw sNpp. kzbw hXpw sNp-hm-\-h i-c. kzw
in-{]-tbm-Knv ssZh-k-n-[n-bn hXpw Bh-iy-s-Sm\pw Ahv
Ign-bn. h-hpwthn ssZh-tmSv ip]mi-sN-m-\p-am-hn. a\pjy Ahsc Bcm-[n-p-Xpw Ah-tcmSv klm-b-aYn-p-Xpw F{Xbpw
em-h-l-amWv. ImcWw, BZy-L--ns ssZhw Ah-sc-smv
a\p-jy-]n-Xm-hmb BZ-ans apn kmjvSmwKw \an-n-p-I-bp-mbn.
Ahv \evIm m\w BZ-an\v \evIn. `qan-bnse {]mXn-\n[yw BZan\v \evIn. Fn-cns, ae-p-I apv BcpsS apn kmjvSmwKw
\an-pthm B a\p-jy Cv Ah-cpsS apn kmjvSmwKw \an-p-Ibpw
`b-`-n-tbmsS Ah-tcmSv ssI\o-n-bn-c-p-I-bp-am-sW-n AXn ]cw
lo\Xzw as-pv?
Hcp hiv ae-p-Isf Bcm-[n-p-Xpw Ahsc Znhy-Xz-n ]mfn-I-fm-p-Xpw XS-bp-tm adp-h-iv Xncp-ta\n(k) C{]-Imcw Adnbn-pp: ae-p-I ssZh-ns {]tXyI krjvSn-I-fmWv. Ah ]m]-fn\nv ]cn-ip--cmWv. ssZh Iev]-\-Iv hncp--ambn {]hnm Ign-bm hn[-n-emWv Ah-cpsS krjvSnvXs. Ah kZm
ssZhm-cm-[\
- b
- nepw Zmky-hr-n-bnepw \nc-Xc
- mWv. Ah-cn\nv {]tXyIw
sXc-s-Sp Hcp ae-pv Pn_vco. ssZhw {]hm-N-I-mv Xs
\ntZi- Fn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Xv B aev aptJ-\-bmWv. ae-p-Ifn Nne kZm \n-fpsS IqsS-bpv. \n-fpsS ka-fpw ZpjvIafpw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I-bm-W-h-cpsS tPmen. kIe a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw PohnX-dn-m-Up-I Ah kqn-pp. ac-Wm-\-cw \n ssZh-k-n-[nbn lmP-cm-Ip-tm Ah B tcJ-I kan-p--XmWv. \n
Pohn-X-n sNbvX kIe Ia-fpw AXn tcJ-s-p-In-S-p-Xv
\np ImWmw.
ae-p-If
- psS km bmYmYyw \apv Adn-bnpXn-n. KpW-
am{Xta \s ]Tn-n-n-pq. Ah-cpsS BkvXn-Iy-n hniz-kn-m
\tmSv Bm-]n-n-cn-pp. ae-p-I F-s\-bmWv, F-s\-b

76

CkvemwaXw

Fsmpw Adn-bp-hm-\p hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-amb Hcp amKhpw \psS

apn-en. AXn-\m, Ah-cpsS k-sb-p-dnv `mh\m krjvS-amb Imcy ]d-bp-Xv hnUvVn--amWv. Fm, Ah-cpsS BkvXn-Iys
\ntj-[n-m\pw ]n. AXv ""Ip^vdm''Wv. \ntj-[n-m-\p bmsXmcp
sXfnhpw Bpw e`n-n-n. \ntj-[n-p--Xns AYw \_n-Xn-cpta\n(k) hymP-\mWv FmWv. ae-p-If
- n hniz-kn-p-Xv Xs, kXy{]-hm-N-I Ah-sc-p-dnv Adnhv \evIp-Ibpw Ah-cn hniz-kn-m
Bm-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-sImv am{X-amWv.

ssZh-{K---fn-ep hnizmkw
apl-Zv\_n(k) hniz-kn-m \ntZ-in aqm-as Imcyw ssZhnI
{K--fmWv. ssZhw Xs {]hm-N-I-mv \evInb hnip {K-.
apl-Zv\_nv ssZhw Jp-B Ah-X-cn-n--t]mse ap {]hm-N-Impw Ah {K-f
- n-d
- n-bn-cpp. Ah-bn Nne- {K-
- f
- psS t]cpI am{Xta \apv e`n-n-pq. C_vdmlow\_nv \evInb "kplv^p
C_vdmlow', aqkm-\-_nv \evInb "Xudmv', ZmhqZv \_nv \evInb
"k_q', Cukm-\-_nv \evInb "Co' Fnh DZm-l-cWw. (Cu
{]hm-N-I-m-cp-sS-sbmw ta ssZhm-\p-{Klw hjn-s). ap {]hm-N-Imv e`n {K--fpsS t]cp-I \ap--dn-bn. AXn-\m, at-sXnepw aX-{K--s-p-dnv AXv ssZh-n-s-bm-sWtm Astm
Xop]d-bp-hm \apv \nhr-n-bn. Fm, ssZh-n-\n-hXoW-amb Fm {K-fpw kXy-am-sWv \mw s]mXp-hn hniz-knt--Xm-Ipp.
apsNm {K--fn "kplv^p C_vdmlow'Cv temI-spw
C. "Xudmv', "k_q', "Co' Fnh PqX-m-cp-sSbpw ss{IkvX-hcp-sSbpw ]eps-nepw Ah-sbmpw Ah-bpsS kmm cq]-n-e.
Ah-bnse ssZh hmIy- amn-a-dn-s-n-p-spw P\- kzw
hI-bmbn ]eXpw AXn Iqn-tn-p-spw hnip--Jp-B \apv
Adnhv Xn-pv.*
kmm ssZh {K- X-fpsS ssIh-i-an-sv PqXcpw ss{IkvX-hcpw Xs k-Xn-p-pv. aqe {K--fpsS ]cn-`m-j-I am{XamWv Ah-cpsS ]-ep-Xv. AXn Xs ]e-hn[ Xncp--ep-Ifpw \Sn-pv. Cpw \S-pp. Ah ]mcm-bWw sNbvXmtem, ssZh-n\nm-bn-cn-m Hcn-epw \nhr-n-bn-m F{Xtbm kwK-Xn-I Ahbn ImWmw. AXn-\m, Cv Ah-cpsS ]-ep {K- bYmY
* ss__v ]gb \nb-a-nse BZys A[ym-b--fn-eq-sSbpw ]pXnb \nb-a-nse \mev
kphn-ti-j--fn-eq-sSbpw Hv Itm-Sn-m Ah a\p-jy-Ir-Xn-bm-sWv t_m[y-am-hp-XmWv. Ah-bn Zmho-Zns kmm Io-\--fn NneXpw {InkvXp-hns kphnti-j-fpw Ahn-`-amw hn[w Dsm-n-cn-pp. ]gb \nb-a-nse BZys \mev
A[ym-b--fn Xudmv am{X-a DXv. adnv, Xudm-ns `mK- a\p-jy-hymJym-\--fp-ambn CS-I-ep \ne-sIm-pp. B IqSn-p-g-b-en bYmY Znhy-k-tiw
\jvS-sp t]mbn-cn--bmWv. AXp-t]mseXs Cukm-bp-sS-sXv ]d-bp \mev kphnti-j- At-l-n\nv Innb kmm kphn-ti-j--f. adnv, m\hpw
`n-[ahpw B[m-c-amn hyXy-kvX-cmb \mem-fp-I kam-l-cn {InkvXp-hns PohN-cn-{X-amWv. kmm kphn-ti-j--fpsS GXm\pw `mK-fpw Ah-bn-ep-sv am{Xw.

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

77

ssZhnI {K--f. ssZh-hm-Iy--fp-sSbpw a\p-jy-hm-Iy--fp-sSbpw Hcp

an{inXw am{X-am-Wh. cpw thXn-cn--dn-bp-hm-\p Hcp amKhpw Cn.
Fn, ap{K---fn hniz-kn-m {]hm-N-I Bm-]n--Xns
hnh-s
- b-m-bn-cnpw? AXn-XmWv: hnip-J
- p-Bp appw ssZhw Xs
ktiw {]hm-N-I-m aptJ\ temI-P-\-Xv \evIn-bn-cpp; Ah-sbmw
Xs ]cn-ip--Jp-B Ah-X-cn-n AtX ssZh-ns hmp-I-fm-bncpp; hnip--Jp-B ap-D-Zm-l-c-W--fn-m Hcp \qX\ {K-a;
adnv, apX-e-ap-d-I hnkva-cnv If-bp-Itbm cq]m-cw hcp-p-Itbm
a\p-jym-i-b--fp-ambn Iep-Itbm sNbvX ssZhnI \ntZ-i-sf
]p\Po-hn-n-p-hm h {K-amWv.

hnip--Jp-Bs khn-ti-j-X-I
hnip Jp-B Ah-km-\s ssZhn-I-{K--amWv. apth-Z-{K--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm Jp-Bv ]e khn-ti-jX-Ifpw
ImWmw.
1. ap{K---fn an-Xn-sbpw bYmY {]Xn-I \inpt]mbn-cnpp. ]cn-`m-j-I am{X-amWv Cv Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv. Fm, ]cn-ip-Jp-B AX-h-X-cn AtX `mj-bnepw ]Z--fn-ep-ambn X\n-a-tbmsS
Cpw temIv nXn-sN-pp. AXn Hc--c-np t]mepw Hcp
amhpw kw`-hn-n-n.
2. ap{K---fn ssZh-hm-Iy-smw P\- kzw hmIyfpw Iqn-tp. Htc {K-nXs, ssZh-hm-Iy-fpw P\-X-bpsS
Ncn-{Xhpw ]qhn-I-cpsS IY-Ifpw ]n-X-cpsS hymJym-\-fpw Ia-imkv{X-\n-ba
-
- f
- p-samw IqSn-p-gp InS-p-Ib
- mWv. Ah-bn\nv ssZh
hmIy- thXn-cn-s-Sp-pI Hcp \nepw km[y-a. Fm, hnip-Jp-B-\n ssZh-hm-Iy-tf Dq. A\y-hm-p-I-fpsS Iev t]mepw
AXn-en. Jp-B hymJym\w, \_n-h-N-\-, Ia-im-kv{X-\n-b-a-,
\_n-N-cn{Xw, A\p-N-c-m-cpsS Pohn-X-Ncy, apkvenw Ncn{Xw Fo hnjb--fn-ep cN-\-I-sfmw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw {K--fn-emWv. Ah-bnep Hcp hmp-t]mepw Jp-B-\p-ambn Iept]mIp {]iv\-an.
3. hnhn[ kap-Zm-b--fpsS ]-env ImWp aX-{K-- Nne
{]hm-N-I-m-tcmSv tNp]d-bp-pv. Fm, B {]hm-N-I Xsbm-WXv sImp-h--sXv m]n-m ]p Ncn{X]c-amb tcJ-Isfmpw e`y-a. Nne aX-{K-- GXv Imev, GXv {]hm-N-I--h-Xcnp Fp-t]mepw ]d-bpI km[y-a. Fm, hnip--Jp-Bs\ aplZv\_n-tbmSv _n-n-p--Xn Bcpw kwi-bn-p-n. AXn-p
Ncn-{X-km-y- A{Xbpw ihpw A\n-tj-[y-hp-amWv. Jp-B-\nse
Hmtcm hmIyhpw Ftm FhnsS Ah-X-cnp Fp-t]mepw \njv{]-bmkw
ssZh-Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy-Ir-Xnbpw, kXyhpw Ak-Xyhpw ]Xn-cn\nv s\v thXn-cn-sSp-m Ign-bm--hw ]c-kv]cw IqSn--en-cn--bmWv. AXn-\m, kmm ssZh{Kw PqX-cp-sStbm ss{IkvX-h-cp-sStbm ]-en. CXn\v hn]-co-X-ambn, hnip JpB, AX-h-X-cn kmm cq]-n Hcp hyXym-k-hp-an-msX, kpc-n-X-ambn \nesIm-pp.
JpinZv AlvaZv

78

CkvemwaXw

Adn-bm Ignbpw.
4. ap{K---f-h-X-cn `mj-I hf-sc-m-e-ambn arX-`m-j-I-fm-bnn-S-pp. Ah-bnv Bcp-sSbpw kwkm-c-`m-j-b. Ah {Kln-p--h
t]mepw hncfw. Acw `mj-I-fn-ep {K- Cv kmm cq]n-ep-m-bm Xs, Ah-bnse Bibw {Klnv AX-\p-[m-h\w sNpI
km[y-a. Fm, Jp-Bs `mj Cpw Hcp Poh`m-j-bmWv. tImSn-W-n-\m-fp-I-fpsS amXr-`m-j-bp-am-WXv. IqSmsX, At\-I-tImSn A\y`m-j-m B `mj ]Tn-p-Ibpw Bib hn\n-abw \S-p-Ibpw sNpp.
temI-ns \m\m `mKpw AXv A`y-kn-nv hcpp. \njv{]-bmkw
]Tn- m- h p `mj- b m- W Xv . h- h pw ]Tn- m- \ - h - k cw e`n- nsns, Jp-Bs Bibw {Kln [mcmfw Bfp-Isf Fhn-sSbpw
Inpw.
5. hnhn[ kap-Zm-b--fpsS aX-{K---sfmw Hcp {]tXyI P\-k-aql-s-bmWv A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNp-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L--ns
Bh-iy- \nh-ln-p-I-bm-Wh sNbvXXv. Ah-bn-e-S-nb hn[n-hn-ep-I Cs Npp-]m-Sn A{]-k---fmWv; A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw.
CXn\nv, B {K- Hcp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-n\pw \nnX ImeL--n\pw am{Xw D-Xm-bn-cpp Fp {Klnmw. Fm hnip JpB-\m-Is, a\p-jy-s\-bmWv A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNp-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI
kap-Zm-bs am{Xw Dt-in-p--XmWv Jp-B Fv tXmn-p Hcp
hmp-t]mepw AXn ImWp-I-bn. AXns imk-\-I GXv epw
GXv ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bnepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amWv. hnip Jp-B apgp-h
temI-n-p-ap imizX {K-amWv Fv CXv hy-am-pp.
6. ap{K---fn-semw [man-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]-c-hp-amb Nne D]-tZi- AS-n-bn-pv. kmmKnI Xz--fpv. ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv
PohnXw \bn-p--Xn-\p amK-\ntZi-apv. Fm, Ah-bn-sempw
apgp-h Imcy-fpw Hmbn kam-lc
- n-s
- -n-n. Cu khn-ti-jX hnip
Jp-B-p-am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s--XmWv. CXc {K--fn shtsd InSn-cp hninjvS KpW--sfmw Jp-B-\n Hmbn tiJ-cn--s-n-cnpp. ap{K-- hnp-I-f--hbpw Jp-B-\n-epv.
7. ap{K---fn-semw a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S aqew kXy-hn-cp-hpw
bpn-lo-\-hp-amb Imcy- IS-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-pp. ]e Bi-b-fpw
A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw BWv. BZihnizmk Ia-sf Zpjn-n-p-h-bp-apv. Nne {K--fn thpw kt`y-X-c-hp-amb kwK-Xn-I
t]mepw ImWmw. Fm, hnip--Jp-B Acw amen-\y--fn
\nsmw ]cn-ip--amWv. Ak-Xytam bpn-hn-cp-tam Bb bmsXmpw
AXn-en. AXn-ep Hcp kwK-Xnbpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`-h-fpw hgn
sXm-sWv sXfn-bn-m-\p-am-hn. AXns Hcp hn[n-bn t]mepw A\oXn-bp-sStbm A{I-a-n-stbm IWnI t]mepw ImWn. a\p-jys\
ZpamK-n-tev \bn-p Hp-an, AXn. t-X-bp-sStbm \ne-X-bp-sStbm Iep t]mepw C. BZyw DZm--amb bpn-Ifpw
D-Xa
- mb \oXn \njvTbpw [manI kZm-Nmc \ntZ-i
- fpw kthmIrjvS-amb \nb-a-hn-[n-Ifpw \nd Hcp {K-am-WXv.

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

79

Cu khn-ti-j-X-I aqe-amWv Jp-B-\n hniz-kn-p-hm\pw ap

{K-v ]Icw Jp-Bs\ am{Xw A\p-K-an-p-hm\pw a\p-jy-cm-intbmSv ssZhw Bm-]n-n-p-Xv. ssZh-ln-X-n-s\mv Pohn-p-hm-\mh-iy-amb amK-\ntZ-i- Hpw hnp-t]m-ImsX AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-npv. AXp--tm asmcp {K-ns Bhiyw Xs Ah-ti-jn-pn.
hnip--Jp-B\pw CXc {K-fpw Xn-ep Acw {Kln-p-tXmsS ap {K--fn-ep hnizm-khpw Jp-B-\n-ep hnizm-khpw Xnep A-c-sa-spw hy-amhpw. CX-c -{K---fn-ep hnizmkw
shdpw hnizmkw am{X-amWv Ah-sbmw ssZh-n-\np--h-bm-bncp-p-shpw hnip--Jp-Bs Ah-X-c-tWm-tiyw Xs-bm-bn-cpp Ahbp-tSXpw Fp-ap hnizmkw. Fm, ]cn-ipJp-B\
- n-ep hnizmkw
C{]-Im-c-amWv: AXv kmm ssZh-hm-Iy-amWv; BZyw kXy-amWv;
]qW-ambpw kpc-n-Xa
- mWv; AXnse hn[n-Is
- fmw A\p-kc
- n- \n_-amWv; AXnv hncp--amb kI-eXpw Xn--f-tb--Xp-amWv.

ssZh-Zq-X-m-cn-ep hnizmkw
ssZhn-I-{K---fn-ep hnizm-k-n\v tijw ssZh-ns {]hm-NI-m-cn hniz-kn-p-hm-\mWv Bm-]n--s-n-cn-p-Xv. Fm kaql--fnepw ssZh-Zq-X-m hn-cp-p-shpw apl--Zv\_n(k) {]t_m[\w sNbvX AtX kt-i-amWv Ahcpw sImp-h-n-cp-Xv Fpw apv
]d-p-htm. ssZh-Zq-X-m-scmw Htc KW-n s]-h-cm-bn-cp-p-shm-Wn-Xn-\Yw. Atm Ah-cn-sem-cmsf \ncm-I-cn-p--Xns AYw
Fm-h-scbpw \ncm-I-cn-pI FmWv. Hcm-fn hniz-kn-p-I-sb-m
Fm-h-cnepw hniz-kn-pI Fpw. Htc Imcyw ]d-bp ]p-t]-cn-semcmsf hniz-kn-m Fm-h-scbpw kXy-hm-m-cmbn \mw AwKo-I-cn-p-IbmWv. Ah-cn-sem-cm hymP-\mWv Fv ]d-bp--Xns AYw Fm-hcpw
hymP-m-cmWv Fpw. CXp-sIm-mWv apgp-h {]hm-N-I-m-cnepw hnizkn- Ckvem-an \n_--am-bn-oXv. GsX-nepw Hcp {]hm-NIs\ \ntj-[n-p--h, as-m-h-cnepw hniz-kn-mepw, \ntj[n XsbmWv.
`qan-bn \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb ssZh-Zq-X-m-cpsS kwJy Hcp en Ccp]-n-\m-em-bncw BsWv Nne Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn hn-pv. `qap-Jv
P\-hmkw XpS-n-bnv Ime-sa-{Xtbm Bbn. F{Xtbm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-
ChnsS Pohnp acnp. B \nev Cu kwJy Hpw IqSp-X-embn tXmp-Ibn. Cu ssZh-Zq-X-m-cn Jp-B t]sc-Spp ]d--h-cn \mw hyam-bn-s hniz-kn-t-X
- pv. ap-h
- c
- psS Imcy-n, ssZhw kzw
Zmk-m-cpsS amK-Zi-\-n-\mbn \ntbm-Kn--h-scmw kXy-k--cm-bncp-p-shv sam-n hniz-kn-mt\ \tmSv Bm-]n-n-pq. `qtKmf-ns GtXXv `mK-smw {]hm-N-I hn-ptm Ah-cn-semw \mw
hniz-kn-t--Xpv. ]t, Hcp {]tXyI hyn {]hm-N-I-\m-sWtm
Astm Xop ]d-bm \apv \nhr-n-bn. ImcWw, Abm-sf-pdnv bmsXm-c-dnhpw \apv e`n-n-n. Fm, hnhn[ aX-m X-

80

CkvemwaXw

fpsS amK-Zi-Ic
- mbn AwKo-Ic
- n-p-t]m-cp hyn-Is-Xn-cmbn hXpw
]d-bm \apv Hcn-epw A\p-hm-Z-an. ImcWw, bYmY-n-e-h {]hmN-I-m-cm-bn-cp-n-cnmw. ]noSv, aqkm-\_n, Cukm-\_n(A) XpS-n-bh-cpsS Imcy-n-se t]mse, Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-\-fpw ]nKm-an-I
Zpjn-n--Xmhmw. AXn-\m, \mw A`n-{]mbw hXpw {]I-Sn-n-p-p-shn Ah-cpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c--sf-p-dnv am{Xta BImhq. aX-t\-Xm-sf-p-dnv au\-a-h-ew-_n-Ww. Cs-n Nne-tm \mw Adn-bmsX
`n-pXv Hcp bYmY {]hm-N-Is\ BsWv hcmw.
apl-Zv\_n(k)sbtmse ap {]hm-NI
-
- mcpw kXy-k
- c
- m-bn-cpp;
ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s--h-cm-bn-cpp; Ckvem-anI amKw ImWnp
sImSp--h-cm-bn-cpp. Cm-cy--fn-sempw apl-Zv\_nbpw ap {]hmN-I-mcpw Xn A-c-sam-p-an-. Fm, aqp Imcy--fn hyXymk-apv.
1. ap {]hm-N-I-m-scmw Hmtcm {]tXyI kap-Zm-b-n-tepw Hcp
\nnX Ime-tpw am{X-ambn \ntbm-Kn--s--h-cm-bn-cpp. Fm,
apl-Zv(k) apgp-h a\p-jy-cm-in-p-ambn Fs-t-p-ap {]hm-N-I\m-bn-mWv ssZhw Ab-Xv. Cmcyw Ign A[ym-b-n khn-iZw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-p-htm.
2. ap{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS in-W- Xotc A{]-Xy--am-bn--gnp.
hXpw tijn-p-s-ns Ah bYmY cq]-n kpc-n-X-ambn
\ne-\n-evpn. Ah-cpsS PohnX Ncy-Ifpw bYmY cq]-n Cshn-sSbpw e`y-a. Ah-sbmw sIp-I-Y-Ifpw CXn-lm-k--fp-ambn cq]w
amdn-tmbn. Xqew Ah-cpsS Ncy ]np-S-cpI C-km-[y-amWv. XnIpw
hyXy-kvXa
- mWv apl-Zv\_n-bpsS nXn. At-l
- ns A[ym-]\
-
- fpw
Pohn-X-N-cybpw D]-tZ-i-fpw {]h-\-ssi-enbpw kz`mh khn-ti-j-XI-fp-samw Cv kpc-n-Xa
- m-bh
- t- i-jn-p-pv. At-ls
- -p-dnv Adnbm-\p-t-in-p Fpw \ap-nv e`y-amWv. XZ-Sn-m-\
- n Cv "Pohnn-cn-p' GI {]hm-N-I apl-Zv\_n(k) am{X-amWv. At-ls
am{Xta \ap-nv A\p-K-an-m km[nq.
3. ap {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS {]mtbm-KnI in-W- Xmm-en-Ihpw
A]qW-hp-am-bn-cpp. Hmtcm {]hm-N-Ipw tijw hcp--bm apKm-anbpsS \nb-a-hn-[n-Ifpw Ia-\ntZ-i-fpw ]cn-jvI-cnp. Cu ]cn-jvI-cWw
Am-e--fn \nc-cw \S-n-cpp. CXp-sIm-mWv Ah-cpsS inW-v ssZhw imiz-Xn-IXzw \evIm-Xn-cp-Xv. Xmc-X-tay\ ]qW-amb
Hcp hyh Dm-bn-cns, A]qW-amb aphy-h--I Bh-iy-antm. Ah-km\w apl-Zv\_n(k) aptJ\ Fm-nepw ]cn-]qWhpw
imiz-X-hp-amb Hcn-kvem-anI hyh \evI-sp. AtXmsS kIe apIme {]hm-N-I-m-cp-sSbpw Ia-amK- kzbw Zp_-e-sp. ImcWw,
]cn-]qW-am-b-Xn-cns A]qW-am-bXv kzoI-cn-p-I-sb-Xv bpnhncp-amWv. Ctm apl-Zv\_n(k)sb A\p-K-an-p--h bYmY-n
apgp-h {]hm-N-Iam-sc-bp-am-W-\p-K-an-p-Xv. ImcWw, ap{]-hm-N-I-mcpsS A[ym-]-\--fn-ep-m-bn-cp apgp-h \-Ifpw apl-Zv\_n-bp-tSXn-epv. Fm, apl-Zv\_nsb hnv ap{]-hm-N-I-m-cn h-h-scbpw

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

81

A\p-K-an-p--hv Gsd \-I \jvS-s-p-t]mIpw. ImcWw, ]nevmev e`n \-I apin--W--fn-ep-m-hn-tm.

Cm-c-W--fm apl-Zv\_nsb am{Xw A\p-K-an-t-Xv a\p-jycm-inv \n_--am-bn-o-cpp. apkven-am-Ip-hm apl--Zv\_nsb kw_nv aqv Imcy- hniz-kn-t--Xpv. Hv: \_nXncp-ta\n ssZhns bYmY {]hm-NI
- \
- mWv. cv: At-l
- ns \ntZ-i
- Ghpw
kqW-amWv; Ah-bn bmsXmcp t]mcm-bva-bp-an; Ah Xopw
A_ ap-amWv. aqv: Xncp-ta\n ssZh-ns Ah-km-\s {]hm-NI-\mWv; C\n, Imemyw hsc Hcp kap-Zm-b-nepw Hcp {]hm-N-I hcn;
apkven-am-Ip-hm hniz-kn- \n_--am-btXm hniz-kn-m-Xn-cp-m
\ntj-[n-bm-bn-tm-Ip-tXm Bb Hcp hynbpw C\n-bp-m-hn.

]c-tem-I-n-ep hnizmkw
apl-Zv\_n(k) hniz-kn-m \ntZ-in Am-as kwKXn ]ctem-I-amWv. Cu hnizm-k-ns `mK-ambn hcp Imcy--fn-h-bmWv:
1. Hcp Znhkw ssZhw ka-kvXt- em-I
- s
- fbpw AXnse apgp-h krjvSnPm-e--sfbpw \in-n-p--XmWv. B Znh-k-n-\mWv"buap Jnbmav' (Ay-Zn\w) Fv ]d-bp-Xv.
2. ]noSv ssZhw kI-e-P-\-pw cm-a-sXmcp PohnXw \evIpw.
Fm-hcpw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn lmP-cmIpw. AXn-mWv "buap liv'
(kt-f\ Zn\w) Fv ]d-bp-Xv.
3. a\p-jy Cl-tem-I-Po-hn-Xn sNbvX kh Ia--fp-sSbpw
]qW-amb tcJ Av ssZh-k-aw kan--sSpw.
4. Hmtcm hyn-bp-sSbpw \Xn-I Xpe\wsNbvXv \ I\w Xqnb-hsc ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-p-Ibpw Xn-I I\w IqSn-b-hsc inn-p-Xp-amWv.
5. A\p-{K-ln--s-Sp--h kzK-n-tepw inn--s-Sp--h \cI-n-tepw t]mIp--XmWv.

]c-temIhnizm-k-ns Bh-iy-IX
]c-tem-I-s-p-dn \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Cu hnh-cWw Xs-bmWv
ap Ign Fm {]hm-N-I-mcpw \evIn-bn-p-Xv. AXn-ep hnizmkw
apkvenamIp-hm Fm-epw Hgn-p-Iq-Sm \n_--\-bm-bn-cpp. ]ctem-Is \ntj-[n-p-Itbm AXn kwi-bn-p-Itbm sNp--h
"Im^n' BsWv Fm {]hm-N-I-mcpw {]Jym-]n-n-pv. ImcWw, Cu
hnizm-k-an-s-n ]ns ssZh-nepw ssZh-Zq-X-m-cnepw ssZh-{K--nep-ap hnizm-k-samw \ncY-I-amWv. am{X-a, a\pjy Pohn-Xw-Xs
\mi-n-tev \op-Ibpw sNpw. CXv \njv{]-bmkw {Kln-m-hp ImcyamWv. h tPmenbpw sNm \mw Bm-]n--s-m BZy-ap-b-cp
tNmZyw AXv sNbvXm-ep KpW-sav, Cs-n-ep tZmj-sav FmWv.
Cu tNmZyw Fp-sIm-p-Zv`-hnp? ^e-an-m {]hr-n-I A\m-hiyhpw AY- i q- \ y- h p- a mWv Fv a\p- j y- { ]- I rXn hn[n Iev ] n- pXpsImm-WnXv. Hcp KpWhpw e`n-n-s-p-d-p Hcp tPmenv h-

82

CkvemwaXw

hcpw Hcp-ptam? AXp-t]mse, tZmj-sampw hcp-n-s-p-d-p Hcp

tPmen hPn-p-Ib
- p-an. kwi-b
- n-sbpw nXn CXp-Xs. ^ew kwibm-kv]-Z-amb Hcp tPmen-bn a\v Dd-p-\n-evp-I-bn. tZmj-I-c-sav
kwi-bn-p-Ia
- m{Xw sNp Hcp tPmen-bp-t]-n-m henb Dm-lhpw
ImWn-n. An Icn-p--Xm-sW hnizmkw inip-n-m--XpsIm-mWv Ah-c-Xn ssIsh-p-Xv. hnZym-`ymkwsImp KpWw
{Kln-m Ipn-I A{]m-]vX-cm-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wtm hnZy A`y-kn-p-Xn-e-h aSn-Im-Wn-p-Xv. AXp-t]mse, ssZh-hn-izm-khpw ssZhln-Xn-s\m Pohn-Xhpw Xotc \njv^-e-am-sWt ]c-temI \ntj[n hnNmcn--bpq. Ahs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw ssZhm-\p-k-cWwsImv h
KpWtam [nmcwsImv h tZmjtam hcm-\n. Fn-cns, Ah-s\s\ ssZh-I-ev]-\-Ifpw {]hm-N-I-im-k-\-I-fp-a-\p-k-cnpw? ssZh-ns
AkvXnXzw Ah k-Xn-p-p-sh-ns AXp-sImv ^e-hp-an.
ImcWw, ]c-tem-I-n hnizm-k-an-m--Xn Ah ssZhm-If\pk-cn-p-Itbm ssZhm-`o-jvS-a-\p-k-cnv PohnXw \bn-p-Itbm C.
Imcyw ChnSwsIm-h-km-\n-p-n. ]c-temIhnizm-ktam \ntj[tam BWv a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns hn[n \nW-bn-p-Xv Fp-ImWmw.
apsNm-t]mse, Ia-^ew ap\nn-bmWv, Hcp Imcyw sN-Wtam
thtbm Fv a\pjy {]IrXn Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv. Hcm-fpsS t\mw euInI-amb em`-\-jvS--fn am{X-am-sW-n Cl-tem-Iv em`w Inm
Hcp {]hr-nbpw sNm Abm k--\m-hp-I-bn. ChnsS \jvSw
`b-p Hcp Zphr-nbpw shSn-bp-I-bp-an. adnv, ]mc-{XnI t\--fn
t\mw shp-b
- m Cl-tem-I
- nse em`-\j
- vS
- sf Xmm-en-Ia
- mtb
IW-mq. am{X-a, \ F{X hn euInI \jvSw hcp-n-sh-mepw
Abm \-Xs sNpw. Xn F{X henb em`w t\Sn-sm-Sp-mepw
AXv hPn-p-Ibpw sNpw. ImcWw, ]c-tem-I-nse imiz-X-amb em`\-jvS--fm-W-bm IW-n-se-Sp-p-Xv. Cu cp hyn-I Xn
Fsm-c-cw! Hcm-fpsS ZrjvSn-bn kaw Cl-tem-I-nse WnI-amb Pohn-X-n h kZv^-ehpw e`n-p--h-bmWv. Ipdv ]Ww,
Aev]w `qan, m\-am-\
- , t]cpw s]cp-abpw, A`n-\
- \
- hpw {]iw-kbpw,
Aev]w B\-hpw ktm-jhpw CsXms t\Sn-sm-Sp-p Ia-fm-W-bmv kaw. ZpjvIa-am-Is, Cl-tem-Iv Zpjv^-e-ap-f-hmp--htbm As\ `b-s-Sm-hp-tXm Bb IrXy-fpw. DZm-l-c-Wambn, Poh-\jvSw, [\-\jvSw, Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n, Zpjvtcv, `c-W-Iq-Sns inm-\-S-]Sn, ZpxJw XpS-n-b-hv Imc-W-am-Ip-h. Fm,
cm-as a\p-jys\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw kaw ssZh-an-jvS-sSp-Xpw ZpjvIaw ssZhw shdp-p-Xpw BWv. k-aw Ahv
bmsXm-ssc-lnI t\-hpw t\Sn-sm-Sp-n-s-nepw Ah-\Xv ka-ambn-s IcpXpw AXv Fsv \jvS- Ah-t-ev]n-mepw icn.
Ah-km\w ssZhw X\nv imiz-X-amb {]Xn-^ew \evIp-sav Abm
ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-pw. AXp-t]mse ZpjvIaw Ahv Cl-tem-Iv
hem`w t\Sn-sm-Sp-mepw Abm-fh
- sb ZpjvIaw Fp-Xs IcpXpw.
Chn-Ss {lkz-Po-hn-X-n B\--n-em-dm-Sm Ign-mepw ssZh-

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

83

in--bn\nv c-s-Sm Hcn-epw Ign-bn-sv Abm-fp-dp hniz-knpp.

Cu hyXykvX ImgvN-m-Sp-I a\pjy\p-ap-n cv hyXykvX amK Xpd-pp. ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-an-m a\p-jyv Ckvem-anI ]mXbn-eqsS HcSn aptmp \om-\m-hn. Ckvemw kImv sImSp-m ]dbp-tm kImv Xs [\-n Ipdhphcppw Fmhpw Abm-fpsS
t]Sn. AXv ]en-ip sImSp-m Zcn-{Zs honse ]psm-Sn-t]mepw
kz-ammw. Fp kw`-hn-mepw kXyta ]d-bmhq, Hcn-epw Ifhv ]db-cpXv Fv Ckvemw Bm-]n-p-tm kXyw ]d-nv bmsXmcp
em`-hp-an,- \jvS-apv Xm\pw. B kXyw X\n-p-th Fm-hpw adp]Sn. hymP-am-Is em`-I-camWv. AXv Xms\-n\v hPn-Ww? Bfn-m
hgn-bnshv Abmsmcp hne-]n-Sn hkvXp hoWp Inpp. "AXv
\nt-X-s-n-se-Sp--cpXv' Fv Ckvemw Ah-t\mSv ]d-bpp. Ahs
adp-]Sn: CXv shdpsX e`n km[-\-amWv; Rm\n-sX-n-\p-t]-n-Ww?
ChnsS Bcp-an. AXp-sImv Bcpw t]meo-kn-e-dn-bn-n; tImS-Xn-bn
FXn kmn ]d-bn; F\nv ZpjvIon-bp-m-hp-Ib
- p-an. ]ns CsXp-sImv F\n-\
- p-`h
- n-p-IqSm? Hcm Ahs ] Hcp hkvXp kqnm-t\-ev]np. DSs\ Abm acn-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm, "acW-s--hs [\w Abm-fpsS Ah-Im-in-Is-n-Ww' Fv Ckvemw
Ah-t\mSv ]d-bpp. Ahs {]Xyp-cw: Rm\sX-n\v sImSp-Ww?
acn--hs ]Ww Fs ]-ep-s--Xn\v FmWv sXfnhv? Ahs
IpSpw-_--Xn-s\-p-dn--dn-bn; AXp-sImv F\n--X-\p-`-hnmw; Hc]-Ionbpw `b-s-Sm-\n. Npcp--n, PohnX bm{X-bn Ckvemw
Ahv Hcp amKw ImWnpsImSp-p-tm FXn Zni-bn-ep asmcp
hgn-m-W-h t]mhpI. Ckvem-an Hmtcm-n-sbpw m\hpw hnebpw
]c-tem-I-nse imiz-X-^-e--fpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv. Ah-m-Is,
Cl-tem-I
- nse WnI Pohn-X
- n {]Xy-s
- -Sp ^e-f
- psS ASnm-\-nepw. C{Xbpw ]d--Xn\nv, ]c-temI hnizm-k-an-m--h
Fp-sImv apkven-am-hp-I-bn Fv hyw. Fp am{X-a, ]c-temI
\ntj[w a\p-jys\ arK--sf-m XmW Pp-hmn amp-Ibpw sNpw.

]c-temIhnizmkw bpn-bpsS shfn--n

]c-temIhnizm-k-ns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw kZv^-e--fp-amWv CXp-hsc
]d-Xv. C\n, AsX-n apl--Zv\_n(k) hnh-cn Imcy--fmWv {]Xn]m-Zn-p-Xv. Ah bpn-bpsS shfn--n icn-bm-bn-p--h-bmtWm
Fpw ]cn-tim-[nmw. ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw hmkvX-h-n, bpnsb
Bkv]-Zn-p--X. Dd hnizm-k-am-W-Xn--Sn-m\w. Fn-cp-mepw,
\mw _pn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-p--]w ]c-tem-I-s-p-dnv apl--Zv\_n ]Tnn Imcy-f
- mWv ap Nnm-KX
- n-Is
- f-m bpn-\n-jvTa
- m-bn-p-Xv Fv
ImWm Ignbpw.
ac-Wm-\--c- Po-hn-X-s-p-dnv apJy-ambpw aqv `n ho-W-fm-Wp-Xv. Hv: ac-Wm-\-cw a\p-jy \inv am-bn-tm-Ipp. A\cw asmcp Pohn-X-an. imkv{Xo-b-Nn--I Fv hmZn-p \mkvXn-I-

84

CkvemwaXw

cpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-WnXv. cv: a\p-jy Xs Ia-^-e-a-\p-`-hn-p-hm-\mbn

ASn-Sn Cu temI-t-p-Xs ]p\P-\n-pp. ZpjvIaw sNbvXh ASp P-n ]q, \mb XpS-nb Pp-tfm, hrtam, \oNhK-ns a\p-jytcm Bbn P-sa-Sp-pp. kaw sNbvX-hcm-Is, DIrjvS ]Z-hn-bn-se-pp. sIp-d-n-m Nne aX--fpsS
ImgvN-m-Sm-WnXv. aqv: Cu temIw Hcn- \inpw. hopw ssZh-kn-[n-bn ]p\P-\npw. a\p-jy ssZh-k-n-[n-bn hnNm-cW sNsSpw. k-\-v kzKhpw ZpP-\-v \c-Ihpw {]Xn-^-e-ambn
\evI-sSpw. CXv temIm-cw`w apX-evp apgp-h {]hm-N-I-m-cp-sSbpw
GI-I-WvT-amb {]Jym-]-\-amWv.
BZy-hn-`m-K-m-cpsS hnizmkw Hv ]cn-Nn-\w sNmw. Ah-cpsS
\ymb-an-XmWv: ""ac-Wm-\-cw h-hcpw Pohn--Xmbn R In-n.
acn--h-scmw an ebn-p-tN-cp-I-bmWv. AXn-\m, ac-Wm-\-cw Hcp
Pohn-X-an.''CsX--s\-bmWv Hcp sXfn-hm-Ip-Xv? ac-Wm-\-cw Bcpw
Pohn--Xmbn ImWm-Xn-cp-m ac-Wm-\-cw Fm-Ip-sav R-dnp-IqSm Fp am{X-at \s--hn-m ]d-bm-\mhq? ac-Wm-\-cw
Hp-an-sv R-dnbmw Fv Fs\ ]dbpw? Xotc hnam\w
ImWm Hcp {Kmao-W hnam\w Fm-sW-s-\n--dn-p-IqSm Ft
]d-bmhq? hnam-\ta C Fs-\n--dnbmw Fp ]d-bmtam? Hcm Hcp
km[\w In-n F-Xns AYw A-s\-sbmcp km[-\ta C Ftm. Hcmpw As\ hmZn-m km[y-a.
cm-as A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cnv, Ctm Hcp hynsb a\p-jy-\mbn-m-Wp-Xv apP--n arKtam atm Bbn-cp--tm sNbvX kpIrX-f
- psS ^e-am-bn-mWv. Ctm Hcp Pohnsb arK-am-bn-m-Wp-Xv apP-n a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp--tm sNbvX ]m]--fpsS ^e-ambpw. Atmsgmcp tNmZyw. BZyw Cu Pohn Fm-bn-cpp? a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-p-sh-n
AXn\p apv arKtam hrtam Bbn-cn--W-atm. C\n, BZyw arKtam
hrtam Bbn-cp-p-sh-n AXn\papv a\p-jy\pw Bbn-cp-n-cn--Ww.
Npcp--n, krjvSn Bcw-`-n-se-m-bn-cpp Fv Cu hn`m-K-mv
Xocp-am-\n-pI km[y-a. ImcWw, Hmtcm Phpw apP--ns Ia^-e-am-sWv Xocp-am-\n--W-sa-n Hmtcm P-n-sbpw apv asmcp
P-ap-m-bn-cn-t-Xv \n_--amWv. AXm-Is, bpnv IS-I-hn-cphpw.
C\n, aqm-as BZi-sa-Spmw: AXn-em-Zys Imcyw, temI-ns\m-c-y-ap-spw XZ-\-cw CXn-s\-m D-Xhpw A\-iz-c-hp-amb
asmcp temIw ssZhw krjvSn-p-sa-p-amWv. Cm-cy-n Hcp kwi-bn\pw Ah-Im-i-an. {]]--s-p-dnv IqSp-X ]Tn-p-tmdpw CXv
\iz-c-am-sW--Xn\v IqSp-X sXfn-hp-I e`n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bmWv.
ChnsS {]hn-p in-Ismw ]cn-an-X-amb Bbpt Dq.
Ah Hcp Znhkw Ah-km-\np t]mIp-sa-Xv Xo-bmWv. apgp-h {]IrXn-im-kv{X--mcpw AwKo-I-cn--Xm-Wn-mcyw. Hcp L-n kqcy
XWpv {]Im-i-a--Xm-bn-o-cp-sapw tKmf- Xn Iqn-bn-Snv
XIp-t]m-Ip-sapw Ah Dd-np ]d-bpp.

hnizm-k-Im-cy-

85

a\p-jyv ]p\-cp-m-\-ap-m-Ip-sa--XmWv cm-as Imcyw. CXv

Akm-[y-amtWm? BsW-n Ah-n-tm e`n PohnXw F-s\- Inn?
Cl-tem-Iv a\p-jys\ krjvSn ssZh-n\v ]c-tem-Ipw Ahs\
]p\x-kr-jvSn-m Ignbpw.
aqm-as Imcyw, a\p-jy-Ia--fpsS tcJ kqn--s-Sp-pspw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn Ah, a\p-jy-t\m-sSmw, lmP-cm--sSpw
Fp-ap-X
- mWv. CXn-p sXfn-hp-I Cl-tem-I
- p-Xs [mcm-fa
- pv.
\psS i_vZw hmbpa-e-n Ae-I krjvSnv \in-p-t]m-Ipp
FmWv apv [cn-n-cp-Xv. Fm, Hmtcm i_vZhpw Npp-ap hkvXp-fn AXns Nn{Xw \nt-]n-p-sh-p-p-spw Ah hopw ]pds-Sp-pI km[y-am-sWpap hkvXpX Cmpw Adn-bm--X.
{Kma-t^m dnmUp-I-fn Cu Xz-amWv {]tbm-Kn--s-Xv. \psS
kI-e-hn[ Ne-\-fpw Ah-bp-ambn h-hn-t[-\bpw kv]in-p hkvXp-fn tcJ-s-Sp-pv. CXv icn-bm-sW-n, \psS Ia--fpsS tcJI kpc-n-X-ambn ssZh-k-n-[n-bn lmP-cm--s-Sp-sa Imcy-n
kwibw th.
\mem-as hkvXpX hnNm-c-Wbpw {]Xn-^-e-Zm-\hpw BWv. CXn
Fv bpn-`w-K-am-Wp-Xv? a\pjy Ia- ssZhw hnNm-cW \S-W-sapw \oXn-]qhw hn[n Iev]n--W-sapapXv a\p-jy-_p-n-bpsS
Xs Xm]-cy-amWv. Chn-sS-sbmcp a\p-jy \ am{Xw {]hn-pp.
]t, AXns bmsXmcp kZv^-ehpw Cl-tem-Iv Abmv e`n-pn. asm-cm Bbp-jvIm-e-a-{Xbpw ZpjvIa sNpp. Fm
bmsXmcp \jvShpw Abmv ]p-n. am{X-a, kaw sNbvXXns t]cn AhW-\o-b-amb IjvS-m-Sp-Ifpw Zpcn-X-fpw A\p-`-hnt-n-h-cp F{Xtbm t]cpv. ZpjvIr-Xy- sNbvXv BPo-h-\mw
B\-X
- p-n-ec
- mbn Pohn-p-h
- c
- papv. Cu A\p-`h
-
- , k-\
- v
{]Xn-^-ehpw ZpP-\-v inbpw Ftm-sg-n-ep-sam-cn- e`n-t-Xm-sWv hniz-kn-p-hm \s \n_-n-pp.
kzKhpw \c-I-hp-amWv HSp-hn-e-tXv. Chbpw Akw-`-hy-a. hm\
`ph-\-sf krjvSn ssZh-n\v kzK \c-I--fpsS krjvSnv am{Xw
Akm-[ytam? ssZhw P\-sf hnNm-cW sNbvXv cm-in--I \evIpw.
c e`n--hv kuJy-]qhw Pohn-phm-s\m-cnSw thWw. in e`n-hv Zpcn-X-]qW-amb asm-cn-Shpw. Ah ssZhw krjvSn-pp.
tahn-h-cn Imcy--sf-p-dnv kKu-chw Nnn-p Hcmv, acWm-\-c Pohn-X-s-p-dnv \ne-hn-ep k-ev]--fn _pnv Ghp-a\
- p-tbm-Py-am-bXv Ckvem-anI ImgvN
- m-Sm-sWv ImWmw. AXn Akm[ytam Abp-n-Itam Bbn Hp-an-sv GsXm-cmfpw k-Xnpw. _pn
kzbw k-Xn-p Cmcyw apl--Zv\-_n-sb-tm-ep Hcp kXy-{]-hmN-I \psS \ am{Xw ap\nn hnh-cnpXcp-tm hrYm kwi-bnp--sX-n\v? AXn ZrV-amb hnizmkw Dsm-p--Xt _pn]qh-I-am-bn-p-Xv?

]cn-ip- -hmIyw

86

CkvemwaXw

ta hnh-cn Av BZi-f
- n-t-emWv Ckvemw \ne-sIm-p-Xv.*
Ah-bpsS cXv\-p-cpw ""emC-eml C-mlp apl--Zpd-kq-ep-mln''
F ]cn-ip hmIy-n-e-S-n-bn-pv. \mw ""emC-eml C-mlp''Fp-cn-p--tXmsS Fm \njn ssZh--sfbpw hnv GI-ssZ-h-ns
am{Xw ASn-aw kzoI-cn-pp. ""apl--Zpd-kq-ep-mln'' Fp-IqSn Dcn-p-tm apl-Zv\_n ssZh-ns ZqX-\m-sWpw \mw k-Xnp.
ZuXy-n hniz-kn-p--tXmsS, ssZhw, ssZhn-I-Kp-W-, ae-p-I,
ssZh-{K--, ssZh-Zq-X-m, ]c-temIw Fn-h-sb-p-dnv Xncp-Zq-X
]Tn-n AtX hn[w hniz-kn-t-Xv \n_--am-bn-o-cpp. ssZhs
Bcm-[n-p-hm\pw A\p-kc
- n-p-hm\pw Xncp-ta\n ImWn-p-X amK-tatXm
AXv IWn-i-ambn ]n]-m\pw \mw _m[y--cmbn amdpp.

* Cuam Imcy- Am-bn-mWv Rm\n-hnsS hnh-cn-n-p-Xv. CXv hnip Jp-B-\n

""kqd-p _Jd''bnse ""Ba-\d-kqep _nam Dkne Csseln....'', kqd-p-nkmCse ""ha bIv^p _nmln ha-em-C--nln....'' Fo hmIy-sf ASn-m-\am-n-bmWv. \_nhN-\--fn ""JZvdn''ep hnizm-khpw Cuam Imcy--fn DsSp-n-bn-p-s--Xn kwi-b-an. Atm Cuam Imcy- Bdm-bn-o-cp--XmWv.
Fm, bYmY-n JZvdn-ep hnizmkw Am-lp-hn-ep hnizm-k-ns Xs
Awi-amWv. hnip--Jp-B-\n B \ne-mWv AXv hnh-cn-n-p-Xv. AXn-\m Rm\pw
{]kvXpX hnizm-ks GI-ssZ-hh
- n-izm-k
- ns hni-Zo-Ic
- W
-
- n Ds-Sp-p-Ib
- mWv
sNbvXn-p-Xv. Nne \_n-h-N-\--fn kzKw, \cIw, kzndmv, aokm Fn-hsb
{]tXyIw hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy--fmbn hnh-cn-n-pv. Atm Cuam Imcy-
Bdn IqSp-X-emIpw. hmkvX-h-am-Is, Ah-sbmw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-ns LS-I-fmWv.
{K-Im-c

88

A\p-jvTm\Ia-

apl--Zv\_n(k) hniz-kn-p-hm

\ntZin Ap-Im-cy--sf-p-dnmWv Ign A[ym-b-n hnh-cn-Xv. Cu hnizm-k-Im-cy- Ckvemans AkvXn-hm-c-amWv. Ah-bn hniz-kn-p--tXmsS \mw apkvenw kaql-n-ew-K-ambn. ]t, ]cn-]qW- apkvenw BIp-n. AXn\v apl--Zv
\_n ssZh-n-\nv sImp-h imk-\-I A\p-kcn-pI IqSn
thWw. ImcWw, hnizm-k-tm-sSmw kzbw _m[y-X-bm-bn-o-cp
HmWv A\p-k-cWw. Ckvemw FXv Xs A\p-k-c-W-ns asmcp
t]cm-Wtm. Hcp ssZhs \mw k-Xn-p--tXmsS Nne Imcy-
\mw AwKo-I-cn-p-I-bmWv: Ah \psS bP-am-\\pw \mw Ahs Zmkm-cp-amWv; Ah \psS hn[n-Imhpw \mw Ahs hn[n kzoI-cn-p-hc
- p-amWv; Ah \psS cmPmhpw \mw Ahs {]P-bp-amWv. ssZhs
bP-am-\\pw hn[n-Im-hp-ambn kzoI-cn-t- ijw Ahs imk-\I
- [ncn-p-Xv \mw Ip-hm-fn-I-fm-sWv kzbw k-Xn--emWv. hnip--JpB ssZhnI {K-am-sWv k-Xn-p-X
- ns AYw AXn-ep-s
- Xmw
ssZhn-I-amWv Fv \mw AwKo-I-cn-p-sh-mWv. AtXmsS AX-Sn
{]mhn- I - a m- p- h m \mw \n_- n- X - c m- b n- o- c pp. apl- Zv\_n(k)sb {]hm-N-I-\m-bw-Ko-I-cn-p-tm \mw k-Xn-p-Xv Atl-ns Bm-\n-tcm-[--sfmw ssZhn-I-amWv Ft{X. AtXmsS
At-ls A\p-k-cn- \n_--ambn. \psS Ia--sfmw \psS
hnizm-k-n--\p-k-cn-m-hp-tmtg \mw ]qW apkvenw-I-fmhq. Cs-n
\psS hnizmkw Zp_-e-amWv Fp hcpw.
Cu Ia- GsXm-s-bmWv? AXv kw_-nv apl--Zv\_n(k)
Fsm-s-bmWv ]Tn-n-Xv? Fsms A\p-jvTn-m\pw Fsms
hPn-p-hm-\p-amWv Atlw Bm-]n-Xv? CXmWv C\n-bp N.
A\p-jvTm-\
- f
- n kh-{]-[m-\a
- m-bn-p-Xv""C_m-Zp''IfmWv. FmWv
""C_m-Zv?'' N-bpsS XpSw AXn\n-m-hs.

C_m-Z-ns hnh
""C_m-Zn''s AYw ASn-ah
- rn FmWv. \mw ssZh-ns ASn-

CkvemwaXw

a-Ifpw*ssZhw \psS Bcm-[y\pw** bP-am-\\pw BIpp. ASna bP-am\s Bm-\p-hn-bm-bn-smv Fsms sNp-pthm AXn\mWv C_m-Zv*** Fp ]d-bp-Xv. P\--fp-am-bp kw`m-j-W-at[y
\mw hymPtam ]c-Zq-j-Wtam Ak-`ytam ]d-bp-n. ImcWw, ssZhw AXv
\ntcm-[n-n-cn-pp. kXyhpw \-Xp-amb hmp-I am{Xw \mw ]d-bpp.
ImcWw, ssZhw AXn-jvS-s-Spp. kw`m-jWw tIhew euInI Imcy-sf-p-dn-m-bm t]mepw B kw`m-jWw Hcp C_m-Z-mWv. ImcWw,
\ma-Xn ssZh-lnXw am\n-n-cn-pp. \mw P\--fp-ambn CS-]mSp \Spp; hym]m-c-n-tes-Spp. IpSpw-_mw-K--tfm-sSmv hkn-pp;
kvt\ln-X-m-cp-ambn kl-h-kn-pp; Cu cwK-smw, ssZhnI imk\
Ds--Xn-\m \mw A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i- hI-shp sImSp-pp;
Ahs hne-pv F-Xn-\m Bcp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i- A]-l-cn-pn Cs\ kIe PohnX CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw \mw ssZhnI imk-\-I
IW-n-se-Sp-pp. Fn B PohnXw apgp-h ssZh-n\v C_m-Zv
sNp--Xn hn\n-tbm-Knp Fm-WYw. Hcm AK-Xn-Isf klm-bnpp; hni--h-m-lmcw sImSp-pp; tcmKnsb ip{iq-jn-pp. Abmfn-sXmw sNp-Xv t]cntm s]cp-atm kzmY-em-`-nt\m thnb. ssZh-ns s]mcpw am{X-amWv Abm-fpsS eyw. Fn B
tkh-\--sfmw ssZh-n-\p C_m-Z-mWv. \n-sfmcp sXmgn-entes-n-cn-pp. AXn ]qW-k-Xy-k--Xbpw hniz-kvX-Xbpw Ihy-t_m-[hpw ImWn-pp. ssZhw A\p-hZ- n-Xv am{Xw `n-pp; Ah
hntcm-[n-Xv hPn-pp. CXn-smw {]tNm-Z\
- tam ssZh-`b
- hpw. Fn
sXmgn-en-tes kabw apgp-h \n ssZh-n\v C_m-Zv sNp-Ibm-bn-cpp Pohn-Xm-h-iy--fpsS \nh-l-W-n\mWv \n tPmen
sNbvXn-cp-sX-n t]mepw. Npcp--n, kZm-k-a-bhpw kIe Imcy-fnepw ssZhs kvacn-pI, Ahs AXr]vXn `b-s-SpI, Ahs
{]oXn {]Xo-n-pI, Ahs \nb-a
- f
- \
- p-kc
- n-pI, Ahs\ [n-cn-m
Inm-hp GXp em`hpw Xnc-kvI-cn-pI, A\p-k-cn-m hcm-hp B]p-I kk-tmjw kln-pI CXmWv ssZh-n-\p C_m-Zv.
B an-ep PohnXw BZyw C_m-Z-mWv. B Pohn-X-n Xobpw
IpSnbpw \S-hpw Ccp-hpw Dd-hpw DW-bp-samw C_m-Z-n
Ds-n-cnpw.
CXmWv C_m-Z-ns bYmY hnh. apkvenw-Isf Cu \nev
C_m-Zv sNp--h-cm-n-op-I-bmWv Ckvem-ans eyw. Cu
henb eyw t\Sp--Xn\v Ahsc k-am-p Nne Bcm-[-\m-ap-d-I
Ckvem-an \nb-a-am--s-n-cn-pp B henb C_m-Z-n-\p Hcp
"s{Sbn-\nv tImgvkv' F an. Cu ""ss{S\nv''Xmc-X-tay\ \mbn
Ign-p--hv B henb C_m-Zv IqSp-X \mbn \nh-ln-p-hm
Ignbpw. Cm-c-W-m B khn-tij Bcm-[\m apd-I hyn-I-fpsS
ta {]tXyIw \n_--am--s-n-cn--bmWv. Ahsb "Am-\p-o'
* A_vZv = ASna.
** aA-v_qZv= Bcm-[y, bP-am-\.
*** C_m-Zv = ASn-a-hrn, Bcm-[\.

A\p-jvTm-\-Ia-

89

Fv hnfn-pp. ImcWw, Ckvem-ans s\SpwXqWp-If

- m-Wh. Hcp sInSw
XqWp-I-fn \ne-sIm-p-Xp t]mse, Ckvem-anI Pohn-X-am-Ip sInSw
{]kvXpX XqWp-If
- nemWv \ne-sIm-p-Xv. Ah \ow sNpI Fm,
Ckvem-am-Ip sInSw Xs s]mfnp\opI Fm-WYw.

\a-kvImcw
B \n_ Ia--fn {]Y-ahpw {][m-\hpw \a-kvIm-c-amWv .
FmWv \a-kvImcw? \mw hniz-knpIgn kwK-Xn-I Zn\w{]Xn Apt\cw hmNmIaWm Bhn-pI. {]`m-X
- n-se-gp-t-m ico-ci
- pn
hcpn \mw ssZh-k-n-[n-bn lmP-cm-Ipp. Ahs apn ssIsIn
\nevpp. Ccppw Ip\npw kmjvSmwKw \anpw \psS Zmkyw kXn- pp. ssZh- ns DIrjv S KpW- FSp- t mXn Ahv
kvtXm{Xw sNp-p. Ah-t\mSv klm-b-aYn-p-p. Ah-\n-\nv
kmKw tXSpp. A\p-k-c-W-{]-Xn ]pXp-pp; Ahs {]oXnbpw
tIm]-im-]--fn\nv cbpw t\Sm-\p B{Klw ASn-Sn {]I-Sn-npp. Ahs al{K--nse ]mT- Bhn-p-cp-hn-Spp.
Ahs ZqXs kXy-k--Xv kmyw hln-pp. Xm hnNm-cW
sN-s-Sp ssZhnItmS-Xn-bn lmP-cm-tI Znhkw A\p-kva-cnpp. Cn-[-amWv \psS {]`mXw Bcw-`n-p-Xv. A\-cw, GXm\pw
t\cw \mw kzw sXmgn-ep-If
- n hym]r-Xc
- m-hpp. Atm-tg-p-aXm, apAn* hnfn-pp: sXp-t\-c-t-sm-n-p- h-co; \apv ]mT-sam-mhn-Ww; ssZhs ad-p-t]m-hm-Xn-cn-m thKw hcp-ho. DSs\
\mw Fgp-tv sNv hnizmkw ]pXpn hopw euInI {]h-\-fn apgp-Ipp. kmbm-a
- m-Ip-tm-tg-Xm hopw apA-ns hnfn. hopw
\mw t]mbn hnizmkw ]pXp-pp. ]ns cm{Xn-bpsS Bcw-`-n. cm{Xnt]mepw \psS BZi-hn-izm-k- adv hgn sXn-tm-h-cpXv. AXn\m, ]I-ens XpS--n sNbvX Ia- cm{Xn-bpsS XpS--nepw
sNpp. sXvt\cw Ignv Dd-m-s\m-cp-p-tm Ah-km-\-am-sbmp-IqSn hnizmkw ]pXp-p-hm \mw Wn--s-Spp. XnIpw imhpw
\n-_vZ-hp-amb kabw. ]I-es _l-f--fn lrZ-b-km-n[yw e`nm-Xn-cn-p--hv B Ipdhv ]cn-l-cn-m ]nb t\cw. ]qW-a-\-am-[m-\-tmsS GIm-{K-Nn--amb Hcp {]mY\.
Ckvem-ans ASn-m-\s _e-s-Sp-p al-mb Ia-amWv
Ap-t\-cs \a-kvImcw. t\ct ]d, hnim-emY-n-ep henb
B C_m-Zv \nh-ln-p-hm AXv \s k-am-n-sm-n-cn-pp.
\psS B-ipn, Bob hf, kz`mh Ia--fpsS kwkvI-cWw
Fn-hv \nZm-\-amb hnizmk ssNX-\ys AXv kPo-h-ambn \npp. F\-sbtm? Xncp-ta\n(k) ImWn-p-X coXn-bn am{Xta \mw
"hpZp' sNp-pq. Xncp-ta\n(k) ]Tn-n-tX \a-kvIm-c
- n \mw sNmpI-bpq. Xncp-ta-\nsb A\p-kc
- n- \n_-a
- mWv F t_m[w-sImmWnXv. a\x-]qhw sXnv \mw Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNp-I-bn. ImcWw,
AXv ssZh-hm-Iy-amWv Fv \ap-p-d-pv. \a-kvIm-c-n ]Xps
* ]n-bn _mp-hn-fn-p B.

90

CkvemwaXw

sNmt-h \mw sNmm-Xn-cn-p-n; Xm-\v ap hXpw sNmpI-bn. Bsc `b-m-WnXv? ]Xps sNmp-Xv A\y tIn-spdm-Wv. Fnpw Hpw hnp-t]m-ImsX \mw sNmp-Xv ssZh-aXv tIppv F hnizmkw sImmWv; F{X \nKq-V-amb N\-e-fpw ssZhn--m-X-a-s-p Dd t_m[wsImmWv. Bcpw ImWm-\n-m
ep t]mepw \mw \a-kvIm-c-n-m-sb-gp-tevpp. ssZhw kZm
\s ImWp-p-s t_m[-a-m-sX-m-Wn-Xn\v t{]cIw? AXym-hiy
tPmen-I t]mepw \nn-shv \a-kvImcw IrXy-k-a-bv Xs \nhln-p-hm \s t{]cn-n-p-Xv, \a-kvImcw ssZh-amWv \n_--amn-bXv F Nn-bm-Wtm. ssiXy-Im-e-p-e-cn-bnepw {Kojva-Ime a[ym--fnepw kmbm---fnse hnt\m-Z-hn-{ia thf-Ifnepw \s \a-kvImc-n\v t{]cn-n-p-Xv I-hy-t_m-[-a-msX as-mWv? \a-kvImcw
\mw hnp-I-f-bm-Xpw a\x-]qhw sXmbn \a-kvI-cn-m-Xpw ssZh-`bhpw ssZh- k - n- [ n- b n lmP- c m- t I- n- h - c p- s a ZrV- h n- i zmkhpwsImmWv. \s ]cn-]qW apkvenw-If
- m-n-op-hm \a-kvImc-s-m D-a-amb asmcp ss{S\n-p-an-sv Ctm hyw.
Fsms Imcy--fn-emWo ]cn-io-e\w Fp t\mq: ssZh-kva-cW,
ssZh-`bw, ssZh-`n, ssZhw kZm IqsS-bp-s hnizmkw, ssZhw
Fmw ImWp-p-sh t_m[w, ssZhn-It- m-SX
- n-bn lmP-cm-s
- -Sp-sa
hnizmkw XpS-n-b-h-sbmw \mw Zn\w-{]Xn, ]e-hpcp ]pXp-n-sm-n-cnpp; \ntXy\ ]e-Xh
- W \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb A\p-Ic
- np {]hn-pp;
ssZh-tm-Sp ISa \nh-ln-p-hm \nn-X-k-a-b--fn apd sXmsX
ssZh-np apn {]mYn-pp. CXn-s\-m D-a-amb asv ]cnio-e-\-amWv C\n-bp-Xv? Cu ]cn-io-e\w knn P\w \a-kvImcw
Ignv temI- I m- c y- - f n apgp- I p- t m Xo- b mbpw ssZhs
kvacnpw; Ahs tIm]w `b-sSpw; Ahs imk-\-I inc-km-h-lnp-Ibpw sNpw. tZtl--I, ssZh-hn-cp Ia-v t{]cn-n-p
k`--fn ssZhw Xsf hon-p-p-tm F t_m[w Ahsc
]nn-cn-npw. Fm, Cu DIr-jvS-]-cn-io-e-\-n\v tijhpw Hcm
ssZhs `b-s-SmsX, ssZh-im-k-\-Is-Xn {]hn-p-p-sh-n
Ipw Ah-s-XmWv \a-kvIm-c-n-s-X.
\a-kvImcw kwLw tNv \nh-ln-m-\mWv Ckvemw Bm-]nn-p-Xv. BgvN-bn-sem-cn- shn-bm-gvNs ""PpapA''\a-kvImcw
kwLw tNv \nh-ln- \n_w Xs-bmWv Xm\pw. CXv apkvenwI-fn sFIyhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw hfpp. Ahsc kwL-Sn-nv icm-pp. Ah-scm-mbn \nv Htc ssZhs Bcm-[n-p-tm AhcpsS a\-p-I-f-Sp-pp. X ktlm-Z-c-m-cm-sW t_m[w Ah-cn
hf-cpp. am{X-a, AXv apkvenw-I-fn A-S-hpw Htc t\Xm-hns\ A\pk-cn-m-\p a\-n-Xnbpw hfpp. hyh-m-]nX {]h-\-nv
Ahsc ]cn-io-en-n-pp. At\ym\yw A\p-I
- bpw KpW-Imw-bpw h[npp. Fm-hcpw ka-m-cm-sW Nn hf-cpp. [\-hm\pw Zcn-{Z\pw
apX-em-fnbpw sXmgn-em-fnbpw hen-bh
- \pw sNdn-bh
- \pw Db-h\pw Xmgvh\pw Htc ssZh-ns apn tXmtfmSv tXm tNp \nevp-I-bmWv,

A\p-jvTm-\-Ia-

91

kwL-SnX \a-kvIm-c-n. Hcp Xc-n-ep Db XmgvN-Ifpw AhnsS

ImW-s-Sn.
\a-kvImcw aqew \apvssZh-n-\e`n-p \nc-h[n kZv^-e-fn NneXp am{X-am-Wn--d--Xv. \psS taw ap\nn-bmWv
ssZhw \a-kvImcw \n_-a
- m-n-bXv. \ma-X\
- p-jvTn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xv ssZhnv A\n-jvS-ap-m-pp. AXv, ]t, ssZh-n-\-Xp-sImv tZmjw
`hn-n-. adnv, \apv Xs tZmj-I-c-am-bXp sImmWv. \a-kvImcw
hgn \apv F{X al-mb in-bmWv ssZhw \evIp-Xv! Fnpw
AXv kzoI-cn-p-hm \mw ssha-\kyw ImWn-p-I-bm-sW-n F{X
sImSnb \n`m-Ky-am-WXv! ssZh-ns Znhy-Xzhpw ssZh-Zq-Xt- \m-Sp A\pk-cW_m[y-Xbpw ]c-tem-I-nse hnNm-c-W-bp-samw \mw hmNm kXn-pI. Fnv, ssZhhpw ssZh-Zq-X\pw \psS ta Npa-nb Ghpw
henb Iaw \nh-ln-m-sX-bn-cn-pI. Fp-am{Xw em-h-l-am-WXv!
Cu \ne-]m-Snv cn-semcp hymJym-\-ta-bpq. Hp-In \a-kvImcw
\n_--amWv F Imcyw Xs Abm \ntj-[n-p-I-bmWv. Asn, \n_--sav k-Xn-p-sImv Xs AXv \nh-ln-m-Xn-cn-pI-bmWv. Hm-as \ne-]m-Sn-Yw hnip--Jp-B-\nepw ssZh-Zq-X-\nepw
bYmY-n-eb
- mv hnizm-ka
- n FmWv. Ah-bn hnizm-ka
- pv F
hmZw hymP-am-sWpw. cm-as \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-p--h-cm-Is, Hpw
hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-c euInI Imcy--fn t]mepw. ssZh-tm-Sp
_m[yX \nh-ln-p--Xn h\ sNm aSn-m--h ssZh-ns
krjvSn-I-tfmSv NXn sNn-sv Fp-dv?

{hXm-\p-jvTm\w
cm-as \n_ Iaw {hX-amWv. \a-kvImcw Zn\w{]Xn Apt\cw Hman-n-p ]mT- {hXw hj-n-sem-cn- Hcp amk-mew
Hman-n-pp. da-Zm-\n {]`mXw apX {]tZmjw hsc Blm-c-]m-\o-b XS--s-Spp. Amgw Ign-p-sIm-n-cns, kp_vlv \a-kvIm-cn-p _mvhnfn tIp--tXmsS \mw A-]m-\--fp-t]-n-pp.
AXn]ns, AXn-cp-Nn-I-c-amb Blmcw e`n-mepw, sImSpw hnipw
Zmlhpw A\p-`-h-s-mepw ky-hsc \mw Xnp-Itbm IpSn-p-Itbm
sNp-n. GIm--X-bn t]mepw Hcp Pe-I-Wtam Hcp [m\y-a-Wntbm
Iogvtm-n-d-pI \apv km[y-a. Fm, kym-{]mY-\-bpsS _mv
hnfn apg-p--tXmsS \mw t\mv apdn-m [rXn-Iq-pp. ]ns, ]pe-cpthmfw Fpw Fhn-sS-shpw btYjvSw Ign-pp. Cu Nn-Is
- fmw ]menp-hm \s t{]cn-n-p--sX-mWv? ssZh `bhpw `nbpw. ssZhw
Fmw ImWp-p-s ZrV-hn-izmkw. ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-sbpw ssZhk-n-[n-bnse hnNm-c-W-sbbpw Ipdn t]Sn; hnip Jp-B-s\bpw \_nXn-cp-ta-\n-sbbpw IWn-i-ambn A\p-k-cn-t--Xm-sW t_m[wCh-sbm-amWv B t{]c-I-in. AXns ^e-tfm? t\mv \n I-hyt_m-[hpw am-io-ehpw hfpp. B]-p-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm-\p Ignhp-m-pp; ssZh-ln-X-n\p apn tZtl--Isf \nb-{n-p-hm-\p
]cn-io-e\w \evIpp. Hcp amk-mew \apv Cu ]cn-io-e\w e`n-psIm-n-cn-pp. Am-ev, apsNm kZvKp-W- \n kwPm-X-

92

CkvemwaXw

am-bn-sm-n-cn-pp. CXnv thn-bmWv hjw-tXmdpw da-Zm amkw

hp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv. AXp-hgn ]cn-]qWhpw ]cn-]-Iz-hp-amb apkvenwI-fm-bn-o-cp-hm \apv km[n-pp. Pohn-X-n A\p-\n-anjw \nhln-t B henb C_m-Zv sNbvXpXop-hm \mw {]m]vXn t\SpIbpw sNpp.
asmcp hiw: t\m-\p-jvTn-t-Xv Hcp \nnX amk-n-emWv daZm-\n. temI-nse Fm apkvenw-Ifpw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Xv Htc amkn Bbn-cn-p-hm thn-bm-WnXv. AXn ap Nne KpW-^-e-fpw
A`-hn-n-pv. apkvenw-I \nh-kn-p Fm {]tZ-i--fnepw Hcp
amk-mew apgp-h ]cn-ip-a
- mb A-co-a
- m-bn-cnpw ssZh-kvac
- W
- bpw
ssZh-`-nbpw apn-\n-evp A-cow. Fm-h-cnepw kZzn-Nm-chpw hn\bhpw am{Xw. I-hy-t_m-[-m DW a\-p-I. Cu A-co-n ZpjvIa- kzbw A{]-Xy--am-hpp. kXvIa- taevpta hfphcn-Ibpw sNpp. k-\- kXvIa--fn ]c-kv]cw
klm-bn-pp. ZpP-\-v Ah-cpsS ZpjvsN-bvXn-I-fn ktmNw
tXmn-p-S-pp. k--cn AKXnkwc--W-ns hnImcw hfcpp. [\w ssZh-amK-n apn-m-h
- n[w sNe-hg- n-s
- -Spp. kIe
apkvenw-Ifpw Htc nXn-bn-em-bn-o-cpp. Xqew Ah-cn X-sfmw
Htc ]mn-bm-sW t_m[w kwPm-X-am-Ipp. Npcp--n apkvenw-Ifn kvt\lhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw ]c-kv]-cm-\p-I-bpw sFIyhpw hfphm t\mv At-bw {]tbm-P-\-s-Spp.
{hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Xp aqew \apv e`n-p KpW--fm-Wnh. \mw
hniv kln-p--Xp-sImv ssZh-n\v Hpw Inm-\n. {hXw \n_-am-n-bXv \psS am{Xw \ emm-n-bmWv. \ymb-amb Imc-W-sfm-p-an-msX Cu Iaw \nh-ln-m-Xn-cn-p-h
- hmkvXh
-
- n kzbw
t{Zml-ta-ev]n-p-I-bmWv. Fm, ]cn-ip da-Zm-\n, ]c-ky-ambn, \ntmNw Xnpw IpSnpw \S-p--h-cpsS nXn-bmWv Ghpw em-hlw.
X apkvenw kaq-l-n s]-h-c-spw Ckvem-anI hn[n-I
Xv Hpw hne-bn-spw Xpdv {]Jym-]n-p-I-bm-W-h. AXp-hgn
ssZh- s av AwKo- I - c n insb ]c- k y- a mbn [n- c n- p- h m
Xsmpw aSn-bn-spw Ah sXfn-bn-pp. apkvenw kwL-n
\nv hnp-\n-evp-Xv Hsc-fp--ambn ImWp Hcp hn`m-K-am-W-h. Xsf
krjvSnv kwc-npt]mcp ssZh-tmSv [nmcw {]hn-p-hm
Hcp ktm-N-hp-an--hv. ssZhnI imk-\-I ]c-ky-ambn ewLn-p-Xn-ep-an at\m-hn-jaw. Cu an X-fpsS Ghpw henb t\Xmhv \ntZin \nb-a- t]mepw Xn--f-bm Ign-bp Hcp P\-X-bn\nv
h hniz-kvX-Xtbm IrX--Xtbm hmKvZ--\nh-l-Wtam Ihy
t_m[tam {]Xo-n-pI km[y-amtWm?

kImv
aqm-as \n_--Iaw kIm-mWv. Hcm-fpsS ] Npcp-nbXv 52 1/2 Ddp-n-I-qw shn Dm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw AXv Hcp hjw
AtX nXn-bn Abm-fpsS hiw tijn-p-I-bp-am-sW-n AXn\nv

A\p-jvTm-\-Ia-

93

40- Hcwiw(2 1/2%)kIm-mbn \evIWw.* Zcn-{Z, AK-Xn-I, a\-n-Wt Aap-kvenw-I, bm{X-m, IS-_m-[y-X-bns]--h apX-em-bhmWv AXv \evtI-Xv.** Cu hn[w k--cpsS [\-n Npcp-nbXv cc iX-am\w Zcn-{Z-cpsS Ah-Im-i-am-sWv ssZhw \n-bn-n-cnpp.***AXn IqSp-Xe
- mbn hXpw Zm\w sNmw. AXv D-aa- mb ]pWyIa-amWv. AXnv IqSp-X-embn {]Xn-^ew e`n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
k-ns kIm-mbn \evIp [\w e`n-p-Xv ssZh-n-\.
\psS bmsXmpw Ah-m-h-iy-an. Fnpw Ah ]d-bpp: ""Fs
am{Xw Dt-inv k-\-tmsS Zcn-{Z-k-tlm-Z-c-v \evIp [\w ^en \n-sf-\nv \evIn-bXp t]mse-bmWv. AXn\v, sImSp--Xns
F{Xtbm aSv {]Xn-^ew \nv Rm \evIpw. ]t, Nne \n_-\-I-fpv: sImSp--sX-Spp ]dv B km[p-hns\ \n-fp-]-{Z-hn-cpXv; Ahs\ \ny\pw lo\-\p-ambn ImW-cpXv; Ah-\n\nv hmNmbp \n-t]mepw {]Xo-n--cpXv; \n-fpsS Zm\-[a- P\-nS-bn sImn-tLm-jn--cpXv; \n henb [an-jvT-\m-sWv P\--sfsmv kvXpXn-]m-Sn-m {ian--bp-a-cpXv. Ccw lo\ Nn-I-fn\nv
a\v ap-am-bn-cn-bpw Fs Xr]vXn am{Xw eywshv Zcn-{Zv \evIpIbpw sNbvXm Fs A-b-[-\-n\nv imiz-X-amb Hmlcn
\nv Rm \evIp--XmWv.''
\a-kvIm-chpw {hXm-\p-jvTm-\hpw t]mse kImpw ssZhw \psS
ta \n_--am-n-bn-cn-pp. Ckvem-ans AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp XqWmWnXv. ssZhs am{Xw Dt-inv XymK- hcn-p-I-sb kZvKpWw
CXv hnizm-kn-I-fn-ep-f-hm-pp. kzmYw, IpSn-e-a-\-kvIX, [\-]qP XpSnb ZpKp-W-sf Zqco-I-cn-pp. [\ ]qP-I\pw ]W-n\v thn
Poh If-bp-Ibpw sNp Zptam-lnbpw ep_v[-\p-amb a\p-jy
Ckvem-an\v Xosc {]tbm-P-\-an-m--h-\mWv. A[zm-\n-p-m-nb ]Ww
{]Xn-^-te--bn-msX ssZhnI imk-\-b-\p-k-cnv am{Xw _en-I-gn-m
k--X-bp--ht Ckvem-ans k]-m-hn-eqsS Ncn-m-\mhq. Cu
XymK-k---X-p ]cn-io-e-\-amWv kImv hgn apkvenw-Iv e`np-Xv. ssZhnI amK-n [\-hybw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-tm [\s
hmcn-p-Wv Iq\n-q-Sn-bn-cn-p--Xn\v ]Icw Xpd a\-tmsS kI*kImv shnv am{X-a, kzWw, cq], I-h-S--c-p-I, t]mp arK-, ImjntIm-]-- apX-em-b-h-p-apv. Fm, Ah-bn F{X- Xp-Iv F{X kImv
\n_--am-sWpw ap-ap kwK-Xn-I "^nJvlv' {K--fn\nv ]Tnmw. ChnsS
kIm-ns KpW-^-e- hnh-cn-p-I-bm-W-tlw. shn shdpw DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]d-XmWv. JpinZv AlvaZv
** kImv Bs-m-amWv \evtI-Xv Fv hnip-J
- p-B 9-mw A[ymbw (Au_)
60-mw kq-n ImWmw.
*** ChnsS Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {Kln-t--Xpv: \_n(k)Xncp-ta\n kzw IpSpw-_mwK-v kn-Zvampw lminw Xmh-gn-mpw kImv \njn--am-n-bn-cn-pp.
kn-Zvamcpw lminw Xmh-gn-mcpw Ah-cpsS [\-nv kImv sImSp-m _m[y-cmWv. Fm, ap--h-cn\nv kImv kzoI-cn-p-hm ]mSn. Zcn-{Z-\mb Hcp
kn-Zns\ Hcm klm-bn-m-\p-t-in-p ]w ""lZvb''(kw`m-h\) sImSp-m-hp-XmWv. kImpw Zm\-[a-fpw Ahv \evIm ]mSn.JpinZv AlvaZv

94

CkvemwaXw

eXpw sNe-h-gn-m kImv Ahsc k-cm-pp.

kIm-p-sImv sFln-I-Po-hn-X-nepw Nne kZv^-e- e`n-m\pv. apkvenw-I At\ym\yw klm-bn-pI; Ah-cn \cpw hni-p-hcpw bmNn-p--hcpw Cm-Xn-cn-pI; k- Zcn-{Z-k-tlm-Z-c--fpsS
kwc- Ww Gs- S p- pI; kv kzw kpJm- U w- _ - c - pw
t]cnpw s]cp-apw thn hybw sNm-Xn-cn-pI; Xs k-n
F{Xtbm t]v Ah-Im-i-ap-sv a\-n-em-pI CsXmw kImns euInI KpW--fn Nne-XmWv. Hcp apkvenw k-s kzn
kzk-ap-Zm-b-nse A\m-Y-I-fp-sSbpw hn[-h-I-fp-sSbpw AK-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw
Ah-Im-i- InS-pv. aqe-[-\-an-m-XpsImv Hcp sXmgn-en-tesSm Ign-bm--hpw apkvenw [\m-Vys k-n-e-h-Im-i-apv. Zcn-{Z\m-bn-tm-b-Xp-aqew hnZy-b-`y-kn-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp Ipn-Ipw
Abm-fpsS kzn-e-h-Im-i-apv. AwK-`w-Ktam hm[-Iytam tcmKtam aqew
sXmgn-se-Spv Pohn-m Ign-bm--hpw apkven-ans k-n-e-h-Imi-apv. Cu Ah-Im-i- \ntj-[n-p--h ISp A{I-an-bmWv. Hcp
hn`m-K-am-fp-I kv Ipp-Iq-n-sh-pI; Aw_-c-Npw-_n-I-fmb aWnta-S-I-fn aZnv Pohn-pI; AtX-k-abw kzw kap-Zm-b-n Bbn-c-W-n-\m-fp-I hni--S-m KXn-bn-msX \cIn-p-Ibpw e--Wmb Ipn-I hnZy InmsX sXn-n-cn-bp-Ibpw \nc-h[n t] sXmgnen-msX Ae-bp-I-bp-am-sW-n AXn ]cw {IqcX as-mWv? Ccw
kzmY-f
- psS ITn\ i{Xp-hm-Wnkvemw. ssIbnh k-smw hmcnqn shv, ]en-iv sImSpv P\--fpsS kmZyw IqSn Xt-Xm-pI
CXv ssZh-\n-tj-[n-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-amWv. Fm, Ckvemw apkvenwIsf ]Tn-n-p-Xv [\w `m-ca
- mn sIn-qn shmsX Bh-iy-n
IqSp-Xe
- p-Xv kzw ktlm-Zc
-
- v \evIW
- s
- a-mWv Ah-v kzw
Bh-iy- \nh-ln-p-hm\pw Hcp sXmgn Is-m\pw hXpw kmZn-p-hm\pw AXv Bh-iy-ambn hcn-I-bm-sW-n.

lv
\mem-as \n_-I
- mcyw lmWv. CXv Bbp-jvIm-es
- m-cn-
\nh-ln-te \n_--apq. AXpw ]cn-ip-- a- -hsc Fm Ignhp--hp am{Xw.
hnip am ]Ww F-dn-b-s-Sp ]pWy-`q-an-bn Bbn-c--Wmb kwh--c-p apv C_vdm-low-\_n(A) ssZhm-cm-[-\-mbn
Hcp sNdp-`h
- \w \nanp. C_vdmlow \_n (A)bpsS BmY-XbpsSbpw
ssZh-tm-Sp koam-Xo-X-amb kvt\lm-\p-cm-K-n-sbpw ^e-ambn
ssZhw B `h\w Xs-Xmbn \n-bnp. Xs Bcm-[n-p-h
- B ]pWy`-h\
-
- nv t\sc Xncn-p-\nv Bcm-[\ \nh-ln-W
- s
- apw Ign-hp
GsXmcp apkvenapw `qan-bpsS GXp `mKv Xma-knp-h-\m-bmepwBbp-jvIm-e-n-sem-cn- B ]pWy-`-h\w kin--W-sapw Bm]np. Ah, Xs {]nb-s Zmk C_vdm-lo-an-\p-m-bn-cp-X
- p-t]m-ep
ssZhm-\p-cm-K-tmSpw `b-`-n-tbmSpw BmY-X-tbmSpw IqSn B ]pWy`-h\w {]Z-nWw sNWw. am{X-a, Ahn-tSv hcp-tm lrZbw, kh-

A\p-jvTm-\-Ia-

95

hn[ amen-\y--fn\npw ]cn-ip--am-bn-cn-Ww. tZtl--Isf \nb-{np-\nWw. ZpjvIr-Xy-fpw c-sm-cn-nepw Ak-`y-hm-p-Ifpw Xotc

hPn-Ww. kmm ssZhw Xp-cms Xncp-k-n-[n-bn lmP-cm-Iptm Dm-bn-cn-t kI-eh
- n[ acym-ZI
- t- fmSpw `ym-Zc
-
- t- fmSpw IqSnthWw AhnsS lmP-cm-hm. {]]--ns A[n-]\pw krjvSn-Pm-e-fpsS B{i-bt- I-{-hp-amb alm-cm-Pm-hns Xncp-k
- n-[n-bnte-mWv t]mIp-sX t_m[w Ah-cn-ep-m-bn-cn-Ww. Cu am\-kn-Im-h--tbmsS,
ip-lr-Z-b-tmsS ]pWy-`q-an-bn hv ssZhs Bcm-[n-p ]w
Ahs A\p-{Kl ISm-- Ah-cpsS ta hjn-p--XmWv.
Hcp \nev hon-p-tm Ghpw henb C_m-Z-mWv lv.
ssZh-tmSv \no-a-amb kvt\lhpw `ym-Z-c-hp-an-msX, tPmen-I-sfmw
\nn-shv _p-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sf-sbmw th]n-cnv ZoLn Hcp bm{XbpsS ti- kln-m a\p-jy apXn-cptam? B \nev ln-\p
Dtiyw Xs ssZh-kvt\-l-n\pw \njvI-f--X-p-ap ZrjvSm--at{X.
ap bm{X-I-fn\npw XnIpw `n-amWv lp-bm{X. Cu bm{X-bn
Ahs lrZbw Gsdbpw ssZh-kh
- n-[
- n-em-bn-cnpw. AIw \ndsb ssZhkvt\-lhpw `n-bp-am-bn-cnpw. ]cn-ip IA-v_t- bm-SS- ppw tXmdpw ssZhtm-Sp kvt\lm-\p-cmKw a\-n Pzenp XpS-pw. ]m]--sfbpw
ssZh-hn-cp sNbvXn-I-sfbpw Ah shdpp XpSpw. sNbvXp t]mb
]m]--fn ebpw ]m-m-]hpw tXmpw. `mhn-bn A\p-k-c-Wap Zmk-\mbn Pohn-m A\p-{K-ln-t-W-ta-sbv ssZh-tm-S-h
D-gnp {]mYnpw. ssZh-kva-c-W-bnepw ssZhm-cm-[-\-bnepw Ahv
Fs-n-m B\w tXmn-p-Spw. ZoL-amb kmjvSmwK \a-kvImc--fn\nv inc-p-bm-\m-hm Hc-h--bp-f-hmIpw. hnip JpB ]mcm-bWw sNp-tm A`q-X-]qh-amb Hc-\p-`q-Xn-bp-mIpw. {hXsa-Sp-p ]w AXns A\p-`hw Ahm-Ny-am-bn-cnpw. ]pWy-`q-an-bmb
lnPm-kn Imep-Ip-p-tm-tgpw Ckvem-ans BZy-Ime Ncn-{X-sfmw Ne- n- { X- n- s e- t mWw Iap- n- e qsS HmSn- p- S - pp.
ssZhs AXn-cv kvt\ln-p-Ibpw ssZh-ns amK-n Poh-\np-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS kvamc-I- Hmtcm Ime-Sn-bn-ep-a-h ImWpp.
Hmtcm aW-cnbpw Ckvem-ans amlm-y-n\v kmyw hln-pp.
Ckvemw PwsIm B ]pWy-`qan, ssZh-hmIyw shn-smSn \mnb
B ]qWy-`qan CXm-sWv Hmtcm knI-X-I-Whpw hnfnp ]d-bpp.
Cs\ ]pWy-`q-an-bn-se-p hnizm-kn-bpsS lrZbw AXn-c ssZh-kvt\l-m \nd-sm-gp-Ipp. Ckvem-an-t\m-Sp AZ-ay-amb t{]a-m
]pf-I-a-Wn-bpp. acWw hsc amp-t]m-Im at\m-lc Nn{X- a\n ]Xn-p-sIm-m-bn-cnpw Ah lv Ignv aS-p-Xv.
C\n, lns `uXnI t\--sfv Fp t\mmw. lv Imc-Wambn ]cn-ip a temI apkvenw-I-fpsS tI{-ambn amdn. ssZh-\m-a-ap-cphn-Sp ]c- k-l{kw P\- {]Xn-hjw temI-ns \m\m-`m-K-p\npw AhnsS kt-fn-p-Ibpw At\ym\yw ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-Ibpw sNpp.
Ahn-S-bn Ckvem-anI kmtlm-Z-cy-t_m[w hf-cm AXv klm-bnpp. GXv \mp-Imtcm GXv hwi-mtcm BIs, hnizm-kn-I ]c-

96

CkvemwaXw

kv]cw ktlm-Z-c-fpw Htc kap-Zm-b-nse AwK--fp-am-sW t_m[w

Ah-cn thcq-pp. CXv ImcWw, ssZh-n\p Hcp Bcm-[-\-bm-btXm-sSmw Xs, lv, Hc-Jn-e-temI apkvenw hmjnI alm kt-f\-hp-amWv. kmh-eu-In-Im-Sn-m-\-n apkvenw-I-fn sFIy-t_m[w
hfm-\p-X-Ip Ghpw ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp thZnbpw.

Ckvem-an-I-tk-h\w
ssZhw hnizm-kn-IfpsS ta Npa-nb _m[y-X-I-fn-sem-Sp-hn-e-tXv
Ckvem-anI tkh-\-am-Ipp; Ckvem-ans kvXw`--fn-sem-mbn AXns\
]cn-KW
- n-n-n-s-nepw Ckvem-an-Ia
- mb _m[y-XI
- f
- n AXn-{]m-[m-\y-alnp Hm-W-Xv. hnip Jp-B-\nepw \_n-h-N-\--fnepw CtX-n Ii\-amb imk-\-I-fp-v.
Ckvem-anI tkh\w F-Xp-sImv FmWv \mw AY-am-p-Xv?
Ckvem-an-Im-Zis kwc-n-p-hm-\p {ia--fmWv AXp-sIm-p-tiyw. AsX-n\v \n_--amn? Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-n-eqsS CXv hy-am-mw:
kplr-mbn `mhn-p Hcp Iqp-Im-c-\pv \nv. Ahv \n-tfmSv
Xosc A\p-`m-h-an-s-m-W-\p-`-hw. \n-fpsS em`-\-jvS-fpw KpW-tZmj-fpw Ahv {]iv\ta-b-. kzw em`w Dt-inv \nv \jvS-apm-p {]hr-n-I sNm Hcp aSn-bp-an--bmv. AXp-t]mse
\nv em`w Inp cwK--fn, Ahv t\-an-s Imc-W-m,
Ah kl-I-cn-p-n-. B]-ZvL---fn \n-sf-b-h klm-bn-p-n. A\y \nsf iIm-cn-p-tm Ah-\pw Ah-tcm-sSmw tNcp-p.
As-n au\w ]men-p-p. i{Xp- \ns-Xnsc \S-p {]hrn-I-fn Ah\pw ]p-tN-cp-p. As-n \nsf klm-bn-msX
\nw-KX ]pep-p. Ccw Hcp hynsb \n kp-lr-mbn IWm-ptam? Csv Xo. ImcWw, kulrZw {]I-Sn-n-p-p-s-nepw
kXy-n Abm-fpsS a\-n-e-Xn-. bYmY kvt\ln-X \nsf
\njvIf--ambn kvt\ln-pw. \n-tfmSv A\p-I-bpw KpW-Imw--bp-apm-Ipw. B]-ZvL---fn \nv XpW-bm-hpw. i{Xp-s-Xn-cn
\nsf klm-bn-pw. A\yam \nsf Ip-s-Sp-p-Xv t]mepw
Abmv Ak-ly-am-bn-cn-pw.
Cu DZm-lc
- Ww apnshv, apkvenw-I F \ne-bn \apv hp
tNcp _m[yX Fsv Btem-Nnp t\mq. \mw apkvenw-I BsWn Ckvem-an-t\mSv \psS kao-]\w Fm-bn-cn-Ww? Ckvem-an-t\mSv
\apv XnI Iqdpw kvt\lhpw thWw; hnizm-k-n\v thn kIeXpw _en-bn-m-\p k--X-bp-m-h-Ww. apkvenw-I-tfm-Sp KpWImw \psS hnIm-c-ambn amd-Ww. \psS {]hr-n-I-fn-semw Ckvemans Xm]-cyhpw apkvenw-I-fpsS \abpw hon--Ww. kzw em`-\jvS- am\-Z-WvU-amn Ckvem-ans ey-pw apkvenw-I-fpsS
\apw FXn-cmb {]h-\
- f
- n-tes-Sc
- p-Xv. Ckvem-an-sbpw CkvemanI kwL-S-\-Ifp-sSbpw Av kzw A-mbn IW-m--Ww.
kzw Imcy-n lo\Xzhpw A]-am-\hpw kln-m--t]mse Ckveman\pw apkvenw-Ipw t\cn-Sp am\-lm-\nbpw \ap--k-ly-am-bn-cn--Ww.

A\p-jvTm-\-Ia-

97

\mw \ap-s-Xn-cmbn i{Xp-]-v tNcm-Xp t]mse Ckvem-an\pw

apkvenw-Ip-sa-Xn-cmbpw FXn]v tNcm-Xn-cn--Ww. kzw Pohsbpw [\-n-sbpw am\-n-sbpw cv XymK-k---cm-Ip--Xpt]mse Ckvem-an-sbpw apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-nepw \mw XymK-k--cm-I-Ww.
CXmWv Ckvem-ans\ kwc-n-pI F-Xn-e-S-nb Bi-bw. CXn\v
Ckvem-ans kmt-XnI `mj-bn "PnlmZv' Fv ]d-bp-p. kp{]-[m-\amb Hcp ey-n-\mbn apgp-i-nbpw {]tbm-Knp bXv\n-pI FmWv
PnlmZv F ]Z-n\Yw. Cu AY-n ssZh-hm-Iy-ns D-Xnmbn tZlw, [\w, \mhv, t]\, ssIIm-ep-I Fn-h-sbmw D]-tbm-Ks-Spn A[zm-\n-p--h bYmY-n ssZh-amK-n "PnlmZv'
sNp--h-cm-Wv. Ckvem-ans i{Xp-s-Xn-sc, Dt-iy-ip-n-tbmsS \Sp kmbp-[-k-a-c-n\pw PnlmZv F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp-v. Cu
PnlmZv apgp-h apkvenw-Ipw \n_--am-sW-nepw Hcp hn`mKw AXv
\nh-ln-p--]w ap--h _m[y-Xm-ap--cmIpw.* Hcn-kvem-anI
cmjv{Ss i{Xp- B{I-an-p ]w Cu kacw Fm-hpw \n_-ambnocp--Xm-Wv \a-kvIm-chpw t\mpw t]mse. C\n, B cm-Pynse ]ucamv kzbw i{Xp-hns\ sNdp-m-\m-hp-n-s-n, Ahsc
tZlwsImpw [\w-sImpw klm-bn-t-Xv Ab\m-Sp-If
- nse apkvenwIpw _m[y-X-bm-bn-o-cpw. AXp-sImpw i{Xp-sf ]nn-cn-n-m
Ign-bmsX hm Bhpw-hn-[-samw B cmjv{Ss kwc-n-t-Xv
temI-ap-kvenw-Ismw, \a-kvIm-chpw {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-hp-sa--t]mse
\n_--am-Wv. Fp-am-{X-a-, Acw L--fn Pnlm-Zns {]m[m\yw
\a-kvImcw, t\mv Fn-h-sb-mfpw IqSp-Xembn-cn-pw. ImcWw,
hnizmkw ]co-n-s
- -Sp L-am-WX
- v. B]ZvL-
- n Ckvem-an-s\bpw
apkvenw-I-sfbpw ssIsbm-gn-p--hs "Cuam' Xs kwi-bm-kv]-Zam-Wv. Fn-cns, Ahs \a-kvIm-cw-sImv Fv {]tbm-P\w? Ahs
t\mn\v Fp-hne? Fm Ccw L--fn i{Xp-]w tNcp
h-I ap\m-^n-Jp-I (I-]S- am) BsW-X
- n Hpw kwi-ba
- n-. AhcpsS apkvenw F hmZhpw \a-kvIm-cw, t\mv, kIm-v, lv XpSnb Bcm-[-\-Ifpw XnIpw \njv{]-tbm-P-\-hp-am-Wv.

* Ccw kmaq-ly-_m-[y-XI
- v Ia-im-kv{X-ns kmt-XnI `mj-bn "^Zv In^mb'
Fv ]d-bp-p. Hmtcm hynpw _m[-I-am-Ip--hsb "^Zv sF' FmWv ]d-bp-I.

6
\m

Zo\pw ico-Apw

an-Xp-hsc ]d--sXmw "Zo\n's\ kw_-n-m-Wv. C\n, apl-Zv

\_n-bpsS "ico-An's\p-dn-m-Wv ]d-bp--Xv. BZy-ambn "ico-Av'
Fm Fm-sWpw Zo\pw ico-Apw Xn-ep hyXymkw FmsWpw ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
{]hm-N-Iam-scmw Ckvemw "Zo\n-'s\-bmWv ]Tn-n-n-cp-Xv Fv
ap A[ym-b--fn hy-am-n-bn-p--tm. AXns cXv\-p-cpw CXmWv. ssZh-nepw Ahs KpW-K-W--fnepw ]c-tem-I-nse cminI-fnepw hniz-kn-pI; ssZhn-I-{K-\v-Y-sf ]qW-ambn kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw
Ah \ntZ-in-p amKw kXy-am-sWv k-Xnv Ah-bpsS amKZi\w kzoI-cnv Pohn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. ssZh-ns {]hm-NI
- s\ am{Xw
amXr-Im-]p-cp-j\
- mbn kzoI-cnv At-ls A\p-Ka
- n-pI; ssZh-n-\p
{]tXyI KpW--fntem A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i--fntem krjvSn-Isf ]ptNm-Xn-cn-p-I CXn-s\m-s-bmWv "Zo' Fv ]d-bp--Xv.
ico-Av Fm \nb-a-hy-h Fm-WYw. Bcm-[-\m-{I-aw,
kmwkKnI coXn-I, CS-]m-Sp-I, Ia--fnse A\p-h-Z-\o-b-Xbpw \njn-Xbpw XpS-n-bh kw_-n \nb-a-. Hmtcm {]hm-N-I\pw kzP-\Xv [manI kZm-Nm-c--kmw-kvIm-cnI Imcy--fn {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
in-W-]-cn-io-e-\- \evIp-I-bp-m-bn. hnhn[ P\-k-ap-Zm-b--fp-sSbpw
Ah Po-hn Ime-L--fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-fpw Ah--I-fpw IW-nse-Sp-p-sIm-p \nb-a
- f
- mWv {]mcw` L-n \evIn-bn-cp-X
- v. AXn\m, Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-n\pw \evInb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I hyXy-kvX-fm-bn-cp-p. a\p-jys hf {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn ]qWX {]m]n--tm
ssZhw apl-Zv\_n(-k) hgn imiz-Xhpw kmh-eu-In-I-hp-amb Hcp ka{K
\nbaw \evIp-Ibpw At-ls kh-temI {]hm-N-I-\mbn \nb-an-pIbpw sNbvXp. B \nb-a-kw-lnX a\p-jy-cm-inp apgp-h\pw _m[-I-am-bXm-Wv. apl-Zv\_n ]Tn-n "Zo' ap {]hm-N-Iam-scmw ]Tn-n
AtX Zo Xs. ]t, ico-Av ]pXn-b-Xm-Wv. ]gb icoAp-Isfmw Cu ]pXnb ico-Av h-tXmsS Zp_-e-s-p.

Zo\pw ico-Apw

99

ico-A-ns hn[n-I Fs\ Adnbmw?

apl-Zv\_n(-k) hgn \evI-s ico-A-ns hn[n-Ifpw knm--fp-a-dn-bp-hm cp amK--fm-Wp-Xv: ]cn-ip JpB\pw lZo-kpam-W-h. hnip Jp-B ssZh-t{]m--am-Wv. Fm, lZokv Xncp-ta\n-bn\npw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-ambn \apv e`n-n-p dntmp-I-fm-Wv.
apl--Zv\-_n(-k)-bpsS PohnXw apgp-h hnip Jp-Bs hymJym-\-ambn-cp-p. {]hm-N-IXzw e`n--Xp-ap-X 23 kwh--c- Atlw P\v inWw \evIn-tm-p. ssZh-ln-X-a-\p-k-cnv PohnXw \bn-t-sX-s\sbv Atlw Xs hmp-Ifpw {]hr-n-Ifpw hgn P\sf ]Tn-n-p-sIm-n-cp-p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kl-Nm-cn-If
- mb A\p-Nc
- am
At-l-ns Hmtcm hmpw k{iw tIp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ne-\-fpw
kkqvaw hon-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. X t\cn-Sp Pohn-X-{]-iv\v ico-A-ns hn[n-sb-sv Xncp-Zq-XtcmSh At\z-jn--dn-p.
Nne-tm Atlw "AXv sNpI', "CXv sN-cpXv' Fn-s\ hn[n
\evIpw. AXnv kmn-I-fm-Ip--h AXv lrZn--am-pw. Atm-g-hnsS lmP-cn-m-Xn-cphv Adn-bnpsImSp-pw. As-n, Xncp-Zq-X Hcp
{]hrn Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn \nh-ln-n-cn-pw. Ip-\n-evp--h
B coXn a\-n-emn ImWm--hv hnh-cn-p-sIm-Sp-pw. AXp-a-s-n
Xncp-k-n-[n-bnshsm-cm Hcp {]hrn sNp-p. Xncp-ta\n AsXn au\w Ah-ew-_n-p-p. As-n ktmjw {]I-Sn-n-p-p. AXpa-s-n XS-bp-p. P\- AXv Ipw tIpw a\-n-em-p-p. Cu
an Xncp-Zq-X-cpsS A\p-N-cam-cn\nv ap--hv e`n kwK-Xn-I
Nne a\x-]m-Ta
- mn; ap N
- n-e Fgp-Xn-kq-np. Hmtcm Imcy-nepw AXv,
B aptJ\ e`np Fp-t]mepw Ah tc-J-s-Sp-n. Ime-{I-taW B
tc-J-I-sfmw {K--fn kam-l-cn--s-p. Cn[w lZo-kp-I-fpsS Hcp
alm-`-WvUmcw Xs \apv e`n-n-p-v. Ah-bn Camw amen-Iv, Camw
_pJm-cn, Camw apkvenw, Camw Xnap-Zn, Camw A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, Camw \kmCu, Camw C_v\p-amP Fo almam-cpsS {K--fmWv IqSp-X hnizmk-tbm-Ky-ambn Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv.

^nJvlv
hnip Jp-B-sbpw lZo-kn-sbpw hn[n-I-fn Kth-jWw \S-n,
Nne t{ijvT-]-WvUn-Xam, s]mXp-P-\ -ku-I-cymYw Xm-dm-nb hniZ
\nb-a-mWv "^nJvlv' Fv ]d-bp--Xv. hnip Jp-B-\nse AXnkq-va-amb kwK-Xn-I apgp-h Fm-hpw {Kln-m Ign-p-sIm-W-sa-n-. ico-Avhn[n-I-sfmw kzbw {Kln-m Ign-bpw hn[w
\_n-h-N-\--sf-p-dn-p- -]-cn-]qW -m-\hpw Fm-hp-an-. AXn\m, \nc-h[n kwh--c- A{im--]-cn-{iaw \S-n, Kl-\-amb \nco-W--K-th-j-W- hgn ^nJvlv t{ImUo-I-cn ]WvUnX alm-m-tfmSv apkvenw-temIw Fspw IS-s--h-cm-Wv. ]c-tImSn apkvenw-Iv
ico-A-ns\ \njv{]-bmkw A\p-K-an-m\pw ssZh-n-sbpw ssZh-Zq-Xsbpw B-I Ffp--n {Kln-m\pw Cv Ign-bp-Xv B almm--f-psS tkh-\-^-e-am-bn-m-Wv.

100

CkvemwaXw

{]mcw`-n F{Xtbm alm-m- X-fp-sS-Xmb Kth-jW coXnb-\p-k-cnv "^nJvlv' cNn-n-cp-p-sh-nepw Imem--c-n \mev Iaimkv{X coXn-I-fmWv Ah-ti-jn--Xv. Cv apkvenw-Ifn `qcn-]-hpw
B \mev ^nJvlpI-fn-sem-ns\ A\p-K-an-p--h-cm-Wv. Camw A_q-l\o-^(-d), Camw amen-Iv(-d), Camw im^n-Cu(-d), Camw Alva-Zp_v\p l
(d) Fn-h-cmWm ]WvUn-X. AhcpsS Ia-im-kv{X- bYm-{Iaw
l\^o ^nJvlv, amenIo ^nJvlv, im^n-Cu -^nJvlv, leo ^nJvlv
Fo t]cp-I-fn-e-dn-b-s-Sp-p.*
Cu \mev ^nJvlp-Ifpw \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nv tijw cv \qm-pIIw t{ImUo-I-cn--s-n-cp-p. Ah-bn ImW-s-Sp A`n-{]m-bhy-Xym-k- kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw. GXm\pw t] Hcp hnj-b-n Kthj-W- ]
- T
- \
-
- \S-p-tm Hmtcm-cp-c
- p-sSbpw Is-e
- p-I Xn
Aev]mev]w hyXymkw Dm-sbv hcpw. {]kvXpX Cam-ap-I-sfmw Xs
kXy-k-cpw BmY-Xbpw Dtiy ipnbpw D-hcpw Bbn-cp-p.
apkvenw-I-tfm-S-hv KpW-Imw am{X-am-Wp-m-bn-cp--Xv. AXn-\m,
{]kvXpX \mev ^nJvlp-I-sfbpw apkvenw-temIw icn-h-p-Ibpw AwKo-Icn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Fm, Hcp hnj-b-n Hcp amKta Ah-ew-_nm ]q. Htc Ah-kcw \mev hn`n amK-sf Ah-ew-_n-pI km[ya-. AXn-\m, {]kvXpX \mev amK--fn-sem-ns\ A\p-K-an--W-samWv ]WvUn-Xam-cn `qcn-]-hpw A`n-{]m-b-s-n-p--Xv. CXn-\p-]pdta Hcp {]tXyI ^nJvlns\ A\p-K-an-t--Xn-. hyXykvX ImgvN-mSp thsdmcp Iqw ]WvUn-Xam-cp-v. Ah ]d-bp-Xv, Adn-hp--h
hnipJp-B-\n\n-pw lZo-kp-I-fn\npw t\cnv ico-Avhn[n-I
Ip-]n-Sn-Ww Fm-Wv. Adn-hn-m--hv, X IqSp-X kzoIm-ctbm-Ky-\mbnmWp ]WvUn-Xs\ A\p-K-an-p-I-bm-hmw. Cu hn`mKw
]WvUn-Xam Alvep lZokv Fm-W-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. \mev ^nJvlp* Ia-im-kv{X-nse hyXykvX Nnm-{]--m-\--fpsS Imehpw Cs \nebpw bYm{Iaw NphsS tNpp:
1) Camw A_q-l-\o-^(-d) lnPvd 80 ({In. 699) `qPm-X-\m-bn. ln. 150(-{In. 767) \ncym-X-\mbn. HmsI 34 tImSn l\^o aZvl-_p-Im-cmWv Cp temI-p--Xv. Xpn, ]mnm, Cy, A^vKm-\n-m, {Smkv tPmUm, CtUm--ssN-\, ssN\, tkmhnbv djy Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv Ah {][m-\-ambpw tI{o-I-cn-p-Im-Wp--Xv.
2) Camw amen-Iv(-d) ln: 93(-{In. 714) `qPm-X-\m-bn. ln. 179 ({In. 798) \ncym-X-\m-bn.
amenIo aZvl-_p-Im-cpsS BsI AwK-kwJy \mec tImSn hcpw. samtdm-tm, APo-cnbm, Sp\o-jy, kpUm, Ipssh-v, _lvssd Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv Ah {][m-\-ambpw
tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv.
3) Camw im^n-Cu(-d) ln. 150 ({In. 767) `qPm-X-\m-bn. ln. 241(-{In. 854) \ncym-X-\m-bn.
HmsI 10 tImSn apkvenw-I-fmWv im^nCu aZvl-_p-Im-cmbn temI-p--Xv. ^e-kvXo,
e_-\m, CuPn-]vXv, CdmJv, kpDuZn Atd-_y, ba, CtUm-t\jy Fn-hn-S--fnemWv Ah {][m-\-ambpw tI{o-I-cnp ImWp--Xv.
4) Camw Alva-Zp_v\p l(-d) ln. 164(-{In. 780) `qP-mX-\m-bn. ln. 241(-{In.855) Nc-aKXn {]m]n-p. HmsI 30 e-tmfw leo aZvl-_p-Im-cmWv temI-p--Xv. Ah-c[n-Ihpw tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xv kpDuZn Atd-_y, e_-\m, kndnb Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv.
{]_-e-amb asmcp Nnm-k-c-Wn-bmWv "ioA-'bp-tS-Xv. Ah kz-ambn Hcp Ia-imkv{Xw
Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p-v.

Zo\pw ico-Apw

101

I-fp-sSbpw Cam-ap-I-sf-tmse Cu hn`m-Khpw kXy-n Xs.

Xk-p^v
^nJvlns _w a\p-jys _mly-Ia--tfm-Sm-Wv. Hcp Iaw
\ntZ-in--s hn[w {]Xy--n \nh-lntm Ctbm Fp am{Xam-WX
- ns t\mw. AXv bYm-hn[n \nh-ln-p-tm-gp \psS a\-ns
Ah ^nJvlv ]cn-KW
- n-n-. Ia- \nh-ln-p-tm-gp a\-ns
Ah ]cn-Nn\w sNp Nnm-[m-cb
- mWv Xk-p^v.* DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn,
\a-kvIm-c-n ^nJvlv hon-p-Xv "hpZp' icnv sNbvXp-thm, IAv_sb A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n-p-thm, sNmt-s-sXmw sNmn-tbm, kpPqZpw dpIqDw
apw icn-bm-bn-cp-p-thm, dIv-A-p-I-fpsS Fw IrXy-am-bn-cp-pthm
Fsm-s-bm-Wv. CsXmw icn-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n ^nJvlns ho-Wn \a-kvImcw ]cn-]qW-am-bn. Fm, Xk-p^v t\mp-Xv \akvI-cn-p--bm-fpsS a\-n-te-m-Wv. a\v ssZh-n--em-bn-cp-p-thm,
euInI Nn-I-fn\nv AXv ap-am-bn-cp-p-thm, AXn ssZh-kva-cWbpw ssZh-`b
- hpw hf-cp-Ib
- p-mtbm, eyw ssZh-{]o-Xn-bm-bn-cp-p-thm,
\a-kvImcw Ahs kz`m-hs kwkvIc
- n-p-hm ]cym-]vXa
- m-bn-cp-pthm
CsXm-s-bmWv Xk-p-^ns t\mw. Cm-cy- Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-sn, Xk-p-^ns ho-W-n, \a-kvImcw ]cn-]qW-ambn. AXn-epm-Ip Ipdhv \a-kvIm-c-ns ]qW-Xsb _m[n-p-sa-m-W-Xns
]w.
^nJvlpw Xkp^pw Xn-ep Cu A-cs Hcp-Zm-lc
- W
-
- n-eqsS
hy-am-mw. \msam-cmsf Ip-ap-p-tm cv \nev Abmsf honp-p. Abm-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ku-cyw, hkv{X-[m-c-Ww, hrn Fn-hbm-sWm-v. cm-a-tXv kz`mhw, _pn-i-n, hnth-Iw, ]m-nXyw,
Ign-hp-I Fn-hbpw. CXn Hm-as hoWw ^nJvln-sXpw cma-tXv Xk-p-^n-sXpamWv Fv ]d-bmw. \msamcp kvt\ln-Xs\ sXcs-Sp-p-tm Ahs cp hi-fpw t\mp-a-tm. Ahs Dpw
]pdhpw \m-hWw Fv \mw B{K-ln-pw. CXp Xs-bmWv Ckvem-ansbpw nXn. ico-Avhn[n-I A\p-k-cn-p-tm AIhpw ]pdhpw
AX-\p-kc
- n-W
- w. _mly-ambn icn-b\
- p-jvTn-p Hcm-fpsS A`m-Kv
A\p-kc
- W
-
- ns Bm-hn-s-n Ahs Iaw Hcp arX-ic
- ocw t]msebmWv. C\n, B-cn-I-]qWXbp Hcm-fpsS _mly-amb A\p-jvTm-\-coXn-I icn-b-s-n-tem, hncq-]hpw hnIr-X-hp-amb ico-c-{]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSnb Hcp am\y-hy-n-sb-tm-en-cnpw AXv.
Cu DZm-l-cWw ^nJvlpw Xk-p^pw Xn-ep _w \-t]mse
hy-am-p-p. [man-I--ssh-m-\n-I--I Zin ]nevm-ev
s]mn-p-d-s Ipg-- Xk-p-^ns ]cn-ip-n-sbbpw aeo-a-k-am-n-f-p. P\- CX-c- k-ap-Zm-b--fn\nv A\n-kvem-anI Xz-imkv{X- Zs-Spv AXn\v "Xk-p^v' F t] \evIn, Ckvem-an
IS-n-hn-p. hnNn-{X-amb ]e-Xcw BNmc \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ta "Xk-p^v'
* hnip-J
- p-B\
- n CXnv "XkvIn-bv', "lnIvav' Fpw lZo-kn "Clvkm' Fpw
]d-bp-p. ]nevm-e-m-cn AXv "Xk-p^v' F t]cn-emWv {]kn--am-b-Xv.

102

CkvemwaXw

F te_ ]Xn--s-p. Ahbvv hnip Jp-B-\ntem lZo-kntem

HcSn-m-\-hp-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. Ime-{I-taW B P\w ico-A-ns ]nSn-n\n-pw kzbw kzX-{-cm-bn. Ah \qX-\-hm-Z--fp-bn: Xkp-^n\v ^nJvlp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-an-. AXns hgn Xs Hv
thsd-bm-Wv. "kq^n'v _mly-N-S-p-I-sfmpw \nh-ln-t--Xn-. \nba-\n-_--\-I Ahv _m[-I-a- Cs\ t]mIpp Ah. Ckvemans\pdnv Xotc A-cmb kq^n-I-fn\n-mWv Ccw hmZ-
tIm-dp--Xv. Cu hmZ- ]c-am-_---fm-sWv ]d-tb--Xn--tem.
ico-Av hn[n-It- fmSv _-an-m Xk-p-^n\v Ckvem-an Hpw m\an-. Ckvem-ans kvXw`--fmb \n_-m-\p-jvTm-\--fn\nv kzX{-cm-hm Hcp kq^npw Ah-Im-i-an-. AXp-t]mse Pohn-X-ns ap
CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw _--fnepw m]-\--fnepw ssZhhpw ssZh-Zq-X\pw
\n-bn \nb-a-]-c-amb AXnn-I adn-I-S-m\pw Hcp kq^npw A[nIm-c-an-. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n ImWn-p-X amKw Ah-ew-_n-m-Xn-cn-p-h "apkvenw kq^n' F t]cnv Xosc Al-\-. "Xk-p^v' FXv
hmkvX-h-n ssZh-tmSpw ssZh-Zq-X-t\m-Sp-ap \njvI-f-- kvt\-lns t]cmWv Ic-I-hn-sm-gp-Ip \na-e-t{]-a-ns t]! ssZhim-k-\-I-fn\npw {]hm-N-I-in--W--fn\npw sXpw hyXn-N-en-mXn-cn-pI F-XmWv B kvt\l-ns {]Y-a- e--Ww. AXn-\m,
"Ckvem-anI kq^nkw' ico-A-n\nv ths] H-. ico-Av hn[nI BmY-X-tbmSpw ssZh-`-n-tbmSpw IqSn \nh-ln-p--Xn-\mWv
Xk-p^v Fv ]d-bp--Xv. Ia--fn ssZh-tm-Sp kvt\lm-Z-chpw
`b-`-n-bp-am-hp BXvam-hns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-n-pXns t]cm-W-Xv.

104

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

Cu Ah-km-\s A[ym-b-n Ckvem-anI \nb-a-kw-lnX \ne-sImp ASn-m\ Xz-fpw ico-A-ns Nne {]tXyI hn[n-I-fp-amWv
{]Xn-]m-Zyw. Ckvem-anI ico-Av hn`m-h\ sNp DIrjvS hy-h-bpsS kz`m-hhpw B hyh--bn-e-S-nb KpW-fpw bpn-Ifpw {Klnp-hm Cu hnh-cWw D]-Im-c-s-Spw.
\s-n Xs \mw Hp Nnnp t\mp-I. \nc-h[n Ign-hp-I-fpsS
DS-a--cmWv \mw. Ah-bpsS {]IrXn Bh-iy-s-SpXv \mw Ah D]tbm-K-s-Sp--W-sa-m-Wv. \apv _pnbpw hnth-I-hp-ap-v; ImWm\pw
tIm\pw kwkm-cn-m\pw cpNn-m-\p-ap Ign-hp-I-fpv; ssIIm-epI-fp-v. tIm]w, shdpv, kvt\lw, `bw, B{Klw XpS-nb hnIm-c--fpap- v . Ch- b n D]- t bm- K - a n- m- - s Xm- p- a n- . \ap- m- h - i y- a p- Xp
sImmWv ssZhw Ah \evIn-b-Xv. euInI Pohn-X-ns hnPbw IpSnsIm-p-Xv kzw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Bh-iy- \nh-ln--s-Sp-tm-gmWv. ssZhw \evInb Ign-hp-I D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-n-bm am{Xta AXv km[yam-hq.
\apv e`n Ign-hp-I D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-\p amK-fpw kma{Kn-Ifpw \psS apn-ep-v. kzw icocw Xs-sb-Sp-p-I. Fm D]-Ic-W--fp-ap--Xn. Npp-ap temIs t\mq. \m\m-X-cw amK--fXn hym]np InS-p-p. \psS klm-b-n-\mbn kzhK-ns]
a\p-jy, \psS tkh-\-n-mbn arK-, kky-, `qan, shw,
hmbp, NqSv, shfnw XpSn AkwJyw hkvXp-. \app thn-bmWv
Ah-sbmw ssZhw krjvSn--Xv Ah-bp-]-tbm-K-s-Spn Pohn-Xm-h-iy \nh-ln-p-hm.
\apv e`n Ign-hp-I-sfmw \psS KpWhpw tahpw ap\nn
\evI-s--h-bm-Wv. \apv tZmjw hcp-m-\p-t-inv Hcp Ignhpw ssZhw
\evIn-bn-n-. AXn-\m, B Ign-hp-I \apv KpWw am{Xw e`n-p
coXn-bn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp--emWv icn-bmb coXn. tZmjw `hn-p-s-n

CkvemwaXw

A\n-hm-cy-am-bXp am{Xw. ap coXn-I-sfmw sXm-sWp \psS _pn

kzbw k-Xn-pw. \apv kzbw tZmjw hcp-p cq]-n-ep {]hrnI sNp-Xv sXm-b-t]mse \psS Ign-hp-I ap--hv \jvS-apm-p hn[w hn\n-tbm-Kn-pXpw sXm-Wv. \apv e`n Pohn-tXm-]I-c-W-v \mi-\-jvS-ta-ev]npw hn[w {]hn-p-Xpw icn-b-.
\jvSw GXp Xc-n-ep--Xm-bmepw Hgn-hm--s-tS--Xm-Wv. Nne-tm-gXv
km[n-sv hcn-. As-n \jvS-tm-sSmw sNdnb em`hpw ImWpw.
A-s\-bp k`--fnte \jvSw hcp-p Hcp {]hrn sNm-hq.
temIv cp-Xcw a\p-jy-cpv. kzw Ign-hp-I ap--htm
X-fpsS Xs ap Ign-hp-Itm tZmjw hcp-phn[w D]-tbm-Knp--h-cm-sWmcp Xcw. As-n, \ am{X-ap-t-inv \evI-s hkvXp Ah {]tbm-P\
- i
- q-\y-am-n-f
- b
- p-p. cm-as hn`m-Kw, a\x-]qha-s-nepw AX ImcWw AtX A_-- sNphcmWv. CXnsem-m-as Xc-m [nm-cn-Ifpw Ipg--m-cp-am-Wv. Ahsc \nb-{nm Nne \nb-a- thWw. cm-as hn`m-K-n\v kzw Ign-hpI D]-tbm-Kn-t icn-bmb amKw Adn-bm-\p-X-Ip m\w \evtI-Xpapv.
Cu cv Bh-iy--fmWv "ico-Av' ]qo-I-cn-p--Xv. \psS
h Ignhpw ]mgm-n--f-bmt\m h Bitbm hnIm-ctam \in-np Ifbmt\m ico-Av Dt-in-p-n-. Imntem tantem t]mbn X]-n-cn-W-sav AXm-h-iy-s-Sp-n-. hniv acn--W-satm \-\mbn sXn\-S--W-satm AXv ]d-bp-n-. am\p-jnI hnIm-c--f-Sn--an kzbw
\in--W-satm euIn-I-kp-J--sfmw XyPnv k\y-kn--W-satm
AXv B{K-ln-p-n-. CXv ssZhw \nan ico-A-m-Wv. Cu temIw
ssZhw a\p-jymbn krjvSn--Xm-Wv. AXns\ hnIr-X-am-p-Xpw \inn-p-Xpw Ah Fs\ CjvS-sSpw? A\m-h-iytam {]tbm-P-\-cln-Xtam Bb Hcp Ignhpw ssZhw a\p-jyv \evIn-bn-n-. h hn[-nepw
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-\-msX {]]--n bmsXmpw Ah krjvSn-npan-. Cu {]]w ]qW-`w-Kn-tbmSpw {]Xm-]-tmSpw IqSn Nen--Ww.
a\pjy Xs apgp-I-gn-hp-Ifpw icnv hn\n-tbm-Kn-Ww; {]]--nse
kIe hkvXp-fpw Ah kzw PohnX kuJy-n-\mbn D]-tbm-K-sSp-Ww; BImi `qan-I-fn ssZhw Hc-p-n-sh-n-p kh kma-{KnIfpw Ah D]-bp--am--Ww CXmWv {]] {kjvSm-hns Dt-iyw.
]t, AXv [nm-c-mtem A-X-bmtem A\ytm Ah-c-hp
Xstbm \mi-\-jvS--tf-ev]n-p hn[-n-em-h-cpXv Fp am{Xw. Cu
Dtiyw ap\nn-bmWv ico-A-nse Fm hyh--Ifpw \nan-n-cnp--Xv. a\p-jy-cm-inv \mi-\-jvS- hcp-m-\n-S-bp kIe kwKXn-Ifpw ico-A-n \nb-a-hn-cp--am-Wv. ^e-{]-Z-am-b-sXmw A\p-h-Z-\ob-hpw. Xs apgp-h Bi-Ifpw Bh-iy-fpw ]qn-bm-m\pw kzw
\-mbn \m\m hnt[\ ]cn-{i-an-p-hm\pw a\p-jyv ]qW-amb AhIm-ia
- p-v. ]t, B Ah-Imiw D]-tbm-Kn-p-X
- v, A-Xb
- mtem [nmc-mtem A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i- l\n-p hn[-n-em-h-cp-Xv. adn-v,
A]-c-mv ]c-am-h[n klm-b-I-c-amb \ne-bn-em-h-Ww. Cu Xz-n-

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

105

emWv ico-A-nse Fm \nb-a-fpw A[n-jvTm-]n-X-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.

KpWhpw tZmjhpw CS-I-e {]hr-n-I-fn henb KpWw t\Sm
sNdnb tZmjw kln-p-I, henb \jvSw Hgn-hm-m sNdnb em`w Dt]n-pI F-XmWv ico-A-ns Xzw.
Hmtcm Imcy-nepw Ian-ep-a-`-hn KpW-tZm-j--sf-sv
Hmtcm hynpw Ftmgpw a\-n-embnsm-W-sa-n-. AXn-\m,
kh--\mb ssZhw a\p-jy-cm-in-mbn BZyw icnbpw KpW-{]-Z-hpamb Hcp kqW hyh \nanpXn-cn-p-p. B hyh--bpsS
KpW-f
- n ]eXpw hy-ambn {Kln-m, Nne \qm-p-Ip app
P\-v Ign-n-cp-n-. Fm-env, imkv{X-cw-K-p-mb ]ptcm-KXn
Ah-bpsS ad-sbmw \on-bn-cn-p-p. F{Xtbm cl-ky-fpw bpnIfpw KpW-fpw C\nbpw ad-\on ]pd-p-h-cm-\p-v. imkv{X-hn-m\o-b
- hym]-Ia
- m-hp-X
- n-\
- p-kc
- nv Ah hy-am-bn-sm-t-bn-cn-pw.
X-fpsS A]qWhpw ]cn-an-X-hp-amb _pnsb am{Xw Ah-ew-_-am-nb-Xns ^e-ambn P\- \qm-p-I-tfmfw A_-- {]hnp
t]mp. AXns Xn-^ew A\p-`-hn--dn tijw, HSp-hn, CkvemanI ico-A-ns \nb-a- kzoI-cn-m \n_-n-X-cm-bn-o-Xn\v
DZm-l-c-W--fp-v.* Fm, A-Xbpw ]cn-N-b-p-dhpw hcp-p
Ccw tZmj--fn\nv, ssZh-Zq-X-\n khm-\m hnizm-k-an-h, c {]m]n--h-cm-Wv. ssZh-Zq-X-\n-ep BmYhpw AN--e-hpamb hnizmkw aqew bYmY m\-ns krjvSn-bmb Hcp \nb-a-kwln-Xsb Ah A\p-k-cn-p-p-sh--Xm-W-Xnv Imc-Ww AXnse
bpnbpw cl-ky-fpw Adn-mepw Cs-n-epw.
* "hW-{]iv\w' CXn-sm-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amsbSp-mw. Cm-cy-n bpnklhpw am\p-jnI-hp-am-sbmcp kao-]-\-coXn kzoI-cn-m a\p-jyv Cp-hsc km[n-n-n-. hW-hnth-N-\s \ymbo-I-cn-m-\mWv Gsd-mew Poh-im-kv{Xs D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-h-Xv. Ign cv iX-I--tfm-fw, hnth-N-\-n--\p-Iq-e-am-bmWv Ata-cn- tImS-XnI hn[n {]kvXm-hn--Xv. "sXmen Idpp' F "GI Ip'n\v Bbn-c--W-n\v a\pjy-Po-hn-I \nZbw aZn--s-p; `oj-Wnpw `-\-n\pw hnt[-b-cmbn; shfp-hpw Idp--hpw hyXykvX \nb-a- Xs Dm--s-p. Htc tImtf-Pn,
Htc kvIqfn Ccp-Iq-pw Hnp ]Tn-m Ign-bmsX t]mbn. 1954 sabv 17-\v am{XamWv hW-hn-th-N\w A\o-Xn-]-chpw am\p-jnI ka-Xz-nv hncp--hp-am-sWv Atacn- tImS-Xn-I hn[n ]d--Xv.
F{Xtbm \qm-p-I sImSnb ]mX-I- sNbvX tij-amWv hW-hn-th-N\w A\o-Xn]-c-am-sWpw \ntjw \in-n-t--Xm-sWpw a\p-jyv t_m[-ap-Zn--Xv. Cpw, Cu
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns kmbm--nepw Cu hkvXpX {Kln-m F{Xtbm a\pjy
arK--fp-v. "sXmen-a-lna' bnemWv Ah a\p-jyXzw Zin-p--Xv. Zn-Wm-{^n-bpw
B{^n- hI-c-bnse ]mm-Xycpw CXn-p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ata-cn--bn t]mepw
kwkvImc k-scptLm-jn-p-h
- c
- n KWy-am-sbmcp hn`mKw hnth-N\
- \
- b
-
- n
]nSnpXqp-I-bm-Wn-pw. Poh{][m-\-amb {]kvXpX {]iv\w a\p-jy-a-kvXnjvIw
Fs\ ssIbmfn Fv \mw IpIgn-p. CXn-sm-c-]-hm-Z-sa-tmWw "ico-Av'
BZyta {]Jym-]n-p, hW-hn-th-N\w ISp A\o-Xn-bm-sW-v. ico-Av a\p-jyv
t\hgn ImWnpXp. ]m]-ns ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn\nv AXv a\p-jys\ cn-p. JpB am\p-jn-IuIrjvSyw DtLm-jn-p-Xv ImWpI:
""\nbw, \mw a\pjy]p{Xs\ BZ-cn-n-p-v.'' Jp-B XpSp ]d-bp-p: ""a\p-jytc!
\nbw Hcm-Wn\npw s]n\n-p-amWv \mw \nsf krjvSn-n-p--Xv. \nsf
hnhn[ tKm{X-fpw hyXykvX hn`m-K--fp-amn Xncn--Xv, \n ]c-kv]cw Xncn--dn-

106

CkvemwaXw

\mev Ah-Im-i-
ico-A-ns ho-W-n a\p-jyp ta \mev Ah-Im-i-
hptNcp-p. 1. ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i- 2. kztZ-l-ns Ah-Im-i 3. ka-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- 4. D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m thn
ssZhw a\p-jy--[o-\-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp hkvXp-fpsS Ah-Im-i-.
Cu Ah-Im-i--fpsS s]mcp {Klnv IrXy-ambn \nh-ln-p-I-bmWv
Hcp apkven-ans Npa-X-e. ico-A-v, Ch-sb-p-dnv shtsd hni-Z-ambn
hnh-cn-p-p-v. Ah-bpsS \nh-l-W-n-\mbn kzoI-cn-t-p amKta-sXpw AXv hni-Za
- m-p-p. apgp-h Ah-Im-i
- fpw Hw \nd-th-m\pw
Ah-Im-i--fn-sempw ]mgm-bn-tm-hm-Xn-cn-m\pw ]nb D-a-amK-amWv
AXv \ntZin-p--Xv.

ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i-
ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i
- {][m-\a
- mbpw \mev Imcyfn HXp-mw:
Hv: a\p-jy Ahs\ am{Xw ssZh-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw Ah-\n
Bscbpw ]m-fn-bm-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. CXv ""emC-eml Cm''
F hmIy-n-ep BmY-amb hnizmkw hgn \nh-ln-m-hp--XmWv. cv: ssZh-im-k-\-I IWn-i-ambn A\p-k-cn-p-I.""apl--Zpd-kqep-mln'' F hmIy-n-ep hnizmkw hgn CXv km[nmw. aqv: a\pjy ssZh-ns Bm-\p-hn-bmbn \ne-sIm-p-I. Cu Ah-Imiw
ssZhn-I-{K--nepw ssZh-Zq-Xs Ncy-bnepw hnh-cn \nb-a- ]n]pI hgn \nd-th-m-hp--Xm-Wv. \mev: a\p-jy ssZhs am{Xw Bcm-[np-I. A\p-jvTm\ Ia- \n_--am-n-bn-p-Xv Cu Ah-Imiw \ndth-p-hm-\m-Wv.
ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i-v {]Yam\-am-Wp--Xv. AXn-{]-[m-\hp-am-W-Xv. AXn-\m AXv \nh-ln-p-hm ap Ah-Im-i- Iptdsbms _en-I-gn-tn ht-pw. \a-kvImcw, t\mv apX-emb \n_-Ia--f-\p-jvTn-p-hm kztZ-l-ns ]e Ah-Im-i-fpw hnizmkn
_enIgn-p-p-t- m. \a-kvIm-c
- n\mbn AXn-cm-hnse Fgp-t-evW
- w;
bm thn-bm-Wv. \n-fn IqSp-X kqva-X-bp--h-\s{X Am-lp-hn- BZ-cWo-b.''
dkq(-k) Acpfn: ""P\-tf! \n-bw, \n-fpsS \mY GI-\mWv; \n-fpsS ]nXmhpw
GI Xs. \n-sfmw BZ-an\n-s{X; BZ-am-hs an\npw. Ad-_nv A\d-_n-bpsS tatem A\-d-_nv Ad-_n-bpsS tatem bmsXmcp tabpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\n. shfp--h\v Idp--h-s\-m, As-n Idp--h\v shfp--h-s\-m, (Bpw
Bcp-sS-ta-epw) bmsXmcp tabpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\n; XJvh(-kq-va-X)-sIm--msX.
\n-fn Ghpw D-a \n-fn IqSp-X kqva-X-bp--h-\-s{X.''
(\-_n-bpsS hnS-hm- {]kw-K-n\nv)
t\mpI! ]Xn-aqv \qm-p-Ip apv ico-Av a\p-jys\ ]Tn-n bmYmYy-am-WnXv. \qm-p-I \op-\n {]am-Z-pw IjvS-\-jvS-pw tij-am-Wv, F{Xtbm
Bbn-c-sf hnth-I-iq-\y-amb hW hnth-N-\-ns _en-bm-Sp-I-fmngn--ti-jam-Wv, a\pjy kaq-ls H-Sw hne-bn-Sn-p-Ibpw A]-am-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-ti-jamWv "A\n-b-{n-X-amb bpn'v bmYmYy-ns sXv sXmSm Ign--Xv. bmYmYyns EPphpw kc-f-hp-amb kao-]-\-as{X Ckvem-antXv. AXns\ Ah-K-Wn-
\miw Wn-p-h-cp--em-Wv.

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

107

"hpZp' sN-Ww. \ntXy\ Ap t\cw Xs AXym-hiy tPmenI

\nnsh-Ww. hnt\m-Z--hn-{ia thf-I Hgn-hm--Ww. {hX-a-\p-jvTn-ptm hnipw Zmlhpw kln--Ww. B-\n-b-{Ww ]men--Ww.
kImp sImSp-p hnizmkn [\-t{]-as ssZh`n-bpsS t]cn
_en-sIm-Sp--Ww. ln\v thn [\-w hybw sNt--Xn\p ]pdta
bm{Xm tihpw kln--Ww. ssZh-amK-n-ep ka-c-n-em-I-s,
Poh\pw [\hpw An--Ww. kztZ-l-ns Ah-Im-i- t]mse,
A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i-fpw Nne-tm _en-sIm-Sp-tn hcpw. \a-kvIcn-m t]mIp Hcp sXmgn-emfn sXmgn-ep-S-a-bpsS tPmen \nn-sh-mIp-atm kmm bP-am-\v Bcm-[-\-bn-p--Xv. ln\v t]mIp
hnizmkn Xs kh-tPm-en-Ifpw \nn-sh-tn hcp-p. AXv At\Iw
t]cpsS Ah-Im-i-sf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p-p. ssZh-amK-n-ep
ka-c-n ssZhs am{Xw ap\nn A\ysc h[n-p-Ibpw kzi-cocs _en-bn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. C{]-Imcw Xs, CXc hkvXp-fpsS Ah-Im-ihpw _en-sIm-Sp--s-Sp--Xmbn ImWmw. ssZh-amK-n
arK-sf _e-nb-dp-p-I, kv hn\n-tbm-Kn-pI XpS-n-bh DZm-l-cW-.
Fm, ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i
- \evIp-X
- n-\mbn krjvSn-If
- psS
Ah-Im-i- th-Xn-e-[nIw \jvS-s-Sp-n-q-Sm. AXn-\m ssZhwXs, Xs Ah-Im-i--fpsS Imcy-n Nne Cf-hp-I \evIn-bn-p-v.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v \a-kvImcw FSp-mw. AXv A\p-jvTn-p--Xn\v ssZhw
Fm kuI-cy-fpw sNbvXp Xn-cn-p-p. "hpZp' sNm shw
InmsXtbm tcmKw aqew shw ]mSn-m-sXtbm hm "Xbpw'*-sNmw.
bm{Xm-th-f-bn \a-kvImcw "Jkvdpw'** "PwDw'*** sNmw. \nv \a-kvIcn-m Bh-Xn-m--hv Ccptm, InStm Bhmw. \a-kvIm-c-n
sNmm\pw sNm\pw hfscpdt Dq. GXm\pw \nan-j- aXn AX\p-jvTn-m. tPmenn-c
- p Ah-kc
-
- f
- n ZoLn \a-kvImcw hntcm[n--s--Xm-Wv. cm{Xn t]mse tPmen-n-c-n-m {]im--amb ka-b-fnte ZoLn A[ym-b ]mcm-bWw sNbvXv \a-kvI-cn-m-hq.
\n_ \a-kvIm-c-p ]pdta "kpv' \a-kvIm-c- A\p-jvTnp-Xv ssZh-n\v kpjvSn ]I-cp Imcy-am-Wv. ]t, cm{Xn-bnse
\n{Zbpw ]I-es tPmen-Ifpw Dt]-nv \a-kvIc
- n-m ssZhw Bm]n-n-n-. \nXy-hr-n-mbn tPmen sNt ka-b-smw \a-kvI-cnm\pw ]d-n-n-. A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i--sfmw l\npw hn[w
Ftmgpw \a-kvI-cn--W-sapw Bh-iy-s-n-n-.
CtX-t]mse, {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-n-\p-apv Cf-hp-I. {hXw hj-n
Hcp amkta \n_--ap-q. bm{X-mcpw tcmKn-Ifpw ]noSv A\p-jvTnm aXn. t\ms-Sp--h AXv ]qn-bm-m-\-i--\mbnom
t\mv apdn-mw. tcmKw `b-s-Sp Ah-b
- nepw t\mv Hgn-mw. Am* s]mSn-a-p-sImv apJhpw ssIbpw XS-h.
** \mev dIvA-p \a-kvImcw cv dI-vA-mn Npcpn \a-kvI-cn-.
*** cv \a-kvIm-c- Hnv sN. fpl, Ak Fn-hbpw aKvcn-_v, Cim Fnhbpw PwAv Bn sNmw.

108

CkvemwaXw

g-k-a-b-ns Ah-km\w hsc Blmcw Ign-mw. t\mpapdn-t

ka-b-am-bm Hpw Xma-kn-bmsX t\mv apdn--Ww. kpp t\mp-If-\p-jvTn-p-Xv ssZh-{]oXn km-Zn-p-hm IqSp-X D]-bp--am-sWnepw tPmen-I sNm-\-i--\mIpw hn[w t\ms-Spp-Xv ssZhw
Xosc CjvS-s-Sp-n-.
C\n, kIm-ns kz`mhw t\mp-I. Xotc sNdnb Hcp XpItb kImmbn \evtI--Xp-q. AXp Xsbpw \nnX tXmXn-ep [\w, Hcp
\nnX Imew tiJ-cnp shp--hv am{Xw. \n_--amb hnln-Xnv ]pdta ssZh-amK-n [\w hybw sNp-Xv ssZhs kpjvS-\m-p-sa-Xv icn. ]t, kzw Bh-iy-fpw `mcym-k-m-\--fpsS
Ah-Im-i-fpw l\npw hn[w Zm\[a sNbvXv Zcn-{Z-\mbn Ignp-Iq-Sp-Xv ssZh-an-jvS-s-Sp-n-. Cu hnj-b-nepw anX-amb \ne-]mSv
ssIsm-p-hm-\mWv Ah Iev]n-p--Xv.
lns Ah-bpw asm--. bm{Xm sNe-hn\v hIbpw bm{Xmt-i- kln-m Ignhpw D-ht lv \n_--ap-q. AXpw
Bbp-jvm-e-n-sem-cn- am{Xw. bptam ap Ipg--tfm ImcWw
Pohm-]mbw `b-s-Sm-hp kml-N-cy-n lvbm{X amn-sh-mw.
hm[Iyw {]m]n amXm-]n-Xm- a-fpsS kXw e`nt ln\v
t]mImhq Fp-v. km-\--fpsS A`m-hw-aqew H-p bm{X-bn,
hnj-a- t\cn-Sm-\n-Sbp-XpsImm-Wn-Xv. ssZhw, kzw Ah-Im-i-fpsS Imcy-n A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i-sf F{X-am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-n-psv CsXmw hy-am-p-p.
ssZh-amK-n-ep ka-c-n-emWv a\p-jym-h-Im-i- IqSp-X-embn
_en-I-gn--s-Sp--Xv. AXn, a\p-jy kzw tZlhpw [\hpw Poh
Xsbpw _en-bn-p-p. am{X-a-, A\y-cp-sSXv l\n-p-Ibpw sNpp. Fm, apv {]kvXm-hn t]mse henb \jvS--sfm-gn-hm-p-hm
sNdnb \jvS- kln--W-sa-mWv Ckvem-ans Xzw. kXyhpw
kZm-Nm-chpw imnbpw \in-p-Ibpw Ak-Xyhpw A[man-I-Xbpw Akzmyhpw temIv in-bp-d-n-p-Ibpw sNpI FXpw ssZhnI
hyh inv, Ip^vdv, \mkvXn-IX Fn-h-bm ASn--a-s-SpI
FXpw \qtdm Bbn-ctam etam P\-v Poh-lm\n t\cn-Sp--Xns\-m hn \jvS-am-sWv ImWmw. Cu h \jvSw Hgn-hm-m-\mbn
tZlhpw [\hpw Poh\pw _en-I-gn-p-I-sb sNdnb \jvSw ssZh{]oXn
ap\nn, kk-tmjw kln--W-sav ssZhw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv Iev]np. Fm, Ahn-sSbpw Bh-iy-nhnv Hcp Xpn cw t]mepw
Nnn-q-Sm. hr-am, Ipn-I, kv{XoI, ]cn-t--h, tcmKn-I apXem-b-hsc h[n-p-Iq-Sm. \njn-s klm-bn-m-\mbn Bbp-[-ta-n-b-htcmSv am{Xta kacw sNm-hq. i{Xp-v A\m-h-iy-ambn \mi-\-jvS hcp--cp-Xv. Ah-cpsS hkvXp-h-I-I sImsN-cp-Xv. Iog-S-nb
i{Xp--tfmSv \oXn-]qhw hn--Ww. Ah-cp-ambn sNp DS--Sn-I
]qW-ambn ]men--Ww. Ah i{XpX Dt]-n-m-ep-Ss\ bpw \nWw--C-sXmw hnizm-kn-I-tfm-Sp ssZh-im-k-\-I-fm-Wv. CsXmw ImWnp-Xv ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i- \evIp--Xn-\mbn, A\y-cpsS Ah-

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

109

Im-i- hgn-hnv l\n-p-hm ssZhw A\p-h-Zn-p-n F-t{X.

tZl-ns Ah-Im-i-
cm-at- Xv kzw ico-c
- ns Ah-Im-i
- f
- m-Wv. a\p-jy XtmSv
Xs-bmWv Ghpw IqSp-X A{Iaw {]hn-p--sXv ]d-m
Bcyw tXmn-tb-mw. B-cy-I-c-amb Imcyw Xs-bm-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm
hynbpw Icp-Xp-Xv X\nv Ghpw IqSp-X kvt\lw XtmSv XsbmWv F-t{X. Xm Xs-Xs i{Xp-hm-sWv BcmWv k-Xn-pI?
Cu hkvXpX Hv ]cn-tim-[n-m Imcyw t_m[y-s-Spw.
h hkvXp-hn-t\mSpw Bi h[n-m a\p-jy AXns ASn-a-bmbn
amdp-p. AXns t]cn-e-h, Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm kzbw \miw
hcp-n-sh-pw. CXv Hcp, am\p-jnI Zu_-ey-am-Wv. Hcp aZy-] aZyw
Inm thn {`m-msctmse s]cp-am-dp-p. Btcm-Ky-tam [\-tam
am\tam \jvSs
- -Sp-Xv Abmv {]iv\ta A. Fp \jvShpw Abm
kln-pw. Xo-{`m--am In I-sXmw Xnv tcmKw Wn-p-hcp-pw. Ima-{`m--m kzw \mi-n\v Imc-W-am-Ip--sXmw sNpw.
Bo-b-{`aw Xev ]nSn--h, tZtl-O-I-f-Sn--an, {]mY-an-Im-h-iyt]mepw XyPnv kzPoh-s\-tmepw A]-I-S-n-em-pw. hnhmlw
shSnv {_-Nm-cn-bm-hpw. Blm-c--]m-\o-b--h-kv{Xm-Zn-I hPn-pw.
izmkw Ign-p-Xv t]mepw Ah-cn-jvS-s-Sn-. Imnepw tanepw t]mbn
X]-n-cn-pw. Cu temIw X\n-pXsv Xocp-am-\npw. a\p-jys
Xo{h-amb Nne hmk-\-Ip DZm-l-c-W--fm-Wn-h. CXns hnhn[
cq]- cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw \apv Nppw \mw Ip-sIm-n-cn-p-p-v.
Ckvem-anI ico-A-ns eyw a\p-jys \bpw tahpw hnPb-ku-`m-Ky--fp-am-Wv. AXn-\m, ""\ns tZl-n\v \o \evtI--Xmb
Nne Ah-Im-i--fp-v'' Fv AXv a\p-jys\ kKu-chw DZvt_m-[n-np-p. a\p-jyv tZmjtam \mitam hcp-p kIe Imcy-fpw icoAv \ntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p. ]n-amw-kw, amwk-`p-p-I-fmb h\y-ar-K-,
hnj-P-p-, cw, ihw apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. a\p-jys _pn,
Btcm-Kyw, kz`m-hw, Bob t_m[w Fn-hv Ah lm\n-Ic
- a
- mbXmWv
Cu \ntcm-[-n\v Imc-Ww. Fm, iphpw KpW-{]-Z-hp-amb Fm
hkvXp-fpw ico-Av A\p-h-Zn-n-p-v. "icocn\v ip-amb Blmcw
\ntj-[n--cp-Xv. Imc-Ww, \ns ico-c-n\v \o \evtI Nne Ah-Im-i-fp-v' Fv AXv DWp-p. \-cmbn \S--cp-Xv. ssZhw D]m-Znnp Xn-p hkv{Xw [cn--W-sav ico-Av \ntZ-in-p-p. \nXyhr-n-mbn tPmensNm AXv Iev]n-p-p. Ae-k-\mbpw bmNn-pw
Imew Ign--cp-Xv; ]nWn InSv acn--cpXv; ssZhw \evInb Ign-hp-I-fp-]tbm-K-s-Sp--Ww; BIm-i-`q-an-I-fn ssZhw Hcpnsh kIe \nt]-fpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw kzPo-hn-X-n-p-]-bp--am--Ww CXm-W-Xns
imk-\. Ima-hn-Imcw ASn--ap-Xpw ico-A-ns ZrjvSn-bn sXmWv. hnIm-c-i-a-\-n-\mbn hnhmlw Ign-m-\mWv AXv Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv.
k\ymkw Ckvem-an\\y-am-Wv. Pohn-X-nse kpJm-\-- Xn--f-bcp-Xv Fv AXv DZvt_m-[n-n-p-p. ssZh kmao-]yhpw ]c-tem-It- am-hpw

110

CkvemwaXw

e`n-p-hm Cl-tem-I-kp-J- shSn-tb Bh-iy-an-. adnv, euInI

Imcy--fn ssZhs kvacn-p-Ibpw Ahs \nb-a-hy-h--I ewLnm- X n- c n- p- I bpw ssZh- i m- k - \ - I smv PohnXw \bn- p- I bpw
sNbvXm Cl-]-c-tem-I--fnse hnP-b-ku-`m-Ky- t\Smw. B-lXy
ico-Av hntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p. Imc-Ww--Po-h bYmY-n ssZh-ns-Xm-Wv. AXv shdpsX \in-n-p-Iq-Sm. ssZhw \n-bn Ah[n hsc
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-\p--Xm-WXv.

ka-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-
kztZ-l-ns Ah-Im-i- \evIp-hm ico-Av Iev]n-p-p.
]t, AXv \evIp-tm A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i- l\n--s-p-IqSm
Fv AXn\v \n_--ap-v. A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i- Ihs-Sp-psImv kzw C-Isf Xr]vXn-s-Sp-p--h kzi-co-css aen\-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-v tamj-Ww, Ih, h-\, ssIq-en,
]en-i, I-t-kv, I-kmyw Fnh ico-Av \njn--am-bn-m-Wpp. Cu amK-n-eqsS Hcm hXpw t\Sp-tm asm-cmXv \-jvSw
hcp-pw. Iw, ]c-Zq-j-Ww, Gj-Wn, hymP-amb Ipm-tcm-]Ww XpS-nb-hbpw Cu KW-ns]-Xm-Wv. NqXv, temdn Fn-hbpw CXp-t]m-seX-s. Ch-bn-eq-sS-sbmw Hcp hyn t\Sp em`w a-t\Iw hyn-IfpsS \jvSs B{i-bn-m-Wn-cn-p--Xv. NXn, h-\-b-S-nb CS-]m-SpI, {Ib-hn-{I-b-n Hcp Inp am{Xw \jvSw hcp hym]mchyh, A{I-aw, sIme, aZ\w Fn-hbpw ico-Av \ntcm-[n--h-bm-Wv.
X\nv em`w t\Sm\pw Xs Bi-I ]qo-I-cn-m\pw A\ysc ]oUnn-p-hmt\m Ah-cpsS Poh l\n-mt\m Bp-ah
- I
- m-ia
- n-. hy`n-Nmcw,
{]IrXnhncp ssewKn-IX Fn-hbpw ico-A-n A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-.
Ccw Zphr-n-I AXn-tes-Sp--h-cpsS BtcmKyw \in-n-p-Ibpw
kz`mhw Zpjn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. am{X-a-, kaq-l-n s]mXpth \ne-Xbpw Zpjn kz`m-h-fpw alm-tcm-K-fpw ]Sp ]nSn-m Ah
hgn-sh-pw. bph Xe-apd \inpt]mhp-I-bmhpw AXns ^ew. ]e hn[n-ep Ipg--pw AcmPIXz-n\pw AXn-S-bmpw. a\pjy_ Xmdp-am-dmbntmhp-Ibpw \mK-cn-IX
- b
- psS ASn-thcp-Xs Apt]mhpI-bpw sNpw.
A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i- kwc-n-m-\mbn ico-A-v, hyn-I-fpsS
ta Npa-nb \n_--\-I-fm-Wn-Xp-hsc ]d--Xv. Fm, kmaqlnI
Pohn-X-ns sIp-dpw \mK-cnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw ssIh-cn-p-hm hyn,
kaq-l-ns Ah-Im-i- l\n-m-Xn-cp-m am{Xw t]mcm. adn-v,
hyn-I ]c-kv]cw klm-bn----hw Ah-cpsS _w kpZr-Vam-tI--Xp-v. Cu Bh-iymYw ico-Av Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p \nb-a-sf-sm-s-sbv t\mmw.
a\p-jy-_---fpsS Bcw`w IpSpw-_-n\nm-W-tm. `m-hv,
`mcy, km-\- Fn-h-bpsS IqmbvamWv IpSpw_w Fv ]d-bp-Xv. ico-A
- \
- p-kc
- nv tPmensNbvXv IpSpw_w ]pet _m[yX ]pcpj-s-Xm-Wv. Krl-Im-cy- t\mn \S-p-I, `m-hn\pw km-\-

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

111

pw Ign-bp-{X kpJ-ku-I-cy--sfm-cp-p-I, in-W-kw-c--W \evIn km-\-sf hfpI Fn-h-bmWv kv{Xobn-en--s

_m[y-X-I. amXm-]n-Xm-sf A\p-k-cn-p-I, Ah-tcmSv BZ-chv ImWnp-I, hm[Iy-n Ahsc kwc-n-pI XpS-n-bh km-\--fpsS
Npa-X-e-I-fnsSp-p. Cu IpSpw-_-hy-h \ne-\np-hm Ckvemw
cv amK-f
- mWv kzoI-cn-X
- v. Hm-aX
- m-bn, ]pcp-js\ IpSpw-_\
- m-Y\
- mbn
\n-bn-p. Hcp `c-Wm-[n-]-\n-msX Hcp cmPyv Hcp hyhbpw Dmhn-. Hcp slUvam--dn-msX Hcp kvIq \S-n-. AXpt]mse Hcp \mY\n-msX Hcp IpSpw-_-hy-h-bpw ]pe-cn-. Hmtcm AwKhpw XnjvSw
{]hnp Hcp IpSpw-_-n kZm hgpw hm-Whpw Ii-]n-ibpw
am{Xta ImWq. ktm-jhpw kuJyhpw t]cnp t]mep-a-hn-sS-bp-m-hn. `mhv Hcp hgnpw `mcy asmcp hgnpw t]mIpw. km-\-v
Blmcw t]mepw e`n-n-. Cu nXn-sbm-gn-hm-m IpSpw-_-n-smcp
\mY-\p-mtb ]q. AXv ]pcp-j Xs Bbn-cn--Ww. ImcWw, IpSpw_s kwc-n-p--Xn\pw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy- ]qo-I-cn-p-Xn\pap _m[yX ]pcp-j-s-Xm-W-tm.
IpSpw-_-hy-h \ne-\np-hm Ckvemw kzoI-cn cm-as
amKw CXmWv: hoSnv ]pd-p kIe tPmen-I-fpsSbpw D-c-hm-ZnXzw
]pcp-jv \evIp-Ibpw kv{XotbmSv A\m-hi
- y-ambn hon\v shfn-bn t]mIcp-sXv Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hon\v ]pd-p Npa-X-e-I-fn\nv
kv{Xosb Hgn-hmn \nn. CXv kz-X-tbmSpw kam-[m-\-tmSpwIqSn
hon-\-I-p I-hy- \nh-ln-p-hm kv{Xov Ah-k-c-ta-Ipp. Fm, kv{XoI hon\nv Xosc ]pd-p-t]m-I-cp-sXv CXn\Y-an-. Bhiyw t\cn-Sp-tm kv{Xov shfn-bn t]mImw. kv{XobpsS
I-hy--fpsS kmm cwKw Ah-fpsS Krl-am-bn-cn--W-sapw AhfpsS apgp-h Ign-hp-Ifpw KmlnI Pohn-Xs IqSp-X kpJ-{]-Z-am-p-Xn hn\n-tbm-Kn--W-sapw am{X-amWv Ckvem-ans Dt-iyw.*
c-_-hpw kvt\l-_-hpw IpSpw-_-hr-s Iptd-qSn hnIkn-n-p-p. Cu hr-n IqSn--gn-bp--h Xn-ep _w \mp-hm\pw Ah-sc ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-I-fmn amm\pw thn ico-Av
bpn-\n-jvThpw {]mtbm-KnI-hp-amb Nne \nb-a- Bhn-jvI-cn-n-pv.
* enwKm-Sn-m-\-n-ep Cu tPmen-\nWbw XI-Xns Xnm-\p-`-h-ptijw
kv{XoI hoSp-I-fn-tev aS--W-sav apd-hnfn Iqm XpS-n-bn-cn-p-p Nne ]mmXy Nn-I-m. cv {]apJ Nn-I-m-cmb tUm. ^p sP. jo\n-sbpw s{]m.
knco tPmUn-sbpw A`n-{]m-b- NphsS tNp-p. "Iayq-Wnkw B v Zn
tImsjkv Hm^v Zn shv' (Communism and the Conscience of the west)F IrXnbn tUmIvS jo Fgp-Xpp:
""Ncn-{X-n XpeyX ImWm--hn[w \ncm-im-a-b-amWv Ata-cn- IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-nse
{]p-_v[m-h-. cmjv{S-ns _tcm-ao--d-s{X(-hmbpL\-am-]n-\n) IpSpw-_w. Ata-cn-bnse icm-icn hosS--s\-bmtWm AXn\n-smpw `n-a Ata-cn--bpsS nXnbpw. ISw sImpw ]Ww [q-Sn-p-amWv Ata-cn- hoSp-I ]pe-cp--sX-n A\Xn-hn-Zq-c-`m-hn-bn tZiob IS-n\v ta tZiob ISw Ipp-Iq-Sp Hcp \mSm-bn-o-cpw
Ata-cn-. Ata-cn--bnse icm-icn `mcym-`m- X-fpsS hnhm-l--cm-dp-I k\njvIjw ]men-m ]w AXvem-nIv Nm-dnepw (A-Xn ]d-) \mep Xc-n-

112

CkvemwaXw

Ah-bn Nne-XmWv NphsS:

1. {]IrXym ]c-kv]cw CS-s]v hkn-t-n-h-cp kv{Xo-]p-cp-j-m
Xn-ep hnhm-l-_w ico-Av \nb-a-hn-cp--am-n. amXmhpw aI\pw;
]nXmhpw aIfpw; amXm-hns `mhpw `mcy-bpsS aIfpw; ]nXm-hns
`mcybpw `m-hn-s- a-I-\pw; ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-m; ]nXr-hy\pw
ktlm-Z-c-]p-{Xnbpw ; ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-cnbpw ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X\pw; amXr-k-tlmZ-c\pw ktlm-Z-co-]p-{Xnbpw; amXr-k-tlm-Z-cn-Ifpw ktlm-Zco ]p{X-mcpw;
`mcym-am-Xmhpw ]p{Xo `mhpw; `r ]nXmhpw ]p{X-`m-cy-bpw--C-h-cmWv
ico-Av hnhm-l-_w \njn--am-n-bn-p c--Ip-Spw_ _p-.
CXn [mcmfw KpW--f-S-n-bn-p-v. Cu hn`m-K-ns]-h Xn-ep
s]cp-amw ]cn-]m-h-\-am-bn-o-cp-Ibpw Zphn-Nm-c- Ie-cm \njvI-f-kvt\-l-tmsS Ah Xn kl-h-kn-p-Ibpw sNpI FXv Ahbn apJy-amb H-t{X.
2. ]c-kv]c _w IqSp-X ZrV-am-bn-o-cp-hm-\mbn IpSpw-_-nse
\nb-a-hn-cp--am--s--h-scm-gn-p ap kv{Xo]p-cp-j-m Xn hnhmlw
sNp-Xv ico-Av A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-n. kz`m-h-fpw BNm-c-k-{-Zmb-fpw ]cn-N-bn--dn--h Xn-ep-m-Ip hnhm-l-_--amWv IqSp-X
hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-o-cp-I. A\y-cp-am-bp _-n ]etmgpw hntbmPnpw `nnpw Dm-Im km[yX Gsd-bm-Wv. Cm-c-W-m-emWv
Ckvemw Fm \ne-bnepw At\ym\yw tbmPn-p kv{Xo ]pcp-j-m
Xn-ep hnhm-l-n\v apK-W\ \evIp--Xv.
3. Hcp IpSpw-_-n Zcn-{Zcpw k-cpapm-Ipw. kpn-Xn-bn-ep-ep kzmX-{y--fnepw (Four Freedoms) hniz-kn-m A\ysc \n_-n-m Atacn--h-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cn-p--X-.
""kvt\l-ns t\- a\-qhw hnkva-cn-p--Xm-bm, an-ap ]cp-nbpw Imnbpw
IS-en-sem-gp-m\pw km-nI aqey-p thn {]Ir-Xnsb XIm\pw t{]cn-np km-n-I-\-b--fm-bn-cnpw \mw Icp-n-Sn-n-p--Xv. cmpw thn FXn-ep-]cn Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw kzmY-n-\p-th-n-bmWv `mcym-`m- Pohn-p-sX-n, At\ym-\ym-{i-b
- n-eq-sSbpw ]c-kv]c kl-Ic
- W
-
- n-eq-sSbpw am{Xta Xv
hyn-]-c-amb kuJyw e`y-amIq Fv Ahv ImWm Ign-bp-n-s-n `mcym`m IW-s, aqe-[-\hpw {]b-Xv\hpw Xn t]mcm--n-tes-Spw. As\
Ah cpw kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw hnc-khpw hyY-hp-ampw. km-nI kam-[m\w sISppw. Xmm--fn\nv hnv kzX-{-ambn t{]amY\ \-S-m `mcym-`m- kXn-p ]w hntZ-iob Xz-im-kv{X- \pgpIb-dp \mSm-bn-ocpw Ata-cn. "tZi-`n' Fp ]d-bp B ]c-a-amb Iqdns\ Iayq-Wnkw F{]-Imcw Xqp-am-ppthm A{]-Imcw Xs. ssZh-sasm-n-m--t]mse `mcym-`m- s]cp-am-dp-Xm-bm tZio-b-sa-tmWw \nco-iz-c-Xz-n\p thn hmZn-p-, kzmX-{y-{]-Jym-]\s Jn-p-, \psS Fm Ah-Im-i-_m-[y-X-Ifpw ssZh-Z--am-sW--Xns\
\ntj-[n-p DtZym-K ta[m-hn-I-fp-ambncnpw Ata-cn--p-m-hp-I. cmjv{S-ns
kz`mhw \nW-bn-p-Xv hoS-s{X. IpSpw-_-n-se kw`hw Imem--c-n tIm{Kknepw sshvlu-knepw kp{]ow-tImn-ep-samw {]Xym-Lm-Xap-f-hm-pw. Aln-p
KhsamWv Hmtcm-cp-pw e`n-p-I. hon-se-tm-se-bmWv cmjv{Shpw Pohn-p-I.''
Iptd-qSn aptmp t]mbn-smv s{]m^- knco tPmUv ]d-bpp:
""kv{XoI Krl--inip ]cn-]m-e-\-nv k-Xn-p ]w AXp-hgn Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw
Aev]w Xmgvmepw temIw IqSp-X kuJy ]qW-am-tb-s\-sbv Rm hniz-kn-pp.''(Variety, December, 1, 1952)

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

113

hcpw Zpxn-Xn-bn-ep--hcpw ImWpw. AXn-\m, hyn-I kzw IpSpw_mw-K--fpsS kwc--W-n\v apK-W\ \evI-W-sav Ckvemw A\pim-kn-p-p. CXn\v Ckvem-ans kmt-XnI `mj-bn "kzne-pdlvav'
(Ip-Spw-_- _ tN)-Fp ]d-bp-p. Ckvemw AXn-Ku-c-htmsS ImWp Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. IpSpw-_-_-- ths]-Sp-p--Xn\v"
JXv-Ddlvav'FmWv kmt-XnI `mj. CXv \njn--amb alm-]m-]-amWv. _p--fn-sem-cm Zcn-{Zt\m ap Zpcn-X--fp--bmtfm BsW-n
Ahs\ Ignbpwhn[-samw klm-bn-t--Xv kpn-Xn-bn Ign-bp
_p--fpsS I-hy-am-Ip-p. Zm\-[a--fnepw _p--fpsS Ah-Imi-v Ckvemw {]tXyIw apK-W\ \evIp-p-v.
4. bpn\njvT-amb Hcp A\--cm-h-Im-i-\n-baw Ckvemw Bhn-jvIcn-p. ac-Wm-\-cw Hcm-fpsS kv ac-hnpt]mImsX, kzw _pn-S-bn hoXn--s-Sp Zmb-{I-a-hy-h-. ]p{X, ]p{Xn, `mcy,
`m-hv, ]nXm-hv, amXm-hv, ktlm-Z-c, ktlm-Zcn Fn-h-cmWv Hcm-fpsS
Ghpw ASp _p-. AXn-\m, Zmb-{I-a-ns {]Ya t{iWnbn Ah-cm-Wp--Xv. Ah-cn Bcp-an-s-n ]tc-X-t\mSv Xmc-X-tay\
IqSp-X ASphv Hmlcn e`n-p--Xm-Wv. Cn[w ac-Wm-\-cw
Hcm hnp-t]m-Ip kv kzIp-Spw-_-nse At\Iw t]v {]tbmP-\-s-Sp-p. Cu Ckvem-anI \nbaw temIv Xpey-X-bn-m H-t{X.
ASp--Im-e-mbn CXc kap-Zm-b-fpw AXv ]In-sb-Sp-m XpSn-bn-cn-p-p. ]t, apkvenw-I-fn Nne kzw A-Xbpw ]nSn-ptISpw aqew Cu hninjvS \nb-as ewLn-p-p-sh-Xv Fp-am{Xw
]cn-Xm-]-I-c-a! hnin-jym, s]Ip-n-Iv Ah-Imiw sImSp-m-Xn-cnpI F k{-Zmbw Cy-bnepw ]mn-m-\nepap apkvenw-I-fn
hf-sc-b-[nIw hym]n-n-p-v. CXv ISp A{I-ahpw hnip Jp-Bv
Xopw hncp--hp-am-Wv.
_p- Ign-m, \psS _w kvt\l-P-\-, Abhmkn-I, tZi-m, cmPy-m Fn-h-tcm-Sm-Wv. Ch-tcm-sSmw kXy-k-X-tbmSpw acym-Zt- bmSpw \oXn-t_m-[t- mSpw kZzn-Im-ct- mSpw IqSn hn-Ws
- av Ckvemw Iev]n-p-p. Bscbpw IjvSs
- -Sp-c
- p-Xv, Bcp-sSbpw
a\-ns\ thZ-\n-n-c
- p-Xv, BtcmSpw Ak`yw ]d-bc
- p-Xv, At\ym\yw klmbn-p-I, tcmKn-Isf kin-p-Ibpw Ahp-th ip{iq-j-I \Sp-Ibpw sNpI; acn--h-cpsS ih-kw-kvIm-c-n ]p-tN-cp-I, B]n\n-cb
- m-hp-h
- t- cmSv A\p-I
- bpw kl-Xm-]hpw ImWn-p-I, ]mh-pw
AK-Xn-Ipw hnI-emw-Kpw cl-ky-ambn klm-bs
- a-n-p-I, sXmgn
cln-Xv sXmgn \evIn klm-bn-p-I, kv kzw kpJm-Uw-_-c-fn am{Xw hybw sNm-sX, ]c-k-lm-b-n\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-I--CsXmw A\y-P-\--tfmSv hn-t-p Ckvem-an-Im-\p-im-k-\-I-fm-Wv.
kzWhpw shnbpwsImp ]m{X--fp-]-tbm-Kn-p-Xpw ]pcp-j-m
]p hkv{X-fpw kzWm-`-c-W--fp-a-Wn-bp-Xpw [\w A\m-h-iy-hn-t\mZ--fnepw BUw-_-c--fnepw Zphybw sNp-Xpw Ckvemw hne-p-p.
]c-k-l{kw ssZh-Zm-k-mv Blm-c-n-\p-X-tI [\w Hcp hyn
[q-Snp If-bp-Xv icn-b--tm. \nc-h[n t]cpsS hni--S-m aXn-

114

CkvemwaXw

bm-Ip [\w Hcm-`-c-W-ns cq]-n Hcm-fpsS ico-c-n Xqn-nS-p-Itbm Hcp ]m{X-ns cq]-n Hcp tai-pdw Ae--cn-p-Itbm
Hcp ]c-h-Xm-\n-bpsS cq]-n Hcp kzoI-c-W-ap-dnv tim` ]I-cp-Itbm
Icn-a-cp-mbn An-bn In Zln-p-Itbm sNp-Xv ISp A{I-aam-Wv. kv hyn-I-fn\nv AmsS ]nSn-s-Sp-m Ckvemw Dtin-p-n-. Hcp-hs kzw km-Zyhpw A\--cm-h-Im-i-ambn e`n
[\hpw Ah-sXv Xs-bm-Wv. AXp]-tbm-Knv Pohn-Xs B\--{]-Zam-m-\p ]qWm-[n-Imcw hyn-p-v. ssZhw \apv \evIn-bn-p
A\p-{K-l- hoSv, hml-\w, hkv{Xw apX-em-b-h-bn {]I-S-am-bn-m-WpXpw Ckvemw shdp-p-n-. BUw-_-chpw [qp-an-m anX-amb
Hcp Pohn-X-ssien kzoI-cn--W-sat Ckvemw Dt-in-p-p-q. \psS
Bh-iy- AXn-cn-m--hn[w h[n-n-m-sX, IpSpw-_mw-K-pw
kvt\l-P-\-pw Abhm-kn-Ipw kap-Zm-bmw-K-pw tZi-hmkn-Ipw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i- \evI-W-sapw AXm-{K-ln-p-p.*
Cu ]cn-anX hr-n\v ]pdv hnim-e-amb Hcp temI-ap-v. apgph apkvenwIfpw Dsm-p Hcp temIw. GXp tZi-mtcm `mjmtcm Xe-ap-d-mtcm BI-s, apkvenw-I ]c-kv]cw kl-Im-cn-I-fm-bncn--Ww. Ahn-S-bn A\n-jvS-kw-`-h--fp-m-Ip-hm-\p hgn-I-f-Sp
If-b-Ww. Cu Dt-iymYw Ckvemw Nne hyh--I Bhn-jvI-cn-n-pv. DZm-l-c-W-n-\mbn NneXv am{Xw ChnsS kqNn-n-mw.
1. apkvenw-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c _w kpZr-Vhpw ]mh-\-hp-am-t--Xn\v
Ah-cpsS kz`mhw kwkvI-cn-t-Xpw Ah-cn kmmKn-I-t_m[w
hft--Xp-ap-v. CXv ap\nn, hnhm-l-_--n-tes-Sm A\phm-Z-ap kv{Xo]p-cp-j-m-cpsS kzX-{-amb IqSn-t-c Ckvemw hne-pp. kv{Xo ]pcp-j-m-cpsS ""skmssk-n-I''shtsd Bbn-cn--W-samWv Ckvem-ans imk-\. kv{XoI-fpsS Ia-cwKw Krl-am-Wv. ]pd-nd-t Bhiyw hm BIj-I-a-m A\m-Uw-_c hkv{X-
D]-tbm-Knv icocw apgp-h\pw icnv adt Cd-m-hq. \nhr-n-bn-m
L--fn-e-msX apJtam ssI-Stam t]mepw ]pdp ImWn--cp-Xv.
Ckvemw kv{XoIp \evIp \ntZi--fm-Wn-h. AtX Ah-kcw,
A\y-kv{Xo-Isf t\m-cp-sX-pw, Ip-t]m-bm ZrjvSn Xncnp If-b-Wsapw cm-aXv t\mp-hm Xp\n-bp-Itbm Ahsc kao-]n-p-hm {ianp-Itbm sN-cp-sXpw Ckvemw ]pcp-j-m-tcmSpw Bm-]n-p-p.
kz`mh kwkvI-c-W-n\pw hnIm-c-i-a-\-n\p-ambn ssZhw \n-bn
hnhmlw F AXn-cn--pdw NmSm {ian--cp-Xv. F-, A-s\-sbmcp
Nn-t]mepw DZv`-hn-p-Iq-Sm. Cu an B-\n-b-{Ww ]men-t--Xv,
Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym kv{Xo]p-cp-j-m-cpsS Hgn-p-Iq-Sm _m[y-X-b-t{X.
2. apkvenw-I-fpsS [manI `{Z-Xv ico-Av \n-bn asmcp
hyh hkv{X-[m-c-W-n-em-Wv. ]pcp-j-m Imap-n\pw s]mn-fn\pw
CS-bvp `mKhpw kv{XoI apJhpw ssI-Shpw Hgn-p `mKhpw adbvWw Fv Ckvemw A\p-imknp-p. ASp _p-hns apn
* Amlp ]d-bpp: ""Ah-cpsS kzn bmN-Ipw Cm--hpw Ah-Im-i--fpv.''
(51: 19)

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

115

t]mepw Ah Xpd-n-S-cp-Xv. ico-c-nse {]kvXpX `mK-v ico-Ans `mj-bn"knXvdv'(a-d) Fv ]d-bp-p. apkvenwIfn em-ioew
hfp-Ibpw Zphr-nIv t{]cn-n-p \ne-X ]Sp]nSn-pXv XS-bp-I-bp-amWv CXp-sImv Ckvemw ey-am-p--Xv.
3. hnt\m-Z
- v Ckvemw Gs-Sp-nb \nb-{-Wa
- mWv aqm-as
kwK-Xn. kz`mhw Zpjn-n-p-Ibpw Zpcm-{K-lhpw Zphn-Im-c-fpw DtPn-n-p-Ibpw sNp hnt\m-Z- AX-\p-h-Zn-n-. ka-bw, Btcm-Kyw,
[\w, am\w Fnh \in-n-p hnt\m-Z-fpw \njn--a-t{X. Hgnhp thfI-fn hnt\m-Z- kzw \nev Gsd Bh-iy-am-Wv. \thm-t-jhpw
IassNX-\yhpw ]I-cm A[zm-\-tm-sSmw eoem-hn-t\m-Z-fpw AXym-t]-n-X-am-Wv. ]t, Ah Bm-hns\ aen-\-am-p Xc-nephbm-h-cp-Xv. kv{Xo ]pcpj t`Z-an-m-sX, ]c-k-l{kw P\-, ]m]hr-n-I-fpsS km-ev]n-Im-hn-jvIm-c-fpw Aoe Zriy-fpw Ip
sImn-cn-pI F Akw-_w ]pdta F{X-Xs BIj-Wo-b-ambn-cp-mepw P\--fpsS kz`m-h-N-cy-Isf Atbw Zpjn-n-p--h-bmWv F Imcy-n X-an-.
4. In-am--cy-fpw ssiYn-eyhpw Xotc hPn--W-sav Ckvemw
apkvenw-I-tfmSv in-bmbn Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. kap-Zm-b-ns `{Z-Xpw
tssa-iz-cy-pw CXv A\p-t]--Wo-b-a-t{X. A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k, BmY-X-tbmSpw Dtiy ipn-tbmSpw IqSn, hnip--Jp-B-sbpw
Xncp-kp--nsbpw Xon\v hnS-Ww. Fnpw Hcp Xocp-am\w Akm-[yam-bn-o-cp-p-sh-n Xn Ie-ln-msX AXv ssZh-n--en-pI-bmWv th-Xv. apkvenw-Iv \bpw hnP-bhpw ssIh-cp-p Imcy-fn kl-I-cn-p-I, t\Xm-sf A\p-k-cn-p-I, \mihpw B`y--c-Ipg-hpw Dm-p--h-cn\npw hnp\n-evp-I, Xn Ie-lnv A]Ionbpw _e-lo-\-Xbpw hcp-m-Xn-cn-pI Fn-h-sbmw ico-Av
apkvenw-I-tfmSv in-bmbn Bh-iy-s-n-p Imcy--fm-Wv.
5. Aap-kvenw-I-fn\nv imkv{X--Iem hnm-\o-b- Ic--amp-hm\pw Ah-cpsS ^e-{]-Z-amb PohnX amK- ]Tn-p-hm\pw apkvenwIv ]qWm-\p-hm-Z-ap-v. Fm, Pohn-X-n Ahsc I-S--\p-Icn-p-Xv Ckvemw hne-p-p. Hcp kap-Zmbw, kzw Ign-hp-tISpw sImcp-Xm-bvabpw kzbw k-Xn-p-Ibpw ap kap-Zm-b--fn \bpw t{ijvTX-bp-ap-sv AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-tm-gmWv A\y-k-ap-Zm-b--fpsS
BNm-c-k-{-Zm-b- ASn A\p-I-cn-p-hm XpS-p--Xv. ASn-a-ns Ghpw lo\-amb {]I-S-\-am-Wn-Xv. kzw ]X-\-n-sbpw ]cmP-bnsbpw ]c-ky-hn-fw-_-chpw. A\p-I-cn-p kap-Zm-b-ns
kwkvImcw \mam-h-ti-j-am-bn-tm-hp-I-bm-Wn-Xns ^ew. Cm-cWw
sImmWv A\y -k-ap-Zm-b--fpsS kwkvImcw kzoI-cn-p-Xv \_n(k)
Xncp-ta\n ITn-\-ambn hntcm-[n--Xv. Hcp kap-Zm-b-ns bipw {]Xm]hpw Ah-cpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-ntem PohnX coXn-bntem A. Ah-cpsS
hnm-\w, `{Z-X, Imcy-ti-jn, Ia-in Fn-h-bm-W-Xns am\-Z-w.
AXn-\m, inbpw {]Xm-]hpw Ic--am--em-Wp-t-iy-sa-n AXnp-X-Ip amK--fm-W-h-ew-_n-t--Xv. Am-sX, kap-Zm-b-sf ASn-

116

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a--n Xfv, HSp-hn A\y-kw-kvIm-c--fn ebn-v, kzw kmwkvImcn-Im-kvXnXzw Xs \inpt]mIm-\n-S-h-cp-p coXn-I kzoI-cn-p-Ib-.
6. A\y-a-X--tcmSv XnI \njv]--Xbpw hnim-e-a-\-kvI-Xbpw
ImWn--W-sav Ckvemw ]Tn-n-p-p. ]-]m-Xhpw kp-NnX a\-nXnbpw Ckvem-sam-cn-epw s]mdp-n-p-n-. A\y-a-X--cpsS alm-m-sfbpw t\Xm--sfbpw Ah-tl-fn--cp-sX-mWv Ckvem-ans A[ym-]\w. Ah-cpsS aX-hn-izm-k--sf A]-l-kn-p-Itbm Ah-cp-ambn Ie-lntbm Acp-Xv. Ah kvt\l-nepw aa-X-bnepw hn-p Imetmfw AXv Xncnp\evIm apkvenw-I _m[y--cm-Wv. apkvenwIfpsS
Ah-Im-i- Ah A]-l-cn-p-n-s-n AtX \ne-]mSv Xncnpw
th-Xm-Wv. F-, apkvenw-I CXc aX--sc-m, kvt\lm-\p-Ibpw kz`m-hi
- p-nbpw hnime a\-kvIX
- bpap-hc
- m-bn-cn-pI F-XmWv
Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-ns Xm]-cyw. A\o-Xnbpw A{I-ahpw kzmYXbpw Hcp apkven-ans ]Z-hnv \nc-p--X-. am\y-X, kkz-`m-hw, [a\njvT Fn-hv D-a-am-XrIbmbn ]cn-e-kn-t--Xm-W-bm. DIrjvShpw DZm--hp-amb BZi-Po-hnXw hgn a\p-jy-a-\-p-Isf BIjns-Sp-p-I-bmWv Abm-fpsS [aw.

CXc krjvSn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-

Xs AkwJyw krjvSn-I-fpsS ta ssZhw a\p-jyv A[n-Imcw
\evIn-bn-cn-p-p. a\p-jy-\m-I-s, kzw Ign-hp-]-tbm-Knv Ahsb A[o\-s-Spn NqjWwsNp-p. krjvSn-I-fn-ep--X-s\ \ne-bn AXnp Ah-Imiw a\p-jy-p-v. Fm, {]kvXpX krjvSn-Ip-apv
Nne Ah-Im-i-. A\m-h-iy-amtbm Bh-iy-nhntm a\p-jy
Ahsb \in-np IqSm. Ah D]-bp--am-p--Xn Ghpw D-a-amb
amKw thWw kzoI-cn-m--C-sXmw CX-c-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-fm-Wv. Cu hnj-b-n [mcmfw hn[n-I ImWmw ico-A-n. Blmcm-h-iymYtam t{Zmlw XS-bmt\m Bbn am{Xta Pohn-Isf sImm-hq.
A\m-h-iy-amtbm Hcp ck-n\v thntbm sImp-Xv \njn--am-Wv.
`ym-h-iy-n\v Pohn-Isf sImp-tm, Igp-n Adp--W-sa-mWv
\nbaw. CXm-Wv \ amwkw e`n-m ]nb coXn. Pohn-Iv hnjaw
Ipd-bvp ap coXn-I-fp-m-hmw. ]t, Ah amwk-ns At\Iw
KpW- \jvSs
- -Sp-pw. amwk-ns KpW- \jvSs
- -Sp-m coXnIfpw ImWpw. ]t, Ah Pohn-Iv Gsd {]bm-k-ap-m-pw. Cu
cp -h-i-fpw ]c-am-h[n ]cn-K-Wn-p-I-bmWv Ckvemw sNbvX-Xv. PohnIsf \nZbw aZnv sImp-Xv Ckvemw \ntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p.
hnj-P-p--sfbpw ZpjvS-ar-K--sfbpw sImm Ckvemw A\p-h-Znn-p-v. a\p-jy-Po-h Ah-bpsS Poh-s\-m hne-sXmbXpsImmWnXv. Fm, Ah-sb-tmepw Gsd ]oUn-n-msX thWw sImm.
khmcn sNm\pw `mcw hen-m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-p arK-sf ]n-Wnn-S-cp-Xv. Xmm-\m-hm tPmen-I sNn-tbm \nZbw aZn-tbm
Acp-Xv. ]d-hI
- sf A\m-hi
- y-ambn Iqn _n-n-Sc
- p-Xv Ckvemw \evIp

ico-A-ns hn[n-I

117

imk-\I
- f
- m-Wn-h. Pohn-If
- psS Imcy-an-cn-s
- , kky-s
- f-p-dnpw Ckveman\v kzw ImgvN-m-Sp-v. AIm-c-W-ambn ac- apdnp-Xp-Xv
Ckvemw AwKo-Ic
- n-p-n-. ]pjv]
- fpw ^e-fpw \apv ]dn-s-Sp-mw.
Fm A\m-h-iy-ambn \in-n-p-hm \ap--h-Im-i-an-. kky-v
Poh-\p-XpsImm-WnXv Fv ]d-tmw. Fm, Poh-\n-m--hsbbpw A\m-h-iy-ambn \in-n-p-Iq-Sm. shw shdpsX Hgp-n--f-bp-Xp-t]mepw Ckvemw hne-p-p.

ico-Avkmh-P-\o-\w, imizXw
apl--Zv\-_n(-k) aptJ\ \evI-s ico-A-ns kz`m-h-s-pdn Hcp kwn]vX cq]-amWv CXv hsc hnh-cn--Xv. Cu ico-A-n
a\p-jy Xn Hcp hyXym-k-hp-an- hnizm-kw, BZiw, Iaw Fo
Imcy-fpsS ASn-m-\-n-e-m-sX. IpSpw-_w, tZiw, hWw Fn-hbpsS ASn-m-\-n a\p-jysc Xcw Xncn-p Hcp aXtam Zi-\tam
Hcn-epw kmh-P-\o-\-am-bn-cn-n-. Imc-W-ap-v: Hcp hwi-ns] a\pjy asmcp hwi-m-cmbn amdp-I-bn-; temI-nse a\p-jyscmmbn
Hcn-Sv Xma-k-am-pI kw`-mhy-a; B{^n-s Idp-tm ssN\-mcs atbm bqtdm-]ys shfptm amdp-I-bp-an-. AXn-\m, hwi--tZi--hW--fpsS ASn-m-\-n cq]-s aX- Hcp P\-X-bn HXpn-\nevp-Itb Dq. Fm, Ckvem-anI \nb-a-kw-lnX temI-nse
Fm P\-p-ap--Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, ""emC-eml C-m-lp, apl--Zpdkq-ep-mln'' F ]cn-ip hmIy-n hniz-kn Bpw apkvenw ]mnbn Xpeym-h-Im-i-tmsS {]th-in-m-hp--Xm-Wv. hwiw, `mj, tZiw,
hWw Fo t`Z--sfmpw AXn-en-.
am{X-a-, Cu ico-Av Imem-yw-hsc D-Xm-Wv Hcp imizX icoA-m-WX
- v. AXns \nb-ah
- y-h
- I
- Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-b
- n-stbm
\nnX Ime-L--n-stbm BNm-c-co-Xn-I B[m-c-am-n-bp--h-b-.
adn-v, a\p-jy GXv {]Ir-Xn-tbm-sS-bmtWm krjvSn--s-Xv B {]IrXn-\
- p-kr-Xa
- mbn Bhn-jvIc
- n-X
- m-WX
- v. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnv am-an-. Fmepw GXv ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bnepw AXv Htc \ne-bn hn-p-p. AXn\m, B {]IrXn\p-kr-X-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn--s \nb-a-pw amw
km[y-a-.