Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adiyozukkukal 1
Adiyozukkukal 1
Adiyozukkukal 1
ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Sn.apl-Zv
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Sn. apl-Zv
P\\w : ae-pdw Pn-bnse sImSn-n, 1917-.
]nXmhv : X-cm-n AlvaZv Ipn
amXmhv : Imcm-S ]mp
Bdp hb-p--tm ]nXmhv ac-W-s-p. AtXmsS kvIq
hnZym- ` ymkw cmw- X - c - n shv Ah- k m- \ n- n- t - n- h - p.
]noSv hnZym-`ymkw ]n-Zkp-I-fn-tev amdn. ^tdm-nse duZp Deqw Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn\nv Ad_nC-kvem-anI ]T\w
]qn-bm-n. ]noSv Imk-tms Benbm Ad-_nIv tImtf-Ppambn _-s-p. AhnsS A[ym-]-I-\m-bn.
CS-m-ev apkvenw eoKp-ambn _-s-n-cp-p-sh-nepw hn`P-\m-\-cw Pam-As Ckvem-an-bn BIr-jvS-\m-bn. AXn
AwKXzw t\Sn. 1950- sImn-bn Pam-Av {]h-I-\mbn
\ntbm-Kn--s-p. XpSv Pam-As Ckveman tIcf imJ-bpsS
Jnw (sk-{I--dn), BIvSnwKv Aao, IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw,
tI{ {]Xn-\n[n k`mwKw Fo m\- hln-p. 1959 apX
1970 hsc Pam-As Ckvem-an-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb {]t_m-[-\ns apJy ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-p.
Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukns A[y--\mbpw tkh-\-a-\pjvTn-n-p-v. sF.-]n.-F-ns hf-bn At-l-ns ]v hfsc
hep-Xm-Wv. 1988 Pqsse 10-\v \ncym-X-\m-bn.
IrXn- I :
`mc- X ob kwkv I m- c - ns ASn- s bm- g p- p- I
Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw
Ckv e m- a nse \thm- m\ {]m- \ -
A_p AAv e m
bphm- bpK- i n]n- I
Ckv e m- a nse C_m- Z v
B[p\nI Nn- I
X_n-bv : Fv, Fn-\v, Fs\?
kv{Xo Ckvem-anepw CXc kwkvIm-c--fnepw
[a- k - a cw
knlv
cq]hpw bmYmYyhpw (hn- h - \ w)
\nam- W hpw kwlm- c hpw (hn- h - \ w)
JXv a p- p- _ p- v (hn- h - \ w)
ssZh- k - ]w Ime- L - - - f n- e qsS (hn- h - \ w)
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
D-Sw
BapJw
`mKw 1
1. [a-kw-m-]-I
Irjv W s IY
Ipcp- t - { X- b pw
{]hm- N - I - X zhpw Ah- X m- c hpw
Ah- X m- c -
`mc- X ob {]hm- N - I cpw apkv e nw- I fpw
2. am\-ZWvUw
AZr- i y- b m- Y mYy- - f n- e p hnizmkw
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h \w
]c- t emI hnizmkw
]mc- e u- I nI [manI hoWw
aX- m- ] - I s hnizm- k yX
{]hm- N - I s\ AwKo- I - c n-
3. a\p-tjym-n-bpsS IY
Umhn- \ nkw
\c- h w- i - N - c n{Xw
\nbm- Xm a\p- j y
{]mIrX aX- t _m[w
a\p- j y- N - c n- { Xhpw `mc- X hpw
4. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
]pcm- X - X z- \ n- c o- - W - ns {]m[m\yw
DXv J - \ - \ hpw Kth- j - W hpw
Ime- \ nWbw
AWp- i m- k v { X- ns klmbw
kXym- t \z- j W hnIm- c - ns A\n- h m- c yX
5. `mc-X--ga
a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- ns Bcw`w `mc- X - ntem?
"Cy' F \ma- t [bw
CymNcn- { X- nse hnhn[ L-
6. `mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-
thZ- k w- l n- X - I
{_m- W -
Bc- W y- I - AYhm h\y- I r- X n- I
D]- \ n- j - p- I
sshZnI kmlnXyw Fm
{][m\ D]- \ n- j - p- I
sshZnI kmlnXy ]nI
kv a rXn- I
CXn- l m- k -
]pcm- W -
thZmw- K -
jUv Z i- \ -
7. hK hn`-P\w
hK- k n- mw
hW- t a- [ m- h nXzw Cy- b n
hK-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym
hwi- ] m- c - cyw
Pe- { ]- f - b - I Y
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
Xmh- g n- I
bms^- ns hwi- ] - c - c
lmans hwi- ] - c - c
tians hwi- ] - c - c
\ncq- ] Ww
`mjm- h K-
ico- c m- I rXn
aX- h K-
8. knp-XS kwkvImcw
tamlP- Z m- t dmbpw lc- bpw
\K- c - k w- h n- [ m\w
Ir{Xn- a - I p- f hpw Ipfn- a p- d n- I fpw
hoSp-I 95
tZl- { ]- I r- X nbpw thj- ` q- j m- Z n- I fpw
Ifn- t m- p- I
t{Xhpw tZhm- e - b hpw
ap{Z- I
Krtlm- ] - I - c - W -
hntZ- i - _ w
iv a im- \ -
Ime- \ nWbw
9. Bcy-Z-kyp-{]iv\w
kwLj- ns cqX
Akpc t\Xm- am- c psS hn\miw
kwLj ImcWw
imco- c nI eWw
]Wv U n- X am- c psS A`n- { ]mbw
Zkyp- {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cpp
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
10. knp-X-Shpw saskm-sm-t-an-bbpw
saskm- s m- t - a nb
kpta- c n- b kwkv I mcw
saskm- s m- t - a n- b Ncn- { X- n- m- [ mcw
aX- h n- i zmkw
aXhpw kmaq- l nI \oXnbpw
lp- d m- _ nbpw A{am- s ^epw
11. aX-]-c-amb ASpw
sskh kwkv I m- c - nse aXw
tZh- ] qP
12. kmwkvIm-cn--ssIIyw
ih- k w- k v I mc{Iaw
B`- c W \namW coXn
hkv { Xm- e - mc coXn
{]fb IY-bpsS hym]vXn
Nn{X- ns adp- h iw
t\ml {]Ya ZqX
GIXz Zi\w
t\ml- b psS A\p- b m- b n- I
km_n aX- ns ]ucm- W n- I X
13. Zkyp Zi\w
thZw Fm
thZ-nse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw
EtKzZw \Ip kqN-\-I
Zmi- c m- - b pw
`n-hn-cp--amb cv Nnm amK-
Kth- j - I am- c psS \nK- a - \ -
D]- \ n- j - p- I - f nse Zi\w
cp- X cw hnZym- i m- e - I
]p\Pa- h mZw
D]- \ n- j - p- I sshZnI aXs hnain- pp
{_m- W am- c psS Kpcp- am A{_m- - W
Zkyp- Z i- \ - n\n- p- b nsm aX-
`mKw 2
14. Bcyam
aqe IpSpw_w
"{]Xv \ Hmkv '
"\c- k nwlw'
"t_mLm- k v t Imbv ' tZh- m
anm\n hKw
lnssp hwiw
Acmapw Bcy\pw
Acmapw Jp- B \pw
C{ sImp- h "bZp- '
15.
16.
17.
18.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mjm sshPmXyw
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
skan-nIv hKw
tiay-hK-m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSv
B[p-\nI ]n-X-m-cpsS \nK-a-\-
skan- n- p- I m- c psS ]em- b \w
Ad- _ n- I saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b - b n
B[p- \ nI Kth- j Ww
Ftdv km{amPyw
AmUv km{amPyw
laq- d m_n
CS- b Xzw skan- n- p- I m- c psS Ipe- s m- g n
skann-p-Im CuPn-]vXn
am\o- t ms kmyw
ss__n- f ns {]kv X m- h \
tbmtk- ^ ns Ncn{Xw
tbmtk- ^ ns X{w
tZiob hntcm[w
slIv t kmkv `c- W - ns t\-
CS- b - c m- P m- - m- c psS tZio- b X
aqkm- \ - _ n- b psS Imes ^n- H u
`c- W - nse Nne hK-
skan-nIv {]hm-l-ns hym]vXn
^n\ojy
ImtPv
^n\o- j ycpw ]Wn- I fpw
{Iov
ssat\mkpw "abo'Imcpw
Cdm
sskdkv AYhm tImciv
ZpJss\
bmPq- P v - - a m- P qPv
ZpJss\ F kwv \nZm\w
sskd- k ns hwiw
BZphwihpw Bcy-hKhpw
Jp- B \pw Ncn- { Xhpw
BZp- h w- i - ns Bhm- k - t I{w
`c- W - h Kw
Cy- b n
inbpw {]`m- h hpw
Al-m-chpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw
AXn- { I- a hpw {Iqc- X bpw
hmkv X p- h nZy
[\- i - nbpw P\- i - nbpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
10
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
11
BapJw
`mc-Xob aX-kw-kvIm-c-s-n Adn-bm-\p- B{Klw a\-n ISp-Iq-Sn-bnv Imew Cn-bmbn. ]t, Ign-hn-sbpw D]m-[n-I-fp-sSbpw
]cn-anXn {]kvXpX B{K-l-]qnp apn hn hne-p-X-Snbmbn \np. auem\m A_pIemw Bkm-Zns "XPp-am-\p
Jp-B' hmbn--tm Pnmk Cc-np. sslh thZ--fnepw
D]-\n-j-p-I-fnepw kvYew-]n-Sn ssZh-k-]- AXn \njv]-ambn \ncq-]n--s-n-p-v. A]qW-Xbpw A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Dsnepw {]kvXpX \ncq-]Ww Hcp Imcyw sXfn-bnp: _lp-ssZ-hXz
knmw am{X-a, GI-ssZh hnizm-khpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xob kmlnXy- {]-N-cn-n-n-cpp. As\ `mc-Xo-b-tcbpw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-tbpw ]n IqSp-X ]Tn--W-sa-p-d-p. XZzn-j-b-I-amb IrXnI Inm-hp-t-S-tmfw tiJ-cnp. Ah-bp-ambn \nc-cw a-Snp.
Nnc-Ime kw tlXp-hmbn ]pXnb Nne \nK-a-\- a\-n-epZnp. Ah {]kn-o-I-cn-m tXmn. As\ "{]t_m-[\w' amknI-bn "`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I' F iojI-n Hcp teJ\ ]c-c Bcw-`np. AXp- hm-bn {]i-kvXcmb Nne kmln-Xy-Im-c-mcpw Ncn-{Xmt-\z-j-I-mcpw teJ-\-p
{K\v Y - c q]w \Ip- h m Bh- i y- s p. A- s \- b mWv "`mc- X ob
kwkvIm-c-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I' Hmw `mKw ]pd-n-d-p-hm
Xocp-am-\n-Xv.
CtUmBcy-m-cpsS BK-a-\-n\p app- `mc-Xob PohnX-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I-fmWv CXn apJy-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pXv. B hnZqc Imev km_n-a-X-n-\m-bn-cpp `mc-X-n IqSpX {]map-Jy-sav ChnsS kaYn-pp. temI-nse Ghpw
{]mNo\ {]hm-N-I-aXw km_n-k-am-sWpw AXv alm-\mb t\mlbp-sSbpw ioYn-sbpw aX-am-sW-p-ap- Nne apkvenw ]WvUn-Xm-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n\v Cu IrXn-bn apK-W\ I]n-n-cn-pp.
\apv \In- b Xv . AhnsS\nv Innb Bbn- c - - W - n\v ap{ZIfnepw apw ssk- h - m D]- t bm- K n- n- c p Nn{X en]n- b n
GXm\pw kwK- X n- I tcJ- s p InS- p- pv . Fm Ah
icnpw hmbn--s-n-n. av e-W--fn \nv ]pcm-hkvXp
Kth-j-I-m a\-n-em-n-sb-Sp Nne Imcy--fmWv temI-ns
apn-ep-Xv. Ah-bm-Is, CXc hymJym-\-v Akm-[y-amwhn[w JWvUn-X--f--Xm\pw. Fn-cp-mepw kml-Ncysfn-hpI-fpsS shfn--n Ah AwKo-I-cn-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
kml-N-cy-s-fn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-ap \nK-a-\-v am{Xta
Cu IrXn-bn ew A\p-h-Zn-n-pq. B sXfn-hp-I Hmtcms-Spv kz-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm {]Y-a-ZrjvS-n Zp_ehpw _men-i-hp-sav tXmn-tbmw. ]t, {Ia-{]-Imcw \nc-nshv ka-{K-ambn hon-p-tm CuSp Hcp irwJ-e-bpsS kaRvP-k-k-n-fn-X-amb In-I-fmbn A\p-`-hs-Sp--Xm-bn-cnpw. CXmWvXm\pw Kth-j-W-]-c-amb \nK-a-\--fpsS kmam\y kz`mhw.
Hcp DZm- l - c W- n- e qsS Cmcyw hni- Z - a mmw. sskh
kwkvImcw km_n-a-X-n A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cpp Fv \mw A`n{]m- b - s - S pp. J\- \ - n e_v [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - - f n \nv
sXfnbpw{]Imcw, B P\X Ipfnpw Ipfn-ap-dnIpw \In-bncp {]m[m-\y-am-Wv CXn-\m-kv]Zw. Hmtcm hon\pw InWdpw Ipfnap-dnbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-bn \nv Aip--Pew ]pd-tv If-bm-\p
Im\-Ifpw Is-p-I-bp-mbn. IqSmsX sIn--Sp Ir{Xn-a-Ipf--fp-tSbpw Ahv Nppw ]WnX Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-injvS-fpw Isn. CXn\nv Ah Ipfnpw tZl-ip-o-I-cW-n\pw I]n-n-cp {]m[m\yw hy-am-Ipp. km_n aX-n Znt\\ aqv XhW {]mYn-t--Xp-m-bn-cp--pshpw Hmtcm
{]mY-\pw Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-p-shpw D kwKXn knpX-S-hm-kn-I B aX-m-cm-bn-cp-n-cn--W-sa \nK-a-\s ]nmpp. km_n-I-fpsS Hcp ]pcm-X\ tI{-am-bn-cpp ldm Fv
Ncn{Xw hy-am-n-bn-pv. {In. 13-mw iX-I-nt]mepw Ah-cpsS
]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b- B {]tZ-i--fn nXn sNbvXn-cp--Xmbn
apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-cn Nne kmyw hln-pp. ldm-t\m-SSp bas Nne `mK--fn \nv knp-\-Zo-X-S--fn \ns-t]mse Ir{Xna Ipf--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- J\-\-n Isnb-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp \nco--I Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. Cu hkvXpXI- f psS shfn- - n ssk- h - k w- k v I mc ku[w ]Sp- pbnb Ic- km_n-b-m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-p-shv Hcphn[w Xocpam-\n-m-hp--XmWv.
asmcp Imcyw IqSn C-cp-W-n NqnmWn-m-\pv.
14
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mKw Hv
15
16
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
17
Sn. apl-
A[ymbw Hv
[a kwm-]-I
""bZm bZm ln [ky
m\n`-hXn `mcX
A`yp-m-\-a-[ky
XZm-m\w krPm-aylw.
]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw
hn\m-imb N ZpjvIrXmw
[-kw-m-]-\mmb
kw`-hman bptK bptK.''1
(tl `c- X - h w- i - P - \ mb APp\m, Ftm- s g- t m [a- n\v
Xhpw A[a-n\v A`yp--Xnbpw `hn-p-pthm, Atm-sgms
Rm Bhn`q-X-\m-Ipp. injvS P\-sf cn-m\pw ZpjvS P\sf inn- m\pw, A- s\ [aw kwm]n- m- \ p- a mbn
bpKwtXmdpw Rm Bhn`-hnpp.)
{ioIr-jvW APp-\-t\m-Sp-]-tZ-in--Xm-WnXv. KoX-bpsS Imew
sXms-nepw [a-m-]-Im-cn-ep hnizmkw `mc-Xo-b-cn \ne\np-p-shv CXn \np a\-n-emmw.
[a kwm-]-\-ns bmYmYy-s-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xn\v
18
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
IrjvWs IY
sslh hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cnv, hnjvWp-hns H-Xm-as Asn Fm-as Ah-Xm-c-amWv {ioIr-jvW. At-l-n\v hmkptZ-h (hkp-tZ-hs ]p{X) F t]cpv. temI-ns ]m]sf Xn-te-v- IjWw sNbvXv (hen-s-Spv) Cmbva sNp-h FmWv IrjvW-i-_vZ-ns AYw. kzw Am-a\pw
ZpjvS-\p-amb Iwks\ \n{K-ln-p-hm thn-bmWv {ioIr-jvW
Ah-X-cn-Xv.
t`mP-hw-i-P-\mb Iwks ktlm-Z-cn-bmb tZh-Inbpw bZp-hwi-P-\mb hkp-tZ-h\pw Xn hnhmlw \Sp. `XrKr-l-n-tev
t]mIp-tm tZh-In-sbm-np Iwk\pw t]mbn. hgnat[y Hc-icocn tIp, tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as aI Iwks\ h[n-p-sav.
Abm {Ip-\mbn ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS t\sc hmfq-cn-sb-nepw hkptZ-hs A`-bmY\ kzoI-cnp tZh-Insb sImn. Abm B
\h-Z--Xn-amsc ImcmKr-l-n shp-Ibpw tZhIn {]k-hn-p
Hmtcm Ipn-s\bpw Xs G]n--W-sav imkn-p-I-bp-am-Wpm-bXv. Iwk ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\s\ cmPm-[n-Im-c-n \nv
{`jvS-\mn Imcm-Kr-l-n-en-Sp-Ibpw aYp-c-bn cmPm-hmbn hmgpIbpw sNbvXp.
tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as inip-hm-bn-cpp IrjvW. Nn-am-kn Hc[-cm-{Xn-bmWv IrjvW `qPm-X-\m-bXv. hkp-tZ-h iniphns\ tKmIp-e-n, \-tKm-]s ]Xv\n-bmb btim-Z-bpsS AcnIn sImp-t]mbn InS-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS s]ss]-X-ens\
sImphv tZh-Inv sImSp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ IrjvW
Am-Sn-bn hfp.
tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as ]p{X-\mWv Irj-vW-s\--dn--tm
At-ls h[n-m Iwk ]e AS-hp-I-fp-sa-Spp. Am-ev
Am-Sn-bn P\n inip-sf-sbms h[n-p-hm Iwk Dc-hnp. Fn-epw IrjvW ssZh-KXym h[-n \nv c-s-SpI-bm-Wp-m-bXv.
Hcn- Irjv W s\ Iwk Xe- m- \ - a mb aYp- c - b n- t ev
Wnp. B Ww IrjvW kzoI-cnp. Atlw AhnsS sNv
Iwks bmK-im-e-bn ISv, AXn shncp henb hnsSpv HSnp. XpSv ]e kwL--\-fpw \Sp. Ah-bn-semw
IrjvW-\mWv hnP-bn-Xv. Ah-km\w Iwks h[hpw \Sp.
A\-cw IrjvW Imcm-Kr-l-n \nv kzw amXm-]n-Xm-m-tcbpw Iwks ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\-t\bpw hntam-Nn-np. D{K-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
19
20
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipcp-t{X bpw
]mWvUp-hn-sbpw Ipcp-hn-sbpw k-Xn-I Xn FXn]--fmbn \nv s]mcp-Xnb {]kvXpX bp-n {ioIr-jv-W
kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw ]mWv U - h - ] - - m- b n- c pp. Fm Xs
ssk\y-s-smv Iuc-h-m-scbpw {ioIr-jvW klm-bn-p-shmWv IY. bp-n\v apv Iuc-h-msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv
Zptcym-[\\pw ]mWvU-h-msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv APp-\\pw
klm-bmY-\-bp-ambn {ioIr-jvWs\ kao-]n-p-shpw, Ccp-hpw
Atlw klmbw hmKvZw sNbvXp-shpw ]d-b-s-Spp. Ipcp]p-{X-msc {ioIr-jvW Xs ssk\y-s-smpw ]mWvU-hmsc Xm t\cnpw klm-bnp. Ipcp-t{X bp-n APp\s tXcm-fn-bm-bn-mWv {io Irjv-Ws\ ImWp-Xv.
tk\-I cpw apJm-ap-J-ambn AWn-\n-cp. {ioIr-jvW
APp-\s tXsX-fn-p-sImp hp. APp-\ adp-]-s
BI-am-\-samv honp. Ccp-]-pw bp-n-\v AWn-\n-c-Xmbn Atlw IXv kz_-p--sf-bmWv. ]nXm--m, ]nXm-al-m, Kpcp-`q-X-m, Am-ham, tkmZ-c-m, ]p{X-m, ]u{Xm, Nm-Xn-am, izip-c-m, kplr-p- apX-emb _p-sf
I-tm APp-\s\ ssh_yw _m[np; Ah-b-h- Xfp;
hmb- h - c p; X\p- h n- d p; tcmam- - a p- mbn; KmWv U o- h - N m]w
(hnp)Ic-n \nv Xms\ hgpXn hoWp; tZl-amsI Fcn-s]m-cnsImp. Atlw IrjvW-t\mSv ]dp: ""BcpsS Bh-iy-n\vthn, \mw cmPy--tbpw kpJ-t`m-K--tfbpw Imwn--Wtam,
B Kpcp-\m-Y-m, ]nXm ]nXm-a-l-m, ]p{X]u{X-m, Am-hm, izipc-m, kyme-m Fo _p- Poh-t\bpw [\tbpw ]cn-Xy-Pnp bp-n-\nXm hp\npp. Atbm a[pkq-Z\m, Ch Rsf sImp--h-cm-sW-nepw icn, ss{Xtem-Im[n-]-Xy-n\v thn-t]mepw Chsc h[n-phm Rm B{K-lnp- n. Fn- t `qan- b psS B[n- ] - X y- n\v thn Rm\Xv
sNpI.?''2
APp-\ Zp_-e-\m-hp-I-sb-m ]mWvU-h-m ]cm-P-b-a-Sbp-I-sb-mWYw. AXn-\m IrjvW k`-ns Kuchw
APp-\s\ [cn-np. Fnpw At-ls ]nSn-Iq-Snb ssh_yw
\on-bn. Atm {io IrjvW [a-m-]-\-ns Bh-iyI-Xbpw A[a-\m-i\-ns A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw At-ls sXcys-Sp-t--Xn-\mbn, B[ym-nI Xz--fpsS kmc-kh-kz-amb
KoX D]- t Z- i np. As\ APp- \ \v mt\m- Z - b hpw Ia- i nbpw e`np. KoX-bn D]-\n-j-p-I-fp-tSbpw thZ-Xz-fptSbpw kmcw apgp-h AS-n-bn-p-sv hniz-kn--s-Spp."alm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
21
22
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]hm-NI
- X
- zhpw Ah-Xm-chpw
Xz- n ASp- - a ps- - nepw k]- n A- c - a pv
{]hm-N-I-Xzhpw Ah-Xm-chpw Xn. {]hm-N-I-mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]pcp-j-mcpw Bhn`q-X-cm-Ip-Xv [a-kw-m-]-\-n\v thn-bmWv.
]t, {]hm-N-I ssZhtam, ssZhmw-itam A. tIhew a\p-jy\mWv. At-l-n\v ssZh-ns ktiw e`n-p-p-shv am{Xw.
Fm Ah-Xmc k]-n ssZhw Hp-In icocw [cn-pI
As-n ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw sNpI F AY-apsm-pp.
C-d cp cq]-fpw GI-ssZ-h-ns al-Xz-hp-ambn CWp--X. a\p-jy-a-\-p-I-fn cq]-s-Sp Fm Cta-Pp-Ip-a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
23
24
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]hm-N-I-mv ssZh-ns kt-i- e`n-p-Xv ae-pI aptJ-\-bms-Wv ]d-p-htm. aev F Ad_n i_vZns AYw ZqX FmWv . CXc skan- nIv `mj- I - f n
"amemJ' Fp ]d-bp-Xpw CtX AY-n-emWv. ae-p-I a\pjytcm ssZh-tfm A. ssZh-im-k-\-I {]Xy-cw A\p-k-cnp ssZh-ns Zmk-m am{X-amWv. Ah-cn-ep hnizmkw
Ckvem-anse ASn-m-\-hn-izm-k--fn-sem-mWv. {]hm-N-I-mv
ssZh-kt-iw e`n-p--Xn-\p Hcp am[ya-ambn nXn-sN-p-XpsIm-mWv, ae-p-I-fn-ep hnizm-k-n\v Ckvemw C{X-ta
{]m[m\yw Iev]n-n-p-Xv. ae-p-I-fn hnizm-k-an-m Hcm
ssZh-k-t-i-nepw Jp-B-\nepw hniz-kn-pI kw`-hy-a. ssZhk-tiw sImp-h-cp ae-ns t] "Pn_v-co' (K{_n-tb)
Fm-Ipp.
Ah-Xm-c-k-]hpw {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn hni-Zmw-i-fn s]mcp--t-Sp-sXv icn-bmWv. Fm Xz-n ]db- A-c-sam-p-an. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-mcpw {]hm-N-I-m-sctmse ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s--h Xs. Ahcpw ssZhns kt-i-fpw hn[n-hn-e-p-I-fp-amWv P\-v {]t_m[\w sNp-Xv. A[aw XpSp \on [aw m]n-pI F
`mcn I-hy-amWv Ahv \n-hln-m-\p-Xv. Cu \ne-I-fnsempw {]hm-N-I-mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-mcpw Xn hyXym-kan.
Fm {]hm-N-I Hcn-epw Bcm-[y-\. Fs-m Atl-n\v ssZh-Xz-n eh-teiw ]n. At-lhpw ssZhhpw Xnep _w ASn-abpw DS-abpw Xn-ep _-am-sWv ]d-phtm. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j ssZh-Xz-ns {]Xo-I-am-sW kev]-n Bcm-[y-\mbn hnNm-cn--s-Spp. CXmWv Ccp kev]fpw Xn-ep {][m-\-Acw.
Ah-Xm-c
-
lnp--fpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw ]-h-Xm-c--fpv: amyw,
Iuaw, hmcmlw, \c-knwlw, hma\w, ]c-ip-cm-a, {iocm-a, {ioIrjvW, _e-cm-a, Ievn. Ch-bn In Hgn-p HXv AhXm-c-fpw Ignp t]mbn. Ien-bp-K-n Ah-X-cn-m-\n-cn-p
In am{X-amWv Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv. C-d Hmtcm Ah-Xm-cspdnpw lnp-v ]pcm-W--fpv. ]pcm-W- ]Xn-s\m-Ws{X. CXn "`hn-jy-]p-cmWw' hcm t]mIp Imcy--sfp-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p {K-amWv. "`mK-hXw' F {Khpw `mhnIm-cy--sf-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv.
Ah-km\ Ah-Xm-c-s-n `hn-jy-]p-cm-W-n ]d-bp-Xv
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
25
C-s\-bmWv:
""GX-kvan--tc t
BNm-tcyW ka-\znXx
alm-aZ CXn-JymXx
injy-im-Jm-k-a-\znXw.''6
(Atm t [A\y-tZ-i-m-c] Bb Hcp BNm-cy [Bob-Kpcp] At-l-ns injyK-W--tfm-sSmw {]Xy--sSpw. Atl-ns \maw alm-aZ [apl-Zv] Fm-bn-cnpw.)
Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw Ah-Xm-c- Ccp-]-n-\m-emWv.
Ccp-]-n-aqpw Ignp. GXm-bmepw Cu Ah-Xmc k]w BZn
Bcy- mp- m- b n- c ptm Fp kwi- b - a mWv . Bcy- m- c psS
Ghpw {]mNo-\-amb {Kw EtKz-Z-as{X. AXn Ah-Xm-c-s-n
kqN- \ - s bm- p- a n- s - mWv thZ- h n- p- I - f mb Nne ]mm- X y
]WvUn-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
Cy-bn ]nm-e-pZv`-hn Nne ssl-h-a-X-\-ho-I-cW
{]m-\- Ah-Xmc k]s FXnn-pv. I_odn({In.
1440-1518) s ]cn-jvI-cW {]m\w HcpZm-l-cWw. {]kn Ncn{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nv Fgp-Xpp: ""Atlw (I_o) AhXm-c-hm-Zs ]c-ky-ambn \ntj-[n-n-cpp...........(Atlw ]dp:)
"{]]--ns DS-a--\m-b-ssZhw, Zp_-e-mcpw {]_-e-mcpw
Xn-ep Ak-aXzw In-v, {io cma-\mbn Ah-X-cnp Fv Ah
(lnp-) ]d-bpp.' I_o ]d-bp-p: "P\n-p-Ibpw acn-p-Ibpw
sNp bmsXm-cm-fpsS apnepw inc-p-Ip-\n-p-hm ]mSp--X;
Bfp-I ]d-bp Zim-h-Xm-c--fp-ambn F\nv Hcp _-hp-an.''7
BIbm Ah-Xm-c-k-]w Bcy-a-X-ns ASn-m-\-]-camb Hcp knm--am-sWv tXmp-n. B knmw ]nme
krjvSn-bm-bn-cn-m sXfn km[y-X-bpv. Fm Ah-Xmc
k]-nse Xmzn-I-hiw, AXm-bXv, [a-kw-m-]-\mYw
alm-]p-cp-j-m \ntbm-Kn--s-SpI F hiw kp{]-[m-\-amWv.
AXv Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz hnizm-k-tmSv XnIpw s]mcp-s-Sp-p-apv.
Hmtcm hn`m- K - n- s bpw kmt- X n- I - k w- - I Xn
hyXymkw ImWpI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t, Xz-n Ah Hmbn- c npw Xm\pw. kmt- X nI kw- I - f n- e p sshhn[yw
ap\nn, Xz- n- e p ASpw Ah- K - W n- p ]w
bmsXmcp hnm-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-p-I-bn. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv aX]-c-amb kmt-XnI kw-I-fpsS nXnbpw.
X-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-msc ]pcm-X-\-`-mc-Xo-b Ah-Xm-c-sa-mWv
hnfn- n- c p- Xv . Ah- c psS Hcp kmt- X nI kw- b t{X AXv .
26
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
AXns hn`m-h-\-bp-ambn Ckvem-anI hn`m-h\ s]mcp--s-Sp-nsv shv, `mc-X-n {]hm-NI \ntbmKw Dm-bn-n-sv hnNmcn-p-Xv icn-bm-hn. Fs-m Jp-B-\nse kmam\y Xzns ASn-m-\-n `mc-X-nepw ssZh-Zq-X-mcpw {]hm-N-Imcpw hn-p-sv Dd-mWv. Jp-B-\n Amlp ]d-bpp:
""Fm Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-nepw \mw ZqXs\ \ntbm-Kn-n-pv.
"Am-lp-hn\v C_m-Zv sNWw; XzmKq-ns\ ssIsh-Sn-bWw.'
(CXm-bn-cpp At-l-ns ZuXyw! '')8
KoX-bn ]d [a-kw-m-]-\-ns asmcp kmt-XnI
kw-bmWv GI-ssZ-h-n-\p C_m-Zv. "C_m-Zv' Fm
]c- a - a mb Hc- [ n- I m- c - i - n- p- a p- n khm- \m Xe- I p- \ nv
AXns Bm\n-tcm-[- Acw{]Xn \S-n hcp-p-I-sb-mWv AYw. CXp-X-s-bmWv [a-kw-m-]\wsImpw hnhn-p-Xv. A[a-n\v ta[m-hn-Xzhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sn-smSp-p-Ibpw AXns\ \ne-\np-hm bXv\n-p-Ibpw sNp ZpjvSi-n-I-fpsS t]cmWv "XzmKqv'. AXns\ ssIsh-Sn-bpI Fp
]d-m AXns ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-n-p-I-sb-m-WYw.
Npcp--n alm-]p-cp-j-m-cpsS Bhn`m-h-ns Dt-iy-ambn
KoXbpw Jp-B\pw ]d-n-p-Xv B-cmY-n Hp XsbmWv.
dkqam Fm Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-nepw \nbp--cm-bn-ps-mWv {]kvXpX Jp-B-\nI kqw ]d-bp-Xv. thsd ]te-S-fn CtX Bibw Jp-B Bhn-p-d-n-n-pv. Hcn-Sv ]dbpp:
""Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-n-\p-apv, ssZh-Zq-X. X-fpsS ZqX
hm P\-n-S-bn [am-\p-kmcw hn[n Iev]n--sSpw.''9
asm-cn-Sv ]d-bpp:
""Hcp ap-dnbn-p-Im-c ({]hm-N-I) Ignpt]mbn-n-m
H P\-hn-`m-K-hp-an.''10
""Fm Hmtcm P\-X-p-apv Hcp amK-Zin ({]hm-N-I).''11
Fm Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-K-nepw ssZh-Zq-Xam hn-p-s-mWv
D]-cn-kq-Nn-X-amb Jp-B hmIy- Ak-n-Kv[-ambn {]kvXm-hnp-Xv. Fn a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]m-No-\- tI-{-fn-sem-mb `mc-X-nepw {]hm-N-I \ntbm-Kn--s-n-p-sp
knw. AXn-\m `mc-Xo-b-cpsS [manI k]w GtXm Hcp
{]hm-N-I-a-X-ns Ah-in-jvS-am-sWp Xo!
`mc-Xob {]hm-NI
- cpw apkvenw-Ifpw
asm P\-k-ap-Zm-b--fn-epsa--t]mse `mc-Xo-b-cnepw {]hm-N-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
27
28
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
29
30
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
t]mepw Ihn-X-I-fntem, Ihn-X-t]m-ep KZy--fntem BWv {]Xn]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. thZ-, D]-\n-j-p-I apX-em-bh a\-n-em-hW- s a- n, kwkv I r- X - ] - n- X - mp- t ]mepw ZoL- I m- e s
X]pw ITn-\-{h-Xhpw thn-h-cpp. BI-bm `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aXkm-ln-Xy- ]cn-tim-[nv `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS hyn-Xzs-n icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-n-se-n-t-cpI CXc aX-v
n{]-km-[y-a.
CXn-s\mw ]pdta ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev `mc-Xo-b aX Xz-
A\y-mv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xn _lp-ep-_v[am-cm-bn-cpp.
As\ sNp-Xv \njn--am-sW-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS [mcW.
tizXm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-n ]d-bp--Xp -t\m-pI:
""thZmt ]caw Kplyw
]pcm-Ievt] {]tNm-ZnXw
\m{]-im-mb ZmXhyw
lm ]p{Xmb injymb hm ]p\x.''
(]pcm-X\ Imes thZm--n ]c-a-c-l-ky-amb Cu m\w
]d-n-pv. Aim--\mb hynv AXv ]d-p-sIm-Sp--cpXv.
Abm {]nb-]p-{Xt\m injyt\m Bbmepw sImmw.)17
]p{X-pw injy-pw-IqSn ]d-p-sIm-Sp-m ]mSn-m Hcp
cl-ky-m\w apkvenw-I-sf-tm-ep A\y-a-X--mv Adnbn-p {]iv\w Xs D-hn-p-n-tm. iq{Z-mpw iq{Z-msc-tm-ep--hpw thZw D]-tZ-in-p--Xns\ [a-imkv{Xw Ii\-ambn hne-n-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv. Bcym-h-n\p ]pd-p--hscmw iq{Z-m-cm-bmWv KWn--s-n-cp-Xv. ssl-h-[a imkv{X-fn Ghpw {]am-Wn--s-Sp a\p-kvarXn ]d-bpp:
""]uvd-Im-u-{U-{Z-hnUmx Imwt`m-Pm-b-h \m-Imx ]mc-Zm-]ln-hm-o\mx Incm-Xm-Z-cZmx Jimx:''18
(]u{w [Imcq-j-cmPyw AYhm D-c-_w-Km], Hu{Uw [Hdo],
{ZhnUw [sXny], Imwt`mPw [sXp-]-Sn-m-d Imivao-chpw
Im^n-dn-ms `mK-fpw], bh\w [{Kov, Atd_ym apX-em-bh],
iIw [knn-b-tZiw], ]mcXw, ]mloIw, No\w [No\], IncmXw
[lnam-e-b-n\p kao-]-ap Hcp tZiw], ZcXw [hnj-ap-m-Ip
Hcp tZiw], Jiw Fo cmPy- ]men--h-scmw iq{Zam-cmbn
`hnp.)
Cq--n bh-\-m-cm-bmWv apkvenw-Isf `mc-Xo-b IW-mn-bn-cp-Xv. AXn-\m Ah Cpw apkvenw-Isf "tPm\', "tPm\I', "tbm\' (bh-\) Fp hnfn-p-h-cpp.
iq{Z-mpw iq{Z-m-cmbn KWn--s-Sp--hpw X-fpsS
thZ-km-ln-Xy- Adn-bn-p-hm ]mSn-s-mWv ssl-h-[a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipdn-p-I
1. `K-h-ZvKoX A[ymbw 4, tmIw 7, 8
2. Ibid A[ymbw 1, tmIw 33-35.
3. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 4, t]Pv 502
4. KoX A[ymbw 1, tmIw 31
5. Jp-B A[ymbw 6, kqw 100
6. `hn-jy-]p-cmWw ]w 3, ImWvUw 3, A[ymbw 3, tmIw 5
7. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture p.163
8. Jp-B A[ymbw 16, kqw 36
9. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kqw 47
10. Ibid A[ymbw 35, kqw 24
11. Ibid A[ymbw 13, kqw 7
12. Ibid 4: 78
13. Ibid 2 : 285
14. hniz-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 11
15. A_odq\n I Cy t]Pv 17
16. Ibid p.1
17. D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- By cmlp kmwIr-Xy-mb, t]Pv 622
18. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 10, tmIw 44
19. Ibid 4: 81
20. Ibid 4: 99
21. B]-kvXw-_-[-kq{Xw
22. A_odq\n I Cy t]Pv 15
31
32
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
33
A[ymbw cv
am\-Zw
\nc-h[n
\mK-cn-I-X-I temI-p-Zn-p-Ibpw Db-cp-Ibpw AkvXan-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Ch-bn Nne-sX-nepw icn-bmb ssZhk-t-i-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep-S-se-Sp--Xm-bn-cp-p-sh Imcyn Ncn{Xw kwi- b n- p- n. PqX- \ m- K - c n- I X Hcp- Z m- l - c Ww.
tamkp apX {InkvXp-h-sc-bp {]hm-N-I-m-cmWv AXn\v ASn- d - ] m- I n- b Xv . ]t, tbip- h ns Ime- a m- b - t m- t gpw AXv
Bmhv \jvS-sv tIh-e-samcp ]mc--cy-ambn cq]m--c-s-n-cpp.
AXn-\m PqX-kw-kvIm-cs ipn-sN-m-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp \Snb {ia- - s fmpw hnP- b n- n. Ah- k m\w ss{Ikv X - h Xzw
asmcp \mK-cn-I-X-bmbn hf-cp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. Imem--c-n
ss{IkvXh \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Poh--h-ambn cq]w amdn. Atm-gmWv
Atd-_n-bm-bn Ckvemw Bhn`-hn-Xv. Ckvem-ans \h-ssNX\yw ss{I-kvXh \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS in-sI-Sp-p-Ibpw khYm
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- p- J hpw hn- h m- - I - h p- a mb asmcp \mK- c n- I X
kwm]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv kakvX temI-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn
kzm[o\w sNepn. Ckvemw ]pkvX-I-nepw apkvenw-I ivaim\-n-ep-ambn HXp-n-b-tXmsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw tNX-\-
34
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
b an-embn.
Ncn{X hnZymYnsb kw_-n-t-S-tmfw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb
Hcp kwkvIm-c-ns kmm ASn-m-\--sf-sp \nWbn-pI Xptemw hnj-a-at{X. Nne AS-bm-f--sfm-gnsI asmcp hn[n\nWm-bI tcJbpw Abmp-]e-_v[-am-hp-sav {]Xo-n-m-hX. {]kvXpX AS-bm-f- ]cn-tim-[n-p-thWw, AXv cq]-sa-SpXv ssZhn-I-X-z--fpsS ASn-m-\-ntem, `uXnI Xz-fpsS ASn-m-\-ntem Fp \nW-bn-pI. ssZh \nZn-jvS-fmb Xz--fpsS AkvXn-hm-c-n-t s]mn-h-n-p kwkvImc-ku-[-n-s-Xmb Nne e-W- Jp-B Nqn-m-Wn-ppv. Ahsb Hcp am\-Z--ambn kzoI-cn-m-hp--XmWv. Ah
Xmsg hnh-cn-pp.
AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-f
- n-ep hnizmkw
ssZh-\nZnjvS Xz--fn {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-am-bn-p-Xv
AZr-iy-bm-YmYy--fmWv. a\p-jys mt\-{n-b-p hnt[b-am-hm bmYmYy-s-bmWv "AZr-iy-bm-YmYyw' Fn-hnsS
hyh-l-cn-n-p-Xv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-Xam (ae-p-I), ac-Wm-\c PohnXw, kzKw, \cIw BZn-bm-bh DZm-l-cWw. Ccw
bmYmYy--fpsS `mhm-`m-h--sf--ntbm kz`mh KpW--sf-ntbm Hcp Xocp-am-\-hp-sa-Sp-p-hm a\p-jy-_p-np km[y-a.
ImcWw, Ahs m\ ZrjvSnv Ah AtKm-N-c--fs{X. AhbpsS bmYmYyw Ip-]n-Sn-m ]p bmsXmcp D]-I-c-Whpw
D]-e-_v[-a. a\p-jys m\-Zr-jvSnv tKmN-c-am-hp GXp hnjbhpw Zriy {]]- - ns]- - X mWv . AZriy {]]- - h p- a mbn
Ahs C{n-b-tm D]-I-c-W-tm bmsXmcp _-hpan.
Fm ssZhw Xnc-s-Spv {]hm-N-IXz ]Zw A\p-{K-ln
Nne hyn-Iv Acw bmYmYy--sf--n-bp kqvahpw
kpZr-V-hp-amb m\w e`n-pp. AXpw AZr-iy-amtKW. {]hmN-I-m-cpsS kXy-k-hpw ss[cy-]qh-hp-amb {]h-N-\-a-msX CXc-msc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Ah-bpsS kXym-h At\z-jn-p-Xn\v asmcp hgn-bp-an. CXmWv AZr-iy-{]-]--ns icn-bmb
\ne-]mSv.
Jp-B {]kvXpX AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-sf "ssK_v' FmWv
hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv; Zriy-{]-]-s "ilm-Zv' Fpw. ssK_ns
bmYmYyw ssZh-n\v am{Xta Adnbq. {]hm-N-Iamv AZriy-bm-YmYy--fn NneXv Ah Adn-bn-p-sIm-Sp-pp. {]hm-NI- m Ah P\- sf DZv t _m- [ n- n- p- I bpw sNpp. GXp
\nepw Hcp {]hm-N-I aptJ-\-b-msX AZriyw Adn-bpI km[y-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
35
a. AXmWv Jp-B shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp--h\m-Ipp Amlp. Ahs AZr-iy-s-n Bpw Adn-bnp
\Ip--XAh CjvS-s ZqX--msX.''1
AXn-\m ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X, kzKw, \cIw, Ia-^ew, acWm-\-c PohnXw XpS-nb AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-sf kw_-n
hn`m-h\ GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-n ImWp-pthm, B kwkvIm-cns \njv]n {]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cn-msX \nhm-l-an.
Fs-m Acw AZr-iy-bm-YmYy- {]hm-N-I--msX
ampw e_v[-a. BI-bm ta-d AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-fn-ep hnizm-ks ssZh-\nZnjvS kwkvIm-c-ns {]Y-a-e-W-ambn \apv AwKo-I-cnmw. Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""Cu {Kw
(Jp-B) Hcp amK-Zi-\-amWv Am-cy-n kwi-b-an. AZriy-n hniz-kn-p `-P-\-v''2
ssZhnI amK-Zi-\--f-S-nb Jp-B AwKo-I-cn-p--Xn\v
{]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb D]m[n AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-n-ep hnizmk-am-sWv ]d-bp-tm AXn \nv Hcp Imcyw hywKy--tcW
kn-am-hp-pv. ssZhn-I-amK-Zi-\-ns Ghpw ASn-m-\]-c-amb khn-ti-jX AZr-iy-bm-YmYy--sf-p-dn {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ambn-cn-p-sa--XmWXv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X, Ia-^ew, kzK-\-c-I, ac- W m- \ - c PohnXw AYhm ]c- t emIw Fn- h - s b- n
{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-a-X-{K-- hy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-pv.
GI-ssZ-hXz hn`m-h\w
{]hm-N-I-m-cm {]t_m-[n-X-amb aX-X-z--fpsS ASn-m\--fn cq]wsImp kwkvIm-c-ns cm-as eWw
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h - \ - a mWv . Fm Hmtcm {]hm- N - I \pw Cu
BZis Dun-bp-d-n-n-p--Xmbn Jp-B knm-n-pp.
]t, Cu cwKv Hcp Ncn{X bmYmYyw \mw khn-tijw {int--Xpv. GsXmcp {]hm-N-I-sbpw A\p-bm-bn-I At-lns bYmY {]t_m-[-\-n \nv A\-c Imev hyXn-Nen-n-pv. AtXmsS ]e-X-c-n-ep A-hn-izm-k-fpw A\mNm-c-fpw krjvSn-]q-Pm-]-c-amb k{-Zm-b-fpw apw Ah-cpsS
kwkvIm-c-n \pgp ISp, As\ Ime-{I-a-n AXv
X\n _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-abamb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn A[x-]-Xnp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ncn-{X-ns Cu kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-n \nv PqX-aXtam
{InkvXp-a-Xtam Ckvemw aXtam Hpw Xs Hgn-h. Cs
apkvenw-I-fn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw acnp aa-d alm-]p-cp-jamsctbm Ah-cpsS ivaim-\--sftbm ]qPn-p--h-cmWv. BI-bm
A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hyXn-N-e-\s honv, kwkvIm-cs hnebn-cp-p ]w bmsXmcp kwkvIm-c-sbpw krjvSn-]q-P-bn
36
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]c-temI hnizmkw
ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-n-ep hnizm-k-amWv asmcp eWw.
ac-W-tmsS a\pjy PohnXw Ah-km-\n-p-n-spw ac-Wm-\-chpw Pohn-Xw XpS-cp-p-sh-p-amWv {]hm-N-Iam ]Tn-n-n-pXv. CXn-s\-Xnsc `uXnI Nn-Iam, ac-W-tmsS a\p-jy-PohnXw F-t-p-ambn Ah-km-\n-p-shv hmZn-pp. a\p-jys
Ia-^-es apJy-ambpw A\-c Pohn-X-tm-SmWv {]hm-N-I-aX- _-s-Sp-n-bXv. AXm-bXv Cu Pohn-X-n kpIrXw
{]hn--h\v B Pohn-X-n kZv^-ehpw, ]m]w sNbvX-h\v
Zpjv^-ehpw Dmhpw. Cu Xz-amWv {]hm-N-Iam-scmw kzP\-Xsb DZvt_m-[n-n-n-cp--sXp Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""(kXv-IanIp) kphn-ti-jhpw (ZpjvIan-Ip) XmoXpw \Ip--hcm-bn--msX ssZh-Zq-X-msc \mw \ntbm-Kn-p-n.''3
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw Ia-^-e-s-n Dun--d-bp-pv.
]t, asmcp k]-n-emWv I-^ew C-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv.
]p\P--k-]-n. Cu P-n ]pWyw sNbvX-h ASp
P-n kpPm-X\pw ]m]w {]hn--h \oN-\p-ambn ]cn-W-an-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
37
38
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]p\Pa-hmZw sImv {]kvXpX ti--fnq-Sn-s AXn\p \nhm-c-Whpw km[n-X-ambn. hfsc kaY-amb Hcp Ip-]nSn--am-bn-pv CsX--Xn\v kwi-b-an.''5
Npcp--n, {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xo-b ]c-tem-I-nepw ac-Wm-\-c
Pohn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv. ]p\PahmZw A\--c-Im-ev ISp-Iq-Snb Hcp "_nZv-Apw' Ir{Xn-a-knm--hp-amWv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
39
aX-m-]I
- s hnizm-kyX
aX- m- ] - \ - n- e qsS _lp- P - \ - - f psS `n- _ - l p- a m\w
NqjWw sNp-hm Nne kzmY-X-Xv]-cam DZy-an-tpw. Fm
Ahv kXy-k--Xtbm BmY-Xtbm Dm-hn-sv hninjym
]d-tb--Xn-tm. AXn-\m Hcp aX-ns kXy-Xbpw Ak-XyXbpw hnth-Nn-p--Xn\v B aX-m-]-Is bYmY Poh-N-cn{Xw
]cn-tim-[n-t-Xv AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv. Fm am\-Z--fpw
shv Afp Xn-s-Sp-nb tijta At-l-ns aXw ssZh\nZn-jvStam kzbw-Ir-Xtam Fv Xocp-am-\n-m ]q.
ssZh-\n-bp--\mb {]hm-N-I kthm-]cn DXvIr-jvS -[manI
\ne-hmcw ]pep Bfm-bn-cnpw. kXy-k-X, BXvamYX,
hniz- k v X X BZn- b mb KpW- - f n At- l s Ih- p- h - p
asmcp hyn kap-Zm-b-n-ep-m-hp-I-bn. Nnn-p GsXm-cp-
40
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
pw Acw DXvIr-jvS-Kp-W- {]hm-N-I\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bnp--Xm-sWv a\-n-em-m {]bm-k-an. asm-cmpw A\p-{Kln- - s - S m- Xpw AXyw \nKq- V - h p- a mb Hcp m\- a mKw
X\np e_v[-am-bn-p-s-m-Wtm {]hm-N-Is Ah-Im-i-hmZw.
At-l-ns DXvIr-jvS-kz-`m-h-N-cy-I-f-msX B hmZs AwKoI-cn-n-p asm-cp-]m-[nbpw \psS apn-en. {]hm-N-I-Xz-hmZn
DXvIrjvS kz`mhn-bm-bm Xs t]mcm; B hkvXpX BZyta
kphn-Zn-X-am-bn-cn-p-Ibpw thWw. Fnte At-l-ns hmZw P\ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-se-Sp-p-I-bpq.
hnizm-ky-X-sb KpW-amWv {]hm-N-Is\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
Ghpw {][m-\-am-bn-p-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv {]hm-N-Iam {]hmN-IXz {]Jym-]-\-tm-sSm-nv, X-fpsS hnizm-kyX kzP-\-sf
A\p-kva-cn-n-n-cp--Xmbn Jp-B FSpp]d-n-p-Xv. t\ml,
lqZv, kzmenlv, temv, ipsF_v (bnt{Xm), tamkkv apX-emb
{]hm-N-Iam X-fpsS {]hm-N-IXzw {]Jym-]\w sNbvXXv Cu
hmp-I-fn-em-bn-cpp: ""Co eIpw dkq-ep Aao'' (\np
hniz-kvX-\mb Hcp ZqX-\s{X Rm)11
apl-Zv \_n(k)bmIs {]hm-N-I-Xz-{]-Jym-]-\-n\v F{Xtbm
apv Xs hniz-kvX-X-bn kh{X JymXn t\Sn--gn-n-cpp.
Xn-anw Bfp-I At-ls "A-A-ao' FmWv hnfn-ncp--sXv Ncn{Xw ]d-bpp.
`mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cyamsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Cu cwKv
\ap-smcp hnjaw t\cn-Sp-pv. Ah-cpsS bYm-X-Y-amb Poh-Ncn{Xw Bcpw Fgp-Xn-h-n. Ahsc Npn-n {]N-cn IY-I-fm-Is,
AXn-cp-I-hn {]iw-k-bp-sSbpw AXn-i-tbmn Ie kvXpXnbp-sSbpw thj-a-Wn-mWv \mw ImWp-Xpw. AXn-\m Ah-cpsS
bYmY Pohn-Xs n Hcp ]nSn-]mSpw \app e`n-p-n. Fncp-mepw Hcp Imcyw a\-n-em-hpp. Ah-cpsS kXy-k--Xsbtbm
BmY-Xsbtbm hnizm-ky-Xsbtbm i{Xp-t]mepw tNmZyw
sNbvXn-n-. Ah DX [manI \ne-hmcw ]pen-bn-cp-p-shmWv CXn \npw A`yq-ln-t-Xv.
{]hm-NI
- s\ AwKo-Ic
- n-
ta {]kvXm-hn am\-Z-w-shp ]cn-tim-[n-p--]w `mcXo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cyam-cn Nne-sc-nepw {]hm-N-I-m-cm-bn-cn-m km[yX- b pv . Hcmsf {]hm- N - I - s \v AwKo- I - c n- p- - X ns AYw
Abmsf Bcm- [ n- p- I - s b- ; BZ- c n- p- I - s bp am{X- a mWv .
ss__n-fn ]d {]hm-N-Isc \mw BZ-cnpw t]mse. bmsXmcp
krjvSn-sbbpw Bcm-[n-phm Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-n. Fm
alm-m-sf BZ-cn-p-Ibpw Xn--d-bm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
41
42
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipdn-p-I
1. Jp-B 72: 26, 27
2. Ibid 2: 1, 2
3. Ibid 18: 56
4. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 552
5. Ibid P. 553
6. Jp-B 65: 1
7. ""bmtXmf `ypZ-b\nx t{ibk knnx k [x''
8. sshti-jn-I-kq{Xw, D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 825
9. Jp-B 16 : 97
10. `K-h-ZvKoX 9: 31
11. Jp-B 26: 107, 125, 143, 162, 178; 44: 18 apX-em-bh t\mpI.
12. Ibid 5: 48
13. Ibid 6: 90
A[ymbw aqv
a\p-tjymXv]-n-bpsS IY
`mc-X-ns
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
43
44
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
sam-n-semp a\-n-em-t--Xpv.
Umhn-\nkw
]cn-Wma knmw Hcnw-o-jp-Im-c-\mb Nmkv-Umhn (18091882) t\mSp _-s-Sp-n-bmWv {]Nm-c-s-n-p-Xv. Fm ]cnWm-a-hm-Z-ns BZna {]tW-Xmhv At-l-a-spw Nne-`n-{]mb-apv. Umhn ]Tn-n Aam--m-c-\m-bn-cpp. FUn_tdm
bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn sshZyw ]Tn-m tNp-sh-nepw ]co-bn tXm-Xn-\m sshZy-]-T\w At-l-n\v Dt]-n-t-n-hp.
Fm \nco--W-]m-Shw At-l-n-\p-m-bn-cpp. sXs Atacn--bpsS IS-temcw kth sNp-hm ]pd-s "_oKn' F
I- e n Hcp {]IrXn imkv { X- - s \ \ne- b n Atlhpw
t]mbn. ImWp--sXpw tiJ-cn-p-hm\pw \nco-n-p-hm-\p-ap
hmk\ {]IrXn At-l-n\v km-\n-n-cpp. Atlw kky-,
]md-I, {]mWn-I, Pp-, t^mkn-ep-I (ineo-`-hn AnI) Fnh tiJ-cnp. Hmtcm Xpd-ap-J-p-\npw Xs tiJ-c Cw-n-te--bp. ]e IS-tem-c-fpw Xmn, Hcp Znhkw
_oKn sXs Ata-cn--bpsS ]Sn-m-dp Kme-]m-tKmkv Zzo]pI-fn \q-c-anp. Ahn-Ss P\--fpsS AXn-{]m-Ir-X-amb kz`mhw
I-tm At-l-n\v tXmn, Htc-Xcw Pohn-I Xs-bt
amdn-amdn ]e-Xcw Pohn-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an--sXv. B Zzo]p-I-fnse
]n-Isf I-tm B tXm Hp-IqSn Ddp. Umhn Xs
ssIh-i-ap t^mkn-ep-I ]cn-tim-[np. BZys Pohn-I ]Xps--Xps Cm-Xm-hp-Xpw ]Icw ]e Imcy--fnepw kmZriyhpw Nne-Xn am{Xw hyXym-k-hp-ap Pohn-I Dm-hp-Xpw
Atlw Isn. As\ ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-ns _oPw At-lns a\-n Ap-cnp.
20 hjw Xs hmZ-n\v ]nb sXfn-hp-I tiJ-cnp. _oKnfn-em-cw-`n ]T\w XpSp. As\ kp{]-kn--amb Xs "htKmXv]n' (Origin of Species) F IrXn 1859 {]kn-o-I-cnp. CXnemWv hK-]-cn-Wma knmw kaYn-n-p-Xv.
Pohn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-s-n Umhn \Inb hni-Zo-I-c-Wn-\mWv Umhn-\nkw (Darwinism) Fp ]d-bp-Xv. a\p-jys
Ghpw ASp ]qhn-I hm\-c-m-cm-sWpw hm\-cs hmep
\c-\m-bn-op-shpw Umhn knm-n--Xmbn Hcp [mc-Wbpv. hmkvX-h-n Umhn As\ Xop]d-n-n. hm\c\pw \c\pw Htc ]qhn- I - \ n \np Dcp- n- c n- - X m- s Wp
am{Xta Atlw ]d-n-pq.4
Umhn Xs _oKnbm-{X-bn Ap-sImw Ignp. AXn\n-Sbn ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw a\-n-emn. Nne \nK-a-\--fn-se-n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
45
\c-hwiNcn{Xw
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-m Umhn-\n-k-ns ASn-m-\-nemWv a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw sa\-s-Sp-m {ian-n-p--sXv ]d-phtm. AXn-{]m-No\ Pohn-I-fp-tS-sXv Ah Ah-Im-i-s-Sp Ahin-jvS--fs{X {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n-\m-kv]Zw. Cu Ahin-jvS- \nc-c Kth-jW \nco--W-v hnj-b-amn. Ahbn Nne a\p-jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-I Isn. AXn-\m arKw a\pjy-Xz-n-tep ]ptcm-K-an-p CS-th-f-bn nXn-sN-bvXn-cp
Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-hWw Ah-sbv A\p-am-\n--sp. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
cp-Im-en-t \S-p-Ibpw h\y-ar-K-sf th-bmSn Xnp-Ibpw
sNp Hcp Xcw hm\-cam (Apes) B{^n--bn-ep-m-bn-cp-pshv Ahn-sS-\nv e_v[-amb t^mkn-ep-I-fn \S--s KthjWw sXfn- b np. CXp- t ]mse \nhp \S- p- I bpw Fm
]qW a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p Nne PohnI-fpsS Ah-in-jvS- Pmh-bn \npw No\-bn \npw Is-Spn-pv. BZyw ]d Pohnv "Pmhm a\p-jy' (Pithecanthropus)
Fpw, cm- a - t - X n\v "s]n- p- a - \ p- j y' ( Sinanthropus) Fpw
imkv{X--m t]cn-n-cn-pp. Fm a\p-jy-hKw ]e imcocnI ]cn- j v I m- c - - t fbpw ]nnv kqW a\p- j y- X z- n- t ev
Imse-Sp-p-h-Xv Ftm, FhnsS shv Fp Xocp-am-\n-p-hm
46
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy
]pcm-X\ a\p-jy-s\-p-dnv \app IqSp-X Adnhp \In-bXv
\nbm-Xm (Neanderthal) a\p-jys Ah-in-jvS--fmWv. Ah
e`n IY ckm-h-l-amWv. Pa-\n-bnse Upk F sNdp-]p-g-Spv "\nbm-' Fp t]cmb Hcp e-apv. Ahn-Ss Hcp
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
47
48
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]mIrX aX-t_m[w
kmwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-n Bbp-[-\nam-W-s-tm-se-s
ku-cy-t_m-[-n\pw [a-t_m-[-n\pw henb m\-am-Wp-Xv.
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy Ip-sImpw Fp-sImpw ]e-X-c-nep Bbp-[- \nan-n-cp--Xmbn Is-n-bn-cn-pp. NnnI sImpw Fp-I sImpw B`-c-W--fp-m-n-bn-cp-p-shXv Ahs ku-cy-t_m-[-ns e-W-amWv. acn-p-t]m-b-hsc
Ipgn-n-Sp-tm ]tc-X-\p-thn `y-t]-b-fpw B`-c-W-fpw
ih- t m- s Smw ad- h v s N- b v X n- c p- pshXv Ahs aX- t _m- [ tbpw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-n-ep hnizm-k-t-bp-amWv ImWnp-Xv. tUm. A- Fgp-Xpp: ""]qW a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-p-Xn\p app-Xs BZna a\p-jy XXz-hm-Znbpw ac-Wm-\--c-Pohn-X-n hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cpp Fv ImWn-p sXfn-hp-I
]eXpw ivaim-\--fn \nmWv Inn-bn-p-Xv. ]cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-bn
Pmhm-a-\p-jy-tc-m A]w Db \nbm-Xm (Neanderthal)
a\p-jy ihw ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp ka-bv Nmbn-ey-smSn arX-tZl- n hnX- d n- b n- c pp. Ay- b m- { X- m- c psS Bh- i y- n- \ mbn
`y-t]-bm-Zn-Ifpw ih-p-gn-bn \nt-]n-n-cpp.''6 asm-cn-Sv
Atlw Ipdn- pp: ""\nbm- Xm a\p- j y Ip- s Impw
FpsImpw ]e Xc-n-ep Bbp-[- Dm-n-bn-cpp. NnnI sImpw Fp- sImpw B`-c-W- Dm-n-bn-cpp. acn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
49
pt]mbhsc Ipgn-n-Sp-tm Ahp-thn `Ww, B`-c-W apX-em-bh ih-tm-sSmw \nt-]n-p--Xn\p ]pdsa ihnta Nph Nmbw tXp k{-Zm-bhpw Ahp-m-bncpp. aX-t_m-[-ns Ap-c--fmWv Cu {Inb-I-fn ebn-n-cnp-Xv.''7
Kth-j-I-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw, GI-tZiw aqp ew
hjw-\nbm-Xm a\p-jy bqtdm-nepw B{^n--bnepw GjybpsS Nne `mK--fnepw A[n-h-kn-n-cpp. Ahn-S--fn-semw B
hKw \in-p-t]mbn. bqtdm-n bYmY a\p-jy Ah-cpsS m\w
Itdn. GXmv Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw hj-p-ap-m-WnXv kw`hn-Xv. Atd-_y-bnepw B{^n--bnepw \m]-Xn-\m-bncw hjw
app-hsc \nbm-Xm a\p-jy-cp-m-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hpI ASp Imev Isn. ^e-kvXo-\n--Sp Ims
ae-bn bYmY a\p-jy\pw \nbm-Xm a\p-jy\pw CS-I-ep
Pohn-p-Ibpw cp hK-m-cp-tSbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep kXn-I AhnsS Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. No\m-a-\p-jy\pw \nbmXm a\p- j y\pw \camwk- ` p- p- I - f m- b n- c pp. At\ym- \ yw
sImp-Xn-p hKw tW\ \inp t]mhp--Xn Ap-Xan. e--W-mb hj-p-ap-p-Xs a\p-jy aX-t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-p-sh hkvXpX B t_m[w {]Ir-Xym-bp--Xm-sW
Jp-Bs hmZ-n-\p-t]m-Zv_e-I-as{X!
a\pjyNcn-{Xhpw `mc-Xhpw
a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Ftm, FhnsS Bcw-`np Fsmpw Xns-Sp-m Kth-j-I-mv C\nbpw Ign-n-n-sp \mw ]d-pI-gnp. ]Xn-\m-bncw \qm-p-I ]g--apv a\pjy Ncn-{X-ns\v imkv{X-am A`yq-ln-pp. Fm AXn\v A\ntj-[y-amb tcJ-I-sfm-p-an. \m]tXm AtXm \qm-p-Inp-d-ap Ncn-{X-s-p-dn-p Nne tcJ-I Xv ssIhn- p- s p am{Xta imkv { X- I m- c am Ah- I m- i - s - S p- pq.
AXn\p app Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-s-p-dnp hXpw Adn-bp-Xn\v `qK` hkv X p- - f mWv GIm- { ibw. Fm Cu cwKv
C\nbpw ]ptcm-K-an-t--Xm-bn-m-Wn-cn-p-Xv.
Cy-sb-w-_-n-n-S-tmfw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-n ]pcm-X\
Ncn-{X-n-tep shfnw hoip Imcy-amb tcJ-I-sfmpw ssIhn- n. Pmhm- a - \ p- j y- t tbm s]np a\p- j y- t tbm \nbmXm a\p-jy-ttbm Ah-in-jvS--sfmpw `mc-X-n \nv
e`n-n-n. Fm inem-bp-[- Inn-bn-pv. thZ-, ]pcm-W apX-emb ]gb kmlnXy IrXn-I-fn \npw inem-en-Jn-X, sNt-Sp-I XpS-nb tcJ-I-fn \npw Ncn-{Xmw-i- tiJ-
50
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
cn-p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI Cym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m {ianp-Xv. Ihn-I-fpsS k]-kr-jvSn-I-fmWv thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I. Ahbn apn-n Ncn-{Xmw-i- tiJ-cn-pI Ffp--a-sv ]dtb--Xn-tm. IqSmsX I]nX IY-I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-tfbpw Xn thXn-cn-p-hm ]e-tmgpw Ign-bp--Xp-a. DZm-lc-W-ambn, {ioIr-jvW Hcp Ncn{X ]pcp-jt\m, shdpw IYm-]m{Xtam F Imcyw Ctmgpw X-n-en-cn-p-I-bmWv. Cs
cq]-n-ep ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy--fn Xs ]nm-e-s-gpXn-n-Sn-n Nne `mK--fp-ap-sv \ncq-]-Im kaYn-n-cn-pp.
"Cy-mv Ncn-{X-an, Ncn-{X-i-I-e--tf-bpq' FmWv Hcn {_nojv ]me-san hn Nn lmky-kz-c-n
{]kvXm-hn-Xv. \psS ]qhn-I-m-cpsS A{i-bpw A\m--bpamWv At-l-s-smv CXp ]d-bn-Xv. {Kop-Im-cpsS B{IaW ({In. ap. 323)n\p tij-amWv `mc-X-n Ncn-{X-Imew Bcw`n-Xv. AXn\p app Imew, `mc-X-s-w-_-n-n-S-tmfw Ncn{Xm-Xo-X-Im-e-amWv. F{Xbpw A]qW-amWv Cy-bpsS Ncn-{X-sa
kwKXn \mw ad--cpXv. D-Xp-Xs sshtZ-inI Ic--fm FgpX-s--Xs{X. Npcp--n Cym Ncn-{X-ns ]cn-anXn hfsc
hy- a mWv . AXns ASn- m- \ - n Fn- t - c p \nK- a - \ pw Cu ]cn-anXn _m[-I-am-bn-cn-p-sap hninjym ]d-tb-Xn-tm.
Ipdn-p-I
1. DXv]n 2:7
2. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 22,23
3. Ibid P. 23
4. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 6, t]Pv 690
5. 6,00,000 sImw apm-cw-`nv, GI-tZiw {In. ap. 22,000 sImw hsc \op\n B ZoL-Im-e-n-\p-n \mtem Atm {]mhiyw `qan-bpsS
]e `mKpw lna-bpKw Bhn--sp. (`mc-X--ga t]Pv 21)
6. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 6
7. Ibid P. 27, 28
A[ymbw \mev
]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
51
]pcm-XXz\nco-W
-
- ns {]m[m\yw
]pcm-XXz \nco-Ww hfsc ]ptcm-K-an Hcp Ime-am-WnXv. ]pcmXXz imkv{Xw (Archaeology) \ne-hn hcp--Xn-\p-apv CuPn-]vXnse
kp{]-kn ]nc-an-Up-I (Pyramids) tIhew ApX hkvXp--fmbn-cpp. Cm-Is, Ah ]pcm-X\ CuPn]vXns Ncn{Xw hnfn-tmXp hne-s tcJ-I-fm-Ipp. {]mNo-\-Im-es CuPn-]vXp-Im
ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hn-X-n ZrV-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-p-shpw AhnSs {]`p-hK-ns Bm-in A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-Whpw AewL-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cp-p-shpw As ASn-a-hK--fp-tSbpw km[mc-W-m-cp-tSbpw PohnXw A-Xyw ti-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp-p-shpw
B Iq ih-Ip-So-c- aqI-`m-j-bn hnfn-tm-Xpp. ]t, ]pcmXXz hnZ-Kv[-m-cpsS {ih-W-]p-S--msX B IY {ihnm
Ign-n.
Kn-bnse ]nc-an-Up-I ]Wn-b-W-sa-n a\p-jy-e---fpsS
Fp-am{Xw Imbn-I-i-nbpw F{X-am{Xw tZio-b-k-pw sNehp
sNbvXn-cn--W-sap t\mpI! Fv.Pn. shv Fgp-Xpp: ""Cu
52
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
DXvJ\
- \
- hpw Kth-jW
- hpw
`qan--Sn-bn aa-dp InS-p Ncn-{X-tc-J-I J\\w
sNbv s X- S p- p- Xpw J\- \ - n Inp ]pcm- h - k v X p- - s f- n
]T\w \S-p-Xpw IqSp-X ]ptcm-K-anp hcn-I-bmWv. AXn\v Nne
imkv{Xob \nb-a--fpv. B imkv{Xob \nb-a--sfbpw amK-sfbpw knm- - - s fbpw hni- Z o- I - c n- pI ChnsS Dt- i y- a n.
Fm ]pcm-XXz \nco--I-m-cpsS \nK-a-\- ASn-m\ clnX-amb shdpw Dulm-t]m-l--fm-sWv km[m-cW hmb-\-m
sXn--cn-m-Xn-cn-t--Xn-\mbn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Nne Imcy-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
53
ChnsS kqNn-n-pp.
`qan--Sn-bn Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ns Ah-in-jvS- InS-psv Fs\ Adnbmw? CXn\p Nne- amK- imkv{X-Im-cm Nqn-m-Wn-p-pv. h Bh-iy-n\pw \new Infp adnp-tm ASn-bn ]gb aXn-ens AS-bmfw Itmw. B AhinjvSw XI-Sn sIn-S--fpsS Hcp `mK-am-bn-cnpw. AhnsS
kqv-a-\n-co-Ww \S-p--]w GtXm Imev \inp \mamh-ti-j-amb Hcp \K-c-ns ]e Ah-in-jvS-fpw Is-p-hcpw.
Acw Ah-in-jvS- hmbnp ]Tn-m hnZ-Kv[-amv km[np--XmWv.
Nne-tm Ipgn-m-sX-s ]pcm-X\ \K-c--fpsS Ah-injvS- InS-p ew Is-m Ignbpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
]cn-kc e--fn\nv hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcn-Sv , Hcp {]tXyI
taSp ImWp-p-shp hbvpI. kqva ]cn-tim-[-\-bn, XISn Ah-in-jvS--fpsS Iqm-c-am-W-sXv Itmw. B taSns
]cn-k-c--fn DS a]m-{X--jW-tfm CjvSn-I-Itfm Dsn hnti-jnpw. Acw taSp-I Inf-p-t\m-p ]w ]pcmX\ \K-c--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- e`n-m-hp--XmWv.
]pg--c-I-fn\npw Kpl-I-fn\n-p-amWv {]mNo\ inem-bp-Kn a\p-jy D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp Im-bp-[- [mcm-f-ambn e`nn- p- - s Xv A\p- ` - h - - m ]d- b pp. aW Iqm- c -
Imns {]h\w aqew \nc-m-bn-o-cp-tm AXn-\n-S-bn
inem-bp-[- ImWm-dp-s{X. kznvkem-nse Hcp XSmIw hnh-c--tm AhnsS {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy \nan hoSp-I-fpsS Ah-injvS- Is-n-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s-Spp.
`qan--Sn-bn sIn-Stam aXntem Dtm Fv Adn-bm-hp
thsdmcp amK-an-XmWv: th\m-ev Hcp -h-btem atm ]cntim-[n-pI. ASn-bn Npa-cp-s-n AXns apI-fn-ep- sNSnIv CXc sNSn-Isf At]-nv ] IqSn-mWpw. ImcWw,
aXn-en-t Xn-\np \\hv an-ep- \\-hn-s\-m IqSpX-ep-m-hp--Xp-sImv B \\hv hen-s-Sp sNSn-I thKw
sXgpp hfcpw. s\tm tKmXtm BsW-n Ffp--n hnfbp-Ibpw sNpw.
{]mNo-\-Im-ev Hcn-Sv P\-hm-k-ap-m-bn-cptm F-dn-bm
ap ]cn-tim-[n-m aXn. P\-hm-k--e--fn t^mkv^-dkv
ehWw IqSp-X-ep-m-bn-cnpw.
Cs\ ]e amK--fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-mWv `qK`-\n-co-Ww \Sp-Xv. J\\ k{-Zm-bhpw ]cn-jvI-cn-p-h-cpp. Ctm-gs
k{-Zmbw GXm-n--s\-bmWv: J\\w \S-p ew sNdp-N-
54
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ime-\nWbw
]pcm-X-Xz-\n-co--W-n Ghpw hnj-a-I-c-amb HmWv Ime\nWbw. Hcp ]pcm-X-\-hkvXp GXv Ime-n-s-Xm-sWv Xocpam-\n-m hfsc {]bm-k-apv. Imew ]g-Ipw-tXmdpw km[\w FmWp-m-b-sXp \n-bn-pI IqSp-X {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cnpw. Ncn{X- I m- c - m Im- e s Ipdn- p- h m D]- t bm- K n- p bpK-
{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw, \ho-\-in-em-bpKw, Xm{a-bpKw, sh-e-bpKw, Ccp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
55
p-bpKw Fn-Xym-Zn-Iicn-bmb Hcp Ime-\nW-b-s-b Ipdnp-sXv \mw {]tXyIw a\-n-em-Ww. Acw {]tbm-K-
Xmc-X-tay-\-bp ImesGXv GXn-s\-m app-Xv, Asn ]np-Xv F-Xns\am{Xta Ipdn-p-pq. Hcp kw`hw
sh-e-bp-K-n \S-p-sh-p- ]-d-m Ccp-p-bp-K-n\v apmW-Xp-m-b-sXt AY-apq. Fm Cu bpK-\nWbw Xs
Fm `q{]- t Z- i - t pw Htc- a m- X ncn _m[- I - a . Fs- m,
{]kvXpX bpK- bYm-{Iaw IS-p-t]m-bn-n-m \nc-h[n `q{]tZ-i--fpv. Htsd cmPy--fn sh-e-bp-Ktam teml-bp-Ktam
Dm-bn-n-s-s{X imkv{X--m-cpsS \nK-a\w. inem-bp-Kn\nv Ccp-p-bp-K-n-tep t\cnp {]th-in cmPy--fp-apv.
]n-ta-jy-bnse sh-e-bpKw Cw-nse sh-e-bp-K-tmSv kam\- a - . ]n- t a- j y- b nse sh- e - b p- K - n Cwv inem- b p- K n\np aptmp IS-n-p-m-bn-cp-n. BI-bm C kw`hw
C bpK-nemWv \S--sXp Ncn-{X-Im-c ]d-bp-tm, AXv
GXp `q{]-tZ-i-s-p-dn-mtWm ]d-bp--sX-n AXn\v am{Xw
_m[-I-am-t--XmWv. Ahn-Ss Hmtcmtcm bpK--fp-sSbpw Imeb-f-hp-I {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[nv Ime-K-W\ sNt--Xp-am-Ipp.
icn-bmb \nc-t]--amb Ime-\nWbw Akm-[y-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv,
B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- I m- c - m kmt]- - I mewGXv GXn- s \- m
]gw IqSn-bXv, As-n Ipd-Xv F Xmc-X-ay-Imew kzoIcn-n-p-Xv. km[-\--fpsS \nam-W-coXn, Ah \nt-]n an
apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-mWv Cmcyw Kth-j-I Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv.
`qK`- ns Bgw IqSpw- t Xmdpw Ime- - g - hpw IqSp- s a- mWv
s]mXp knmw.
]pcm- h kv X p \nco- - W - n a]m- { X- - f psS {]m[m\yw
FSpp ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-pp. Ffp--n DSpt]mhp-Xpw,
Fm \in- msX hf- s c- mew Ah- t i- j n- p- - X p- a m- W tm
a]m{Xw. tW\ DS-bp--Xp-sImv a]m-{X--fpsS hnX-cWw
Npcp-nb Hcp hr-n-\p-n ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-pI kzm`m-hn-Ias{X. A[n-I-Imew Ah-ti-jn-p--Xn-\m a]m-{X--jW-
{]mtbW Fm ]pcm-X\ \K-c--fn\npw e`n-p-hm km[y-Xbp-p-Xm\pw. ]p- apXt Ipi-h-m a]m-{X- ]e-Xcw
hW-sImpw Nn{X-th-e-IsImpw tamSn-s-Sp-pI ]Xnhm-bn-cpp. Cm-c-W-m ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-Is "A-c-ame'
Fv a]m-{X--jW- hnti-jn-n--s-Spp. a]m-{X-fpsS BIr-Xnbpw \ndhpw Ae-m-c-am-Xr-Ibpw apw ]cn-tim-[nv
Ahp Ime-\nWbw sNm Ignbpw.
AWp-im-kv{X-ns klmbw
56
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
57
kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-c
- ns A\n-hm-cyX
C-cp-W-n Ncn{X \nam-W-cw-Ks _m[n Nne A\mimky {]h-W-X-I-sf-n Hcp hmv ]d-p-sIm-s. ]uc-kvXycpsS ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n\v hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw t\XrXzw
sImSp-Xv ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m-cmWv. ]uc-kvXy cmPy--fn
]mm-Xy tImbva-I tImf\n m]n-n-cp Hcp Ime-L--nemWv {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\namWw an-hmdpw \S-Xv. AXn-\m
B Ncn- { X- \ nam- X m- X- f psS cmjv { So- b Xm]- c y- ns
kzm[o-\-X--Sn-a-sv Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n th{X kXy-k-Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw ]pen-bn-spw, ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py--fpsS
Ncn-{Xs ]-]m-X-]-c-amb Hcp {]tXyI ho-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sSbmWv hon--sXpw ]cs Bt-]-apv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, `mcX-ns Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n "`nn-np `cn-pI' F XfpsS Bkq-{Xn-X-\bw {_no-jp-Im icnpw \S-n hcp-n-bnpv. CsXmcp \-bm-YmYy-amWv. AXn-\m ]Sn-m-d-m-cpsS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nK-a-\- kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sS-b-msX t\mm
km[y-a.
Fm ]-]m-X-pw Btcm-]n--s ]mm-Xy-cmWv Hcp
Imcyw ]d-n-p--sX-p-hv {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-nXs AXns\
]pnp Xp-Xpw icn-b. ]nstbm, B kwKXn kaYn-t-Xn-\mbn Ah Ah-ew-_-am-nb sXfn-hp-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw ]cntim-[nv, Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-ns ASn-m-\-n-emWv AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-t-Xpw Xnc-kvI-cn-t-Xpw. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Imcw
GsXmcp Ncn{X hnZymYnpw A\n-hm-cy-as{X.
`mc-X-nse Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Ime kw`-h- hnh-cn-p-tm
cp Xc-n-ep {]h-W-X-I-fmWv s]mXp-hn \mw ImWp-Xv.
Hcp Iq AsXms ]mm-Xy hnZzm-m-cpsS ]-]m-X-P-\y-amb
sIp-I-Y-I-fmbn ]pnp Xp-Ibpw, ]pcm-W--fn-sebpw CXn-lmk--fn-sebpw Nne kqN-\-Isf B[m-c-amn XnIpw hn]-co-X-amb
asmcp Ncn-{X-ho-Ww Nap hnSp-Ibpw sNpp. ]pcm-W--fnepw
CXn-lm-k--fnepw kqNn-X-amb IY-IXs ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp--fpw
Htsd Ahy---fp-amWv. Ah Xn-ep sshcp[yw Ah-km-\nn-mt]mepw \psS amaqtk-h-I-m-p Ign-bp-n. Ahyhpw ]qhm-]-c-hn-cp--hp-amb Hns\ asm-n-s hymJym-\nt\m hni-Zo-I-c-W-nt\m B[m-c-am-p--sX--s\-bmWv?
58
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
asmcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _pn-hn-Nm-chpw \S-m IqmmsX ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m ]d-bp--sXpw Ip-a-Sp Gp
]d-bpp. DXv]-Xn-jvWp--sfp kzbw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp Ch-cpsS
\ne-]mSpw bpn-k-l-a. A-amb A\p-I-cWw bmsXmcp _pnPo-hnpw `qj-W-a. Npcp--n, ]mm-Xysc ASn ]pnp
Xp-Xpw A-ambn A\p-I-cn-p-Xpw, cpw AXn-cp-I-hn-nep-I-fmWv. icn-bmb amKw a[y-amK-a-t{X. AXm-bXv imkv{XcoXym
sXfn-bn--s-Sp hkvXp-X-I \mw hkvXp-X-Ifmbn AwKo-I-cnpI. AXns ASn-m-\-n Fn-t-cp \nK-a-\-pw
knm--pw {]mapJyw \IpI. A{]-Imcw sXfn-bn--sSm-h kwi-bm-kv]-Z-ambn IW-m-p-Ibpw bmsXm-n\pw sXfnhm-bp--bn-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI. CXmWv hnm\ {]tW-Xm kzoI-cn-t amKw. hmb-\-m-cs\ sXn--cn-n-p-I-sbXpw alm-]m]w Xs-bmWv.
]mm-Xy ]n-X-m-cn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kXym-t\z-jW
amK- n hcn XymK- pw A[zm- \ - pw aspw
XpeyX ImWp-I-bn. Ahsc I-am\w ]pnp Xp amaq-emcm-[-I-mv Ccw XymKm-\p-jvTm-\--fpsS h ]mc--cy-hpaptm? ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m sshm-\nI cwKv shn-sfn- b n ]mX- I - f n k- c n- p- s Im- mWv ]uc- k v X y hXpw
{]hn-p-Xv. kzw ZrjvSn-bp-]-tbm-Knp bmsXmpw Ip]nSnp-hm amaq-em-cm-[-I-cmb Cu ]WvUn-X-mv Ign-n-n. Fncns, Ahsc I-S-m-t-]n-p-Xv IrX-Lv\-X-b-s-n asmWv?
]mm-Xy ]WvUn-X-mcpw a\p-jy-cmWv. Ahpw a\p-jyk-l-P-amb sXp-]mw. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\--fn ]eXpw Aim-kv{Xob-amhmw; BWv Xm\pw. ]t, AXn-s- t]-cn Ahsc ]pn-p-XpI Ffp--am-sW-nepw, \oXn-b; hnm-\m-t\z-j-Iv `qjW-hp-a. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-ap- \nK-a-\- \mw AwKo-Icn-pI Xs-thWw. Ah Bcp--bnp FXv Hcn-epw {]i-v\am-h-cpXv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_ew t]msc-p-tXm-p \nK-a-\-
\mw AwKo-I-cn-t--Xn. Ign-hp-h Ah-sb-p-dnp Kth-j-W\n-co-Ww XpSp \S-p-I-bmWv th-Xv. As\ Ahsb
Xncp-m-hp--XmWv. Fm {ia-I-c-amb Cu I-hyw \nd-thp--Xn\p ]Icw n{]-km-[y-amb Bt-]-i-c- sXmSp-p-hnSm-\mWv amaq {]nb-cpsS hmk\. Cu \bw Fpw ]cm-P-b-s-nt-bpq; Cpw A-s\-s. CXp-t]m-se--s-bmWv ]mm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
59
Ipdnv:
1. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 73
A[ymbw Av
`mc-X
- g- a
"`mcXw', "Cy' Fsms ]d-bp-tm \mw hnh-n-p-Xv
Gjym `qJ-WvU-ns a[y-`m-K-p-\nv sXtmv \op-In-S-pXpw `q]-S-n Dc Amwiw 80 4',28''\pw 370 17',53''\pw,
]qh-tc-Jmwiw 680 7',33''\pw 970 24' 47'' \pw CSbvp nXn-sN-p-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-K-s-bmWv. CXns Ctm-gs hnkvXoWw
32,76, 141 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-dpw, P\-kwJy 55 tImSn-bp-amWv. Fm
Ign Ime- - f n `mc- X - ns hnkv X oW- nepw AXn- c - f hnepw ]e-tmgpw am- kw`-hn-n-cp-n-p-sp Ncn{Xw ]dbpp. Hcp Imev t]jy km{amPyw Cy-hsc \opInS-ncp-p-hs{X. 1947 BKv 14-\p `mc-X-nse Hcp `mKw ]mIn-m
F t]cn ths-p-t]mbn. Cs\ `mc-X-ns `qan imkv{X]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb AXnn-I ]e-tmgpw hyXym-k-sn-cp--Xm-bn-mWv Ncn-{X-n \mw ImWp-Xv.
Fn-cp-mepw CX-c- `q-hn-`m-K--fn\nv Cym-`q-J-s
thXn-cnp \np, {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Nne AXn-c-S-bm-f- AXn{]m-No\ Imew apX Xs \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cpp. D]-`q-J-ns aqp-`m-K-fpw kap-{Z--fm Np-s-n-cn-pp. AXp-sImmWv AXv Hcp]`qJ--am-bXv. {]kvXpX Bgn-I `mc-Xs
ap `qJ---fn\nv ths]-Spn \npp. hS-p-`mKw ]hX-\n-c-I-fmWv. kp`-{Zhpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb tIm-I IWs \opIn-S-p {]kvXpX ]hX ]wn-bmWv Gjy-bpsS ap `mK-fn\nv D]-`q-J-s hyXn-cn--am-p-Xv. Gjy-bnse aqv
D]-`q-J---fn Ghpw hep-XmWv `mcXw. ]mao D-X-XSw
apX sXp-In-g-mbn \op-In-S-p B ]h-X-\n-cv 1500 \mgnI-tbmfw ssZLy-apv. \mep-\m-gn-I-bn IqSp-X Db-c-ap \qdp
sImSp-ap-Sn-I B ]h-X-\n-c-bn nXn-sN-pp. temI-n
ht-hpw s]mw IqSnb "Fh-dv' sImSp-apSn AXn-sem-m-Ipp.
60
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
29,028 ASn-bmWv AXns Dbcw. "lnam-ebw' F t]cn {]kn-amb {]kvXpX ]h-X-\n-c-bmWv ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xs hntZ-iobm-{I-a-W--fn\nv cnp t]mXv. ]pcm-X\ Imev lnamebw Xmn Cy- b n- t ep hcm H amKta Dm- b n- c ppq"ssI_Npcw'.
AXn-{]m-No-\-Im-ev `mc-X-ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb nXn
C-t-Xn\nv Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-p-shv Ncn-{Xm-t\zj-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. 5000 hj-n-\p-apv ]m_v, cP-]pm\, _olm, _wKm Fo {]tZ-i--fpsm-p Dc
`mc-X-ta-Je sh-m aqS-s-n-cp-p-shp Nne ]d-bpp.
CsXmcp AZv`p-X-ambn tXmmw. Fm Ccw am- `mc-Xn\v am{X-a, ap ]e `qhn-`m-K-pw kw`-hn-n-p--Xmbn
Ncn{X Kth-j-I-m-`n-{]m-b-apv. Icn--Sepw Imkv]n-b ISepw
Bd ISepw apv Hmbn tNp InS-n-cp-p-shv ]d-b-sSpp. sXs Cy- b psS nXnbpw apIm- e v C- t Xn\nv `n- a m- b n- c pp. AXns ]Sn- m- d p- ` mKw aU- K mkv I hsc \op- I n- S - n- c p- p- s hp ]d- b - s - S pp. em- Z zo]v
(kntem) Um-t\mSp tNmWv \ne-sIm-n-cp-Xv. {]mNo-\Im-ev `mc-X-n-\nv Bkvt{X-enb hsc Ic-amK-ambn Xs
t]mIm-am-bn-cp-p-hs{X. knp \Zn kap-{Z-n tNcm kzev]ta
Zqc- a p- m- b n- c p- p- q- s hpw kc- k z- X n- \ Zn kap- { Z- t mSp IqSntmWv InS-n-cp--sXpw ]d-bpp.
]pcm-X\ Imev `mcX D]-`q-J--n hkn-n-cp P\p Xn h ASp-tam ktam Dm-bn-cp-n. Hcp
P\X Fv hn-ti-jn-n-m X bmsXmcp _hpw Ahn-Sbn Cm-bn-cpp. tUm. Xmcm-Nv Fgp-Xpp: ""kwkvIr-X-nse
{]mNo\ IrXn-I-fn \nv \apv a\-n-em-hp-Xv Cy-bnse
hnhn[ tKm{X- ]e {]tZ-i--fn-ep-amWv ]mn-cp--sX-mWv.
Ahn-S-bn bmsXmcp k-hp-an-m-bn-cpp. ZpK-a--fmb
`b--c-h-\- Ahsc At\ym\yw AI-n-bn-cpp.''1
BI-bm {]mNo\ Imes `mcXw GIo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-n.
aXtam kwkvIm-ctam `mjtbm hym]mc _tam Hpw `mc-Xob
P\-hK-sf GIo-I-cn-n-cp-n. AJ--`m-cXw {]mNo-\-Im-es
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw XnI-p-samcp Ab-YmY k]-am-bn-cpp.
a\p-jy-Nc
- n-{X-ns Bcw`w `mc-X
- ntem?
a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w Cy-bn\n-m-sWv Nne A`n-{]m-bs-Spp. kntem-Wnse "BZw-ae'sbn apImew apX apkvenwIn-S-bn Hssc-Xnlyw {]N-cn-n-pv. a\p-jy-hw-i-ns BZna
]nXm-shv PqX ss{IkvXhapkam-m hniz-kn-p BZw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
61
62
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
"Cy' F \ma-t[bw
Cy-bpsS t]cn-s\-p-dnv kzev]-samv ]cm-ain-t--Xpv.
BZn-bn Cu D]-`q-J--n\v Cy F t]cp-m-bn-cp-n.
B \ma-t[bw Xs CXc \mSp-I-fn\n-p Cd-p-a-Xn-bmWv.
Fn- c p- mepw, B \ma- t [- b - n\v Ime- - g w hfsc IqSpw.
{]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-m-cpsS aX-km-ln-Xy--fnepw apw B \maw
ImWp-pv. ]nv s\lvdp Fgp-Xpp:
""lnp F hmv \psS ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xy-n Hcn-Spw
ImWm-\n. Hcn-y ]pkvX-I-n CZw-{]-Ya-ambn AXn-s\-pdnv {]kvXm-hn-p-Xv {In. ]n. Fmw iX-I-nse Hcp Xm{nI
{K-n-em-sW--dn-bpp. AhnsS "lnp' F-Xn\v Hcp P\X
Fm- W Yw; Hcp aX- ns A\p- b m- b n- I F. ]t,
"AhkvsX'bnepw ]pcm-X\ t]jy-\nepw B hmv ImWm-\p-Xp-sImv AXv hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-sWp Xo-Xs. Apw AhnsS-\nv Hcm-b-n-ctam A[n-Itam sIm-m-e-tm-fhpw ]n-ta-jybn-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw P\- AXp-]-tbm-Kn-Xv Cy-bnse
AYhm knp-\-Zn-bpsS Asc Xma-kn-p P\-s-p-dn-m\mWv. "CUkv' Fv Cwo-jn ]d-bp \Znv ]pw Cpap Cy \ma-t[-b-amb "knp' F-Xn \nmWv lnp,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
63
64
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Cy-bn\nv Ib-p-aXn sNbvX-h-bm-bn-cp-p-shv A\p-am-\n-s-Spp. "kphmAv' (inh), "Dm' (Djv) apX-em-bh DZm-lcWw. BI-bm ]pcm-X-\ Imew apX Ad-_n-Ifpw `mc-Xo-bcpw
Xn `uXn-Ihpw B[ym-n-I-hp-amb _w \ne-\n-p-t]m-ncpp. AXmWv Cy hmp-I Ad-_n-bnepw Ad_n hmpI Cy `mj-I-fnepw ISpIqSm Imc-W-sav a\-n-emmw.
Cu \mn\v ]ucm-WnI Bcy kmln-Xy-n ImWp \maamWv `mcXw. `c-X F Bcy-cm-Pmhv `cn-n-cp- cmPyw F
AYn-em-hWw B \maw kzoI-cn--s-Xv. ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw cp
`c-X-m Cy-bn `cWw \S-n-bn-pv. {iocm-as A\p-P\pw
ssItI-bn-bpsS ]p{X-\p-amb `c-X-cm-Pm-hmWv Hm-a. Ctlw
Atbm[y-bnse A[n-]-Xn-bmbn cpp. Zpjy--cm-Pm-hn\v imIp--fbn P\n ]p{X-\mWv cmas `c-X. Ctlw Cym cmPyw
apgp-h Pbn--S-nbXmbn sFXnlyw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. CtX `cX-t\mSp _-smhWw `mc-X-\maw \ne-hn hXv.
Cyv ]ucm- W nI kmln- X y- - f n asmcp t]cp- I qSn
ImWpp "Bcy-mhw.' Bcyw F hmns AYw ]hn{Xw,
t{ijvTw, DXw Fsm-s-bmWv. Bcy-P-\-ns A[n-hmkw
aqew ]pWy-am-bn-o-Xp-sIm-m-hWw Cyv B t] hXv.
]t, lna-hm\pw hny\pw at[y-bp D-c-ta-J-e-bmWv Bcymhw F t]cn Adn-b-s-n-cp--sXpw Zn-tWy Bcymh-n\p ]pd-m-bn-cp-p-shpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-bpp. EtKzZ-n-sbpw bPpth-Z-n-sbpw Imev Bcy P\-X-bpsS A[nhmkw D-tc-y-bn ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-p-ht{X.
CymNcn-{X-nse hnhn[ L-
Cy ]pcmW IY-Isf ASn-m-\-amn Ncn-{Xm-XoX kw`h-sf hymJym-\n-sm-n-p-hm ASp Ime-mbn Hcp {iaw
\S-p-pv. AXns Hcp-tiyw temI-s-p-ap kwkvImc
\mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS BZna inev]n-I `mc-Xo-b-cm-sWv hcp--emWv.
CXn\v cp hi--fpv. Hv A`n-am-\-n-tXpw atXv A]-am-\n-t-Xp-amWv. temI-p-mb \namW {]h-\--fpsS AhIm-in-I Cy-m-cm-sW-n, kwlmc {]h-\--fpsS Dc-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ah-cm-sWp hcpw. Fm cm-a-Xp-]-d ^ew
Hpw A`n-am-\-I-c-a Xs.
Cu Nnm-K-Xn-m-cn Nne Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xv `mc-X-n\nmWv a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- ns Bcw- ` - s a- mWv . a\p- t jym- X v ] n
apX {In. ap. 6000 hsc-bmWv `mc-X-N-cn-{X-ns Hm-as Lsav Ah hmZn-pp. {In. ap. 6000emWs{X alm {]f-b-ap-mbXv. {]f-b-n c-{]m-]n GI hyn sshh-kzX a\p (hnh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
65
kzms ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsWp ]pcm-W- ]d-bpp. AXpt]mse BZys a\p-jy-hy-nbpw Hcp a\p-hm-bn-cp-p: kzbw-`ph
a\p. Cs\ ]pcm-W--f-\p-k-cnv ]Xn-\mep a\p- (NXpZ-ia-\p-) Dv.
ss__n {]Imcw a\p-jy-hw-i-ns BZn-]n-Xm-hmb BZmw
{In. ap. 4004emWv krjvSn--s-Xv. Fm Cy ]pcm-W-{]Imcw, kzbw-`p-h a\p-hns Imew IrX-bp-K-ns Bcw-`-n-emWv.
]pcm-W-sf D-cnv "Bcy-`m-cXw' F IrXn-bn {io. Fw. cmaIr-jvW \mb ]-d-bp-p: ""IrX-bp-K-nse a\p apX-ep hiw]-c--c-bmWv \p-tSXv F ]pcm-Ws \ntj-[n-m B[p-\nI-N-cn-{X-Im-cs In tImn-.''6 Atlw XpS-cpp: ""a\p apX
{ioIr- j v W hsc 94 Xe- a p- d tb ]p- c m- W - - f n hWn- - s - npq.'' 7 {ioIr-jvWs Imew Ien-bp-K-am-cw-`-n-es{X: ""{ioIrjvWs Pohn-X-Im-ev {In. ap. 3104 Ien Bcw-`n-pp.''8
]pcm-W-nse {]kvXpX {]kvXm-h-\-Isf \ap-smp hni-Ie\w sNbvXp-t\mmw. ]pcm-W-n \mep bpK--fmbn Imew hn`Pn--s-n-cn-pp: IrX-bpKw, t{XXm-bpKw, Zzm]-c-bpKw, Ien-bpKw.
Hmtcm bpK-n-sbpw Ime-b-fhpw IW-m-n-bn-pv. IrX-bpKw
4800 Znhy-hjw. Hcp Znhy-hjw 360 a\p-jy-hjw. Atm IrXbpKw 17,28,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-bn-cnpw. t{XXm-bpKw 3600 Znhy-hjw
(12,96,000 a\pjy hjw). Zzm]-c-bpKw 2400 Znhy-hjw (8,64,000 a\pjy-hjw). Ien-bpKw 1200 Znhy-hjw (4,32,000 a\pjy hjw).
Atm \mepw-tN NXp-cypKw 43,20,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-bn-cnpw.
C{Xbpw Imew Ign-bp-tm temI-a-h-km-\nv hopw krjvSn-bmcw-`n-p-sa-mWv ]pcm-W-aXw. {ioIr-jvW-sbpw kzbw-`ph a\phnsbpw CS-p Ime-b-fhv 38 ,88,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-sWp
ta IW-p-sImv ImWpp. Fm kzbw-`ph a\p-hn-sbpw
{ioIr-jvWsbpw CS-p -]p-cmW {]Imcw 94 Xe-apd am{X-am-WpXv. Atm Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS icm-icn Ime-b-fhv \mev]-smm-bn-c-n-ap-q-dn ]cw a\p-jy-hj-am-sW-p-h-cpp. CsX-s\
a\p-jy-_pn k-Xnpw?
IqSmsX cmam-b-W-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb {iocm-as Imew t{XXmbp-K-ns Ah-km-\-am-sWv ImWpp.9 alm-`m-c-X-nse Hcp
{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {ioIr-jvWs P\\w Ien-bp-K-ns Bcw`-n {In. ap. 3104emsWpw ]d-bpp.10 Cu cv Ime-L-n-S-bn ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw Zzm]-c-bpKw F AXn-ZoL-amb
Hcp Lw Ign-bp-pv: 8,64,000 a\p-jy-hjw! cmam-bW IYm-\mb-I-\mb {iocm-a\pw ]Xv\n koXbpw Pohn-n-cp-Xv C{Xbpw hnZqc-amb Hcp Ime-m-bn-cp-pshtm?
Cm-Xncn Nne {]iv\--fmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS ASn-m-\n Ncn{X \namWw \S-m-\p-Zy-an-p--hv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
66
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
67
Ipdn-p-I
1. Alvse lnvIo apJvX-k XmcoJv by tUm. Xmcm-Nv t]Pv 38
2. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 1 t]Pv 809
3. Cy-bpsS Bmhv t]Pv 10
4. Ibid P. 12
5. Cysb Is- t]Pv 95
6. Bcy-`m-cXw t]Pv 30
7. Ibid P. 30
8. Ibid P. 29
9. Ibid P. 29
10. Ibid P. 29
A[ymbw Bdv
`mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-
hf-sc-b-[nIw aX-{K---fpv `mc-Xob P\-Xbvv. C{X-tbsd
]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy--fpsS DS-a-I-fmb asmcp P\-hn-`mKw temIs-hn-sSbpw ImW-s-Sp--X. Nne {K-v \mepw Apw
kl-{km-_vZ--fpsS ]g--apv.
thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Ghpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy. kwln-X-I-tfmSp _-s-Sp {_m-W-, Bc-WyI-,
D]-\n-j-p-I Fo kmln-Xy-fpw sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-kw-LmX- n- e m- W ps- S p- - s - n- c n- p- Xv . IqSmsX CXn- l m- k - ,
]pcm-W-, Zi-\-kq-{X-, kvarXn-I, As-n [a-im-kv{XAs\ Fn-n--s-Sp-pI Ffp--a-m {]mNo-\-{K-! Ch-bn ]eXpw Cv D]-e-_v[--fm-Wp-Xm\pw. {]mNo\
68
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xo-b-sc--nbpw Ah-cpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb PohnX-s--nbpw ]Tn-p-hm ta]-d IrXn-I hfsc D]-I-cnp-sa--Xn kwi-b-an. Fm Ch-sbmpw icn-bmb Ncn{X
{K-a. ]nv Ph-lems\lvdp Fgp-Xn-bXv F{Xbpw icnbmWv: ""thZ-, D]-\n-j-p-I, cmam-bWw, alm-`m-cXw Fns\ Nne alm {K- Ah (Ctm Bcy-m) cNnp hnpv. \psS ]qhn-I-m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a--tfbpw BNm-c-a-cym-ZI- s fbpw Nnm- k - c - W n- I - s fbpw Ah \apv hnh- c n- p- X cpp.
Fnepw Ah icn-p Ncn-{X-am-sWp ]d-p-IqSm. kwkvIrX
`mj-bn-ep GI Ncn-{X-{Kw Il-Ws "cmP-X-cw-KnWn'bs{X.
Imivao-cns Ncn-{X-am-WXv.''1
`mc-Xo-b-a-X-km-ln-Xy--sf-n Hcp hnl-K-ho-Ww \S-p-Xv
]noSv {]kvXm-hn-p hnj-b--fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw m\hpw
{Kln-p--Xn-\p-]-I-cnpw. AXn-\m sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-nse
Hmtcm kwLm-X-s--nbpw eLp-hmbn \ap-smp ]cn-N-b-sSmw.
thZ-kw-ln-XI
-
Adnhv FY-ap "hnZv' F [mXp-hn\n-mWv thZ-i-_vZns \njv]n. ]t, kmt-Xn-I-ambn shfn-]mSp aptJ\ e`n
Znhy-amb Adn-hn\v am{Xta thZ-sav t]cpq. thZ- Cuizc
t{]m-am-sW-s{X `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw.
`mc-Xo-b-th-Z-km-ln-Xy-n At\I {K- Dsm-ppv. Ah-sbms Htc Ime-L--n \ne-hn h-h-b. Dtiw
cm-bn-c-tmfw hj- hcp Hcp kpZoL Ime-L--n-\pn ]e-tm-gmbn \ne-hnh Hcp kmln-Xy-{]-]--amWv thZ. Cu kmln-Xy-kw-Lm-Xs Nne ]cn-K-W-\-I hv ]nX-temIw ]e Xc--fmbn ]Ip-n-pv. {][m-\-hn-`-P\w kwln-XIfpw {_m-W--fp-am-bn-mWv. kwln-X-I-fmWv Ghpw {]mNo-\ {K--. Aq--n EtKzZ kwln-X-bt{X Ghpw ]pcm-X\w.
AXn\v {In. ap. 3500 sImw apX {In. ap. 1500 sImw-hsc Ime-gw Kth-jI ]n-X-m I]n-n-pv. ]mm-Xy ]n-Xm-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]mbw _n. kn. 2000 apX 1500 hscbp Hcp Ime-L--n-emWv EtKz-Z-kw-lnX \ne-hn hn-p-sX-mWv. `mc-Xob ]n-X-\mb _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I EtKz-Zn\v {In. ap. 3500 hjs ]ga I]n-pp.
A-cm-`ymkw \ne-hn hcp--Xn\p apv Hcp CSb hK-amb
(Postoral People) Bcy-m thZ- kpc-n-X-ambn \ne-\nn-tm- X n- ImWn ipjv I m- nbpw \njv I jbpw AZv ` p- X m- h lw
Xs. AXyw kqva-X-tbmsS ]Zm-\p-]Zw lrZn--am-nbpw
ASn-Sn Bhnp sNmnbpw ap cq]-nepw Xe-ap-d-bmbn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
69
]Ip sImSp-p-sIm-mWv kwln-X-I kpc-n-X-ambn \ne\nn-tm-Xv. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-Xv h-tm Fgp-Xnb hnh\-ns Bap-J-n kZm sI.Fw. ]Wn- ]d-bpp: ""thZn\v ]mT-t`-Z--fn. C{X ]pcm-X-\hpw `mc-X-n-emsI {]N-cnp--Xp-amb Hcp _rl-Zv{K--n\v ]mT-t`-Z--fn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xv
B-cy-am-Wtm. {ipXn-hm-Iy-p hyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn
BZy-Imew apXt sNbvX \njvIj-I sImmWv, kh-Xp-hpw Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-p--Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw Cv \ne-hnen-cn-p-Xv.''2
XpSv B \njvIj-I Fm-bn-cp-p-shpw Atlw hnhcn-pp: ""thZ-n\v ]Z-]mTw Fsm-pv. AXm-bXv, kwln-Xbn-ep Fm hmp-I-sfbpw kn-bnepw kam-k-n-epw-\nv
ths]-Spn {]tXy-I-ambn FSp-pp. CXn-s\-p-Sp {Ia-]mTw
Fp thsd- s bm- pv . ]Z- ] m- T - nse Hmtcm hmpw FSpv
AXns apn-es hmpw ]nn-es hmpw Iqn-tp
]mT-amWv AXv. AXn-s\-p-SmWv PSm-]mTw. PSm-]m-T-sa-m
Iqn-bn-W-nb ]mT-sa-Yw. CXn sXv IS-p-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-m-\mWv
L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-Thpw {Ia-]m-Thpw Atm-p-an-tmpw aptmpw
]ntmpw Iqn-bn-W-n-bmWv L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-T-n {]tXy-Iambn A]-{K-Yn-n-p hmp-Isf XncnsI Iqn-bn-Wn kwln-Xbm-p--Xn-\p \nb-a--fs{X {]Xn-imJyw. Ch-smw ]pdta,
EtKz-Z-n\v Hc-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-bpv. AXn Hmtcm a{hpw AXns
Ejn, Ov, tZhX Fn-hbpw kwln-X-bn-ep {Ia-n sImSpn-cn-pp. C{Xbpw henb \njvIj temI-n thsd Hcp
{K-n\pw Dm-bn-n--Xs. CXn^-e-ambn apm-bn-c--qdp-hj-n Ipd-bmsX ]g--ap kwln-X-bpsS ]mTw Cpw
]cn-ip--am-bn--s-bn-cn-pp.''3
Cu hmb- \ m- c o- X n- s b- n A_o- d q- \ nbpw kqNn- n- n- pv . 4
Fm Fm kwln-X-Ipw Cu ]cn-ipn Ah-Im-i-s-p-IqSm.
Fs-m ip-b-Ppth-Z-n\v hyXykvX ]mT--fp-sv \ncq]-I-m kaYn-pp. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""Ah
thZ--fpsS O-p-Ifpw (hr-) hymI-c-Whpw Dm-c-Whpw
kzc-t]mepw lrZn--am-n-h--Xm-tem-Nnp-tm Bcyw
tXmn- t mhpw. Akm- [ m- c - W - a mb Hcp IrXy- a m- b n- c pp AXv .
Fm Cpw AtX-{]-Imcw ip-amb cq]-n a{- e`nn-p-sv CXn-\Y-an. A-s\-bm-sW-n ip-b-Ppth-Z-kwln-X-bn am[y-n-\tbpw IWz-tbpw hyXykvX imJ-I-fn ]mTt`-Z-ap-m-Ip-am-bn-cp-n.''5
kwln-X-I \mep {K--fmWv. 1. EIv, AYhm EtKz-Z-kw-
70
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
lnX. 2. bPpv, AYhm bPpth-Z-kw-lnX. CXp-Xs cp-]-- f mbn Xncn- n- pv . Hv ip- b - P pthZw; atXp Irjv W - b PpthZw. 3. kmaw, AYhm kma-th-Z-kw-lnX 4. AYhw, AYhm
AYh-th-Z-kw-lnX.
EtKzZw, bPpthZw, kma-thZw Fo aqsw "{Xbo' F
t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp. Aa-c-tImiw F kwkvIrX \nLp
]d-bpp: ""CXn thZm -kv{Xb kvXbo.''
AYh- t h- Z - k w- l nX hfsc ]no- S mWv \ne- h n hXv .
_ps Ime-n\v apv thZ-]m-nXyw t\Sn-bn-cp alm-]-nX-msc "{Xbo ]mcw-K-X' Fp hnfn-p-h-n-cp--Xn \np Xs
aqp thZ-t Av {]mamWyw I]n-n-cp-pq Fv A\pam-\nmw. kmwIr-Xymb Fgp-Xpp: ""_ps Imew ({In. ap.
563-483) hsc thZ- aqm-sWv Icp-X-s-n-cpp. kpin-n-Xcmb {_m-W-]-n-X-msc "{Xbo-]m-cw-K-X' (Xnw thZm\mw
]mcKp{XoWmw thZm\mw ]mcKmx) Fp hnfn-n-cpp.''6
kwln-X-I F-n \mep-s-nepw BZy-t-Xn\nv
ap--h-bn-tev [mcmfw a{- ]I-s-n-pv. kma-th-Zkw-ln-X-bn 75 a{--sfm-gnp _mn-bp--sXmw EtKz-Z-n\ns-Sp-n-p--XmWv. b--fn sNmt--Xn-\m-bn-mWv Ah
kw{K-ln-n-p-Xv. ip-b-PpthZnepw [mcmfw EtKz-Z-a-{-
]In-p-v. ip bPp-thZkwlnX hfsc ]noSv Fgp-Xn-tXm- s Wpw AXns Imhv bm- h - e v I y- a p\n ({In. ap.
650)bmsWpw Nne ]n-X-m-`n-{]m-b-apv. bm-h-evIy\m \nan-X-amb B `mK-n\v "hmP-k-t\-b-kw-lnX' Fpw
t]cpv.
{_mlvaW
-
-
kwln-X-Iv hfsc tij-amWv {_m-W- \ne-hn hnp-Xv. kwln-X-Ifpw {_m-W-fpw Xn-ep Ime-hy-Xymkw
200 apX 600 hsc- sIm---fm-sWv ]n-X-m-cn Nne A`n{]m-b-s-Spp. Hcp ]mm-Xy thZ-]-n-X-\mb amn tlKvsF-X-tcb{_m-W-ns BwK-e-`m-jy-ns Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn
Ipdn-n-p-Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""{_m-W--fn `qcn-`m-K-n-sbpw
\namWw _n. kn. 1400sbpw 1200sbpw CS-bn-em-bn-cp-p-shv
]d-bp-hm \mw aSn-p-n. kwln-X-Iv {_m-W--fpsS Imes-m 200 hjw apX 500-600 hjw hsc-bp Hcp ImeL--ns ]ga thn-hcpw. As\ kwln-X-I an-hmdpw 1400
_n.kn.pw 2000 _n.kn.pw CS-p Ime-L--n-ep-m-bn-cp-h-bm-sWv \apv Inpp.''7
{_m- W - kwln- X - I p tijw Dm- b - X m- s W- nepw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
71
thZ-{]-]--n Ds-Sp--s-n-cn-pp. kwln-Xbpw {_mWhpw Xn hyXym-k-apv. kwln-X-I an-hmdpw ]Zy-cq-]-nemWv. {_m-W- KZy-cq-]-nepw. {_m-W--fpsS apJy-{]hrn kwln-X-I-fnse a{-sf hymJym-\n--emWv. b (bmK)
hn[n-Ifpw Ah-bn a{-p m\hpw {_m-W- hnhcn-pp.
Hmtcm kwln-Xpw Htm AXn-e-[n-Itam {_m-W--fpv.
EtKz-Z-n\v sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn Fo cp {_m-W-fpw
kma- t h- Z - n\v Xmy- a - l m- { _m- Ww, AYhm ]- h nwiw,
jUvhnwiw, ssPan-\obw Fo aqp {_m-W-fpw ip-b-PpthZ-n\v iX-]Y {_m-Whpw IrjvW-b-Ppth-Z-n\v ssXn-cob
{_m-Whpw AYh-th-Z-n\v tKm]-Y-hp-amWv C-dn-b-s-Sp
{_m- W - . BZn Bcy- m- c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- k - { - Z m- b -
{]mtbW bmK-fpw b--fp-am-bn-cpp. Cp \mw "_en' Fp
]d-bp Ia-ns ]pcm-X\ cq]-am-Ipp bw. b coXnI ]e-Xm-bn-cpp. b--fn ]ip, BSv, IpXnc apX-emb arKsf h[np tlman-n-cpp.
C{Xbpw hnh- c n- - X n\nv kwln- X - I fpw {_m- W - fpw
tN-XmWv sshZn-I-km-lnXyw Fv hy-am-btm. thZ-sf
a{--fmbpw {_m-W--fmbpw hn`-Pn-n-p-sv ssPan\n ({In.
300) ]d- b pp. 8 Fm B[p- \ nI Ime- p- S - s e- S p Nne
sslh \thm-m-\-{]-m-\ -t\-Xm- thZ-sa-Xv kwlnX
am{X-am-sWv hmZn-n-pv. Bcy-k-amP m]I\mb {io. Zbm\ kc-kzXn Aq--n {]i-kvX-\t{X. Fm Npcpw t]cmsX Cu \ho\ hmZw AwKo-I-cn-p-n. {]K-ev` ]WvUnX-\mb
{io. hnth-I-m\--kzman Zbm-\-s {]kvXpX \ne-]m-Sns\ tNmZyw
sNbvXn-pv. "hnth-Im-\--kzm-an-I-fpsS FgppI' F {]kno-I-c-W-n ]d-bp-Xv t\mpI: ""thZ- kwln-X-I am{Xam-sW-p BZiw hfsc B[p-\n-Ihpw ]tc-X-\mb {io. Zbm-\-kzm-an-I-fm D-bn--s--Xp-am-Ipp. CXv km[m-cW P\--fpsS
CS-bn AwKo-I-cn--s-p-an. kwln-X-bn ]pXnb AY I]\
sNbvXp sImv sshZnI knm-s apgp-h hymJym-\n-m
Dt-in-mWv Cu Imcyw Cs\ sNbvXn-p-Xv. Fm sshjay- Atmgpw Ah-ti-jn--tX-bpq. Cu knm--fpw AYI-ev-]-\-I-fp-sa-m-ap-m-bnp IqSn {_m-W--fpsS ASn-m-\-ntev Xs ]nsbpw \n-]-Xn-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''9
EtKz-Z-ns BKw-e-`m-jm-hn-h-I-\mb an. Sn.sI. {Ko^nv
Xs BapJpdn-n ]d-bpp: ""{]mY-\-Ifpw kvXpXn-I-fp-a-Snb a{-, a{--fpsS {]tbm-K-fpw hni-Zo-I-cW--fp-
72
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
D]-\n-j
- p-I
Bc-Wy-I-sf XpSph `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-p-I. Hmtcm
thZ-kw-ln-Xm-`m-K-n\pw {_m-Whpw Hmtcm {_m-W-n\pw
Bc-Wy-Ihpw Hmtcm Bc-Wy-I-n\pw D]-\n-j-p-ap-s-mWv
amaqaXw.
"D]', "\n' Fo cp D]-kK- "kZv' F [mXp-thmSv
tNp-f-hmb Hcp- hm-mWv "D]-\n-jXv.' D]: ASpp. \n: KmVw.
kZv: Ccn-pICXmWv ]ncn-s-Sp-p-tm B hmn-\Yw. ]t,
Fmw tNcp-tm (Kpcp-hns) ASp-n-cpp {i-tbmsS ]Tn-
FYw hcpp. B[ym-nI Kpcp Xs ASp-n-cpp ]Tn-p
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
73
sshZnI kmlnXyw Fm
sshZn-I-km-lnXyw Fp ]d-bp-tm Cp-t-in--s-Sp-Xv
a{-fpw {_m-W-fpw Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-j-p-I-fp-amWv.
Ch A]u-cp-tj-b-fpw AIr-I-fpw {_-t{]m---fp-amsW-s{X {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. AXn-\m Ahbvp
"{ipXn' ({_m-hn \nv Ejn-am t\cnp tIXv) Fv t]cmbn.
"{ipXn' F \ma-n\v asm-cYhpw I]n--s-Sp-pv. Xeapd
Xe-apdbm hIv{Xm-\p-h-Iv{X-ambn ]Ip-h-Xv Fv. A-cm`ymkw \ne-hn hcp Ime-n\v apv, Hcp CSb hK-ambn
Npn\S-n-cp Bcy-hK-ns {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-am-Wtm thZ-
74
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{][m\ D]-\n-j
- p-I
thZ--fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-p-I-sfpw AXn\m Ahv thZmw Fv t]cp-spw \mw Ip. {][m\ D]\n-j-p-Isf Ime-\nWbw sNbvXp, \mep ]mZ--fn-embn kmwIrXym-b Xcw Xncn-n-pv. AXn--s\-bmWv:
1. {]Y-a-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 700): (i) Cuiw (ii)
OmtmKyw (iii) _rl-Zm-c-WyIw.
2. ZznXo-b-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 600-500): (iv) sFXtcbw (v) ssXn-cobw.
3. XrXo-b-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In.ap.500-400): (vi) {]iv\w
(vii) tI\w (viii) ITw (ix) apIw (x) amqIyw.
4. NXpY-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 200-100): (xi)
Iujo-XIn (xii) ssa{Xn (xiii) tizXm-iz-Xcw.
ChnsS Hmtcm kwln- X - t bmSpw _- s p \np
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
75
{_mWw
Bc-WyIw
D]-\n-jv
EtKzZw
1 sFX-tcbw
2 Iujo-XIn
1 sFX-tcbw
2 Iujo-XIn
1 sFX-tcbw
2 Iujo-XIn
1 XmWvUy-alm,
AYhm
ssPan-\o-tbm-]- 1 OmtmKyw
\n-jZv {_mWw 2 tI\w
]-hnwiw
kma-thZw
2 jUvhnwiw
3 ssPan-\obw
iX-]Yw
1_rl-Zm-cW
- yIw
2 Cuiw
IrjvWb
- P
- p
thZw
ssXn-cobw
1 ssXn-cobw
2 ITw
3 ssa{Xn
4 tizXm-izXcw
AYh-thZw
tKm]Yw
ip-bPp
thZw
ssXo-cobw
1 {]iv\w
2 apWvUIw
3 amWvUqIyw
kvarXn-I
76
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
CXn-lm-k
-
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS asmcp kmlnXy kwLm-X-amWv CXn-lm-k-.
]pcm-hrw, AYhm ]pcm-X\ IY FmWv Cu hmn-\Yw. IYmI-Y-\-co-Xn-bmWv Ch-bn kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-Xv. Ah [aw, AYw,
Imaw, tamw Fo Imcy-sf D]-tZ-in-pp. cmam-bWw, alm`m-cXw Fo cp _rlXv Imhy--fmWv Cv CXn-lmk \man Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. cmam-b-W-n Atbm[y `cn-n-cp cmPhw-i-n-sbpw, alm-`m-c-X-n lkvXn-\-]pcw tI{-amn `cnn- c p cmP- h w- i - n- s bpw hotcm- N nX IY- I - f mWv {]]- \w
sNbvXn-p-Xv. cmam-bWw H; ]e-Xpv. hmevaoIn, Xpf-ko-Zmk, I Fn-h-scmw cmam-bWw cNn-n-pv. IqSmsX B[ymn-I-cm-am-bWw F asm-p-apv. Fm thZ-hym-k-ap\n FgpXn-b-sXv hnNm-cn--s-Sp alm-`m-cXw Ht-bpq. AXn Hcp
e-n]cw tmI--fpv. KpWm-Vy sshimen `mj-bn
cNn "_rlZv IY' bpw AXn \nv kwkvIr-X-n-tev ]cmh\w sNbvX "IYm-k-cn-Xvkm-Kc'hpw CXn-lm-k-ambn IW-m-s-Sp-n. Fs-m AXn\v s]mXp-hmb Hcp IYm Xp-hn.
AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn--s IY-I hoc IY-I-fp-a. IqSmsX [aw,
AYw, Imaw, tamw Fo KpW- km[n-p--Xn-s\-n hnhcn-n-p-an. Fm {]kvXpX e-W- XnI--h-bmWv cmam-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
77
]pcm-W
-
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS asmcp aX-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-X-amWv ]pcm-W-.
Ch-bn kKw (temI-krjvSn), {]Xn-kKw (\miw), hwiw, a\z-c- (a\p--fpsS hmgvN-Im-e-), hwim-\p-N-cnXw (hwi-fpsS XpS-bmb Ncn{Xw) Cs\ Ap hnj-b--fmWv apJyambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-pI. ]pcm-W- ]Xn-s\-mWv. 1. {_w 2.
]mZvaw 3. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4.hmb-hyw 5. alm-`m-K-hXw 6. \mc-Zobw
7. am-WvtUbw 8. Btbw 9.`hnjyw 10. {_-ssh-hw 11.
ssewKnIw 12. hmcmlw 13. kvImw 14. hma\w 15. Iuaw 16. amyw
17. KmcpUw 18. {_mWvUw Fn-h-bt{X AXv.
thZmw-K
-
thZ--fpsS D-S--tm-S-s-nepw Ah-bp-ambn _-s-Sp
ap Nne IrXn-I-fpv. Chv thZmw-K-sav ]d-bpp. thtZm-amb Ia- hgn-t]mse A\p-jvTn-p-hm klm-bn-p--h-bt{X
{]kvXpX hIpv. in, hymI-cWw, Ov, \ncpw, tPymXnjw,
I]w Fo Bdv hnj-b-amWv thZmw-K--fn Dsm-p-Xv.
AXn-\m "thZmw-K-jw' F t]cn Ah hnfn--s-Spp.
in thZ-hm-Iy--fpsS Dm-cWw XpSnb Imcy-sf kw_-np-Xpw, hymI-cWw thZ-`mj sXp-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-t-p-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-sf kw_-n-p-Xpw, Ov thZ-nse
Ihn-X-I-fpsS hrw apX-em-b-h-sb-w-_-n-p--Xp-amWv. thZnse ISp ]Z--fpsS AYw sImSp-p \nL-p-hn-\mWv
\ncp--sav t]. bmkvIm-Nm-cys \ncpw DZm-l-cWw. tPymXnj-sa-m \-{X-K-Wn-X-imkv{Xw AYhm {Kl-imkv{Xw (Astrology) BWv. BNm-c-{I-a-sf hnh-cn-p imkv{X-amWv I]w.
jUvZi-\
-
CXn-\p-]p-dta H-\-h[n Zi-\-Ir-Xn-I \ne-hn hn-pv.
Zi-\-Ir-Xn-I Akw-Jy-amWv. Fm Bdv Zi-\- IqSp-X
{]m[m-\y-aln-pp. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jnIw,
]qh-ao-amwk, D-c-ao-amwk Fn-h-bm-Wnh. Chv "jUvZi-\' Fp t]. Hmtcm Zi-\-s-p-dnpw \nc-h[n IrXn-I
\ne-hn-epv.
`mc-Xob ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xys eLp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-pI-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-n sNbvXn-p-Xv. XpSp {]Xn-]m-Zn-m
t]mhp hnj-b--fpsS {]mam-Wyhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw a\-n-emt--Xn\v Cu Npcp-nb hnh-cWw D]-I-cnpw.
78
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipdn-p-I
1. hniz-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]Pv 11
2. BapJw t]Pv 4
3. Ibid P. 5
4. A_o-dq\n I Cy t]Pv 83
5. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 543
6. Ibid P. 553
7. Ah-Xm-cnI t]Pv 35, 36
8. D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 543
9. Fgpp \ 240-ambm-h-Xn--Xnv (1940)
10. D-cWw: Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 71
11. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 2, t]Pv 591
12. `mc-Xob Xz-Nn by tZhn-{]-kmZv Ntm-]m-[ymb t]Pv 339 t\mpI.
13. Ibid P. 336
14. History of Civilization of Ancient India P. 136
15. Ibid P. 133
A[ymbw Ggv
hK hn`-P\w
temI-p a\p-jyscsbmw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Nne ASn-m\
hK--fmbn Xncnp \np-hm {ian-n-pv. ico-cm-IrXn, `mjmkm-PmXyw Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Imc-m hK-hn-`-P-\-n-\p-Zy-an-n-p-Xv. Fm ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{XIm-c-m Bfp-Isf Xcw Xncn-n-cp-Xv hwi ]mc--cy-n-stbm
aX-hn-izm-k-n-stbm ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cpp. GXm-bmepw hKhn-`-P\w imkv{Xo-b-am-sWv ]d-p-IqSm. Fs-m k-c-hKa- msX Cv temI- s - h n- s Sbpw Ah- t i- j n- p- n- s - - X mWv
bmYmYyw.
hK-kn-mw
Hcp {^p- { ]- ` phpw Adp- ] n- n- c n- - \ p- a m- b n- c p tImav S v Un.
tKm_n-t\m-hmWv bqtdm-n BZy-ambn hK-kn-mw D-bn-Xv.
{In. 1853- Atlw t\mUnv hK-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cnp. bqtdmnse kI- e - a m\ kmwkv I m- c nI ]ptcm- K - X nIpw \namW
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
79
80
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
I-XmWv. ]t, Ah-cpsS ]nn-cn- knm--fpw hKo-bhm-Zhpw ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py--fn t]mepw Cpw kPo-h-ambn \nesIm-pp. sXt B{^n--bnepw Ata-cn--bnepw shfp hKm Idp- - h - t cmSv A\p- h n- p {Iqc- \ bw Ip{]- k n- - a mWtm.
hK-hn-`-P\ knm--n\v imkv{Xo-b-amb bmsXm-c-Sn--d-bpan-spw AXv Nne kap-Zm-b--fpsS ambm-krjvSn am{X-am-sWpw
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS Hcp eLp-]-{XnI kbp-nIw sXfnbn-n-pv.3
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-mcpw B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw sXmenbpsS \ndw, ico-c-ns Dbcw, Xe-ap-Sn-bp-sSbpw aqn-sbpw
BIrXn BZn-bmb Nne e-W-sf ASn-m-\-s-Sp-n-bmWv
a\p-jysc hnhn[ hK-fmbpw hW--fmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-m DZyan-n-p-Xv. Fm Ah kzcq-]n e-W--sfmw XnI,
Ien-m Hcp ip-hKs Nqn-m-Wn-p-hm temI-nn. Cp GXv hKhpw k-c-at{X.
hW-ta-[m-hnXzw Cy-bn
hWm-{i-a-[a-n\pw hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-m--n\pw Ip{]knn t\Snb Hcp cmPy-amWv \n`m-Ky-h-im \psS Cy. AXn{]m-\ Imew apX ChnsS tZhm-kp-c-bp--fpw Bcy-Z-kyp-kwLj-fpw PmXn-tm-cp-Ifpw hW-k-a-c-fpw \S-amSn hcpp.
Cu kwL- - \ - - f n Blp- X n- s N- - s a\p- j ym- m- v
ssIbpw IW-p-an. CsXmcp A\n-tj[y Ncn{XkXyw am{X-amWv.
Bcy-m-cpsS Ghpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-sav an- N-cn{X Kth-jIamcpw k-Xn-p EtKz-Z-n Xs NmXphWy-n\v ASnd ]mIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.4
CXns ASn-m-\-n-em-hWw A\-c Imev `mc-X-n
NmXphWy hyh \S-n-em-bXv. B [a-n Ghpw D-XhWw AYhm PmXn {_m-W-cm-bn-cpp. ImcWw, Ah {_mhns t{ijvTmw-K-amb apJ-amWv. Ghpw Xmgv hWw iq{Z-mcpw.
Ch {_m-hns ImemWv. {_m-W-mv {]tXy-I-mh-Im-ifpw ]Z-hn-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ah [a-kq-{X- hni-Zo-I-cn-np-apv. PmXn hyXym-km-Sn-m-\-n-ep [manI \S-]-Sn-I Hcp
Imev `mc-X-n \ne-hn-en-cp--Xm-sW--Xn Ncn{Xw kwi-bnp- n. Fm NmXphWy hyh- n- X nv ]pXn- s bmcp
hymJym\w Cs DXv]-Xn-jvWp- sImSpp ImWp-pv.
]pcm-X-\-ssl-h kmln-Xy-n a\p-jysc \mep PmXn-bmbn Xncnn- p- Xv P\- \ - n- s tbm hK- n- s tbm ASn- m- \ - n- e spw, Ia--fp-sSbpw KpW--fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n-em-sW-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
81
hK-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-an-I Z
- rjvSym
am\-h-k-a-Xz-n-sbpw hniz-km-tlm-Z-cy-n-sbpw aX-at{X
Ckvemw. Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym a\p-jy-scmw Htc A-\--am-cpsS
k-Xn-Ifpw GtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c--fp-am-Ipp. Jp-B-\n Amlp
]d-bpp: ""tl am\h kap-Zm-bta, Hcp ]pcp-j-\n \npw Hcp
kv{Xobn\n-p-amWv \nsf \mw krjvSn-Xv. \mw \nsf ]e
hK-fpw tKm{X--fp-am-n-sh-Xv \n ]c-kv]cw Xncn--dn-tb-Xn\p thn-bt{X. ssZh-n- \n-fn-te-hpw t{ijvT IqSpX ssZh-`-n-bp--h-\m-Ipp, \nbw.''6
am\-h-k-a-Xz-s-n Hcp Xz-{]-`m-jWw \Sn hnc-an-p-Ib {]hm-N-I sNbvXXv. B knmw {]hrn aptJ\ \Snh-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jpssd-io-hw-i-Pv Ad-_n-In-Sbn-ep-m-bn-cp _lp-am-\y-m\w {]kn--amWv. Ah-cpsS Iqns I\y-Ibpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-b- ssk-\-_ns\ {]hm-N-I,
82
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
hwi-]m-c
- cyw
ss__nfpw {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-Im-c-mcpw hwi-]m-c--cys ASnm-\-am-n-bmWv Ncn-{X-kw-`-h- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv.
ss__n-fn-sbpw {]mNo\ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cp-sSbpw hoW-n temI-s-p-ap a\p-jy-a-lm-P-\-k-bw BZn-bn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
83
GI-hw-i-am-bn-cpp. Htc A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw a. BZn-aa-\p-jys t]cs{X "BZmw' AYhm "BZw.' At-l-n \np
ssZhw Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSnp. Ah-cpsS t]cmWv "l.' Ahsc
ssZhw BZ-an\v CW-bmn. B cp Z-Xn-am-cn\n-mWv a\pjy-k-ap-Zmbw PwsImXv.
a\p-jy-hwiw s]cpIn. Ah \m\m-Zn-p-I-fn-te-p- hym-]n-m
XpSn. Hcp hn`mKw AXn-{Iaw {]hn--Xn-\m Ah-tcmSp ssZhn\v A\njvSw Df-hmbn. AXn-{I-an-Isf Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-n-p-hm
ssZhw \n-bnp. Hcp alm Pe-{]-fbw!
Pe-{]-fb IY
a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn \oXn-bp--h\pw kmXzn-I-\p-amb Hcp hynbp-m-bn-cppema-ns ]p{X-\mb t\ml. At-l-n\v ssZhn-\nv \ntZ-i-ap-mbn: ""kIe PU-n-tbpw Ah-km\w
Fs ap]n hn-cn-pp; `qan Ah-cm AXn-{IawsImp \ndn-cn-pp; Rm Ahsc `qan-tbm-SpIqSn \in-npw; \o tKm^acw-sImp Hcp s]Iw Dm-pI.''7
t\ml s]Iw Dmn. At-lhpw IpSpw-_hpw AXn Ibdn.
AXn `qan-bn-ep arK--fn\npw BIm-i-n-ep ]d-h-Ifn- \ npw BWpw s]p- a mbn Cuc- v - C - W - I - s fbpw Ibn.
\mev]Xp cmhpw \mev]Xp ]Iepw ag-s]bvXp. Hcp alm Pe-{]fbw! kIe Poh-Pm-e-fpw {]f-b-n \inp. t\mlbpw s]I-n Ib-dn-bhcpw am{Xw c-sp. shw AXns IrXyw
\nd-th-n-b-tijw ]nh-enp. t\mlbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ien \nn-dn. A\-cw t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-m-cmWv `qX-e-sapw
hym]n-Xv: ""`qan-bn Dm-bn-cp kIe Poh-Pm-e-fpw \in-pt]mbn;..... t\mlbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS s]-I-n-ep-m-bn-cp--hcpw
am{Xw tijnp. shw `qan-bn \q-Xp Znhkw s]mn-smn-cpp.''8
ss__nfn hWn--s Cu {]f-b-IY sam-n JpB\pw D-cn-n-pvhni-Zmw-i--fn Gd-ptd sshhn-[y-ap-snepw. C-c-samcp {]f-b-IY {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy--fnepw
ew]nSn--Xmbn ImWmw.
Ncn-{X-]c
- X
t\ml-bpsS Imev kw`-hn--Xmbn ]d-bp {]f-b-IY temI{]-kn--am-sW-nepw, AXv kw`-hn-Xp Xstbm Fv ]ecpw
kwi-bn-pp. Fm Cu ASp Imev Gjym-ssa-\-dn
Is-nb Hcp I-ens Ah-injvSw {]kvXpX IY-bpsS kw`hy-X-bn-tev Aev]w shfnw hoip-pv. {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-
84
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Xmh-gn-I
t\ml-bpsS Imes {]f-b-m I-en c-s At-lns IpSpw- _ - s am- g np at- h cpw \ntjw \in- p- s h- mWv
ss__n aXw. AX-\p-k-cnp ]no-Sp-mb a\p-jy-scms t\mlbpsS km-\-]-c--c-bns]--h-cmWv. I-en\nv ]pd-p-h-
Imev t\mlp aqp ]p{X-m-cm-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv: tiw, lmw,
bms^v. Ch-cpsS Xmh-gn--nI Gd-ptd DXv]-n-]p-kvX-I-n
hnh-cnp ImWmw. ss__n Im--fmb blq-Z-mv XfpsS hwi-amb C{km-tb-ens Xmh-gn-hn-h-c-W-n {]tXyI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
85
Xm]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp--Xn-\m Ah B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn]m-Zn-n-pv. tians hwi-]-c--c-bn-emWv C{km-tb Ds-n-pXv. lman-sbpw bms^-n-sbpw ]c--c-I-sf-n {lkz-ambn
am{Xta ss__n {]Xn- ] m- Z n- n- pq. ss__n ImWn- p
{]Imcw B aqp hwi-]-c--c-Ifpw NphsS hnh-cnmw:
bms^-ns hwi-]c
-
- c
t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bms^-n\v Ggp ]p{X-m-cp-mbn: 1.
tKmsa 2. atKmKv 3. amZmbn 4. bmhm 5. Xq_m 6. tasiv 7.
Xocmkv. Ch-cn tKmsa-dn-sbpw bmhm-sbpw ]np-d-msc am{XamWv DXv]-n-p-kvXIw FSp-p-]-d-n-p-Xv.
tKmsa-dn\v aqv ]p{X-m PmX-cmbn: 1. AkvI-\mkv 2. co^v
3.tXmKm.
bmhms ]p{X-m \mep t]cm-bn-cpp: 1. Feoim 2. Xioiv
3.Inow 4. tZmZm\ow.
bms^v k-Xn-I Zzo]p-I-fn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-n--sX-pIqSn DXv]n hy-am-n-bn-pv.
lmans hwi-]c
-
- c
t\ml-bpsS asmcp ]p{X-\mb lman\v \mev ]p{X-m-cp-mbn:
1. IqivCt-l-amWv A_vko-\n-b-m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l 2. an{kbow
]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS ]nXm-a-l. 3. ]qv. 4. I\m ^n\ojy-m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l.
Iqin\v Ap ]p{X-m PmX-cmbn: 1. sk_m 2. lhoem 3.
sk_vXm 4. cam 5. sk_vXm.
cam-bpsS ]p{X-m cp-t]. im_m, sZZm.
_mt_ (_m_n- t em), Fscv (CdmJv), AmZv
(ImUnb), Is\ Fo \K-c--fps-Sp io\mtZ-is
`cn-n-cp \nwtdmZp hwiw Iqins Xmh-gn-m-cm-bn-cpp.
lmans asmcp ]p{X-\mb an{k-bo-an\v Ggv ]p{X-m P\np:
1. eqZow 2. A\maow 3. elm_ow 4. \^vXqlow 5. ]{Xqkow 6.
Ikvfqlow 7. I^vtXmcow. ^ne-kvXo-\n ]mp-d-n-n-cp s^enkvXy-cpsS ]nXm-a-l Ikvfq-lo-am-bn-cpp.
lmans thsdmcp ]p{X-\mb I\m ]Xn-s\mp ]p{X-msc
P\n-np: 1. kotZm 2. tlv 3. sb_q-ky 4. Atam-cy 5.
KnK-iy 6. lnhy 7. Ay 8. ko\y 9. Am-Zy 10.
skam-cy 11. lamXy.
tians hwi-]c
-
- c
bms^-ns tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb tian\v Ap ]p{X-m
PmX-cmbn: 1. Gemw{]mNo\ CdmIm-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 2. Aq
86
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
\ncq-]Ww
ss__n-fnse {]kvXpX hwi-hn-h-c--nI ]e ]mm-Xy ]nX-m-cp-sSbpw \ncq-]-W-n\v ]m{X-am-bn-pv. Hcp hn`mKw AXp
]s Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn Xpp. asmcp hn`m-K-ns A`n-{]mb-n Cu hK-hn-`-P\w hwi-]-ctam `mjm-]-ctam A; adnv
cmjv{So-bhpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw am{X-amWv. Fm imkv{Xo-bamb At\z- j - W - ns tijw ss__n- f n ]d- - \ m- a -
anXpw Ncn- { X- ] - c - a m- s Wp sXfn- n- pv . auem\m knZv
kpsse-am \Zvhn Fgp-Xpp: ""DXv]-n-]p-kvX-I-nse hwi-hnh-c--n-I-sb-p-dnp kmam-\y-ambn hon-p-tm, ^e-kvXo-\nepw
]cn-k-c--fnepw A[n-h-kn-n-cp P\-hn-`m-K--sfbpw e-sfbpw ]n am{X-amWv AXn {]kvXm-hn-n-p--sXv a\-n-emhpp. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn kndnb, Ao- c nb, _m_n- t em- W nb,
ImUnb, anUnb, kokm-\nbm, CuPn]vXv, Uam-kvIv, en_nb,
B{^n, ko\m, Atd-_nb apX-emb ^e-kvXo-\n-t\m-S-Sp {]tZi--sf-p-dn-mWv AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. B enn hynI-fpsS \ma-p ]Icw kap-Zmb \ma--fmWv ImWn-n-p-Xv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
87
`mjm hK-
Cp temI- p Fm `mj- I fpw GtXm Hcp aqe- ` m- j bn\nv ]ncnp, kml-N-cy--fpsS am-n\v hiw-h-Z-ambn cq]m- c - s - - X m- s Wv Duln- - s - S pp. Fm A\p- I q- e - a mb
imkv{Xob sXfn-shmpw Cu k]-n-\n-Xp-hsc e`n-n-n.
Fn-cn-nepw Cp AkwJyw `mj-Isf Npcpw Nne aqe-`mj-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-m Ign-bp-sav `mjm Kth-j-I-m Ah-Imi-s-Spp. `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-amWv Cu hn`-P-\-n\v
\nZm\w.
GXmv HXp hK-ambn `mj-Isf Kth-j-I-m hn`-Pn-npv:
1. Bcy `mj- I . kwkv I rXw, Cwojv , {^v , Pa,
kv ] m\njv , Cm- e n- b , {Kov , emn, djy, Bao- \ n- b ,
t]jy Fn-h-sbmw Bcy `mj-I-fn-eps-Spp. Ch-bpsS
]e aqe-[m-Xp-fpw Hm-sWpw hymI-c-Whpw hmN-I-L-S-\bpw
GXmv Htc tXmXn-em-sWpw Kth-j-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.
2. skan-nIv `mj-I. ln{_p, Ad_n, A_vko-\n-b, Aocn-b, ^n\o-jy Fo `mj-Ifpw Ah-tbmSp tN ap Nne
`mj-Ifpw CXn s]Spp. Ch-bnse ]e [mXp-fpw hymI-c-Whpw
hmN-I-L-S-\bpw Bcy`m-j-I-fn\npw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-amsWpw AXn-\m `n-amb asmcp `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-n-emWv AhbpsS m\-sapw Ah ImWpp. skan-nIv hK-m sXA-td-_y-bnepw B{^n--bpsS hS-p-In-gp `mK--fn-ep-amWv BZnbn Xma-k-ap-d-n-n-cp--sXpw Duln--s-Spp.
3. lman- nIv `mj- I . ]pcm- X \ CuPn- ] v X pIm, tIm]v nIv
(Jn_vv) hwi-m, s__-dn-I, tkmam-en-I, Ing- B{^n- b n A[n- h - k n- n- c p FtXym- ] ym BZn- b mb hK-
kwkm-cn `mj-I Cu hK-ns-Spp.
4. Sptd- \ n- b , AYhm bqdBt- b nIv `mj- I . emv
emnse `mj, ssk_o-cn-b-bnse Nne `mj-I, amKn-bm Snjv
`mj, AYhm SmSap, apK `mj-I BZn-bm-bh Cu hKn s]-Xm-sWpw, sImdn-b`m-jbpw {Zmhn-U-`m-jbpw Xn
kmcq]yapspw Nne A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.
5. No\m-`m-j-I. Gjy-bpsS sXp-In-g-p {]tZ-i--fn
88
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
hkn-p P\- kwkm-cn-p No\, _a, kbmw, Sn_v apXemb `mj-I Cu hK-ns]-Spp. Cu `mjm-hK-fpw ta]d `mj-Ifpw Xn-ep Acw AXyw AKm-[-amWv. ]onn kwkm-cn-p No\m-`m-j-bn 420 aqe-]-Z- am{Xta Dqhs{X.
6. Ata-cn--\n-y`m-j-I. Ata-cn--bnse {]mNo\ \nhmkn-I "dUv Cykv' F t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. Ah
kwkm-cn-p hnhn-[-Xcw `mj-I-fmWv ChnsS hnh-n-p-Xv.
7. _m-p-`m-j-I. B{^n--bn `qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS Aev]w
hSp apX sXs Aw hsc-bp P\- kwkm-cn-p-Xv
{]kvXpX `mj-I-fmWv.
8. {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I. Xangv, sXepv, ae-bmfw, IWm-SIw, Xpfp,
sImSIv, XpZh, tImS, tKmv, {_mlpbn Fnh {ZmhnU `mjmhK-n s]Spp.
9. aebmt]mfn-t\-jy`m-j-I.
`mjm- S n- m- \ - n- e p hK- h n- ` - P \w At- b w koWamWv. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-m-\-sam-n--Xm\pw.
ico-cm-IrXn
hKo-I-c-W-n\v B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m kzoI-cn asm-ch-ew_w ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bm-Ipp. tcmaw, \ndw, s]mw, Xe-bp-sSbpw
aqn-sbpw hepw apX-emb e-W-sf Bkv]-Z-amn am\-hcm-insb Ah hnhn[ hK--fmbn Xcw Xncn-n-cn-pp.
1. sImt-jy hK-. ChXs aqv D]-hK--fpv.
i) t\mUnv ii) Bss] iii) a[y-[-cWn.
2. atm: a-\n-d-m.
3. \ot{Km: Idp--hK-.
sNn Xe-apSn, shfp--\ndw, \o- X-ebpw aqpw, Db
icocw Ch-bmWv t\mUnp hK--fpsS kmam\y e-W-.
t\msh, kzoU, t]mfv, hS-Pa\n, sX djy Fnhn-S--fn-emWv Cu hK-sf km[m-cW ImWp-Xv.
shfp \ndw, Dcp Xe Fn-h-bmWv Bss] hK-fpsS e-W-ambn IW-m-n-bn-p-Xv. kznvkemv, sX
Pa\n, djy, {^mkv, hS- Cen, t]jy, ]mao ]oT-`qan
Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv Cu hK-sf ImWpI.
Ccp-\ndw, Idp Xe-apSn, \o Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-[-cWn
hK--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I. {]mNo\ kpta-cn-b-mcpw {Zmhn-Umcpw Cu hK-n s]-h-cm-sWp ]d-bpp.
a- \ ndw, Npcp- f m Xe- a pSn, Ipd- - t cmaw, Dcp- - X e,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
89
Db Ihn-sf-p-I, ]c apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Ddpw Inbp-ap icocw Fn-h-bmWv a-hK--fpsS e-W-. lname-b-ns Zn-W-{]-tZ-i--fnepw No\ apX Ata-cn--h-scbpw
Cu hK-sf ImWpp. Ata-cn--bnse sdUv-CUykv Cu
hK-n s]-h-cm-Ipp.
68 Cv Dbcw, ]n-t]m-se-bp Xe-apSn, Idp \ndw, Dd
icocw, \ofw Ipd Imep-I, \o ssII, XSnp tatemp
aS-nb Npp-I, Dnb s\n, ]c aqv Fn-h-bs{X \ot{KmI-fpsS kmam\y e-W-. Ch-cn cp {][m-\ -im-J-I-fpv.
Hcp Iqsc B{^n--bnepw as Iqsc ate-jy-bnepw ImWpp.
Fm, B{^n- - b n- e p- - h - c m- W s{X e- W - s am bYmY
\ot{Km-I. atejym \ot{Km-I-fpsS \ndw GXmv tNm-ssepw
Dbcw a[ya-hp-amWv.14
B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m hK hn`-P-\-n\v ASn-m-\-ambn
AwKo-I-cn khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv C{Xbpw hnh-cn-Xv. C\n asmcp
Xc-nepw P\-sf hn`-Pnmw. aX-kw-kvIm-c--fpsS ASn-m\-n-ep--XmWv B hn`-P\w.
aX-hK-
Jp-B-\n Nne aX-hK-sf Fn--d-n-pv. apA-van-\pI, apivcn-p-I, blq-Z-m, km_n-I, {InkvXym-\n-I, aPqkn-I.
1. apA-van-\p-I: icn-bmb GI-ssZ-h-Xzhpw bYmY-amb Hcp
ssZhn-I-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cnp Pohnp--h. Jp-Bs AhX-c-W-Im-ev apl--Zv\_n (k) bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenwI-fm-bn-cpp Ch.
2. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-aw-Ko-I-cn-m--hcpw, bmsXmcp ssZhnI {Kn-sbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-f-m--h-cp-amb hn`mKw. Ch Jp-Bs
`mj-bn "apivcn-p-I' F t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp.
3. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-mw AXns kmm AY-n AwKoI-cn-p-Itbm icn-bmb, Ien-m Hcp Znhy-{]-amWw ssIhiw
hbvp-Itbm sNp-n-s-nepw GtXm Xc-n-ep GI-Xzhpw
Znhy-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn-n-p--h. Chsc Jp-B "Alvep
InXm_v' (thZ-m) FmWv hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv. Jp-B Ah-Xcn Imev Cq--n s] \mep hn`m-K--fmWv cwK-p-mbn-cp-Xv.
i) blq-Z-m. Ch ss__n ]gb \nb-a-ns ]mc--cym-hIm-in-I-fmWv.
ii) {InkvXym-\n-I. Ch ss__n ]pXnb \nb-a-n hniz-
90
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
91
kn-I), blq-Z-m, km_n-I, {InkvXym-\n-I, aPqkv (kpc-Xpjv{S-a-X-m), apivcn-p-I (hn{K-l-]q-P-I-m) Fo hn`m-Kn-S-bn ]p\-cp-m\ Znhkw Amlp icn-bmb Xocp-am\w
I]n-p--XmWv. kh-km-n-bs{X Amlp!''18
Ipdn-p-I
1. Jp-B 5 :18
2. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 56
3. United Nations Bulletin Vol. ix, No.3
4. EtKzZw aWvUew 10, kqw 90, E 5, 11, 12 t\mpI.
5. KoX, m\-Ia k\ym-k-tbmKw tmIw 13
6. Jp-B 49: 13
7. D]n 6: 13
8. Ibid 7: 23, 24
A[ymbw Fv
knp-XS kwkvImcw
92
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob
tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw lc-bpw
Idm-n-bpsS hSv GXmv Ccp-\qdv \mgnI AIse nXnsN-p Hcp e-amWv tamlP-Zmtdm. emtlm-dn\nv Dtiw
\qdp-\m-gnI sXv lc-bpw InS-pp. tamlP-Zmtdm knp-\Zn-bpsS ]Sn-m-dp-`m-Kpw lc cmhn-\-Zn-bpsS Ingp `mK-pamWv nXn-sN-p-Xv. lc--bn\npw Am-dp-\m-gnI AI-emWv cmhn-\Zn Cp--sX-nepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev ]-W-ns
\ ASp-p-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv Hgp-In-bn-cp--sXv hnZ-Kv[-m A`n{]m-b-s-Spp. AXp-sIm-m-h-W-atm ]W \nam-W-n\v B
ew Av Xnc-s-Sp-Xv. lc--bpsSbpw tamlP-Zm-tdm-bpsSbpw CSv GI-tZiw \m\qdp \mgnI Zqcw ImWpw.
acn--h-cpsS taSv Fs{X tamlP-Zmtdm F hmn-\Yw.
tamlP-Zmtdm, lc Fo t]cp-I Cs \nhm-kn-I Ch-bmWv. Ah-bpsS {]mNo\ \ma- Adn-b-s-n-n. knn
emm\m Pn-bn nXn-sN-p tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw ]na
]m-_n tamvtKm-adn Unkv{Sn-IvSn-ep lcbpw 1947 apX
]mIn-kvXms AXnn-p-n-em-sW kwKXn ChnsS kvac-Wob- a mWv . Ah cpw Cp ]- W - - f ; tIhew {Kma- - f mWv .
Fm B {Kma- f nse taSp- I cp ]pcm- X \ \mK- c n- I - X Ip kmyw hln-pp.
1922-1927 Ime-L--n B cp taSp-I-fn \S--s DXvJ\\ Kth-jWw hgn AXn-{]m-No-\-amb cp \K-c--fpsS Ncn{Xw
shfn-p sImp-h-c-sp. DXvJ-\-\-n D]-e-_v[-amb Ahin-jvS--sf-p-dn hnZKv[-amb ]cy-th--W-amWv ChnsS kwn]vX-ambn ]Ip-hm-\p-t-in-p-Xv.
\K-ck
- w-hn-[m\w
Ccp--e--fnepw ]-W--fnepw HnaosX asm-mbn ]WnXp-h--Xns e-W J\-\-n Is-n-bn-pv. tamlP-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
93
Zm-tdm-bn GXmv HXv "AS-p-I' AYhm "\ne-I' CXphsc Is-n-bn-cn-pp. Hmtcm AS-nepw \K-c-\nam-Wm-h-injvS--fpv. lc--bn-em-Is, Bdp \ne-I Isn. Hmtcm ]Whpw \inp aa-d--tijw AXns Ah-in-jvS--fpsS apIfn hopw ]pXp-Xmbn \K-c-\namWw sNbvXn-cn--bmWv.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc--bn-sebpw \K-c-v Htc Xcn-ep m\mWv ImWp-Xv. cn-sbpw ]Sn-m-dp-`mKw tImbpsS BIr-Xn-bn sI-n-bp-bn-bn-cn-pp. tIm-bpsS sXph-S-p \ofw kpam 500 hmcbpw, Ing-p-]-Sn-m-dp hoXn
GXmv 300 hmc-bp-amWv. tIm-fw, Npp-ap ka-X-e-n\nv
GI-tZiw Bdm-fpsS s]m-n-emWv. CjvSn-I-sIm-mWv tImsI-n-S- ]Sp-n-p-Xv. shbn-en DW-n-bXpw Nqf-bn NpsSp-XpwAs\ cp hn[-n-ep-apv CjvSn-I-I. Nne sIn-S-fpsS Ah-in-jvS- Im Ah- tZ-hm-e-b-tfm s]mXp-kt-f\ e-tfm Bbn-cp-p-shp tXmpw. \nc-h[n XqWp-Ifp Hcp a]w J\-\-n ImWmbn. Ch-sbmpw kzIm-cyamb Bhiyw ap\nn ]Wn-X-Xm-hm Xc-an-s-s{X hnZ-Kv[m`n-{]mbw.
tIm-bpsS \nam-W-coXn IqSp-X hy-ambn a\-n-em-p-hm
km[n-Xv lc--bn-emWv. 45 ASn I\-n, NpSm CjvSn-I-sImv
tIm-a-Xn sIn-sm-n-bn-cn-pp. AXn-\p-]p-dta, Np CjvSn-IsImv Bdv ASn I\-n aXn aqSn-bn-pv. aXn-ens apI-fn
CS-n-Sv Xf- ImWp-I-bp-mbn. ]m-f-mn-cpv Bbp-[{]-tbmKw \S-p-hmth-n-bm-hWw As\ Gs-Sp-n-bn-pXv. tIm-Iw 20-25 ASn Dbn-bn-cpp.
tIm-bpsS hSs aXn-en\p t\sc ]pd-mbn cp hcn- ho-SpI ImWpp. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS "Iqen sse' t]mse-tXmpw.
Hmtcm hoSn\pw Cucp apdn-I. Fm hoSn-sbpw \nam-W-coXn
Hp-Xs. Ah ]p-]-Xn-\m-sdw ImWpw. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
{]kvXpX Iqen-sse-\n-\-Spv [m\yw tiJ-cn-p-h-bvp-hm DX-Ipam-dp henb ]m-b-; As-n \ne-h-d-I Dv. \ne-p\nv kz]w Dbn-s-nb Xn-I-fn-emWv B Ad-I. Xnv
Dtiw 200 ASn \ofhpw 150 ASn hoXnbpw ImWpw. AXn-\-Spv
CjvSn-I-sIm-p Xn-I thsd-bp-apv. hrm-Ir-Xn-bn \nanX-amb Chv GXmv 10 ASn hymk-apv. Hmtcm Xn-bp-sSbpw
a[y-n acwsImp henb Dc hn-cp--Xmbn tXmpw. AdI-fn tiJ-cn-n-cp [m\yw -s]m-Sn-p-m-m-\p ko-I-c-Wam-bn-cp-n-cnmw AXv. As\ Hmtcm hcn-bnepw Bdm-dmbn cphcn-bn ]{p ]m-b- ImW-sp. Hmtcm-n-sbpw \ofw
94
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
50 ASnbpw hoXn 20 ASn-bp-amWv. tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnse tIm-bvIpw CtX- co-Xn-bnepw hep--n-ep-ap ]m-b- Dm-bncpp.
tIm-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bv-I-p ]m-b--fp-sSbpw apw
kmZr-iy-n-\nv Hcp kwKXn A\p-am-\n-m-hp--XmWv: tamlPZm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc--bn-sebpw `c-W-t\-XrXzw Htc lkvX-nemWv nXn-sN-bvXn-cp-Xv. `c-W-t\-Xm--m Cu tIm-II-mWv hkn-n-cp--sXpw Duln-t-n-bn-cn-pp. sXmgn-emfn-Isf Ah kaY-ambn \nb-{n-n-cpp.
{]kvXpX tImf-\n--Iv sIm, aqimcn apX-emb teml-Wn-m-cpsS De-I-fp-sSbpw Nqf-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-ti-j- Isn-bn-pv. ]-W-hm-kn-Iv Pohn--W-sa-n B km{am-Pyn [mcmfw [m\yw Irjn-sN-t-n-bn-cn-pp. lc- km{amPy-n hn tXmXn Irjn \S-n-cpp. tKmXpw bh-hp-ambn- c n- Ww Xt- i o- b - c psS km[m- c W `y- h n- ` - h - . sNpsImpw ]n-f-sIm-p-ap Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W- [mcmfw J\-\n Is-n-pv. [m\yw am{X-a Ah D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv;
ayhpw tImgn, BSv , ]n, ]ip BZn- b m- b - h - b psS amwkhpw
Ahv ]Yym-lm-c-am-bn-cpp. Ch-bpsS Nn-fpw Fp-Ifpw
Ahn-sS-\nv Ip-In-p-I-bp-mbn. B\, \mb, ]q, ]q-bpXpw ]q-bn-m--Xp-amb Imen-I, IgpX Fo Pp-fpw
lc-m-km-{am-Py-hm-kn-Iv kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp. AhnsS \nv
Is-Sp ap{Z-I-fn Ah-bpsS Nn{X- ImWpp. h\y-ar-K-fn Im-arKw, Imn, IcSn, am, ]pen Fn-hbpw Ah-cpsS
]cn-Nn-X-hr--n\np ]pd--m-bn-cpp. Ah-bpsS Nn{X-
Ahn- s S- \ np Innb ap{Z- I - f nepw ]m{X- - f nepw ImWp- pv .
IqSmsX, {]kvXpX Pohn-I-fpsS FnI-jW-fpw Is-n-bnp--Xmbn J\-\m[n-Ir-X Ah-Im-i-s-Spp.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
95
hoSp-I
tamlP-Zmtdm Ah-in-jvS- GI-tZiw Hcp NXp-c{i \mgnI
]c-p-In-S-pp. hoSp-I [mcm-f-apv. A[n-Ihpw Ccp-\n-e-sI-n-S-fmWv. Nqf-bn Np CjvSnI sImmWv hoSp-I ]Wn-Xn-cpXv. Nne hoSp-I-fpsS Dn \Sp-ap-hpw \Sp-ap--n\p Npp-ambn
ASp-f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-hbpw ImWmw. InW Fm
hon-ep-apv. amfn-I-ap-I-fn \nv Ipg-ep-I h-gn-mWv aen-\-shw
96
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Iogvt]mp sImp-h-n-cp-Xv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \npw ap-ap Aip-Pew ASn-bn-ep Agp-p-Nm-ep-I hgn sXcp-ho-Yn-bnse henb
Hmhp-Nm-ep-I-fn sNp-tN-cpp. ASn-mv apX-emb Np-N-h-dp-I
\nt-]n-m Hmtcm hoSn-sbpw ASpv {]tXy-I-]m{Xw hn-pm-bn-cpp. Agp-p-Nm-ep-I hrn-bm-m-\p Gm-Sp-I-fp-apm-bn-cpp.
lc--bnse henb sIn-S--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- hnZKv[-]-cntim-[-\v hnt[-b-ambn. Ah-bn Ghpw hep-Xn\v 169 ASn \ofhpw
135 ASn hoXn-bp-apv. Nqf-v-h CjvSn-I-I Xs-bmWv {]kvXpX
sIn-S-\nam-W-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv. CjvSn-I-I Bh-iym-\pkrXw hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bn cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-cpp. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw
Iq-kp-Ifpw InW-dp-Ifpw hoSp-I-I-p-X-s-bm-bn-cpp. Nne
hoSp-I-fn Itk-c-bn-se--t]mse Ccp-p-]-tbm-Kn-m ]p Iqkp-Ifpw ImW-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. Kth-j-I-\mb hoe Ahsb Built
in seat Latrines FmWv hWn-n-cn-p-Xv.
t`Z-s hoSp-I-fn \Sp-ap--ap-m-bn-cp-p-shv ]d-p-htm.
\Sp- a p- - n\p Nppw ]e hep- - n- e p apdn- I - f p- m- b n- c pp.
Fm sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hoSp-Ismw Htc BIr-Xn-bmWv
ImW-s-Xv. Hmtcm hoSn\pw 20 ASn \ofhpw 12 ASn hoXn-bp-ap
Cucp apdn-I-fp-m-bn-cpp. `n-nI-fpsS L\w ]cn-tim-[n--hv
Ahbvp apI-fn amfnI ]Sp-p-bm hgn-bn-s-mWv a\n-em-bXv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I sXmgn-emfn `h-\-p-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ahbn\nv shw Ffp--n Hgp-m X-hn[w, CjvSn-I-sImp
]Sp Im\-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. knp-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-n
Ipfnpw Ipfn-ap-dnpw \evI-s {]m[m\yw kh{X hy-am-bncpp.
tZl-{]-Ir-Xnbpw thj-`q-jm-Zn-Ifpw
{]kvXpX Krl--fn Xma-kn-n-cp P\- ImgvN-bn Fs\-bp--h-cm-bn-cpp? Ah-cpsS apJ-`mhw, hepw, hkv{X-[m-c-WcoXn Fn-h-sb-n Ah-in-jvS- Fp kqNn-n-pp?
As ivaim-\--fn\n-p-]-e-_v[-amb An-I ssk-h-m-cpsS hepw Ipdn-pp. ]m{X--fnepw Npa-cp-I-fnepw apw
Nn{X-Ww-sNbvX cq]-, ]mh-I Fnh Ah-cpsS apJm-Ir-Xnbn-tep shfnw hoipp. AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS thj-`q-jW
k{- Z m- b - s bpw kmam- \ y- h W- t bpw Ae- m- c - c o- X n- s bbpw
kw_-n kqN-\bpw B Nn{X--fn\nv e_v[-am-hpp.
\ \mkn-I-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw kzev]-samp \o-Xp-am-bn-cpp
ssk--h-m-cpsS apJm-IrXn. Nn{X--fn Ahsc ImWp-Xv Ipdsmcp Xhn-p-\n-d-n-emWv. apSn Idp--Xp-Xs. A[n-I-Iqdpw Iri-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
97
Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-m km[m-cW XmSn hfpI ]Xn-hmWv. AhcpsS Xe-apSn ]nd-tImp hen-p-sI-n-bn-cpp. hnNn-{X-amb Xp-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb (Embroidery) Hcp Xcw DSp-mWv Ah [cn-n-cpXv. ]t, hep tXm aqSn-bn-cp-n. tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn\nv
Is-Sp Hcp amhp-Ip {]Xn-a-bn mh AS-bm-f- \nd
Hcp--cobw ImWpp. B a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-bpsS hes tXm adn-cp-n.
Iq-n ]d-bs: mh saskm-s]m-tanb, {Iov apX-emb
{]mNo\ kwkv-Im-c--fn hfsc ]mh-\-ambn Icp-X-s-n-cp Hcp
Nn-amWv. knp \Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-mcpw
Xn ASp _-ap-m-bn-cp-p-shv Icp-Xp \nco--I-mcpsS A`n-{]m-b-n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX Nnw.
ssk--h-m X-fpsS Xe-apSn ]e cq]-nepw HXp-n-shn-cp-p-shp a\-n-em-Ipp. Nne XmSnbpw Xe-ap-Snbpw I{Xnv,
aoi ]s hSn-p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cpp. XmSn \osf hfp-Ibpw aoi
hSn-p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNp Cu ^mj ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-mcpw
kzoI-cn-n-cp--Xmbn hnZ-Kv[am {]kvXm-hn-pp. kv{XoI XfpsS Xe-apSn Hcp--t]m-emn, ]np-dv \mS sImv sIn-shp-I-bm-bn-cpp ]Xnhv. apSn NoIn an\p-k-s-Sp-p--Xn\v B\sm-p-sImpw ap-ap Nop-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. sNp-X-InSp
tXp sXfn-bnv Im-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp.
Acw hm-m-Snbpw uc--nbpw J\-\-n D]-e-_v[am-bn-pv.
knp-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS B`-c-W--sf-p-dnv AhnsS \np
Innb Nn{X-fpw ]mh-Ifpw Nne hnh-c- \In-bn-pv. aqpw
\mepw Cg-I-fp- ame-I, hf-I Fnh Ah-bn {]m[m\yw
Aln-pp. kzWw sImpw shn-sIm-p-ap aqp-n-I,
tamXn-c-, IS-I-, ame-I Fnh DXvJ-\-\-n Inn-bnpv. Cg-I IqSp-X-ep- ame-I sIp-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn CSn-Sp ]Sn-I hp ]nSn-n-n-cpp. ame-I-fn kzW-a-Wn-Ip]p-dta, cXv\-fpw ]Xn-n-cpp. AZv`p-X-I-c-am-bn-cpp B`-c-W-fpsS ]Wn-cw. tamlP-Zmtdm J\-\-K-th-j-W-ns Ub-cIvSP-\-d-em-bn-cp k tPm amj 1934mam-n Fgp-Xnb
]pkvX-I-n Ahsb Cs\ hWn-n-pv: ""Cu B`-c-W-
Am-bncw kwh--c-p ap]p-m-n-b-h-b, e ]-Wnse {]ap-J-cmb B`-c-W-in]n-I Cp-m-n-b-h-bm-sWp
tXmn-tm-Ipp!''
B`-c-W--fpsS apw ]Inpw A{X-tbsd B[p-\n-I-am-bn-cn-pp-shp kmcw. B`-c-W-fpw hkv{X-fpw `wKn-bmbn AWnbm\pw apSn hmp sIn-bn-Sm\pw Ia-jn-sb-gp-Xm\pw knp XS-
98
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ifn-tm-p-I
Ipn-Ip Ifn-m-\p tImp-m-p--Xn knp XS-hmkn-I {im-ep--fm-bn-cpp. ]mh-I, arK-cq-]-, tKmn-I,
Ifn- a h- n- I , Ipc- p- I , Inep- - I , ]n- c q- ] - n- e p
]on-I As\ [mcmfw Ifn-m-- lc--bn\np IsSpn--pv. Ch IqSmsX thsd A\-h[n a{]-Xn-a-Ifpw D]-e-_v[am-bn-cn-pp. Fmw Ifn-m--am-hm Xc-an-spw Nne-sX-nepw
tZh-X-I-fp-tS-Xm-h-W-sa-p-amWv Nne Kth-j-I-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
lc--bn\np Innb Hcp kv{Xocq-]-n-t ImWp Ac-mWp-I Ncn-{X-Im-e-p-m-nb an inev]--fnepw ImWm-\psp hnZ- K v [ - m ]d- b pp. Am- e s Ae- m- c - s sien
]nevm-e--fnepw XpSphp-sh-mWv CXn-\Yw.
HmSp-sImv hms-Sp Hcp \-In-bpsS {]Xna tamlPZmtdm in]--fpsS Iq-n khn-tij {]m[m-\y-aln-pp.
B \In tIhew \- b mWv . Ah- f psS CSs In- t
tXm apX aWn- w hsc hf- b n- n- pv . BZn- h m- k n- h Kns Hcp Zmkn-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amhmw B {]Xn-a-sbp Nne
A\p-am-\n-pp. CtX amXncn hf-I-f-Wn a{]-Xn-a-I _eqNn-kvXm-\nse Ipn-]-Ww J\\w sNbvX-tmgpw Inn-bn-pv.
t{Xhpw tZhm-eb
- hpw
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn t{Xtam Bcm-[-\m-e-btam Cs-m-bncpp AhnsS BZyw J\\w \S-n-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. tUmIvS
hoe ew hopw ]cn-tim-[n--tm Ahn-Ss henb sInSw
Hcp t{X-am-bn-cn-m-sav Dulnp. B sI-n-S-n\npw ]cnk-c-p-\n-p-amWv \nc-h[n in]- e`n-Xv. B FSp-ns
\ofw A-n-cv ASnbpw hoXn \mev]-X-Snbpw Npa-cns I\w
\mev ASn-bp-am-bn-cpp. cv ]Sn-hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw Ah-bn-tev Ib-dns-p-hm-\mbn hnkvXm-c-n-ep cp -]-Sn-Ifpw AXn-\pv. {]thi-\-Zzmcw IS-m hnim-e-amb Hcp Xfw ImWmw. Xf-ns \Spv
Hcp XdbpwBd amXncn. ]Sn-hm-Xn-ens ASp-p Hcp apdnbn\n- mWv XmSn- m- c - \ mb Hcp ]pcp- j s {]Xna Inn- b Xv .
IqSmsX Ccn-p Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-abpw Is-Sp-n-pv. AXn\v
Xe-bp-m-bn-cp-n. tImh-Wn-bpsS Ghpw aosX-bp ]Sn-bpsS
ASp-p-\n-mWv B Xe-bn-m-cq]w Inn-bXv. BI-msS Hcp tZhm* {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms "temI-N-cn{Xw' Hmw `mKw, tUmIvS F. As "`mc-X--ga,' {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-t\ms "iXm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p
i_vZ-' Fo- Ir-Xn-Ifpw ap-amWv Cu A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn hnh-cm-kv]Zw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
99
ap{Z-I
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn\nv Is-Sp ap{Z-I A\-h-[n-bmWv.
1200Hmf-sapw Ah-bpsS kwJy. Fgppw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp
Hcp kwkvIrX kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cpp knp-X-S-hm-kn-I Fv B
ap{Z-I-fn sImnb hcn-I Ipdn-pp. X-fpsS km[-\--fntepw I-h-S-km-am-\--fn-tepw AS-bm-f-s-Sp-t--Xn\p thnbm-hWw ssk-h-m {]kvXpX ap{Z-I \nan-n-cp-Xv. ka-NXp-c-nepw ZoL-N-Xp-c-nepw amhpIp-sIm-p-m-nb Cu ap{ZIv apm-ew-Kp-ew- ap-X Hcw-Kpew hsc \of-apv. Bh-iy-ns\mv, ]e Af-hn I-dpv, an\p-k-s-Spn, AXn-t Ac-fpw Nn{X-fpw sImn, Hcp Xcw Nmc-qp tXp, Xobn
Nps-Sp--Xm-Ipp Ah. ]nm-W-k-am\w sh-bmbn Xnf-p,
Nn{X--fp ap{Z-I-fmWv A[n-I-Iqdpw. a\p-jy-cq]w, \c-ar-K-cq]w
(]mXn a\p-jy-tXpw ]mXn arK-n-t-Xp-amb cq]w), arK-cq]w (Imfbp-sSbpw ]pen-bp-sSbpw Imn-bpsSbpw Im-ar-K-nsbpw apw
cq]w) Cs\ ]e Nn{X-fpw Ah-bn ImWp-pv. ]e ap{Z-Ifnepw H-sm-p Hcp arK-ns Nn{X-amWv ImWp-Xv. a\pjys apJhpw B\- b psS sImpw Xpn- s sbpw Imf- b psS
sImpw BSns Imep-Ifpw ]pen-bpsS ]nIm-ep-I-fp-ap Nn{X-fp-apv.
Cq--n FSpp]d-bm-hp aqp ap{Z-I tamlP-Zmtdm-bn\nv Inn-bn-pv. aqp apJ--fp B aqn Dbcw
Ipd Hcp ]oT-n-t Bk-\--\m-bn-cpp. tPm amjepw
apw ]ip-]Xn inhs cq]-am-WsXv _e-ambn kwi-bn-pp.
Cu ssih-]o-T-ns t\sc Xmsg-bmbn cp am\p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw
ImWmw. _p hn{K-l-ns Xmsg Nne-tm Cs\ am\p-Isf
Nn{Xo-I-cnp ImWm-dpv. Cy-bnse Assh-Zn-I-a-X-ns XpSbm-bncpp, _p-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw Fv A`n-{]m-b-ap-m-bncp Nne ]n-X-m-cpv. Ah-cpsS ]-n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb
Hcp sXfn-hm-Ipp Cu am Nn{X-.
CXp-t]mse Hcp `mKv arK-cq-]hpw adp-`m-Kv Nn{Xm--cfpw (Pictographs)D sNp-X-In-Sp-Il-cm Ime-ns Ahkm-\-Z-i-bp-tSXvInn-bn-pv. Ch \mWy-tfm "c-Itfm' Bbncn-m-sa-mWv hnZ-Kv[-m-cpsS A\p-am\w.
Krtlm-]I
- c
- W
-
-
In-I ]e-Xcw, Xpf-bp-Xpw Xpf-bn-m--Xp-amb tImSmen-I, shewsImp agp, Dfn, Cu-hm, sImSn, Nq,
100
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
hntZ-i_
- w
tamlP- Z m- t dm- b n- s ebpw lc- - b n- s ebpw ]qh- \ n- h m- k n- I
X-fpsS sXmgn-ep-Ipw Pohn-X-n-\p-am-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
101
ivaim-\
-
ivaim-\--fn ih-tm-sSmw, acn Bfn-\p-thn ]m{X-fn `-W-km-[-\-, B`-c-W- apX-em-bh \nt-]n-p-ImWpp. Cu k{-Zm-b-n\nv lc- P\-p ac-Wm-\-c-Po-hn-X-n hnizm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-p-shp sXfn-bpp. Hcp ihp-gn-bn ihw ]mb-bn s]mXnp, acw-sIm-p-m-nb s]nbnshv ad-am-Sn-b-Xmbn ImWp-I-bp-mbn. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw
ihw Cs\ s]n-bn-emWv ASw sNbvXn-cp--sXv Kth-j-Im ]d-bpp.
lc- m- \ - K - c - nse Hcp iv a im- \ - ns GXm\pw `mK-
J\\w sNbvX-tm ih- an-hbpw Xe -h-S-tm-m-n-bmWv
ad-hp-sN-bvX-sXv a\-n-em-m Ignp. Nne-Xn ]m{X-fpw
sNp- s Im- p Bbp- [ - fpw apJ- - m- S n- I fpw aWn- I fpw
Cn kv]qWp-Ifpw apw ImWp-I-bp-mbn. Hcp Ipgn-bpsS \mep
`mK-fpw CjvSn-I-sImp ]Sp-n-cpp. Hcp kv{XobpsS ihw
GgSn \of-ap tZh-Zmcp ac-ns XSn Ipgn-p-m-nb s]n-bnemWv ASw sNbvXn-cp-Xv. acw {Zhnp s]mSn-bm-bn-tm-bn-cpp.
Fnepw s]n-bpsS achpw BIr-Xnbpw hoev a\-n-em-m
Ignp. Cu lc- kv{Xo ImXp-I-fnepw hes ssIbn-s
\Sp-hn-c-enepw sNp-tam-Xn-c- AWn-n-cpp.
Ime-\nWbw
lc--bnepw tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnepw \S-nb J\-\-{In-b-Iv
102
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
A[ymbw HXv
BcyZkyp {]iv\w
`mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{X-n AXn-cq--amb hnhm-Z-n-\nShcpnb Hcp hnj-b-am-Ipp BcyZkyp-{]iv\w. `mc-X-nse Ghpw
{]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-sav \ncq-]-I-m sFI-I-WvtTy\ k-Xn EtKzZ-n, cp hn`m-K-n-S-bn \S-am-Sn-bn-cp ka-c-kw-L--\-fpsS hnh-cWw ImWmw. "Bcy-m' Fpw "Zkyp-' Fpw
]d-p-h-cp {]kvXpX cp hn`m-K--fm-cm-bn-cpp? CsX-n
kz]w {]Xn-]m-Zn-t--Xpv.
thZ-Im- As-n "thZ-{Z-jvSm-' Bcy hn`m-K-n
s]-h-cm-bn-cp-p-sh Imcyw \nkvX-as{X. thZ--fn Ghpw
{]mNo-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bm-sW hnj-b-nepw ]m--can. AXn- \ m EtKzZw \Ip kqN- \ - I sf B[m- c - a mn
{]kvXpX {]iv\-n\v Dcw ImWm {ian-p--Xmhpw Daw.
thZ-Im--fmb Bcy-mv Cy-bn {]_-e-amb Hcp
FXni-nsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-tn h hkvXpX EtKz-Z-n
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
103
104
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
kwLj-ns cqX
BcyZkyp kwLj-ns cqX Xpey-X-bn-m--Xm-bncpp. Bcy-m-sc-m kwkvIr-Xnbpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw {]m]n Hcp
hn`m-K-am-bn-cpp Zkyp-. Ah-cpsS inbpw {]Xm-]hpw AhK-Wn-m Bcy-mv Ign-n. kp`-{Z-amb tIm-Ifpw kpkwkv I r- X - a mb ]- W - fpw Akq- b ml- a mb `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ hpw
Ahp-m-bn-cp-p-shv thZw Xs k-Xn-pp. Bcy-mmIs, AsXmpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\p-m-bn-cp-n.
Fn-cp-mepw bp--fn ASn-Sn ]cm-P-b-amWv Zkyp-v
t\cn-p-sIm-n-cp-Xv. Hcpthf Ahn-S-bn th{X sFIyhpw
tbmPn-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-m-bn-cnmw. Fm thZ-{Z-jvSm--fmb Ejnam B ]cm-P-b-n ImWp ImcWw asm-mWv. kh-i-\mb C{ Xp-cms A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Ignhpw anSppw!
Zkyp- hnhn[ hn`m-K-m-cm-bn-cpp. B hn`m-K--fpsS t]cpI thZ-n FSp-p-]-d-n-pv. inayp-, IoI-X, APm, in{Kp-, bp- Fo hn`m-K- Aq--ns]Spp. Ahv Nne cmPm--mcpw t\Xm--m-cp-ap-m-bn-cpp.
iw_-c, hnv, [p\n, Npapdn, ]n{]v, Ceo-_-k, IrjvW,
ipjv-W Fo cmPm--m kp{]-kn--cm-bn-cpp. iw_-c\v \qdp-W-mb "]pc-' (\K-c-) Dm-bn-cpp. Ah Icn--p-sImmWv \nanncp-sXpw thZw k-Xnp-p:
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
105
""B iw_-cs \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-sf h{PwsImv ]nfn-tbm, B hn-bpsS \qdm-bn-cs hogn-pthm, B C{\v
tkmaw sImp-h-cp-hn!''2
Bcy-m bmK-n X-fpsS tZh-X-In-n-cp Hcp
Xcw hnip--]m-\o-b-amWv tkmaw. C{-tZ-h\v An-m tkmaw
sImp-h-cm {]kvXpX a{-n Ejn Bh-iy-s-Spp. ImcWw,
At-l-ns in aqe-amWv Icn--p-sImv \nan-X-amb ZkyptIm--I XIp-hm Bcy-mp Ign-Xv:
""C{ Icn--Wn-bm-ao-c-Xp ]pc-sf,
lhnp \evInb Znthm-Zm-k-m-bn-sm-Xp-n-\m!''3
Znthm-Zm-k Hcp Bcy-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp. Atlw C{\v lhnv
(bw, AYhm bmKw) \evIn. AXn-\m Znthm-Zm-ks i{Xphmb iw_-c Icn--p-sImv ]Wn-bn \qdp ZpK-sf C{
XIp Xcn--W-amn. CXmWv {]Ir-X-a-{-nse {]tabw.
Icn--p-sImp am{X-a, Ccp-p-sImpw Am-ev tImI \nan-n-cp--Xmbn thZw kqNn-n-p-pv:
""apv Hcp \qdp Ccp-p-tIm--I-fn Rm (hma-tZ-h Ejn)
]mn-cnpp....''4
Zkyp-s-Xnsc Ccpp tIm-I-fm-bn-o-c-W-sap Hcp a{n, An-tZ-h-t\mSv Ejn-am {]mYn-pp:
""Rmmsc cn-m\,{][jn-X-\mw-`-hm ]cw ]c
s]cn-tbm-cn-cn-p ]pcn-bm-IWw!''5
AXn-\m Ccpv thZ-Im-v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp.
hn-smcp in-bm-bn-cpp Zkyp-. ]t, Bcy-m-cp-am-bp
t]mcm---fn Ah-cpsS ] th{X Bbp-[- Dm-bn-cpn-sp tXmpp. ]cn-jvI-cn Ccp-m-bp-[-m-bn-cpp
Am-ev {]m[m\yw. Ccp-n\v kzWs-m-f-[nIw hne-bp
Hcp Imew Ncn-{X-n Ign-p-t]m-bn-pv. Akp-c-m-cpsS hiw
]cn-jvIr-Xm-bp-[--fn-m-bn-cp-p-shv thZ-n \nv a\-n-emIpp:
""C{, `hms Xnf-p hnn-t\bpw acp-Xvkw-L-tbpw h{Ptbpw Bsc-Xnpw? EPo-jn, Bbp-[-an-m, tZh-tZz-jn-I-fmb
Akp-c-msc \nn-cp-hSn N{Iw-sImv Bn-m-bn-mepw!''6
Fm C{s ]-m-Xp-m-bn-cpp. h{Pw, N{Iw apXemb ]cn-jvIrX Ccp-m-bp-[--fmWv Ah-cpsS hi-ap-m-bn-cp-Xv.
""C{s apdpsI-n-Sn h{Pw Ccp-mWv; C{s ssIIv
hf-sc-bpv _ew!.....''7
Akpc t\Xm-
- m-cpsS hn\miw
106
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Akp-c-cm-Pm--m-scbpw Ah-cpsS tk\m-hyq-l--sfbpw \inn IY-I-fm \n`-c-amWv thZ-a-{-. cmPm--m-cpsS Iqn t]cp-tI Hcm-fm-bn-cpp iw_-c. At-l-ns \qdp-]p-c Xcn--W-am-n-b-Xn Ejn-amv C{-t\m-Sp IS-mSv A]mc-am-bn-cpp. B IY EtKz-Z-n ]e-hpcp Bhn-n-cn-pp.
asmcp Akp-c-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp hn AYhm hnkv. \qdmbncw hcp At-l-ns ssk\y-i-nsb C{ XI IY
\mw app kqNn-np. Fm A{X-sbm-p-am-bn-cp-n hn-bpsS
ssk\n- I - _ ew. At- l - ns Ap- e w P\- sf Xn- I-Xmbn asm-cn-Sv thZw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp:
""t]mcm, tXh--gn-I-sf-tmse Xn--Ip, \o
hn[zw-knbmw hn-bp-sS-b-p-ew P\-sf!''8
]nsmcp Akp-c-cm-Pmhv IrjvW-\m-bn-cpp. Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS
Xoc-m-bn-cpp At-l-ns cmP-[m\n. At-ls Xs ]Xn\m-bncw ]S-bm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn C{ Xp-cm \in-n--Xmbn thZw
A`n-am-\n-pp:
""{ZpX-k-m-cn-bmb IrjvW ]Xn-\m-bncw Bfp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn
Awip-aXo Xocp ]mn-cpp. AX-dnp a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb
C{ A- l m- k - a n- S p Ah- sNsn, sIme- ] - S - I sf
sImsm-Spn!''
""Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS Hcp hn]p-e-amb \nKqV ev, BImi-s--t]mse, \nh-kn-p {ZpX-k-m-cn-bmb IrjvWs\ Rm
(C{) Isn......''
""{ZpX- k - mcn Awip- a - X o- k - a o- ] p ann- n- f - n- s mp
tZlw XSn-n-p-t]mp. C{-\m-Is, _rl-kv]-Xn-tbm-sSm-nv,
FXns-nb Akp-c--S-Isf \nl\np!''9
thsdmcp Zmk-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp ipjvW. At-lhpw C{-\m
h[n- - s p. At- l - ns IW- n- m tKmk- v C{
kzkm-aYyw-sImp ]nSn-p-]n.
""AtX, h{Pn, Ahn-Sp h{Pw sImv ipjvWs \nkvXpey- a mb _ew IqkmsX \in- n- p- h tm; Ahn- S v Bbp- [ sImp sImp. C{m, Ahn-Sv _pn-sImp tKmsf
t\Sn!'' 10
]ip- - f m- b n- c pp As k- Z vk- a r- n- m- k v]Zw.
Hcms{X ss]-fptm A{Xbpw [\m-Vy-\mbn Abm KWn-sSpw. AXm-Wn-hnsS tKmsf t\Sn Fp ]d--Xns ]mew. i{Xp-\n-{K-l-s-m a{-{Z-jvSm--fmb Ejn-amp IqSpX {][m\w tKmk-p t\-am-bn-cp-p-shv tXmpw. an-hmdpw
a{--fn [\-Zm-\-n-\p-th-n-bp {]mY\ ImWmw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
107
kwLj ImcWw
thZ- Bcy-msc tZh-m-cmbpw A\m-cy-msc Akp-c-m-cmbp- a mWv k]n- n- c n- p- Xv . AXn- \ m tZhm- k p- c - b p- -
FmWv {]kvXpX kwL--\-sf hnti-jn-n-p-Xv. Fm
Fm-bn-cpp Cu tZh-mkpc kwLj tlXp? Cu {]iv\-n\p Dcw thZw \Ip-pv. AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ImcWw aX]cw Xs. Akp-c-m "iniv\-tZh'm (tZh-hn-tZz-jn-I) Bbncpp. Bcy-m-cpsS C{s\tbm hcp-W-s\tbm atm Akp-c-m
tkhn-n-cp-n. AIan-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. bmKfpw b-fpw \Sn-bn-cp-n. CXm-bn-cpp apJy hntZzj ImcWw.
]t, aX-]-c-amb Cu Imc-W-tm-sSmw thsdbpw Imc-W-fp-m-hWw. Bcy-m ChnsS tImfWn m]n-m-\mWv {iann-cp-Xv. Zkyp-Xp k-X-am-bn-cp-n. IqSmsX Bcy-m
hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cpp; A\m-cy-mtcm, kztZ-in-Ifpw. Bcy-m Hcp
108
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]tXyI PmXn- mcpw hW- m- c p- a m- b n- c pp. Zkyp- Ahcn\nv hyXy-kvXcpw. Cs\ aXw, kwkvImcw, BNmcw, ]mccyw, hWw, ico-cm-IrXn, tZio-bX Fmw sImpw `n hn`mK- - f m- b n- c pp Bcym- \ m- c y- h K- - s fv thZ- n\n- p- X s
sXfnbpw.
hK-hn-`-P-\-n\v B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkv{X--m B[mc-am-p-Xv {][m-\-ambpw cp Imcy--fmWv: 1. ico-cm-IrXn. 2.
`mjm-ssh-PmXyw. icoc e-W--fn sXmen-bpsS \nd-n\pw
aqn-sbpw Xe-bp-sSbpw hep--n\pw Xe-\m-cns BIr-Xn-pamWv IqSp- X {]m[m\yw \In- m- W p- Xv. AXn- \ m
BcyZkyp {]iv\s hK-hn-`-P\ knm---fpsS ASn-m-\n \app ]cn-tim-[nmw.
imco-cnI eWw
Zkyp--fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn\npw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bncpp Bcy-m-cp-tSXv. Bcy-tKm-{X-m s]mXp-hn shfp sXmenbp- - h cpw hep IpSp h- h - c p- a m- b n- c pp. A\m- c y- mtcm,
Idp hW-ap--hcpw. thZ-{Z-jv-Sm--fmb aljn-am-cn Hcp {][m\n-bm-Wv hkn-jvT. Ct-l-ns t]cn \nc-h[n kq--fpv
EtKz-Z-n. kzP-\s Blzm-\w-sN-bvXp-sImv hkn-jvT ]dbp-Xp t\mpI:
""shfp \ndhpw hep IpSp--bp-ap Ia-]q-c-I-m Fs
ktm-jn-n-p-htm; AXn-\m b-n \ns-gp-tv Rm
t\Xm--tfmSv ]d-bpp: hkn-jvT-m F\nv AI-se-tm-IcpXv ! '' 14
bw \S-p-tm Npcp-n-bXv \mep ]ptcm-ln-X-m-scn-ep-ap-m-bn-cnpw. Ahv Xmm- \nh-ln-p IrXy-a\p-k-cnp t]cp-I-fpv. A[zcyp, {_mhv, DZvKm-Xmhv, tlmXmhv!
"EXzn-p-I' FmWv Cu ]ptcm-ln-X-hr-s kmam-t\y\ hnfnpI. hkn-jvTs ta a{-n, Ia-]q-c-I-cmb hkn-jvT-hw-iP-scmw sh-\n-d-mcpw hep IpSp--h--h-cp-am-sWp ]d-Xn \npw Bcy-hK-ns ico-cm-IrXn AXm-bn-cp-p-sh-qlnmw. Zkyp--fn\nv kzw P\s thXn-cnp ImWn-m\m-hWw hkn-jvT As\ hnti-jn-n-Xv.
cm-bncw sIms ]ga \nW-bn--s-Sp Hcp kwkvIrX
IrXn-bmWv "]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw.' AXn ]X-en {_mlvaWsc hWn-Xv Cu hmp-I-fn-emWv: ""Kucw ipNym-Nmcw ]nwKfw
I]ne tIiw ZrjvSzm-[y-h-kyXn {_mlva-tWm-b-aXn!''15
Cu hcn-I-fn\npw {InkvXp-hn-t\m-S-Sp Ime-p {_mlvaW (Bcy-hKw) t]mepw sh-mcpw sN Xe-ap-Sn-bp--h-cp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
109
110
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]n-X
- m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
`mc-Xob Zi-\--sf-n Ah-Km-V-amb ]T\w \S-nb `mcXob alm-]-n-X-\mb tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcym-scpw Zkyp--sfpw ]dphn-cp-Xv c-_--sbpw
]mc--cy-sbpw Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp cp hn`n--hK-m-scp-dn-mWv.'' 18
asmcp ]n- X - \ mb kn.hn. sshZy (C.V. Vaidya) ]d- b pp:
""tPXm--fmbn Cy-bn {]th-in Bcy-m shfp \ndhpw
Db aqp-ap-h-cm-bn-cpp. ChnsS Iogvs-Sp--s Zkyp-fm-Is, sNdnb aqpw Idp \nd-hp-ap--hcpw''.19
h-tm-fns EtKzZ kwln-Xv BapJw Fgp-Xnb ]tc-X\mb {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn- {]kvXm-hn-p-Xp t\mpI: ""Zkyp-fpsS cmPm--m-cn ]e-cp-sSbpw t] EtKz-Z-n-epv. [p\n,
Npacn, ]n{]p, hnkv, iw_-c apX-em-b-h ]cm-{I-an-I-fm-bn-cpp-shv Bcy-mcpw k-Xn-pp. Zkyp-P-\-X-bnse ]e hn`m-K-fn inayp-, IoI-X, in{Kp-, bp- Fn-hmWv
{]m[m\yw. Ah-cpsS aqv ]Xp-n-b-sXpw (A\m-k) \ndw Idp-sXpw hnti-jm ]d-n-p--Xn-\m, Ctm-gs "{Zmhn-UPmXn'bn s]- h - c m- b n- c pp Ah Fq- l nmw. Ah
"A\mcy'amb Hcp `mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-n-cp--Xv. AIan-I-fm-bncpp; bmKm- Z n- I Ign- n- c p- n; C{m- Z n- t Z- h - msc ]qPn- n- c pn....."iniv\-tZhmx' Fv Ahsc A[n-t-]n-n-pv.''20
Hcp ]mm-Xy ]n-X-\mb Atcm-kvanv (Arrow Smith) FgpXpp: ""Zkyp- hy-ambpw ]m-_nse ]qh-\n-hm-kn-I-fm-bncpp... Bcy-m-cpsS B{I-a-W-Im-ev {Zmhn-U-`mj kwkm-cn-p
P\-sf ]m-_n In-cpp F \nK-a-\-n \ap-s-nt- c m- h p- - X mWv . Imgv N - b nepw kwkm- c - nepw Ah Bcy- mcn\npw `n-cm-bn-cpp. Bcy-m-cpsS \ndw shfppw Zkyp--fp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
111
tSXv Idp-p-am-bn-cpp.''21
Zkyp- {Zmhn-Uc
- m-bn-cpp
{Zmhn-U-m-cpsS tI{-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-c-m IW-m-p-Xv
sXs Cy-sb-bmWv. hnti-jnpw Xan-gv\mSv, B{, tIcfw,
ssakq apX-emb {]tZ-i-sf. Fm hSs Cy-bn ]teS--fnepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev {Zmhn-Um ]mp-d-n-n-cp--Xmbn Ncn{X-K-th-j-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. CX-\p-k-cnv thZ-n hWn-s Zkyp-hKw {Zmhn-U-m-cm-bn-cn-p-hm \ymb-apv. {io.
kn.hn. sshZy A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp: ""Zkyp- {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cpp.
Fm EtKz- Z - n B t] FSpp ]d- p- I m- W p- n.
AtXbh-k-c-n Bcy-\m-a-am-Is, \nc-h[n XhW Bhnn-p-p-Xm\pw.''22
asmcp ]n- X Fgp- X pp: ""{Zmhn- U - m Hcp Imev
]m_v, knp, _eq-Nn-m Fo {]tZ-i--fpssS CymcmPyw apgp-h \nh-kn-p-sImv, {Ia-n saskm-s]m-t-an-b-hsc
IpSn-tb-dn-mn-cp--Xmbn ]d-bm-hp--XmWv. _eq-Nn-m-\n-ep
"{_mlzn' P\-hn-`mKw Cpw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-bmWv kwkm-cnp hcp-sX-p hkvXpX Cu ho-W-K-Xn-p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-as{X. knpX-S-hm-kn-I Bcy-m-cm-bn-cp-p-sh knm--n\v A\p-Iq-enI hfsc hnc-f-amWv.''23
Cu iX-I-ns XrXob Zi-I-n knp-\-Zo-X-S--fn \S-s DXvJ-\-\-K-th-j-Ww-hgn Bcy kaq-l-n-t-Xn-s\-m
]pcm-X-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an--Xp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ns Ah-in-jvS Is-p-I-bp-mbn. "knp-X-S-kw-kvImcw' Fs{X Kthj-I-m- AXn\v t]cp sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv. Am-bn-c-n]cw
hj--fpsS ]ga IW-m--s-Sp B kwkvIm-c-ns in]nI `mc-X-nse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp-p-shv ]e
hnZ-Kv[-mcpw A\p-am-\n-pp.
""Am- b ncw hj- p- a pv Cy- b n knp- k w- m- \ n, "em\' Pn-bn \ne-\n-p-h "tamlP-Zmtdm' \Kcnbpw ]m-_n "tamv-tKm-adn' Pn-bn \ne-hn-en-cp "lcm'
\K- c nbpw CXn- \ nsS shfn- p sImp- h - c - s - S p- I - b p- mbn.
AtXmsS Cy kwkvIm-c-smw \nZm\w sshZnI \mK-cnI-X-bm-sW ]gb knmw Akzo-Im-cy-ambn `hnp. {]kvXpX
knp-X-S-\m-K-cn-IX Cu cmPy-n-tXp Xs-bm-bn-cpp. ChnSs asm \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw hfv tlXp-hm-bn-cp-Xv
AXm-sW Imcy-n kwi-b-an. Ah-km\w Cu ssk-h\m-K-cn-IX GXp hK-n-s-Xm-bn-cpp F tNmZyw DZn-pp.
B kwkvIm-c-ns in]n-I {Zmhn-U-m-cm-bn-cpp FmWv
112
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
ss__n-fnse hwi-hn-h-cWw \mw apv kwn-]vX-ambn D-cnn-pv. AXn {]f-b-Im-e-n\p tij-ap a\p-jy-hK--sfmw
{]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-m-cm-sWv Ah-Im-is-Spp. t\mlp aqp ]p{X-m-cm-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv: tiapw lmapw
bms^pw. ss__n Im--fmb blq-Z-m tians ]napd- m- c m- I pp. AXp- s Imv tians km\ ]c- - c - s b- n
ss__n kpZoL-ambn {]kvXm-hnp. lmans ]np-d-m-sc-]nbpw Xmc-X-tay\ \mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. B Xmh-gn-mv
blq-Z-m-cp-ambn ASp k-ap-m-bn-cpp. CuPn-]vXp-Im,
A_v k o- \ nb (FtXym- ] y)m apX- e m- b - h lmans ]nap- d bns-Spp. Fm bms^-ns ]nap-d-m-sc-n ss__n
Imcy-am-sbmpw {]kvXm-hnp ImWp-n. Ah Zzo]p-I-sf-bmWv
A[n-hm-k-Xm-h-f--fmbn kzoI-cn--sX-p-am{Xw ]dp hnp-I-fn-cn-p-I-bmWv. CXns AYw PqX-mv bms^-ns ]npd-bpambn k-sam-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n Ft{X.
Cy ]gb Imew apX Hcp-]-Zzo]v F t]cn {]kn--am-bn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
113
cpp. Atm bms^-vXm-h-gn-m Cy-bn hv A[n-hm-kap-d-n-sp hnNm-cn-p--Xn sXsm-p-an. t\ml-bpsS aX-{]t_m-[\w kpta-cn-b-m-tcm-Sm-bn-cpp. Pe-{]-f-b-n\nv c-stS--Xn-\mbn Atlw \nan s]-I-n-t-sXv Duln-s--Sp
Ah-injvSw Acm-dmv ]h-X-n Is-n-b-Xmbn \mw apv
kqNn-n-n-pv. kpta-cn-b-msc eyw hp-sIm-mWv t\mlm{]- h m- N - I {]t_m- [ - \ - k w- c w`w \S- n- b n- c p- - s X B[p- \ nI
apkv e nw Kth- j - I - m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mWv
{]kvXpX Ip-]n-Snw. bq{^-okv \Zn-bp-sSbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbp-sSbpw CS-mWv kpta-cn-b hkn-n-cp--sXv AhnsS \S-s DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-n-pv. AXn-\m t\mlbpw
IpSpw-_hpw hwi-]-c-ambn kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp-p-shp Xocp-am-\nmw.
Cy-bnepw Hcp {]f-b-IY {]N-cn-n-pv. Cy {]f-b-I-Ym\m-b-I a\p-hs{X. a\p {Zmhn-U-m-cpsS Cuiz-c As-n
\mY Bbn-cpp. "kXy-{h-X' F-t]-cn Adn-b-s Atls alm-`m-cXw "{Zmhn-tU-izcx' Fv hnti-jn-n-n-cpp:
""tbmku kXy-{h-tXm-\ma cmPjn "{Zhn-tU-izcx'
m\w tbmXo-X Iev]mt tet` ]pcp-j-tk-hbm!''27
a\p {Zmhn-U-m-cpsS t\Xmhpw A[n-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n
{]f-b-IY Cy-bn {]N-cn-n-Xv {Zmhn-U-cm-sWv A\p-am-\nmw.
]t, Cy kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-n-emWv B IY
ChnsS {]N-cn-n--s-Xv. Cy {]fb IY-b-\p-k-cnv a\p-hns
I sh-sm--n\p tijw Dd-Xv lnam-eb ]h-X-n-emWv;
Acm-dmv ]h-X-n-e. Fn-cp-mepw IYm-_o-P-n ]d-b hyXymkw ImWm-\n. ]ns-bp-Xv a\phpw \qlpw Xnep _-sav Fp--XmWv. \qlv F t]cn-t\mSp alm
FY-ap "a' tNm "am\qlv' Fmhpw; am_-en-t]mse.
As\ am\qlv tem]nv "a\p'hmbn Fq-ln-p-hm \ymb-apv.
CtX {]Imcw bm^nYpw {ZmhnUpw Xnepw Dm-cW kmZr-iy-apv.
^, h, X, Y, Z, U Fo hW- `mj-I-fn At\ym\yw amdnbp--cn--s-SpI kh km[m-c-W-amWv. kwkvIr-X-nse "thZx'
Ad-_n-Iv "^oZm'bmWv . tIc-f-nse ImktKmUv Ad_n
{K--fn "ImPn-dq-m'Wv. ]pWy \ma- "Xncp' F hntijW klnXw D-cn-pI appImew apX XpSphcp Hcp
k{-Zm-b-at{X. Xncp-hns\ "Xr' Fpw "{io' Fpw amdn-bp--cnpw
ImWmw. BI-bm "bm^nYv' F kpta-cn-b ]Z-tmSv _lpam\ kqN-I-amb Xncp-tNp-m-b-Xm-hWw "{ZmhnUw' Fp IcpXp-hm hI-bpv. Xncp-bm-^nYv Ah-km\w {Zmhn-U-am-bn-oXmhmw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
114
Ipdn-p-I
1. EtKzZw aew 3, kqw 34, Ev 9
2. Ibid, aew 2, kqw 14, Ev 6
3. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 30, Ev 20
4. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 27, Ev 1
5. Ibid, aew 7, kqw 15, Ev 14
6. Ibid, aew 8, kqw 96, Ev 9
7. Ibid, aew 8, kqw 96, Ev 3
8. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 30, Ev 15
9. Ibid, aew 8, kqw 96, Ev 13-15
10. Ibid, aew 8, kqw 96, Ev 17
11. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 30, Ev 13
12. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 16, Ev 13
13. Ibid, aew 4, kqw 16, Ev 13
14. Ibid, aew 7, kqw 33, Ev 1
15. ]mWn-\o-b-a-lm-`mjyw: 2, 2, 6
16. EtKzZw aew 1, kqw 130, Ev 8
17. Ibid, aew 5, kqw 29, Ev 10
18 Indian Phylosophy Vol. I, P. 112
19. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic period-by C.V.
University, Poona.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
115
A[ymbw ]v
knp-X-Shpw saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpw
knp-Xm-gvh-c-bn kwkvIm-c-ku-[w ]Sp-p-bnb P\-fpw
saskm-s]m-t-an-bm-bnse kpta-cn-b-mcpw Xn ASp _-apm-bn-cp--Xmbn Kth-jI ]WvUn-X-m kaYn-n-pv. tIhew
hym]m-c-_w am{X-am-bn-cp-n AXv; AXn Ihnv kmwkvImcn-Ihpw [man-Ihpw hK-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-amb _w IqSn Ahp
Xn-ep-m-bn-cpp. an. tKmU ssNUv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mpI:
""knp- X - S - nse Cu P\- v Am- e s kpta- c n- b
]cnjvIm-c-hp-ambn ]e k--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Am-U-\n
Hcn-y tImf\n I-h-S-m-cp-tS-Xm-IWw Dm-bn-cp--Xn\v IqSn
sXfnhp-I-fpv. knp-\-K-c--fnse Nne hyh-km-tbm--
ssS{Kokv bq{^- okv \Zn- I - t fmSv _- s v InS- p Itmffn sNsn. ]Icw GXm\pw kpta-cn-b Iem-hn-cp-Xp-I,
Hcp \mf-ap{Z Fnh knp-tZiw ]In-sb-Spp. Akw-kvIrX-]-ZmY--fnepw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp--fnepw am{X-a I-hSw \Sn-bn-cp-Xv; Ad-_n--So-c--fn \nv ]Xn-hmbn Cd-p-aXn
sN- s ph ayw tamlP- Z m- t dm- h nse `y- h n- ` - h - sf
t]mjn-np.''1
`mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp kmwIr-Xy-mb ]d-bpp:
""sa-skm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse ]pcm-X-\-]-cn-jvIr-X-P-\-X-sb-tmse, kma-hy-h-m-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-amWv knp-Xm-gvh-c-bn-epm-bn-cp-Xv. Irjn, inev]-the, hmWnPyw Fn-h-bn \n]p-Wm-cm-bn-cpp Ah. Xm{a-bpKw ! Cu Ime--fn Pohn-n-cp-n-pt]mepw, Ah hfsc ]ptcm-KXn {]]np. kmwtKm-]mw-K-amb Hcp
[ahpw Hcp Nn{X-en-]nbpw Ahp-m-bn-cpp. Nn{X-en-]n-_-amb \mW-b-fpw av hkvXp-fpw e`n-n-ps--nepw CXphsc
Ah hmbn-p-hm Ign-n-n. Fnepw av ]co--W-sImv
Adn-bm km[n-n-p-Xv knp-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akpc ImUnb
(Assyrian- Chaldean) \mK-cn-I-Xz-ns ka-Im-enIw am{X-a, `Kn-\nbp-am-bn-cpp FmWv. cn-tebpw [manI `mh-\-Iv hfsc
ASp--ap-m-bn-cpp.''2
knp-\-Zo-X-S-n Ao-cn-bbnse (saskm-s]m-t-anb) Hcp
]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw IpSn-tb-dn-mn-cp-p-sh-vIqSn kmwIr-Xymb\v A`n-{]m-b-apv: ""{K-Im-hns "a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw' F
]pkvX-I-n, Bcy-m Cy-bn hcp--Xn\v apv knp Xmgvhc-bn Ao-cn-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw hkn-n-cp-p-shpw,
116
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ah-cpsS kap-Zmbw A^vKm-\n-m-\n IS-m XpS-nb {]mNo\mcy kap-Zm-bs At]-np IqSp-X kap--Xm-h {]m]nn-cp-p-shpw {]kvXm-hn-n-pv.''3
BI-bm knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ns cay-layw sIn-Sp--hcpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn \K-c-cm-jv{S- m]n--hcpw
Htc hn`m-K-ns--h-cm-bn-cpp Fv hnNm-cn-p-hm \ymb-apv.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-hn \nv sImp-t]mb ap{Z-I-fn NneXv, _mKvZmZn\v hSv Ingp AXv \mgnI AI-se-bp "sS-B-kvam'
Fn- S - v \ nv J\- \ - n Inp- I - b p- mbn. Ch- t bm- s Sm- np
e`n ap- km-[-\--fpsS Imew CXc ey--fn \nv \nWbn-p-hm km[n-XpsImmWv, knp-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ns Imew
_n. kn. 2500 BsWv k tPm amj A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv.
BI-bm Cybpw B {]tZ-i-fpw Xn Am-e-p-m-bncp _-n\v Hcp-a sXfn-hmWv {]kv-XpX ap{Z-I.
saskm-s]m-t-anb
Gjym hI- c - b psS a[y- ] - S n- mdp `mKv "Bao- \ nb'
Fsmcp ]h-X-apv. CXns sXt Ncn-hn \npw bq{^-okv,
ssS{Kokv Fo cp \Zn-I ]pd-s-Spp. Ah hyXy-kvX-fmb cp amK--fn-eqsS HgpIn, "j Bc_v' (ip Ad_v)
Fn-Sv kn-p-Ibpw As\ t]jy D-S-en sNv
tNcp-Ibpw sNp-p. {]kvXpX cv \Zn-In-S-bn-ep en\v ]nevm-ev {Kop-Im "saskm-s]m-t-anb' Fv t]cnp.
(saskm CS-p-Xv ; s]mt-anb \Zn-I-fpsS). CtX `qhn`m-K-n\v
ln{_p `mj-bn "\lvdmbow' FmWv ]d-n-cp-Xv. "\Zn-I'
FmWv AXns AYw. Ad-_n-I AXns\ "amss_-\--lvssd' (\Zn-In-S-bn-ep-Xv) Fpw "CdmJv' Fp-amWv hnfn-ncp-Xv. CdmJv F t] Cpw \ne-\npp. Fm kpta-cnb `mj-bn B `q`m-K-n\v "kp_' Fm-bn-cpp t]. kp_
]noSv hS- kndn-b-p-]-tbm-Kn-p-hp. B i_vZw tem]np
Ah-km\w "kpcnb', "kzcm', "kndnb' Fsm-s-bmbn amdn.
saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bpsS hS-p-`mKw Db ae-\m-SmWv. Fm
sXp-`mKw Xmgv NXp-p-\n-e--fs{X. Cu `mK-n\v ]pcm-X-\Im-ev "_mt_' Fm-bn-cpp t]. "_m_v' Fm ]Sn-hmXn Fpw "G' Fm "ssZhw' Fp-amWv ln{_p-hn AYw.
ssZh-ns ]Sn-hm-Xn F AY-n-em-hWw B t] AXn\p
e`n- Xv . "aZqIv ' F tZhs \K- c - a m- b n- c pp Am- e v
_mt_. {Kop Ncn-{X-Im-c-m _mt_-ens\ "_m_n-tem-Wnb'
Fv hnfnp.
Adn-b-s kwkvIm-c--fn Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-am-bn-p-Xv Cu
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
117
kpta-cn-b kwkvImcw
Xhn-p-\n-d-tmSpw aptm-p-n-\np aqtmSpw IqSnb Hcp
P\-X-bm-bn-cpp kpta-cn-b-m. Ah HcpXcw en]n D]-tbm-Kn-ncpp. ]cn-jvIm-c-ns Hm-as Nhn-p-]-Sn-bm-Wtm Fgppw
hmb- \ bpw. kpta- c n- b A- c - a me B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- K - t h- j - I mv hmbn-m Ignp. kpta-cnb t{_mkns D]-tbmKw
Ip- ] n- S n- n- c pp. shbn- e n DW- nb Cjv S n- I - s Imv Ah
t{X-tKm-]p-c- \nanp. Fgp-Xp-hm D]-tbm-Kn-Xv Ifn-a-psIm-p-m-nb ^e-I--fm-bn-cpp. Ip-Im-en-I, sN-cn-bmSp-I, tImem-Sp-I, Igp-X-I apX-emb arK-sf Ah hfnbn-cpp. Fm IpXn-csb Ah t]mn-bn-cp-n-s-mWv Fv.
Pn. shns A`n-{]mbw. tcmaw sImp-m-nb hkv{X--fmWv
kpta-cn-b-m [cn-n-cp-Xv. Xe sam-b-Snv XmSn hfp-I-bm-bncpp kpta-cn-b ]pcp-j-m-cpsS k{-Zmbw.
kpta-cn-b-mv ]e \K-c--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ah Hmtcmpw
kzX-{-am-bn-cpp Xm\pw. Hmtcm \K-c-n\pw AXn-t-Xmb ssZhfpw ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cp-ap-m-bn-cpp. cmjv{Sw ssZh-n-t-XmsW-m-bn-cpp kev]w. `qan Hp apmepw tZh-kz-am-bn-cpp.
ssZh-kz-p--fpsS ]cn-Nm-c-Itcm ]m-mtcm tkh-Itcm Bbncpp Ahn-Ss P\X.
tZh-kz-p--fpsS {]Xy- -`-cWIm- ]ptcm-ln-X-m-
118
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
saskm-s]m-t-an-b Ncn-{X-n-m-[mcw
{In. ap. 669-626 Ao-cnb `cn Ajq_m-\n-]m cmPmhns cmP-[m\n nXn-sN-bvXn-cp ew J\\w sNbvX-tm
ap-Xn-\m-bn-c-tmfw inem-en-Jn-X- Ip-Inn. Ifn-a-p-sImp- m- nb B ^e- I - - f n FgpXnh Imcy- Kth- j Iamv hmbnp a\-n-em-p-hm km[np. saskm-s]m-t-an-bm-cpsS Ncn-{X-sbpw kmln-Xy-sbpw Ipdn-p- Cs Adnhns {][m\ Dd-hnSw AXs{X. Ajq_m-\n-]m-ens Ime-p-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
119
kw`-h am{X-a AXn Dt-J\w sNbvXn-cp-Xv; At-lns B-{]-Imcw Fgp-p-Im AXn-\p-ap-p tcJ-I-fpsS
]Ip-Ifpw Xm-dm-n-h-n-cpp. AXn-\m B {]tZ-i--sf--nbp- kpZoL-amb Ncn{Xw Kth-j-I-mv ssI-m Ignp.
kpta-cn-b kwkvIm-c-n\v ]g-w-sN Imev, AXm-bXv,
{In. ap. 2300\Spv Ahn-Ss ]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw
cmPy-ns ]pcm-X-\-N-cn-{Xs--n Hcp At\z-jWw \S-n-bncpp. AhnsS `cWw \S-n-bn-cp cmPm--m-cpsS Hcp ]nI
As\ e`n-n-pv. Fm Cu ]nI AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-p-hm
Xc-an-s-mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. B ]nI
{]Imcw Pe-{]-f-b-n\v app- cmPm--m-cpsS hmgvN-mew
4,32,000 sIm-am-sWv IW-m--s-n-cn-pp. Ccw IW-pI shdpw km-ev]n-I-am-hmt\ Xc-ap-q. AXn-\m {]kvXpX
IWv Cs Ncn{X hnZymYn-Iv kzoIm-cy-a. ]Icw Ncn{Xm-h-in-jvS--fn\nv Inp hkvXpX-I-fmWv kpta-cn-b Ncn{X-n-\m-[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn--s-n-cn-p-Xv. Fm Cs\ IqSpX hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb IW-p-I hp-t\m-p-tmXs kptacn-b kwkvIm-c-n\v hfsc ]gw ImWmw. ]n-ta-jy-bnse
Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvImcw kpta-cn-b kwkvImcw Xsbm-bn-cpp. {In. ap. 5262- \nq-dnepw {In. ap. 4500- Injnepw
{In.ap. 3500- Dudnepw cmP-hmgvN \S-n-cp--Xmbn sXfn-n-psv saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb {io. IrjvWssN-X\y tcJ-s-Sp-pp.8
Ajq_m-\n-]m tiJ-cn-p-h enJn-X--fn ]e hnj-b-sfbpw kv ] in- p tcJ- I - f p- m- b n- c pp. KWnXw, Xzimkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, tPymXnjw, a{-hmZw, AY-imkv{Xw, \ncpw
(\nLp), kvtXm{X-am-e-I, ]mp-I, Imhy-, CXn-lm-k-
As\ ]eXpw. Aq- - n "KnK- t ajv NcnXw' Fsmcp
Imhyw {]m[m-\y-aln-pp. CXn\v H-ne-[nIw ]mTm--c--fpm-bn-cpp. CXns Imew Kth-j-I-m \nW-bn-n-pv. {io.
IrjvW-ssN-X\y ]d-bpp: ""Cu Imhy-n\v GXmv {In. ap.
3000 sIms ]g--apv. CsXmcp ]qW-amb ]ucm-WnI IYbmWv.''9 t\ml-bpsS {]f-b-IY CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p--Xn-\m
B IY Am-epw kpta-cn-b-m-cpsS kvarXn-]-Y-n amsX,
ambmsX \ne-\n-n-cp-p-shv Icp-Xm-hp--XmWv. temI-N-cn-{X-Imcam Fgp-Xpp: ""B Imhy-n \nmWv t\ml-bpsS IY
FSp-n-cn-p--sXp Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-bpp. GXm-bmepw
ss__n-fnse t\ml-bpsS Ncn{Xw CXn ]d-bp IY-bpsS Hcp
t\-Ip-t]mse tXmpw.''10
120
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
121
aX-hn-izmkw
{InkvXp-hn\v HXv \qmv apv saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse ]ptcmln-X-m Ah-cpsS tZh-K-W-ns Hcp ]nI Xm-dmn. AXn
65,000 tZh-X-I-sf-n ]d-bp-pv. ssl-h-]p-cm-W- ap-nap-tmSn tZham-sc-n ]d-bp nXnv CXn AZv`p-X-s-Sms\m-p-an. Fm BZn-bn C{X-b-[nIw ssZh--sfmpw kptacn-bmn-m-bn-cpp. Ncn{Xw \mep P\-hn-`m-K-sf Hn-n-tm Hmtcm hn`m-K-n-sbpw ssZh- Iqp-tNv s]cp-In-bXm-h-W-sav A\p-am-\n--s-Spp. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-ns kqN\bpw kpta-cn-b kwkvIm-c-ns ASn--n HfnpInS-p-Xmbn \mw ImWpp. kpta-cn-b-cpsS ssZh-ns t] "Fen'
Fm-bn-cpp. Fen-en-s\-bmWv BZn-bn Ah Bcm-[n-n-cp-Xv.
{io. IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xpp: ""Cu {]tZ-iv BZy-ambn Bcm[n--sp XpS-nb tZh "Fen' BsWv tXm-pp. Fsm Atlw kpta-cn-b-m-cpsS ssZhambn-cpp.''14
CXpt]mse _m_n- t em- W n- b - m- c psS tZh- \ m- b n- c p
"aZqn's\w-_-n hn`m-h-\-bnepw GI-Xz-ns k]w
ImWmw. aZq-mWv Ah-cpsS hnizmkn krjvSnImhv. aZqns Bcm-[-\-bmWv a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS eyw. {io. sI.hn.
tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms `mj-bn, ""_m_n-temIm-cpsS ssZh-amb aZqn\v {]m[m\yw Inn. Ah-km\w krjvSn-Im-hp-ambn. Cs\
\m\m-Xz-n\nv GI-Xz-n-te-p A[ym--Nn--bpsS km[mcW Ncn-{X-KXn ChnsS ImWpp.''15
Cu hymJym\w \apv kzoI-cn-psImW-sa-n. \psS
A`n-{]m-b-n \m\mXzn\n-v -G-I-Xz-n-te--, G-I-Xzn \nv \m-\m-Xz-n-te-mWv ssZh-k-]-N-cn-{X-ns KXn.
]t, GIXz hn`m-h\ saskm-s]m-t-an-b kwkvIm-c-nepw
ew ]nSn- n- p- m- b n- c p- p- s h kwKXn C- c p- W - n
{]tXyIw {it-b-as{X.
ss__n-fnse a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS IYbpw saskm-s]m-t-an-bm-cpsS krjvSn-I-Ybpw Xn hfsc ASp--apv: IrjvW-ssNX\y ]d- b pp: ""a\p- j y- k r- j v S n- b psS saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b
hymJym\w ss__n-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se--s-bmWv. aZqv kzbw apdns-Sp-p-Ibpw AXn \nsm-gp-Inb c-n ap-Ip-gp a\p-
122
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
123
124
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
125
126
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
lp-dm-_nbpw A{am-s^epw
PqX-mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse {]hm-NI-s\p hniz-kn-p A{_-lman (C_v-dmlow \_n)s P-tZiw
_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bm-bn-cpp Fv ss__n-fn\nv hy-amhpw.
_m_n- t em- W nbm cmjv { Ss "io\m' FmWv DXv ] - n- ] pkvXIw31 hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv. A{_-lm-ans Imev io\m `cn-ncp cmPm- h ns t] "A{am- s ^' Fm- b n- c pp. 32 Fm
Ad_n {K- "\nwdqZv' FmWv As cmPm-hns\ hnfnp-Xv. \nwdqZv FXv Am-ev _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn-n-cp
cmPm--m-cpsS m\-t-cm-hWw; "^n-Hu' (^tdmh), \min
(t\Kkv), "ssJk' (kok), "Inkvdm' Fo t]cp-It]mse
Xs. AXn-\m \nwdqZv ]c--c-bnse Hcp N{I-hn-bmhmw A{ams^.
{]kvXpX A{am-s^ BhWw, inem-en-Jn-X--fn Isnb lp-dm_n Fv Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-cn Nne-`n-{]m-b-apv.
lA, _ ^ Fo hW- skan-nv `mj-I-fn At\ym\yw
amdn hcnI km[m-c-W-at{X. As\ lp-dm_n F _m_n-temWn- b kw ln{_p- ` m- j - b n ISph- t m "Aap- d m^n'
Bbn. "F' ln{_p-hn ssZh-ns t]cmWv. Fen-t\mSv tNv
[mcmfw t]cp-I ln{_p-hn ImWmw. iap-th, bl-kvtI,
bn{km-tb Fnh DZm-l-cWw. Aap-dm-^n-tbmSv ln{_p-ssi-en-b\p-k-cnv F tNv Ah-km\w A{am-s^ Bbn-o-Xm-hmsa-mWv knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn-bpsS \nK-a\w. Atlw Cu
\nK-a-\s \ymbo-I-cn-psImv {]kvXm-hn-pp: ""A{am-s^epw
lp-dm-_nbpw Htc BfmWv F \nK-a-\-n\v henb Hcp sXfnhv
Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw GXmv Hm-bXp IqSn-bmWv.''33
]mm-Xy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb B.Uyp. cmKkn\pw GXmv
CtX A`n-{]m-b-am-Wp--sXv \Zvhn kqNn-n-n-pv.34
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
127
Ipdn-p-I
1. hmv lmUv C lndn t]Pv 112
2. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 542, 543
3. Ibid P. 540-541
4. tem-I-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68
5. Ibid P. 68
6. DcWw: saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 10
7. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 72
8. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 14
9. Ibid P. 67
10. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 82
11. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw t]Pv 49
12. DXv]n 7-mw A[ymbw t\mpI.
13. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 13
14. Ibid P. 26
15. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 86
16. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48
17. DXv]n 1: 27, 2: 7
18. Jp-B 32: 7,9
19. Ibid A[ymbw 51, kqw 56 t\mpI.
20. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48.
21. Ibid P. 32
22. Ibid P. 29
23. Ibid P. 40
24. Ibid P. 37, 38
25. Ibid P. 86
26. D-cWw: Ibid P. 87
27. D-cWw: Ibid P. 87, 88
128
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
A[ymbw ]Xn-s\mv
aX-]-c-amb ASpw
sh-e-bp-K-n-emWv knp-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw Xgp hf-sXv
DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-pp. Fm AXns Bcw`w
AXn\pw F{X-tbm \qm-p-Iv ap]m-bn-cn-Ww. Fs-m
]qW hf ssIh Hcp kwkvIm-c-am-bn-mWv knp-\m-K-cnIXzw \psS Adn-hn hcp-Xv. Hcp \mK-cn-IX B Zi-bn-se-W-sa-n ]e hfm-L---sfbpw ]nn-SmsX h. ]WvUnv
s\lvdp-hns A\p-am-\-n Atm Btdm kl-{km-_vZ-
]g--apv knp-XS kwkvIm-c-n\v.1
GXmv AtX Ime-m-hWw saskm-s]m-t-an-b kwkvImchpw Xgp hfXv. knp-X-S-hm-kn-Iv saskm-s]m-t-an-bm-cp-ambn ASp k-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-Im- c psS A`n- { ]mbw \mw Ip. ssk- h - m kaY- c mb
ISbm{X-mcpw I-h-S-m-cp-am-bn-cpp. J\-\-n e`n ap{ZI-fn ImWp I Nn{X-fpw, hnhn[ Xc-n-ep Af-hp-Ifp-sSbpw Xq--fp-sSbpw Nn-fpw AXmWv kqNn-n-p-Xv.
IqSmsX saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb eKm-jn-\Sp-p-\nv Hcp XpWn-s-ns Acn-In Hcp Cy ap{Z IpIn-n-bXv hy-am-p-Xpw AXmWv.
]cpn \qem-p-hm\pw \qep-sImv hkv{X-s\-p-hm\pw
knp-X-S-hm-kn-I ]Tn-n-cpp. J\-\-n Is-Sp XpWnjWw AXv sXfn-bnp. NpIv Nmbw sImSpv tamSn-]n-Sn-n
B XpWn s\bvp-hy-h-km-b-n Ahp-m-bn-cp ]ptcmKXn ImWn-pp. {Kop-`m-j-bn ]cp-n-p-]-tbm-Kn-p t]
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
129
130
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
131
132
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
sskh kwkvIm-c
- nse aXw
ChnsS Hcp {]iv\-n\v BZyta Dcw ImtW--Xpv: t\ml
Hcp _lp-ssZ-hXz {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp-n. adnp GI-ssZ-h-Xzs
{]N-cn-n-t--Xn\pw AXns ASn-m-\-n Hcp [manI hyh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
133
tZh-]qP
t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-t_m-[-\-s-n Jp-B ]te-S--fnepw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. AXns Npcppw CXmWv: t\ml-bpsS P\X
hn{K-l-sf {]Xn-jvTnp ]qPn-n-cpp. hv, kphm-Av, bKqYv, bDuJv,
\kvdv Fo t]cp-I-fn-emWv Ah-cpsS tZh-m Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv.
B P\-Xsb hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn \nv hnc-an-nv, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-
134
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
135
136
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
137
tZ-h-\mb Ajq kI-e-tZ-h-m-cp-sSbpw ]nXmhpw cmPmhpw a\p-jyhw-i-ns krjvSn-Imhpw hn[n-Imhpw kzK-ns A[n]-Xnbpw tZh-tk-\m-]-Xnbpw Fm-am-bn-cpp... {]mNo\ Ao-cn-bbpsS Xe-m-\-ns t] Ajq Fm-bn-cpp.... Ajq _m\n]m F t]cns hnhn[ cq]m--c- ]e Ako-cn-b cmPm-m-cp-sSbpw \ma-am-bn-cpp.''30
Ajq F \ma-n\v ]e cq]m--c-fpw kw`-hnp. As\
Nnte- S v "Bk- c - a m- k kv ' Fpw, Nnte- S v "Alp- c - a - k v Z '
Fpw, Nnte-Sv "Atic' Fpw Bbn. {io. hn.hn.sI. hmev
Fgp-Xpp: ""Ajq _m\n-]m-ens {K-ti-J-c-n\nv Aocn-b-bn Bcm-[n--s-n-cp tZh-m-cpsS \o ]nI Ip-In-pI-bp-mbn. Hcp tZhs t] "Bk-c-am-kkv' Fm-Wv..... CXv
"Ahkv X m'bn (CdmIm- c psS aX- { K- w) "Alp- c - a - k v Z \m'bn.
A-c kwkvIr-X-nse "Akp-c' Xs.''31
Cs\ cq]m- - c - s - p- s Im- n- c p B \maw Nnte- S v
"\kvtdmv' Fpw ap Nnte-Sv "\kvdv' Fpambn-amdn. auem\m
knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn Xs AZp Jp-B-\n D-cn-pp:
""_m_n-tem-Wn-b-m-cpsS tZh-m-cpsS Iq-n Hcp tZhs t]
"\t{kmv' Fm-bn-cpp. At-l-ns Hcp _nw_w J\-\-n
Ip-In-n-bn-pv.''32
BI-bm Ao-cn-b-m-cpsS Ajqdpw, Ajq _m\n-]m-ens
{K-ti-J-c-n I Bk-c-am-kkpw, ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fpsS
Ah-kvX-bn ImWp Alp-c-a-kvZ\pw, _m_n-tem-Wn-b tZh\m-bn-cp \t{kmpw, ss__n-fn ]d Ati-cbpw,33 Cym-cpsS Akp-c\pw Hp Xs-bm-bn-cpp. AXp-X-s-bm-hWw Ad_n-I-fpsS \kvdpw. Cy-mv "tbmKn' Fpw "b' Fpw
t]cmb Nne tZh-m-cp-m-bn-cpp. B \ma--fpsS Ad-_n-cq-]amhmw, bY-m{Iaw "bDuJpw' "bKqYpw.'
saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn am{X-a, ]n-ta-jy \mSp-I-fn apgph\pw Bcm-[n--s-n-cp Hcp tZh-\mWv _m. ^e-kvXo-\nepw
Abcm-Py--fn-ep-samw _m ]qP {]N-cn-n-cp--Xmbn ss__nfn\npw a\-n-em-Ip-p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-n ASn-bp-d-p-\n-ncp C{km-tb kap-Zmbhpw _mem-c-m[-\-bn \nsm-gn-hm-bn-cpn. ss__n ]d-bpp: ""bn{km-tb ino-an ]mp-tm
P\w tamthm_ym kv{XoI-fp-ambn ]c-kwKw XpSn... bn{km-tb
"_m]-tbmcn't\mSp tNp. btlm-h-bpsS tIm]w bn{k-tb-ens
t\sc Pzenp.''34
blq-Z-m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-n-tepw _mem-cm-[-\bpw _m {]XnjvT-Ifpw kw{I-anp. Ah-km\w tbmin-bmhv F PqX-cm-Pm-hmWv
138
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
139
Ipdn-p-I
1. Cysb Is- t]Pv 91 t\mpI.
2. D-cWw: Ibid P. 90
3. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 452, 453
4. Ibid P. 540
5. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 14
6. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68, 69
7. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 66
8. iXm-_vZ--p-dv \np i_vZ- t]Pv 86, 87 t\mpI.
9. Ien-bpKw by t]mn-c dm^n, t]Pv 185
10. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 134,135 t\mpI.
11. Ien-bpKw t]Pv 184
12. apdq-Pp--l_v hmfyw 2, t]Pv 145
13. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 132
140
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
A[ymbw ]{v
kmwkvIm-cn-ssIIyw
kpta-cn-bcpw
ssk-hcpw Xn-ep aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpamb sFIyw kpXcmw {]I-S-amWv. kpta-cn-b Bcm-[n-n-cp tZh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
141
X-Isf `mc-Xo-bcpw Bcm-[n-n-cp-p-shv \mw kaYnp. aX-]-camb ASp--n-\p hy-amb ZrjvSm--amWXv. C\n \apv
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-s-p-dnp Nnnmw.
ih-kw-kI
v m-c{- Iaw
Hcp kap-Zm-b-ns ih-kw-kvImc coXnv ]pcm-hkvXp Kthj-I-m h]n {]m[m\yw I]n-p-pv. B kap-Zm-b-ns
ac-Wm\--c-Po-hn-X-`m-h-\-I {]kvXpX coXn-bn \nv Gd-ptd
a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-bp-sa--XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. DZm-l-c-Wambn, ]pcm-X\ {Kop-Im arXicocw ASwsNp ka-bv
Hcp \mWbw shpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw,
ac-Wm-\cw Hcp \Zn (Styx) IS-t--Xpv. B \Zn IS-n-hnSp "jtdm' F tXmWn-m-c\v sImSp-m-\p Iqen-bm-bn-cpp
{]kvXpX \mWbw. Cy-m-cnepw Cm-Xncn Hcp hnizm-k-apv.
ba-tem-I-n\v (]c-tem-I-n\v) Nppw Hcp alm \Zn-bps-pw
AXns t] "sshX- c Wn' Fm- s Wpw Ah [cn- pp.
apkvenw-I Xm-\v Hcp ]me-s-bmWv k]n-p-Xv.
kzK-ns Npp-ap B ]me-n\v "kndmv' Fv Ah ]dbpp.
CXp-t]mse ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-ampw ac-Wm\-c Pohn-Xnepw AXnse Nne cwK--fnepw ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-m-bn-cpp.
kpta-cn-b-m-cp-sSbpw ssk-h-m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn anhmdpw Hmbn Im-Wp--Xn-\m Ccph-cp-sSbpw ac-Wm-\-c PohnX- k - ]- GXm- v Htc- X - c - n- e m- b n- c p- p- s hv A\p- a m\nmw. Cs PmXn- l n- p- ihw Zln- n- p- I - b m- W tm
]Xnhv. Fm knp-X-S-hm-kn-I B k{-Zm-b-n\v hn]-co-Xambn, ss{Ikv X - h - s c- t mse ihw s]n- b n ASw sNbv X v
IpgnpaqSp-am-bn-cpp. ]pcm-X\ Cdm-Jp-Imcpw CtX k{-Zm-b-amWv
kzoI-cn-n-cn-p--sXv B[p-\nI J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-n-pv.
tUm. F. A- Fgp-Xpp:""ih-p-gn-I-fn-sem-n ihw ]mbbn s]mXnv, acwsImp-m-nb s]n-bn-em-n-bmWv Ipgn-nn-cp-Xv. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw Cs\ s]n-bn-emWv ihw shn-cpXv.'' 1
saskm-s]m-t-an-bbn ih-i-co-c-tm-sSm-nv B`-c-W-,
Bbp-[-, ]m{X- apX-em-bh Ipgn-n-Sp k{-Zmbw \ne-\nn-cpp. {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-t\m Fgp-Xpp: ""1922 entbm\mUvhqfn ]pcm-X-\-bq (_m_n-tem-Wnb) \K-c-n-\-Spv Hcp
ih-Ip-Socw Xpd--tm Fs-m-amWv AXn-\-Iv IXv! AXyZv`p-X-I-c-ambn ]Wn-Xon-p apSn-bm-`-c-W-, IWm-`-c-W, ame-I, hf-I, tamXn-c-, \nc-h[n kphW ]m{X-,
142
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
143
hkv{Xm-e
- mc coXn
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-ns asmcp e-W-amWv hkv{Xm-em-c-co-Xn-bn-ep kmayw. kpta-cn-bcpw knp-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw mh
AS-bm-f-ap hkv{X- [cn-n-cp--Xmbn DXvJ-\-\-K-th-jWw
sXfn-bn-pp. knp-X-S-n \nv e`n Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-sbn tUm. F.A- tcJ-s-Sp-pp: ""Ggw-Kpew Db-c-n,
amhp-I-n sImn-bp-m-n-bn-p Hcp XmSn-m-cs s\n\p
tase- b p `mKw Nn{Xo- I - c n- p Hcp _nw_w ]e Imc- W sImpw hfsc {][m-\-am-sbmcp inev]-amWv. XmSn shdpw hcI am{X-amWv. taaoi ]s- h-Snp If-n-cn-pp. Xe-apSn
hmp, Hcp \mS-sImv HXp-n-sh-n-cn-pp. Ip-I ]IpXn
AS-n-cn-pp. CS-t-tXmfpw s\pw mh ]pn-I-fp Hcp
144
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
jmsImp aqSn-bn-cn-pp. mh AS-bmfw {Iov, saskm-s]mt-anb apX-emb {]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c--fn hfsc ]mh-\-amb Hcp
Nn-amWv.''8
Hcp tXm Hgn-hmn jm CSp Cu k{-Zmbw Cp \Sp Nne aX-N-S-p-I-fnepw \apv ImWm-hp--XmWv. lp-thf-bn apkvenw-I B coXn-bn-emWv taapv [cn-m-dp-Xv.
{_m-W-k-ap-Zm-b-ns PmXn-m ]qWq CSm-dp-Xpw As\-Xs.
aX-]-c-ambpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-ambpw kpta-cn-b-mcpw ssk-hmcpw Xn-ep ASp-hpw _hpw ImWn-p DZm-l-c-W-
C\nbpw Is-m Ign-tpw. CXn \npw Hcp Imcyw kwib- c - l n- X - a mbn a\- n- e m- m- h p- - X mWv : saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b - b n
kwkvIm-c-n\v ASn--d-]m-Inb Ic-v knp-XS kwkvImcw
]Sp-p-bn-b-Xn km-ca-- mb ]pv. _n.kn. Bdm-bncw hjp app apXXs ]Sn-m-d Cybpw kpta-cn-bcpw
Xn hym]m-c-_--ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-pw, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw
Xn hK imkv{X-]-c-amb kmayw hln-p-ps-pw ap-ap
`qK` imkv{X-Im-c-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b- ChnsS \mw {]tXyIw
Ku\n-n-cn-t--XmWv.
{]f-bI
- Y
- b
- psS hym]vXn
t\ml-bpsS P\X A[n-h-kn-n-cp-Xv ssS{Ko-kn\pw bq{^-okn\pw CS-bn Fhns-Stbm BWv. Cv \mw CdmJv Fp ]d-bpXv B `qhn-`m-K-n-\m-Wtm. t\ml Hcn-epw Hcp Cy-m-c\m-bn-cp-ns-v hy-amWv. AXn-\m Cy IYm-\m-b-I-\mb
a\p Hp-In t\ml-b Fp hcWw; As-n {]fb IY
AXns kmm cq]-n-e, Cy kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-Iq-eamb hn[-n-emWv ChnsS {]N-cn--sX-v sh-Ww. CXn cmas ]-amWv IqSp-X bp-ambn tXmp-Xv. C-c-samcp
{]f-b-IY an ]pcm-X\ kap-Zm-b--fnepw {]mNo-\-Imew apX
]c--cm-K-X-ambn {]N-cn-p-Im-Wp-pv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v CuPn]vXv,
No\, _a, atejy, Cunym Zzo]p-I, Bkvt{X-enb, \yqKn\n,
Ata-cn, bqtdm-nse hnhn[ cmPy- As\ `qtem-I-ns
\m\m `mK--fnepw {]kvXpX Pe-{]-f-bs kw_--amb IY
ImWmw. Nnte-S--fnse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy--fnepw AXv ew
]nSn-n-pv. Fm AXv HmtcmbnSpw {]N-cn-Xv AX-Xns
kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-n-emWv.
ss__n-fnepw Jp-B-\nepw hnh-cn B IYpw hni-Zmw-i-fn hyXym-k-apv. ss__n {]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS I Ahkm\w Dd-Xv "Acm-dm-nepw' Jp-B {]Imcw "APqZn'bnep-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
145
Ncn-{X-ns adp-hiw
saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpw `mc-Xhpw Xn-ep aX-]-c-amb _ns Hcp hiw am{X-amWv \mw apv ]cn-tim-[n-Xv; _lp-ssZ-hXz-k-] kw_-n-bmb hiw. t\ml-bpsS Ime-s -kp-ta-cn-bm Bcm-[n-n-cp ]e tZh-mcpw `mc-X-nepw Bcm-[n--s-ncp-p-shv \mw kaYn-p-I-bp-mbn. C\n \apv Nn-{X-ns
adp-hiw ]cn-tim-[nmw. AsX, GI-ssZ-h-Xz-s-p-dn hiw.
t\ml Jp-Bs ho-W-n alm-\m-sbmcp ssZh-Zq-X-\mbn-cpp. hn{K-l-sf Bcm-[n-phn-cp kzP-\s GI-ssZ-hhn-izm-kn-tepw XZ-Sn-m-\-n-ep [manI Pohn-X-ntepw Wn-t--Xn-\p-th-n-bmWv Atlw \nbp--\m-b-Xv.
Xs ZuXyw icn-bmw-hw Atlw \nd-thn. ]t, At-ls
146
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
147
GI-Xz-Zi\w
t\ml-bpsS {]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn--h-cmWv {]f-b-n cs--sXv \mw ]dp. Ch an-hmdpw At-l-ns _pfpw k-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. Ch-cmWv ]noSv saskm-s]m-t-an-b
kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw AkvXn-hmcw sIn-smn-bXv. Ch-cpsS A\--c-m-cn-semcp hn`mKw `mc-X-n hv A[nhm-k-ap-d-n-sv a[y-Im-es Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m-cn Nne ]dbp-tm, `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb cmlpkmw-Ir-Xym-b AXp
icn-h-bvpp. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ch GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bncp-n-cn-Ww. knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIn--Sp--hcpw
Ah- c m- b n- c p- n- c nmw. AXnte- p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb sXfn- h p- I
]eXpw J\-\-n e`np. auem\m A_pIemw Bkm-Zns
\nK-a-\hpw AXp Xs-bmWv. Atlw Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Cybn tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn \nv J\\w hgn hfsc ]pcm-X-\m-h-injvS e`n-n-pv. hSv \nv Bcy-m hv, Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw
ChnsS m]n- p- - X n\v app \mK- c n- I - t I- { - - f m- b n- c pp
tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw lc-bpw. Ahn-S--fn \nv e`n ]pcm-hkvXp--sfw_-n ]T\w Ctmgpw ]qn-bm-bn-n. Fnepw
Ah Hcp bmYmYyw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXn-cn-pp: Ghpw {]mNo\-amb a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{--fn-sem-m-Ipp Cy Fp--XmWXv.
Cy-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Isf ]noSv h Bcy-m "Zkyp-' F
lmky \ma-n-emWv hnfn-n-cp-Xv. Zkyp--fpsS ASn-m\ ssZhk-]w GI-Xz-n-t-Xm-bn-cpp. Ah hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-n.
"Hmw' Fm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS GIssZh-ns t]. kwkvIr-Xn AXn\p Xpey-amb ]Zw "Cp-hm' (GI) Fs{X. B
GIssZh-ns A[n-Imcw kIe Ncm-N-c--sfbpw Nqgvn-cpp.
B alm-k-Xz-ns \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-mWv kh-tZ-h-mcpw {]hnp-Xv. Ahs Hcp KpWw "ZoZn-hn-I' Fm-bn-cpp. Hcn-epw
A{i- - _ m- [ n- m Zrjv S n- t bmSv IqSn- b - h FYw. Xs
148
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I
As\ knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]S-pp-bnb
saskm-s]m-t-an-b t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-mcpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn-cpp F \nK-a-\-n-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \msa-n-t-cp-Xv.
asmcp hn[w ]d-m Jp-B-\n ]d "km_n-aX'mcm-bncpp Ah. km_n-a-X-ns khn-ti-j-X-I Nne apkvenw KthjI]WvUn-X-m hnh-cn-n-pv. km_n-I BZn-bn GI-ssZ-hhn- i zm- k n- I - f m- b n- c pp. ]noSv GI- X z- h n- i zm- k - t m- s Smw,
tPymXntKm- f - v Bm- h ps- [mc- W - b n Ah- b psS
aqn-I {]Xn-jvTnv Bcm-[\ \SnpSn. Fnepw Ah
GI-ssZ-hXz k]w ]s Dt]-n-n-cp-n. km_n-a-X-n
{]mY-\-Ifpw {hX--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. {]mY-\-I-fn D-c-{[p-hs-bmWv Ah A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-n-cp-Xv. aqv ka-b--fn-emWv
Ah {]mYn-n-cp-Xv. Hmtcm {]mY-\pw thn Ipfn-pI ]Xnhm-bn-cpp.15
knp-X-S-n \S--s DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw hgn AhnSs BZn- h m- k n- I Ipfnpw Ipfn- p- c pw \Inbncp
{]m[m\yw hfsc hy-am-bn-pv. kIe ]mn-S-pw InWdpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
149
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
150
D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv.''18
tUmIvS-dpsS A\p-am\w hfsc icn-bmWv. km_n aX-mv
{]mY-\-p-thn Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cpp.
{]kv X pX hnh- c - W - n- \nv asmcp Imcyw IqSn \psS
{ip hnj-bo-`-hn-p-pv. Ipf-ns \ofw sXp-h-S-m-bmWv
InS-p-Xv. Ipf-n-\-Sp-p sXcp-hnse Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \nv
tase \ne-bn-tep Ib-dn-tm-hm tImh-Wn-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. B
ta \ne Ah-cpsS {]mY-\m-a-n-c-am-bn-cn-p-sa-q-ln-p-hm hIbpv. km_n-a-X-m-cpsS "Jn_ve' ({]mY-\-bn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cnp Zni) D-c-{[p-h-am-bn-cpp F apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-cpsS
A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {it-b-amWv. C_v\p-ssX-an-bsb D-cnv knZv
kpsse-am \Zvhn Fgp-Xpp: ""km_n-a-X-m-cpsS Hcp {]tXyI
tI{-am-bn-cpp ldm. {InkvXp-hn\v apv Uam-kvI-p-Im-cp-sSbpw
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
2
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
1
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
151
Ipdn-p-I
1. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 60
2. iXm-_vZ--p-d-v\n-p i_vZ- t]Pv 189
3. Ibid P. 189, 190
4. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 85, 86
5. Ibid P. 85
6. iXm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p i_vZ- t]. 207
7. Ibid P. 192
8. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 79
9. Jp-B A[ymbw 11, kqw 44 t\mpI.
10. XPp-am-\p Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193
11. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kqw 19
12. Ibid A[ymbw 2, kqw 213
13. XPp-am\p Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 130
14. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 3, t]Pv 32
15. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193, 194 t\mpI.
16. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 66
17. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 66
18. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 77
19. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 166
20. D-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
21. D-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
22. `mc-Xob kwkvImc km{amPy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 18
23. Aan-e-ep- h-n-l t]Pv 18
152
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
153
Ah. Ime--d--n Ahpw am- kw`-hn-n-cnmw. Fncp-mepw Ah-cpsS ASn-m-\-]-c-amb aX-k-]-ns eW- ]eXpw ]ntbpw Ah-ti-jn-n-cpp. {]mNo\ Cy-mcpsS aX-hn-izm-k-sn Hcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb apl--Zp-nlvdkvXm\n ({In.1076-1155) Fgp-Xpp: ""{_m-W-m-cn Hcp ]ns Nmbvhv ssZzX-hmZ (Dualism) nte-mWv. Ah C_vdmlow
\_nsb AwKo-I-cn-pp. Fm Cy-m-cn A[n-I-]-hpw
km_n-I-fs{X. km_n-a-X-nse hnhn[ ]-Xn-I-fmWv Ah Ahew-_np t]mcp-Xv.''23
{In. 1070 Nc-a-KXn {]m]n JmZn kmC-Zp -DZp-enkn F
apkv-enw ]WvUn-X Xs "X_-Jm-p -Daw' F IrXn-bnepw
CtX A`n-{]m-b-amWv tcJ-s-Sp-n-sh-n-p-Xv. Ch A[n-I-]-sav {]tbmKn-Xv ssk-h-kw-kvIm-c-ns ]mc--cy-m-cmb
{Zmhn-U-m-sc--n-bmhWw.
BI-bm `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns ASn--d-]m-In-b-h alm\mb t\mlm {]hm-N-Is km-\-]-c--c-bn s]-hcpw A\p-bmbn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-p-sh \nK-a-\-n-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \mw Fnt-cp-Xv. Ah km_n-a-X-mcpw Cs {Zmhn-U-hn-`m-K--fpsS
]qh-m-cp-am-bn-cpp.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
154
A[ymbw ]Xn-aqv
Zkyp-Zi\w
BcyP-\X Cy-bn {]th-in-p--Xn\p app-Xs ChnsS
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- p- J - a mb Hcp kwkv I m- c hpw aXhpw {]N- c np
Ignncpp Fv \mw Ip. Fm B ]mc--cy-n\n-p-dsIm Xz-Zi-\--sf-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p tcJ-I-sfmpw Ncn{Xm-t\z-j-I-mv ssIh-n-n. knp Xmgvh-c-bn \nv J\-\n e`n enJn-X- hmbn-m Ign-n-cp-p-sh-n knpX-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS Xz-Zi-\--sf-n h Adnhpw \apv e`n-tp-am-bn-cpp. ]t, B en]n Cpw kqv-a-ambn hmbn-s--nn. Cv s]mXp-hn [cn--s-Sp-Xv Cy-bn ]nm-ev
hfph Xz-Zi-\--f-Jnew Bcy-m-cpsS thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-fn\nv cq]wsImn-p--Xm-sW-m-Ipp.
Fm {]kvXpX [mcW XnIpw icn-bm-sWp tXmp-n.
Fp-sIm-s-m A\--c-L--n cq]w-]q Zi-\--fn
]eXpw Bcy-m-cpsS ]mc--cys tNmZyw sNp-tXm thZ-{]mam- W ys AwKo- I - c n- m- tXm BIpp. AXn- \ m Acw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
155
thZw Fm
thZ- a mWv Ghpw ]pcm- X - \ - a mb Bcy- k m- l nXyw. thZs
"{ipXn' Fpw hnfn-pp. Ev, kmaw, bPpv, AYhWw Fo
\mep kwln-X-Ifpw Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-n-p {_m-W--fp-amWv
thZ-. Fm Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw IqSn Cp
thZ--fpsS Iq-n-emWv Fn-m-Wp-Xv. CXv Bcy-m-cpsS
BZna aX-n-s\-Xn-cm-Ipp. cp imkv{X--fmWv BZn-bn Bcymp-m-bn-cp-Xv. Hn\v "{ipXn' Fpw a-Xn\v "kvarXn' Fpw
]d-bpp. {ipXn Fm thZhpw kvarXn Fm [a-im-kv{X-hpam-Ipp. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI:
""{ipXn-kvXp-thtZm hntbm [a-im-kv{Xp sshkvarXnx''1
(thZs {ipXn Fpw [a-im-kv{Xs kvarXn Fpw Adn-tb-Xm-Ipp.)
{ipXn F-XpsImv thZ-nse a{-`m-Khpw {_m-W-`mKhpw am{X-amWv hnh-n--s-Sp--sXv B]-kvXw_ [a-kq{Xw
]d-bpp:
""a{-{_m--W-tbm-thZ \ma-t[bw.''2 (a{--fp-sSbpw {_mW--fp-sSbpw t]cmWv thZ-w.)
Atm Bcy-m-cpsS BZn-a-a-X-a-\p-k-cnv a{-fpw {_mW-fpw am{Xta thZ-ns]-Sp-pq. Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-jp-Ifpw Aq--n Ds-Sp-n. CtX AY-n-emWv {ipXn,
thZw Fo i_vZ- \mapw Cu A[ym-b-n {]tbm-Kn-ppXv.
156
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
157
\mWv "m\-amKw' Ftm "apn amKw' Ftm ]d-p-hXv. CX-\p-k-cnv ]nm-ev DS-se-Sp Xz-Zi-\--fn
]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-n\nmWv {]tNm-Z-\-apsm-n-p-sXv ]d-bm-hp--XmWv. ]t, Atm-tgpw Ah ]e ]cn-h\-pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cpp.
Zmi-cmbpw
EtKz-Z-Im-ep Xs \S Hcp kw`-h-amWv Zmi-cm--bpw.
thZn hWn--snp {]kvXpX bp-n, ]Xn-hn-s\-Xncmbn Bcy-tKm-{X- Xn Xn Xs a-cn-p-Ibpw Hcp
hn`mKw Bcy-m Zkyp cmPm--msc Iqp]nSn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXmbn \mw ImWpp. CXm-bn-cpp B bp-ns khn-ti-jX.
]p -cm-Pm--m Hp tNv \S-n-bncpXn-\m-et{X B bpn\v "Zmi-cmw' Fp t] knn-Xv. CXns Imc-W-sn {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn--cpsS hni-I-e\w ImWpI : ""bap-\m-\-ZoX- S - n- s e- n- b - t m- t gpw Bcy- mv Nne hyXymk-
hptNp. `c-X (Hcp Bcy tKm{Xw) bap-\pw KwKpw CSbn-ep ^e-k-ar--amb cmPy-n IpSn-tb-dn-mp. KwKv
Ingp hi- p A\m- c y- c m- P m- - m- c p- a mbn _p- X - b n- e mWv
Ah Ign-Xv. ] \Z-n (]m-_n) ]mn-cp ap
Bcy P\-X X--fpsS tZi-w ssI-em-m-Xn-cn-m-\mbn, `c-X
Ahsc "iX{Zn'bpsS (kXve-Pv\Zn) Apdw XSp \nm {ianp-t]mp. B a-c-ns ^e-am-bn-mWv "Zmi-cmw' F almbpw Dm-bXv.''4
A\m-cy-m-cpsS, AYhm Zkyp--fpsS in ]s \in-n-phm Bcy-mp Ign-n-cp-n-sv Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-pp.
KwKv Ing-p-h-iv A\m-cy-cm-Pm--m Am-epw {]Xm-]tmsS hmgvN \S-n-bn-cpp. Ahsc Bcy-mp Pbn-m
km[n-n-sv am{X-a, Ah-cp-ambn ssa{Xo-_w ]pem
Bcy-m-cn-semcp hn`mKw \n_-n--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\mcy-i-n-bpsS klm-b-tm-SpIq-Sn-bmWv `c-X-cm-Pm--mv kzw
hKm-cpsS IS-m-{I-a-Ws sNdpp tXm]nm Ign-Xv.
A{Xbpw {]_-e-cm-bn-cpp Apw A\m-cy-m. Fn-cns A\mcy-m Bcy-m-cpsS Bbp[ inp apn imco-cn-I-ambn IogS-n-sbv [cn-p-Xpw XnIpw icn-bm-hn. Npcp--n Zkyp-fpsS `c-Whpw Zkyp-cm-Pm--mcpw ]nsbpw \ne-\np t]mp.
Fn Ah-tcm-sSmw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw \ne\n-np-m-bn-cn-p-atm. Atm ]nm-ev hfp h XzZi-\--sfmw Bcy-]m-c--cy-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sWv Fs\ ]dbm-s\mpw? hmkvX-h-n A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-n\n-p-Zv`-hn
158
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`n-hn-cp--amb Nnm-amK-
`mc-X-ns Ncn-{X-n BZn-ap-X Xs hyXykvX kz`mh-tmSv IqSn cp Nnm amK- XpSp h-Xmbn ImWmw:
Hv sshZnI Ia- f mb bmKm- Z n- I v ]c- a - { ]m- [ m\yw
I]npsImp amKw; aXv X]v, [ym\w, {_-Ncyw apXem-bh aptJ\ Cuizc kmm-XvIm-c-n\v h]n {]m[m\yw
\In-sm-p amKhpw. BZy-t-Xn\v Ia amKw Fpw,
cm-a-t-Xn\v m\-amKw, As-n apn amKw Fpw
t]cp ]dbmw. Ia amK-ns DXv]n sshZn-I-]m-c--cy-am-sWp- Imcy-n X-an. Fm m\-amKw sshZnI ]mc-cys, Hp-In DZm-ko\ `mh-n hon-p-Itbm, Xpd-sXnp-Itbm BWv sNp-Xv. AXn-\m AXv sshZn-I-]m-c--cyn \np- d - s Im- - X - s pw {]XypX, Zkyp- ] m- c - - c y- a mWv
AXns D]-n-tI-{-sa-p-ap \nK-a-\-n-emWv Nne Kth-jI-m Fn-tn-p-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-ehpw Cu \nKa-\-n-\pv. ]t, lnp--fpsS amaq aXw CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-p-XmWv. AXn-\m \njv]--amb Hcp \ncq-]Ww ChnsS Bh-iyam-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
159
Kth-jI
-
- m-cpsS \nK-a\
-
-
Bcy-m bw, bmKw, Zm\w apX-emb sshZnI Ia--fneqsS kzKw {]m]n-p-hm-\mWv B{K-ln-n-cp-Xv. B[ym-nI NI-fn-sempw Ahv henb Xm]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-n. `uXnI
PohnXw ]cn-]qW-ambn Bkz-Zn-m-\mWv Ah {ian-Xv. tUm.
Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Bcy-m `uXnI
Pohn-Xs AXns kqW \ne-bn CjvS-sp. AXn-\m
Bm-hns `mhnsbpdnpw apw Ahv A{X Xm]-cy-ap-mbn-cp-n.''6
CXn \npw ]msS `n-am-bn-cpp A\m-cy-m-cpsS nXn.
Ah BZn apX B[ym-nI N-I-fn CS-s]-n-cpp. "Fssktm-]o-Unb Hm^v dneo-Pn-b BUv FXn-Ivkn' lmnwKvkv
(Hastings) Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-m-cpsS hc-hn\p app Xs A\m-cym B[ym-nI N-I-fn CS-s]-n-cpp.''7
BI-bm B[ym-nI Nn-\--fpsS Dd-hnSw sshZnI ]mc-cy-a-spw, Bcym-K-a-\-n\p app-Xs ChnsS \ne-\n-n-cp
A\mcy kwkvIm-c-n \nmWv Bob hnZy Dd-sIm--sXpw
A\p-am-\n-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
D]-\n-j
- p-If
- nse Zi\w
B[ym-nI hnNn--\--fpsm-p `mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw "D]\n-j-p-I' F t]cn-\m \nh-Nn--s-Sp Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw
IrXn-I-ft{X. Ch \qn--W-n-\pv. t_mws_-bnse "\nWb
kmK' {]p-Im \qn-{p D]-\n-j-p-I {]kn-o-I-cn-n-p-Xmbn cmlpkmw-Ir-Xym-b Xs "hniz-Zi-\-' F IrXnbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bnpv. Fm Ah-sbmw bYmY D]-\n-jp-I-fmbn \ncq-]-I-m AwKo-I-cn-p-n. apK N{I-hn
AIv_-dpsS Imev Hcp-]-\n-jv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-mbn. "Atm-]\n-jv' Fm-bn-cpp AXns t]. Cs\ D]-\n-j-s \mat[-b-n Bbn-c--W-n\p IrXn-I ImWm Ignbpw. ]t,
Ah-bvsmw Hcp-t]mse {]mamWyw I]n--s-Sp-n. kmwIrXym-bs A`n-{]m-b-n ]Xn-aqv IrXn-I {]tXyIw {it-b- f m- I pp. Cuiw, OmtmKyw, _rl- Z m- c - W yIw, sFX- t cbw,
ssXn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, IujoXIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw Fn-h-bt{X Ah. _n.kn. 700sbpw
100sbpw CS-mWv Ah Fgp-X-s-n-p--sXpw Atlw A`n{]m-b-s-Spp.8
Fm BZys D]- \ n- j - Z v _ o- P - n\v Bcy- m- c psS thZtmfw ]g--aps--mWv ap Nne {]apJ \ncq-]-I-cpsS A`n{]mbw. "]uckvXy ]hn-{X-{K-m-hen'bn amIvkvap- Fgp-Xpp:
160
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
cpXcw hnZym-im-eI
-
cp Xc- n- e p hnZym- ` ymk m]- \ - `mc- X - n
{]hn-p-h--Xmbn Ncn-{X-n ImWmw. Hv sshZnI aX-sbmWv ]cn-c-n-m {ian-n-cp-sX-n, aXv, Hu]-\n-j-Xn-I-kwkvIm-c-s-bmWv kwc-n-m DZy-an-n-cp-Xv. BZy-t-Xn\v "almime'sbpw cm-a-t-Xn\v "]cn-jv' Fp-am-bn-cpp t].
alm-im-e-I ]qW-ambpw {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m-cpsS \nb-{W-nepw ]cn-j-p-I A{_m--W-cm-P-m-m-cpsS {]tXyI \nb{-W-n-ep-amWv \S-n-cp-sXp IqSn C-cp-W-n Hmt- X mWv . "Cy- b nse hWk- a cw' F IrXn- b n AXns
Im-hmb {io. IrjvWm-\--kzman Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-m-cpsS thZfpw A\m-cy--mcpsS D]\n-j-p-Ifpw cp hn`n--kw-kvIm-c-sfs ]cn-c-np hp.... X-fpsS bmKmZn sshZn-I-Ia-
kwc-n-p--Xn-\mbn "alm-im-e-I' F t]cn {_m-W
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
161
{]tXy- I - a mbn At\I m]- \ - krjv S np \Sn. AXpt]mse, A{_m--W X-fpsS B[ym-nI Nn-I ]cn-c-nm\pw {]N-cn-n-m-\p-ambn D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n,
"]cn- j - p- I fpw' Imem- - c - n m]np \S- m XpSn.
]mm-e--fpsS (Cs ]m-_nse cptlWvUpw Cmh-bp-a-S-p {]tZ-i- ) cmPm-hmb {]hm-l-W, tII-b-cm-Pmhmb (Qew, knp Fo \Zn-In-S-bn-ep, Xmgv lnam-eb
{]tZ-iv nXn-sN-p cmPu-cn--Sp Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cpp
tII-b-cmPyw) Aiz-]Xn, Imin-cm-Pm-hmb (_\m-d-kns kao-]-e-am-bn-cpp Imin) P\-I Fn-h-scmw Am-e--fn ]cn-jp-I \S-n-h A{_m--W-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-bn-cpp. AwKn-cv,
hkn-jvT, Iiy-], ]pe-kvXy, hnizm-an-{X, `rKp, Zphm-kv
Fo {_mlvaW-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-Is, alm-im-e-I \S-n-h-n-cp-h-cp-am-bn-cpp.''11
Npcp--n, {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m sshZn-I-amb Iafpw
BNm-c-fpw \ne-\nm-\mWv apJy-ambpw {ian-p-t]m-n-cp-Xv.
Av B[ym-n-I-hnZy Ahn-S-bn Adn-b-s-n-cp-n. {_mW-]-WvUn-X-m B[ym-nI hnZy ]Tn-m XpS-n-bXv hfsc
]no-Sm-bn-cpp. AXpw A{_m--Wm-cn\nv. CXn-te-p-t]mZv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-I Omtm-tKym-]-\n-j-n ImWmw. BZn
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn s]-sXp \ncq-]-I-m kaYn-n-p AXn
Hcp IY-bpv. AXv Cs\ kw{K-lnmw: Dm-eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-Xa Hcp {_m-W-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cpp. Atlw kz]p-{X-\mb tizXtI-Xp-hns\ hnZy-b-`y-knnp. As\ {_m-W-Nn--{]-Imcw tizXtIXp Hcp alm-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-op. Hcn- Atlw {Xnb-\mb {]hm-l-W-ssP-hen \S-p ]cn-j-n sNp. XZ-hkcw ssPhen tNmZnp: ""Ipo, ANv-O Xmsf ]Tn-n-n-ptm?''
tizX-tIXp "Dv tZhm' Fv adp-]Sn ]dp. {]hm-l-W tizXtI-Xp-hn-t\mSv Ap tNmZy- tNmZnp. Apw {_-m-\kw-_-n-I-fm-bn-cpp. Hn-s\-nepw Dcw ]d-bm tizX-tI-Xphn\v Ign-n. "Adn-bn, tZhm' F adp-]-Sn-bmWv Atlw Hmtcm
tNmZy-n\pw \In-bXv. C-cp-W-n cmPmhv Hp Iin :
""]ns Xm FmWv ]Tn-Xv? Cu Imcy--sfmpw Adn-bm
Hcmsf F-s\-bmWv "kpin--nX' Fp ]d-bpI?''
tizX-tIXp A]-am-\-`m-c-m Xe-Xmgvn. Xncnp sNv,
]nXm-hmb Bcp-Wn-tbmSv Bh-em-Xn-sp: ""tZh Fs "Ain-nX' Fp hnfn--]-am-\np. Av bmsXmpw ]Tn-n-m-sX-s
]Tn-n-sp \Snp.'' BcpWn kw`hw hnkvX-cn--t\z-jn--tm
aI ]dp: ""cmP-\y-_p ({Xn-b) FtmSv Ap tNmZy tNmZnp. Hn-s\-nepw adp-]Sn ]d-bm F\np Ign-n.''
162
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
163
]p\P-h
- mZw
CXn-tesmcp hy-amb ZrjvSm--am-Ipp ]p\P--hmZw.
Cs lnp--fpsS auenI hnizm-k--fn-sem-mWv ]p\P-n-ep hnizmkw. Fm BZn Bcy-mv {]kvXpX hnizmk-hp-ambn _-sam-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-sp \ncq-]-I-m kaYnn-pv. adnp Ah ]mc-eu-InI Pohn-X-n-emWv hniz-kn-n-cpXv. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""thZ-nse Ejn-am
Cu temI-n\np hn`n--amb asmcp temI-ap-sp hnizkn-n-cpp. Ahn-tSmWv ac-Wm-\cw kXvIan-I t]mhpI.
Ah AhnsS B\--]qhw Pohn-p--XmWv. Xmsg-bp ]mXmfw
A-Im-cab-amb \c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tSmWv ZpjvIan-I
t]mIp-Xv... Ejn-amv ]p\P hmZ-hp-ambn _-ap-m-bn-cpn.'' 14
`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy--fn ]p\P--hmZw CZw-{]-Yaam-bn-Im-Wp-Xv Omtm-tKym-]-\n-j-n-es{X. kmwIr-Xym-b Xs
]d-bs: ""`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy--fn OmtmKyw am{X-amWv
Hm-a-Xmbn ]p\P-s-n ]d-n-p-Xv. ]c-tem-I-n am{Xa, Cl-tem-I-nepw Ia-\p-k-cn-mWv Pohn-I P\n-pXv.'' 15
AXm-bXv apP--n kpIrXw {]hn--h C--n
D-a-tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m-W-tbm-\n-bntem {Xnb tbm\n-bntem
sshiy- t bm- \ n- b ntem P\n- pp. t\sc adnv , apP- - n
A[aw {]hn- - h C- - n \mb- b p- s Stbm, ]nbpsStbm, Nm-f-stbm tbm\n-bn P-sa-Sp-pp. CXmWv
]p\P--kn-m--ns \nh-N\w. Omtm-Ky-n ]d-bpp:
""ChnsS D-a-Ia- sNbvXp-sImp Pohn-p--h D-atbm-\n-I-fmb {_m-W-tbm-\n-bntem {Xn-b-tbm-\n-bntem sshiytbm-\n-bntem P\n-pp. A[-aIa- sNp--h \mb-bpsStbm, kqI- c - n- s tbm, Nm- f - s tbm tbm\n- b n P\npp.'' 16
Cu knm--a-\p-k-cnv ChnsS {_mW{Xnb sshiyPm-Xn-I-fn P-sa-Sp--h-scms apP--n D-a-Ia-
A\p-jvTn--h-cm-bn-cnpw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn P\n-tn- h - - h apP- - n A[aw {]hn- - h - c m- b n- c npw.
A[ans inbpw kpIr-X-ns {]Xn-^-ehpw P\\s
Bkv]-Zn-mWv IW-m--s-Sp-Xv. IqSmsX, iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn P\n
Hcmsf Cu knmw a\p- j y- \ m- b n- t mepw ]cn- K - W n- p- n.
Ahs\ XmW-Xcw Pohn-I-fmb \mb-bp-sSbpw ]n-bp-sSbpw Iqn-emWv Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv. Cu hmZw thZ-nse Bi-b-
164
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
165
D]-\n-j
- p-I sshZnI aXs hnain-pp
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn ]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-s-bmWv {]Xn\n[m\w sNp- - s X \psS \nK- a - \ - n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb
asmcp hkvXpX CXs{X: Ah sshZnI Iasfbpw {_m-W]m- c - - c y- s bpw \nin- X - a mbn hnain- pp. Nne- t m Cu
hnai\w AXn-cp-I-hn--Xmbpw ImWmw. thZ-a-{- Dcp-hn-Sp
{_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-msc Xpd-p-I-fn-bm-p Hcp IY OmtmKy- n ew ]nSn- n- pv . IY- b psS kmcw CXm: Hcn
Zmev`ys ]p{X _I, an{Xs ]p{X mh Fo {_mW
aljn-am thZ-]m-cm-b-W-n-\mbn {Kma-n\p ]pd-p-t]mbn Pek-ao]w GIm--amb Hcp e-n-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. shfp Hcp
\mb AhnsS sNp. A\-cw thsd Iptd \mbvfpw Fn.
Ah shfp \mb-tbmSv ]dp: ""Rv hni-pp. \o Iptd
kma-Km-\- ]mSpI. Fn Rv `Ww Inp-atm.''
shfp \mb Ah-tcmSv ]ns Znhkw hcm ]dp. _I-Zmev`y\pw mh-ssa-t{X-b\pw \mb-v-fpsS kw`m-jWw tIp. Cu Xami-bn Ahv XmXv]cyw P\np. ]nt-m \mbv hp.
Hn]n-d-In asm-mbn Ccpv apn-ep--Xns hm ]nn-epXv ISn-p-]n-Snp. Fnv Cs\ ]mSm XpSn:
""lnw, Hmw, Xnmw. Hmw, IpSnmw! ssZhta, hcpW, {]Pm-hXo,
klXm, Rv `Ww Xm! Atbm A-tZhm, Rv
Aw XctW! R-Xp-sIm-p-X-ctW! Hmw!''20
Cu IY {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m-scbpw Ah-cpsS thZ-]m-cm-bW-sbpw IS--[n-t-]np--Xn-\mbn Na--Xm-sWp hninjym
]d-tb--Xn. IY-bnse shfp- \mb As {_m-Ws
{]Xo-I-amWv. {_m-W-hW-m Am-epw X-fpsS ipamb Bcy-cw ]cn-c-n-n-cp--Xn-\m, Ah-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndw
shfp--Xm-bn-s Ccp-p-shv CXn\np a\-n-emmw.
kmwIr- X ym- b s Kth- j - W - a - \ p- k - c np, {In. ap. 700- m am- mWv
Omtm-Ky-Imew. {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m kma-th-Z-a{w Dcp-hnSp-tm apn-ep--hs hkv{Xw ]nn-ep B ]nSn-pI ]Xnhm-bn-cpp. AXmWv \mbvsf Hns hm aXv ISn-p-]n-Sn
166
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
167
168
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{_m-Wc
- psS Kpcp-am A{_m-W
-
C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn--Xn \np {_m-W-m-cmcpw D]-\n-j-i\- ssIImcyw sNbvXn-n-sp sXn--cn--bn-tm. H-t\Iw
{_mW ]n-Xam D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse aljn-am-cmWv. DmeI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-a, tizX-tIXp, bm-hIy, _I-Zm`y
apX-t DZm-l-cWw. ]t, D]-\n-j-i-\--fpsS BZn-am-Nm-cymcpw Kpcp-`q-X-mcpw A{_m-W ]n-X-m-cm-bn-cpp. {_mW
]n-Xam Ah-cn \nmWv {_-hnZy {Kln-Xv. AXn-\m
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
169
170
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Zkyp-Zi-\
- f
- n\np-bnsm aX-
h]n- s mcp ssk\nI in- s b \ne- b n- e m- b n- c pp
Bcyam `mc-X-\m-n IS-p-h-Xv. B in Imem--tcW
bn- p- h p. thZ- I m- e - p- X s Bcy- t Km- { X- n- S - b n
`nnpw ]c-kv]c am-cyhpw s]mn-p-d-s-p-shv EtKzZ-n
hWn Zmi-cm kw`hw sXfn-bn-pp. Bcy-i-np XI
]n- b - t m A\m- c yamp X- f psS aXhpw kwkv I m- c hpw
ChnsS hfm hopw Ah-kcw e`np. Innb Ah-kcw Ah
\m-bp-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp
Xz-Nn-m-{]-m-\hpw m\-amKhpw \ne-hn hp. ]t,
Atm-tgpw Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-h-\- Ah-cpsS hnNn-\--fn hp-tNn-cn-Ww. As\ Bcyam-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xzn \S-n h sshZnI aX-n-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp ]pXnb aXn\p th Icp- Xm-dmbn. D]-\n-j-i-\--fmWv AXn\p
If-sam-cp-n-bXv.
Bcym-{I-a-W-ns cqX Ipd--tXmsS ChnsS ]e aXfpw {]N-cn--sp. Iq-n BZy-ambn \ne-hn hXv Ej-`tZ-h-\m kvYm]n-X-am-bXpw h[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-\m ]cn-jvI-cn-s--Xp-amb ssP\-a-X-am-sWp ]d-b-s-Spp. _p-aX {K-amb
"{Xn]n-S-I-' ssP\-a-X-s-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xn-\m _ppw
hfsc apmWv ssP\-a-X-Im-e-sap a\-n-emmw. thZ-hn-tcm-[nI-fmb A{_m-lva-W-cm-bn-cpp ssP\-Zi-\-n\v cq]w \In-bsXXv ChnsS {]kvXm-hy-amWv. CXp-t]mse hmkp-tZ-h-Ir-jvWs\
tZh-X-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-p "`mK-h-X-aX'hpw 29 ChnsS
{]Nm-c-n hp. _n. kn. Bbn-cm-am-n-t\m-S-Sp-mWv {]kvXpX
aXw DZv`-hn--sXp Kth-j-Iam A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. _n.kn.
Aq- d n- \ - S p Imev _p- a - X hpw Bhn`- h np. Cu aXsmw sshZn-I-a-X-m-cn \np t\cn-tS-n-h FXnpIpw aZ- \ - pw Ipw IW- p- a n. {_mlv a - W ys
hnain--Xm-bn-cpp AXn\p ImcWw. Ch-sbmw D]-\n-j-p-IfpsS ASn-m-\-n cq]-sa-Sp aX--fm-bn-cpp. {io. B.kn.
Uv Fgp-Xpp: ""]m]-c-ln-X-amb Ah AYhm \nhmWw {]m]n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
171
Ipdn-p-I
1. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 2, tmIw 10
2. D-cWw: Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 33 (ASn-p-dnv)
3. h-tm-fns EtKz-Z-kw-ln-XbpsS BapJw t]Pv 24
4. Ibid P. 24
5. Ibid P. 24
6. Indian Philosophy Vol.I, P.113
7. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5, P. 21
8. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 557
9. Sacred Books of the East, by Maxmuller vol. I, Introduction PP ixix/xvi
10. Ibid P. xvi
11. Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 32
12. B\, kzWw, ]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am, hkv{X- apX-em-b-h-bmWv
Cu am\p-j-hn--sav _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-n ]d--Xmbn hniz-Zi-\ (t]Pv 366) D-cn-n-pv.
13. OmtmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\mpI.
14. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 562
15. Ibid P. 575
16. Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jXv A[ymbw 5, Jw 10, a{w 7
172
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I