Hi ngh khoa hc ln th IX

K THUT M PHNG V NG DNG TRONG O TO, NGHIN CU VIN THNG

Simulation and Applications in Reseaching and Training Telecommunicatons
ThS Nguyn Xun Hong, Khoa Vin Thng 1, Hc vin cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng Tm tt: Trong nhng nm gn y, trn 50% cc nghin cu c cng b trn cc tp ch vin thng l kt qu ca m phng. iu ni ln tm quan trng v mc ng dng rng ri ca m phng trong nghin cu v vin thng. M phng cho php nh gi c hiu nng ca mt h thng mng vi cc iu kin, cu hnh khc nhau trong trng hp cc phng php nh gi trc tip trn cc h thng tht hoc qua phn tch tnh ton bng ton hc khng kh thi. c bit, trong mi trng o to hin nay, m phng l mt la chn tt cho qu trnh tm hiu hot ng ca cc h thng cng nh nghin cu th nghim cc h thng, cc giao thc mng mi. Tuy nhin, c th thc hin m phng hiu qu, chnh xc v ng tin cy l iu khng h d dng. Bi bo ny s trnh by tng quan v k thut m phng, cc vn t ra trong qu trnh thc hin m phng. Sau cc phn mm m phng thng dng s c xem xt v nh gi ng dng ca chng trong nghin cu, o to v vin thng. cng thc ton hc, khng c bin thay i theo thi gian. 1. Gii thiu chung Trong qu trnh nghin cu, thit k mt i vi mng vin thng, m phng c s mng vin thng, hoc nh gi hiu qu ca dng rt rng ri, t tnh ton tc nghn cho vic p dng mt giao thc, mt cng ngh cc h thng tng i chuyn mch knh, ti mi trn mng vin thng sn c, c th s u v s dng ti nguyn cho cc mng gi, dng phng php phn tch bng cc m nh gi hiu qu ca mt giao thc mi, hnh ton hc, hoc th nghim trc tip trn hoc so snh hiu qu ca cc phng php h thng thc. Tuy nhin, i vi cc h m ha knh trn mt mi trng knh v thng phc tp, vic phn tch bng cc m tuyn. c bit trong mi trng o to, hnh ton nhiu khi khng kh thi. Vic th thng qua m phng, ngi hc s hiu c nghim trc tip trn cc h thng thc cng rt su v hot ng ca mt h thng cng rt kh, hoc l do ang trong qu trnh thit nh s lin kt hot ng ca cc phn t, k, cha tn ti h thng tht, hoc cc h cc giao thc trong mt h thng. thng ang hot ng trn mng li, vic Bi bo ny s c cu trc nh sau. Phn 2 th nghim c th gy nn nhng hiu qu s trnh by v cc bc trong m phng mt khng lng trc c cho ton mng. h thng v cc vn cn quan tm. Phn 3 Trong cc trng hp , s dng k thut s nh gi cc cng c m phng c s m phng l mt gii php thch hp nht. dng ph bin cho vin thng hin nay. Phn M phng (simulation), ni mt cch tng 4 s l kt lun. qut l qu trnh thit k mt m hnh ca mt h thng tht, v thc hin cc th 2. Tng quan v k thut m phng nghim trn m hnh nhm mc ch hiu Nh cp trn, mc ch cui cng c hot ng v/hoc nh gi cc cu ca m phng l gip nh gi hiu nng ca hnh, tham s khc nhau ca h thng [1]. mt h thng thng qua mt m hnh ca h M hnh c s dng cho m phng c thng . Trc ht, ta xem xt mi lin xy dng bng phn mm, l m hnh ng, quan gia cc khi nim h thng (system), c ngha l c bao gm cc tham s ngu m hnh (model) v m phng. nhin thay i theo thi gian. N khc vi 2.1 H thng, m hnh v m phng m hnh tnh l m hnh c m t bng cc
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Hi ngh khoa hc ln th IX

H thng c nh ngha l mt tp hp cc phn t c mi quan h vi nhau, tng tc vi nhau thc hin mt cng vic, chc nng no . Ty thuc vo mc ch cn nghin cu v h thng l g m cc phn t ca h thng c th khc nhau. V d nh khi mun so snh hiu nng (BER chng hn) khi p dng cc k thut m ha knh khc nhau trn knh v tuyn th ta khng cn quan tm n knh v tuyn mang giao thc g, m ch cn quan tm n c tnh ca bn thn knh truyn. Ta nh ngha trng thi ca mt h thng l tp hp cc bin cn thit m t h thng ti mt thi im nht nh, c lin quan n cc i tng cn nghin cu ca h thng. V d nh trong nghin cu tc nghn trn mt knh trung k ca tng i th cc trng thi ca h thng l s knh trung k cn ri, thi gian n ca cc cuc gi t khch hng.
H thng

Th nghim trn h thng tht

Th nghim trn m hnh ca h thng

M hnh vt l

M hnh ton hc

Phng php phn tch

M phng

Hnh 1: Cc phng thc nghin cu mt h thng C 2 loi h thng l lin tc v ri rc. H thng lin tc l h thng c cc bin trng thi thay i lin tc theo thi gian. V d nh bin v nhiu trn knh truyn. H thng ri rc l h thng c cc bin trng thi ch thay i ti cc thi im ri rc v mt thi gian. V d ca loi ny l h thng tng i ta ni ti trn, trng thi ca h thng ch thay i khi c cuc gi mi t khch hng ra trung k hoc mt cuc gi qua trung k c gii phng. H thng ri rc l loi

c s dng ph bin trong m phng v mng vin thng. nghin cu, nh gi mt h thng, c cc cch tip cn nh trn hnh v 1. 2.1.1 Th nghim trn h thng thc v th nghim trn m hnh ca h thng: V nguyn tc, c th thc hin cc th nghim trc tip trn cc h thng thc. Tuy nhin, c 2 kh khn i vi phng php ny l n c th gy hu qu nghim trng n h thng thc, nht l cc h thng vin thng lin quan n thng tin quan trng, lin quan n cchoc trong mt s trng hp th h thng mun nghin cu cha h tn ti, m ngi ta li mun nghin cu hiu qu ca cc h thng xut. Vi cc l do , m hnh ca h thng thc s c xy dng, v thay v nghin cu trn h thng thc th s nghin cu trn m hnh ca h thng. M hnh ca mt h thng c th coi l mt i tng c cu trc, chc nng, hot ng tng t nh h thng tht. N thng ch phn nh cc mt quan trng nht ca h thng, v khng nht thit phi ging hon ton vi h thng tht.. 2.1.2 M hnh vt l v m hnh ton hc: M hnh vt l y l cc loi m hnh nh bung li my bay cho phi cng tp li..Tuy nhin loi m hnh ny thng khng c dng cho mc ch phn tch, nghin cu cc h thng. M hnh ton hc, biu din h thng di dng cc quan h logic... Nu m hnh ton hc l chnh xc, th khi tc ng vo cc quan h logic ca m hnh, m hnh s a n kt qu nh h thng tht. 2.1.3 Phng php phn tch (analytical) v m phng: Sau khi xy dng c m hnh ton hc, chng ta cn phi xem xt m hnh c th tr li c cc cu hi m ta quan tm v h thng hay khng. Nu l m hnh n gin, c th da trn cc mi quan h logic ca m hnh a n mt kt qu chnh xc thng qua phng php phn tch, thc ra l thng qua vic gii cc phng trnh ton hc. y l phng php a li kt qu chnh xc v t tn km nht, tuy nhin trong rt nhiu trng hp khng th p dng c v n qu phc tp, v d nh trong trng hp cn gii bi ton
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Hi ngh khoa hc ln th IX

cho qu nhiu nt mng, qu nhiu bin s. Trong cc trng hp ny, phi s dng n phng php m phng. M hnh lc c gi l m hnh m phng (simulation model). M hnh m phng c phn ra lm cc loi sau: + M hnh tnh v m hnh ng: M hnh m phng tnh l m hnh biu din h thng ti mt thi im nht nh, hay ni cch khc l khi thi gian khng ng vai tr g trong m hnh. V d ca loi ny l m hnh Monte Carlo. Ngc li, m hnh m phng ng biu din h thng theo thi gian. M hnh m phng ng phc tp hn, tuy nhin cho php cc m phng gm nhiu qu trnh xy ra ng thi trong h thng. + M hnh xc nh (deterministic) v m hnh ngu nhin (stochastic): Nu m hnh m phng khng c thnh phn ngu nhin th n c gi l m hnh xc nh. M hnh xc nh cho php xc nh c kt qu khi bit r u vo v m hnh. Nu u vo ca m hnh c bt k mt thnh phn ngu nhin, n c gi l m hnh ngu nhin (stochastic). M hnh ny cng cho kt qu l cc gi tr ngu nhin. Cc m hnh xp hng trong vin thng u l cc m hnh ngu nhin. + M hnh lin tc v m hnh ri rc: Cng tng t nh i vi nh ngha ca h thng. Thng thng mt m hnh ca mt h thng c th c coi l lin tc hoc ri rc ty thuc vo cc i tng c th ca h thng cn nghin cu. Cc m hnh m phng c s dng trong vin thng ch yu l ri rc, ng, ngu nhin, v c gi l cc m hnh m phng s kin ri rc (discrete event simulation models). 2.2 Cc bc trong m phng mt h thng Khi s dng m phng nghin cu, nh gi mt h thng, cn phi tri qua cc bc sau [1][2]. 2.2.1 Xc nh r bi ton m phng Trc khi thc hin xy dng m hnh ca bt c h thng no, cn nm r hot ng cng nh mi quan h bn trong ca h

thng . Cng cn phi xc nh r cc mc tiu cn t c ca thc hin m phng. 2.2.2 Xy dng m hnh Sau khi xc nh r c bi ton, bc tip theo l xy dng nn m hnh m phng. Bc ny ch l xy dng nn cc mi quan h logic gia cc phn t trong m hnh, u vo v u ra ca m hnh. Cn phi xc nh c m hnh cn chi tit n mc no, phn no ca h thng phi tru tng ha. Trong thc t, khng m hnh no biu din chnh xc ton b hot ng ca h thng, m thng s ch xp x chnh xc vi mt s thc th cn nghin cu ca h thng. Hay ni cch khc, ta cn phi a cc iu kin rng buc ban u vo m hnh m phng. V d nh khi xy dng m hnh mt knh v tuyn, ta ch hn ch l m hnh knh AWGN thay v knh chung chung. 2.2.3 Thu thp d liu cho m hnh thc hin m phng, c th ly cc d liu cho u vo t cc gi tr u vo o c ca mt h thng tht (ly mu), hoc s dng cc bin ngu nhin. Trong m phng cc h thng vin thng, thng s dng cc bin ngu nhin theo mt phn b no , v d nh Poisson. Vic to nn cc con s ngu nhin u vo ny ng vai tr rt quan trng v thng thng ch s dng cc con s gi ngu nhin, rt d lp li v dn n kt qu khng chnh xc. Thng gp nht l khi m phng cc s kin t xy ra, v d nh li bit trn knh truyn cht lng tt, do thi gian m phng rt lu, s dng chui cc con s ngu nhin rt ln nn vic lp li chui ngu nhin l d xy ra. 2.2.3 Bin dch m hnh y chnh l qu trnh lp trnh, xy dng nn phn mm biu din m hnh m phng. C th s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao nh C, C++ hoc s dng kt hp vi cc cng c m phng l cc phn mm sn c nh OPNET, NS-2, OMNET++ xy dng nn m hnh. 2.2.4 Kim tra (verification) m bo qu trnh lp trnh bin dch m hnh l chnh xc. Thc ra bc ny ging
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K nim 10 nm thnh lp Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng

Hi ngh khoa hc ln th IX

nh qu trnh tm li (debug), da trn cc u vo khc nhau, da trn lu ca m hnh kim tra tnh chnh xc ca qu trnh bin dch m hnh sang chng trnh phn mm. Ngoi hu qu l lm sai kt qu, vic bin dch khng tt c th dn n thi gian thc hin m phng s l rt lu, khng kh thi thc hin. 2.2.5 Xc minh tnh chnh xc ca m hnh (validation) m bo m hnh xy dng hot ng ging vi h thng tht, t c th tin tng vo kt qu ca m phng trn m hnh . y l bc rt quan trng v cc s liu t c t m phng s khng c ngha g nu n khng phn nh ng kt qu ca h thng tht. Trong trng hp o to, khi sinh vin xy dng cc m hnh m phng cho vin thng, c th so snh cc kt qu ca m hnh vi cc kt qu t cc m hnh ging vi n c cng b trn cc ti liu chun (tp ch IEEE chng hn). Phng php thng dng hn l so snh vi d liu ly c t h thng tht. Nu h thng tht cn so snh cha tn ti, c th n gin ha cc iu kin rng buc v tham s u vo c th so snh kt qu m phng vi kt qu c c thng qua phn tch tnh ton (thng l cc khon gii hn di hoc trn). 2.2.5 Th nghim trn m hnh bc ny cn xc nh tp cc tham s cn nh gi trong mi ln th nghim. i vi cc tham s, cng cn xc nh phm vi thay i cng nh tham s no c nh, tham s no thay i. Mc ch ca bc ny l thu c cng nhiu thng tin cn thit m phi thc hin cng t ln chy m phng cng tt 2.2.6 Phn tch kt qu thu c Trong vin thng, kt qu m phng thng l cc tham s nh t l li bit (BER), t l mt gi, tr, xc sut tc nghnThng qua m phng, ta c th c c gi tr thng k (trung bnh, phng sai), phm vi bin thinca cc tham s trn. Nu s dng cc phn mm m phng nh OPNET, OMNET++, vic phn tch mt s kt qu c bn c tch hp sn. Nu chng trnh m phng c xy dng trn ngn ng lp trnh C, C++.., th t kt qu thu

c, c th phi s dng thm cc phn mm nh Excel h tr v kt qu, nh gi xu hng tng, gimMt vn rt cn ch trong phn ny l xc nh mc chnh xc, n nh ca kt qu. V d nh m bo kt qu BER ca mt knh truyn chnh xc, cn phi thc hin mt s vng lp ti thiu no . 3. Cc phn mm m phng Nh cp phn trc, ngoi vic s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh nh C, C++ xy dng m hnh m phng th c th s dng cc chng trnh phn mm m phng sn c nh OPNET, OMNET++, NS-2 thc hin m phng. Cc phn mm ny s n gin ha qu trnh m phng nh kh nng h tr qu trnh to, kim tra v chy cc m hnh m phng. N cng h tr cng vic nh gi, phn tch kt qu thu c t m phng. Cc phn mm m phng ph bin hin nay u thuc loi hng i tng. Ngoi cc th vin modul rt phong ph v cc giao thc, thit b vin thng sn c th n cn cho php ngi dng xy dng cc modul ring vi cc giao din vo ra, c tnh k tha, phn cp gia cc modul. Ngi dng cng c th quan st c kt qu thay i ca h thng thng qua ha. Ngi dng cng c th d dng quy nh s ln thc hin chy m phng, thi gian chy m phng v chnh xc cn thit. Cc yu cu t ra khi la chn mt phn mm m phng bao gm kh nng chy c trn nhiu h iu hnh, kh nng h tr to topo cho mng, h tr to lu lng u vo v phn tch c tnh ca lu lng ra, h tr gim st cc c tnh ca mt node mng, mt lung lu lng mng thng qua giao din ha. Ngoi ra, cc yu cu quan trng na l c sn cc module quan trng nh cc m hnh knh c bn, cc giao thc quan trngv cc phn mm m phng phi c cc tnh nng cho php m rng, sa i cc module sn c. i vi mi trng o to, mt s yu cu cn phi thm l mc h tr v k thut v ti liu ca phn mm, phn mm l m, min ph hay l phn mm thng mi.

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Hin nay c kh nhiu phn mm m phng c th s dng trong m phng mng vin thng, tuy nhin c cc phn mm c trnh by tm tt sau y l ph bin nht Phn mm OPNET [3] OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tools), l mt cng c m phng thng mi c pht trin bi OPNET Technologies Inc, dng m hnh ha v m phng cc thit b, giao thc trong mng truyn thng. c pht trin cch y trn 15 nm, n l mt cng c m phng mng rt mnh, c s dng bi rt nhiu trng i hc v cng ty ln trn th gii. OPNET c th dng m phng hu ht cc mng v tuyn v hu tuyn, ngoi ra n cn cho php thc hin cc giao thc, mngth nghim trn cc thnh phn mng sn c. OPNET cho php m phng cc mng ln n hng trm nt. Mt kh khn duy nht khi la chn OPNET l phn mm ny khng phi l min ph. Phn mm NS-2 [4] NS (Network Simulator), xut pht t trng U.C.Berkely, l mt phn mm m phng s kin ri rc, hng i tng, vi mc ch nghin cu v mng, v l min ph. Phin bn 2 ca NS (NS-2) c s dng rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu v mng v c dng th nghim cc thut ton, cc giao thc hay cc tng mi v mng. NS-2 rt thch hp cho m phng cc mng gi v cc mng v tuyn (adhoc, v tinh..) v c s dng ch yu cho cc m phng c nh v cc thut ton nh tuyn v xp hng, cc giao thc truyn ti, iu khin tc nghn. Tuy nhin, NS-2 c cc nhc im nh kh phc tp khi mun m rng, sa i cc module sn c. Ngoi ra, NS-2 cng khng hot ng tt khi kch c mng ln v tc m phng ca NS-2 cng kh chm so vi cc phn mm khc. NS-2 cng h tr v ha km hn so vi cc phn mm m phng nh OPNET v OMNET++ Phn mm OMNET++ [5] OMNET++ (Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++), l mt phn mm m phng s kin ri rc, hng i tng, da

trn m ngun m v min ph. N c th s dng m phng lu lng trn cc mng vin thng, cc giao thc, v rng hn l bt k mt h thng s kin ri rc. Mt im khc so vi 2 phn mm m phng trn l OMNET++ c thit k ban u khng phi cho mng vin thng m l vi mc tiu rng hn. Ngoi ra, so vi phn mm thng mi nh OPNET th th vin cc m hnh sn c ca OMNET++ cng t hn. Tuy nhin, hin nay OMNET++ cng c rt nhiu m hnh quan trng nh MPLS, Ipv6Cc u im khc ca OMNET++ bao gm kh nng h tr v ha, cu trc hng i tng nn d dng thay i, m rng cc m hnh, v cho php thc hin m phng song song. Kh nng m rng mng v tc m phng ca OMNET++ cng rt tt. Nhc im ng k ca OMNET++ hin nay l cc m hnh c sn cha y , v dn n kh khn khi m phng mt s m hnh mng. 4. Kt lun Bi bo a ra c mt ci nhn tng quan v k thut m phng, cc qu trnh v cc vn cn quan tm khi m phng mt h thng, c bit l h thng mng vin thng. p dng m phng hiu qu hn trong nghin cu, o to v vin thng, phn 2 ca bi bo trnh by mt s nhn xt c bn v cc phn mm c s dng ph bin. R rng l nu nm vng l thuyt v m phng v s dng thnh tho cc phn mm m phng trn, c th gip nm vng hn hot ng ca cc h thng vin thng, cng nh cho php hot ng nghin cu, thit k cc giao thc mi, cc cu hnh mi c mng vin thng hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Ti liu tham kho [1] A.M Law v W.D Kelton, Simulation, Modelling and Analysis, Third Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2000 [2]Holger Karl, bi ging A brief introduction to discrete event simulation, 2005. [3] www.opnet.com [4] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ [5] http://www.omnetpp.org/

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S lc v tc gi Nguyn Xun Hong tt nghip khoa in t Vin thng, HBK H ni nm 1999, tt nghip cao hc ngnh Vin thng ti Hc Vin Cng ngh Chu (AIT, Thi Lan) nm 2002. Hin nay tc gi ang cng tc ti

Khoa Vin thng 1, Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng. Cc hng nghin cu ca tc gi bao gm mng bng rng, IP QoS, truyn thng a phng tin. Email: hoangptit@gmail.com

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