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(Peripatoi 19) Leonid Zhmud-Origin of The History of Science-Walter de Gruyter (2006)
(Peripatoi 19) Leonid Zhmud-Origin of The History of Science-Walter de Gruyter (2006)
ulgul (10
th
century) and ibn Abi Usaybia
106
Hecat. Abder. (FGrHist 264 F25); Ps.-Galen. Intr. seu medicus, 14, 674. See above,
298 n. 99. In Clement (Strom. I, 16, 75) medicine is invented in Egypt and then de-
veloped by Asclepius.
107
Aristobul. fr. 2 Denis; Goulet, R. Aristoboulos, DPhA I (1994) 379380.
108
Ps.-Eupolemus (FGrHist 724 F12); Artapan (FGrHist 726 F1).
109
Clem. Alex. Strom. I,15.7216.77; Euseb. Praep. Ev. X,1.17; X,4.17, etc.; Theodor.
Graec. affect. cur. I, 12ff.; Pythagoras and Plato studied under the Egyptians and the
Jews (ibid. II, 2326). In Roman and medieval Latin authors, the perspective was
slightly different (Worstbrock, op. cit., 9ff.).
110
Tat. Adv. Graec., I,1.9: qen pasasqe t~ mim2sei~ ersei~ @pokalonte~.
111
See e.g. Comm. in Aratum reliquiae, 318.20f.; Mich. Psell. Oratoria minora,
18.72f., 21.33ff; Eustath. Comm. in Dionys. perieg., 907.110; Comm. ad Hom. Il. I,
733.311.
Chapter 8: Historiography of science after Eudemus: a brief outline 300
(13
th
century) begin with Hermes and his son Asclepius.
112
Hermes is also men-
tioned among the Greek scientists in the bio-bibliographical encyclopaedia
Fihrist, which also lists his astronomical works.
113
Having borrowed not only
Greek science, but also the historico-scientific tradition of late Antiquity, Mus-
lim culture successfully integrated the scheme of inventio (translatio) artium
into the general perspective of scientific progress, whereby the legendary
names and events gradually gave place to historical ones. At the turn of the 10
th
century, the eminent translator of Greek scientific texts Ishaq ibn Hunayn de-
scribed a scholarly dispute in which one of the participants maintained that
Hippocrates was the first physician and all the others derived their knowledge
from him, while the other insisted that Hippocrates derived his knowledge from
the ancients and his name became prominent only because he discovered many
things and wrote them down systematically.
114
On the order of the vizier, who
was attending the dispute, Ishaq compiled the outline of the chronology of doc-
tors from the beginning of medicine to the present date (902); he thereby made
use of the text ascribed to Yahya an-Nahwi (i.e., Joannes Philoponus).
115
This
text divided the history of Greek medicine into eight periods, from Asclepius to
Galen and his followers. While everything that preceded Hippocrates was sheer
legend, the period from Galen to the sixth century AD was represented by his-
torical names and texts.
116
In a much more interesting historical perspective, translatio artium appears
in An Epistle to Saladin on the Revival of the Art of Healing by ibn-G
umay
(ibn-Jami, d. 1198), the Jewish physician of sultan Saladin.
117
I mean here the
Alexandria to Baghdad complex of narratives an account, popular in the
Muslim world, of the origin, development, and decline of Greek philosophy
and science and their subsequent passage to the Arabs.
118
Like Ishaq ibn Hu-
112
Meyerhof. Sultan Saladins physician, 176; Ullmann, M. Die Medizin im Islam,
Leiden 1970, 229f.
113
Fihrist, 634. Idris and Hermes as the inventors of astronomy: Wiedemann. ber Er-
finder, 194195.
114
Rosenthal. Ishaq b. Hunayns Tarih al-attiba, 72ff.
115
There is a confusion of people known in Arabic as Yahya al-Nahwi: Meyerhof, M.
Johannes Grammatikos (Philoponos) von Alexandrien und die arabische Medizin,
Mitt. des deutschen Inst. f. gypt. Altertumskunde in Kairo 2 (1931) 121; Ullmann,
op. cit., 27f.; Sezgin, F. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Vol. 3, Leiden 1973,
157ff.
116
Compiled in a similar way, though with a much shorter legendary period, is Celsus
outline of the history of medicine (see above, 285 n. 32). The brief survey of the his-
tory of medicine in Ps.-Galen (Intr. seu medicus, 14.674676) starts with Asclepius,
who learned it from his father Apollo and then passed it on to men, and ends with
Hippocrates. Medicine existed in ancient times in Egypt as well, but Egyptian medi-
cine does not bear comparison with the perfect medicine of the Greeks.
117
Meyerhof. Sultan Saladins physician, 169ff.
118
Strohmaier, G. Von Alexandrien nach Bagdad Eine fiktive Schultradition, Aris-
3. From inventio to translatio artium: scheme and reality 301
nayn, ibn-G
umay begins with Asclepius, whom he identifies with Idris and the
Biblical Enoch. The legendary period, however, interests him little, and he
passes immediately over to the historical one, i.e., Hippocrates. Galen, who
lived 600 years later than Hippocrates, restored his doctrine by purifying it of
later falsification and checking it against medical practice.
After Galen, Christianity appeared among the Greeks and prevailed over them.
The Christians considered it a fault to study intellectual subjects and their kings
repudiated their cultivation and paid no heed to supporting those who sought
them. So those who sough them quit taking the trouble to study them, finding that
it took too long to read the books of Hippocrates and Galen. (The intellectual sub-
jects) were in a state of crisis and their teaching fell in disorder. Then came Ori-
basius, after the Christian kings were firmly set in their disregard of teaching. He
sought to spread (the teaching) among the common people by making it clearer
and easier to follow He compiled compendia in which he clarified the craft and
by means of which he made learning easier for them. He was followed by Paul (of
Aegina) and those who came after him up to the present time.
Having told how the medical curriculum was reduced to twenty works of Hip-
pocrates and Galen (the so-called Summaria Alexandrinorum of the sixth cen-
tury), ibn-G
ulgul, 299
ibn-G
umay, 3001
Iccus of Tarentum, 50
Ion of Chios, 221, 238
Ischomachus, 285
Ishaq ibn Hunayn, 300, 302
Isidore, 293
Isocrates, 40, 56, 60, 62, 64, 68, 7071,
73, 82, 109, 110, 113, 137, 196, 211,
286, 298
doxography, 154
Egypt, 226
on discovery vs. imitation, 6566
on mathematics, 45, 7476
on progress, 7780, 212
on the origin of culture, 5254
protoi heuretai, 78
Jews
as inventors of science and philos-
ophy, 5, 8, 14, 299, 307
Josephus Flavius, 5, 8, 299, 307
Kidenas, 307
Lasus of Hermione, 49, 195
Leodamas, 9294, 182184, 205, 210,
260, 262, 270. (see also Plato)
Leon, 91, 94, 95, 100, 115, 149, 178,
182, 184, 193, 197, 206, 210, 270
Leon of Byzantium, 139
Leucippus, 15355, 157, 16063, 238
Linus, 9, 49
Lucretius, 51
Lycurgus, 66
Machaon, 51
Macrobius, 171
Mamercus, 148, 178, 182, 194, 260,
270
Mandrocles of Samos, 29
Marinus, 295
mathematikoi, 20, 86, 104, 132, 231,
236, 250, 262, 28990, 293, 29697
Matricetas, 253, 270
mechanics, 12, 18, 20, 47, 74, 84, 88,
114, 119, 121, 129, 176. (see also
mathemata)
medicine
doxography of, 12729, 14445,
296
history of, 6, 7, 285, 3001
in Herodotus, 39
method, 5657, 6769
origin of, 5758, 29899
theory of, 5457
Melissus, 145, 15254, 156, 15961,
163, 238
Menaechmus, 95, 99100, 170,
17879, 18182, 185, 208, 210, 228,
23435, 238, 280, 284, 29192
astronomy, 234
conic sections, 208. (see also dupli-
cation of the cube)
Menaechmus the philosopher, 99
Menecrates, 164
Menelaus, 120, 237, 284, 292, 302, 305
Menestor, 145, 158
Menestratus, 270
Meno, 14, 109, 119, 122, 126, 128, 135,
141, 14445, 147, 153, 161,
16466, 258, 277, 278
Medical Collection, 15, 126,
13334. (see also doxography,
Theophrastus)
Metagenes, 30, 191
Meton, 19, 63, 132, 229, 23738, 244,
25253, 26062, 266, 27071, 276,
281, 297, 3056
astronomy, 26770
Metrodorus, 14546, 16063, 238
Mnaseas, 298
Moses, 8, 307
Musaeus, 26, 49, 51, 269
Myonides, 174
Naburianus, 307
Naucrates, 280
Nauteles, 270
General index 328
Neanthes of Cyzicus, 89, 293
Neoclides, 94, 178, 182, 184, 206, 270
Newton, 2, 21, 252
Nicagoras, 143
Nicomachus of Gerasa, 72, 17374,
18990, 215, 22223, 292, 302, 305
Nicomedes, 291
Nicon, 306
Nicoteles, 280
Niles floods
problem of, 132, 141, 14344, 153,
157, 262, 280
Oenopides of Chios, 19, 64, 143,
14849, 161, 16970, 179, 182, 191,
229, 235, 238, 251, 25354, 26970,
296, 304, 306
astronomy, 171, 235, 253, 26067
geometry, 2001
Oenopides the Stoic, 17879, 209, 260
Onomacritus, 261
optics, 12, 18, 20, 88, 103, 114, 11921,
129, 216, 277. (see also mathemata)
optimism, epistemological, 5860,
6869, 303
Oribasius, 301
Orpheus, 9, 26, 49, 108, 13031, 152,
226, 306
Palamedes, 2526, 28, 33, 37, 108, 151,
22526, 298
Pamphila, 197
Pappus, 4, 15, 84, 14849, 167, 169,
17274, 179, 186, 18990, 208,
23637, 281, 29293, 302, 305,
3078
Parmenides, 76, 127, 146, 150, 15263,
230, 238, 25456, 261, 26566
Paul of Aegina, 301
Periander, 35
Perseus, 29192
Petron, 164
Phaeinos, 253, 270
Phanias of Eresus, 139, 293
Pheidon, 25, 28, 151
Pherecydes, 35, 13031, 243, 261, 307,
308
Philip of Macedon, 183
Philip of Opus, 14, 43, 59, 73, 88, 91,
99, 102, 11315, 129, 168, 170, 185,
209, 211, 215, 227, 247, 270, 281,
296
alleged author of the Academic treat-
ise, 8889
and Catalogue of geometers, 8991,
17983
astronomy, 1023
chronology, 183
on the origin of culture, 11213
Philistion, 128, 144, 164
Philo of Alexandria, 8, 288
Philo of Byzantium, 67, 279, 282
Philodemus, 8792, 100, 106, 112,
11415, 167, 18082, 188, 205, 212
Philolaus, 62, 64, 104, 109110, 113,
128, 133, 14546, 16364, 174, 195,
220, 22224, 238, 246, 253, 25759,
261, 267, 27071
Philonides, 280, 287
Philoponus, 120, 230, 300, 303
Phoenicians, 13, 4042, 187, 211, 227,
239, 29899
Photius, 144
Phrynichus, 267
Pindar, 27, 28, 33
Plato, 11, 20, 36, 38, 40, 4546, 48, 52,
6566, 68, 70, 73, 74, 76, 9495,
99100, 1034, 10916, 118, 121,
12728, 130, 133, 143, 146, 150,
152, 154, 164, 168, 170, 17275,
18081, 18687, 190, 202, 2056,
21112, 21415, 22223, 22627,
23032, 238, 244, 264, 266, 269,
273, 276, 286, 28991, 296, 299,
30708
and Archytas, 71, 93, 1057, 110,
118, 181
and Dicaearchus, 89, 104, 139
and Eudemus, 169
and Eudoxus, 8687, 91, 9698,
107, 118
and Leodamas, 9293
and Theaetetus, 94
as methodologist of science, 8289,
90, 1048, 279
General index 329
astronomy, 8687, 25657, 259,
261, 27073
classification of sciences, 61,
10910, 125
duplication of the cube, 5, 8486,
106, 207
history of science, 109
in Catalogue of geometers, 9192,
17983
in doxography, 15664
mathematical education, 63, 72, 75,
1002
mathematics, 8283, 1001
protoi heuretai, 109, 22426, 227
theory of science, 14, 10911, 117,
127
utility of mathemata, 73
Pliny the Elder, 56, 30, 60, 249
Plutarch, 40, 8485, 8788, 99, 106,
126, 176, 200, 225, 244, 275, 294
Podalirius, 51
Polemarchus, 99, 228, 229, 23133,
238, 271, 284
Polyaenus, 284, 287
Polybius, 294
Polybus, 129, 164, 296
Polyclitus, 50
Porphyry, 16, 92, 147, 167, 174, 186,
18889, 206, 21417, 23536, 283,
292, 295, 298
and Catalogue of geometers, 91,
18688
Posidonius, 35, 60, 132, 185, 189, 230,
26263, 269, 275, 29192, 305
and Vetusta placita, 29596
geography, 279
on mathematics, 179, 185, 209
on science and philosophy, 28890
Praxiphanes, 139, 147
Proclus, 16, 48, 70, 7273, 9193,
99101, 1034, 149, 167, 177, 182,
184, 18688, 192, 200, 203, 208,
209, 22830, 23536, 267, 283,
29192, 295
as a source for Eudemus, 16971,
175, 229, 256, 257
as a source for Geminus, 178, 292
Catalogue of geometers, 8990, 179,
181, 18384, 18890, 212
commentary on Euclid, 5, 15, 186,
193, 199
protoi heuretai, 49
Prodicus, 36, 38
progress
idea of, 1618, 7879
in Aristotle, 70, 12021, 210
in as-Samawal, 3023
in Dicaearchus, 13940
in Eudemus, 152, 21013, 248,
25152
in Isocrates, 7780
in Seneca, 60
in the Academic treatise, 8788, 114
in VM, 5860
in Xenophanes, 26770
Prometheus, 26, 33, 3637, 43, 65, 151,
298
Protagoras, 36, 4546, 4950, 54, 62,
81, 1089
protoi heuretai, 12, 13, 2344, 48, 80,
176, 249, 283, 298
in Aeschylus, 3637
in Aristotle, 137, 157
in Eudemus, 14953, 175, 177, 239,
246, 248, 250, 263, 268
in Geminus, 291
in Glaucus, 49, 195
in Herodotus, 3841
in Plato, 109, 22426
in Theophrastus, 161, 256
in VM, 58
origin of concept, 2934
secondary sacralization of, 3738,
22526. (see also heurematography)
Ps.-Epicharmus, 38, 113
Ps.-Galen, 161, 261, 299300
Ps.-Hero, 23536
Ps.-Plutarch, 4950, 157, 261
Ptolemy, 24, 48, 72, 86, 106, 118, 120,
21517, 238, 252, 256, 26364, 268,
284, 289, 293, 302, 305, 308
Harmonics, 214, 216
in Byzantium, 3068
on science and philosophy, 118
General index 330
Pythagoras, 11, 19, 41, 14849, 156,
161, 163, 17173, 18183, 187, 190,
19495, 202, 210, 226, 238, 24243,
249, 251, 254, 261, 266, 291, 293,
29899, 305, 3078
arithmetic, 21920
astronomy, 260, 261, 265
discoveries, 35, 150, 161
geometry, 19697
harmonics, 112, 196, 216
mathemata, 64, 74, 196
means, 17374, 189, 194
number philosophy, 22021
school, 284. (see also regular solids)
Pythagoreans, 75, 93, 94, 102, 1046,
110, 145, 148, 14950, 152, 15457,
160, 162, 169, 17274, 179, 181,
185, 18889, 2012, 205, 212,
21820, 22831, 235, 238, 248, 253,
257, 260, 291, 29597
arithmetic, 21418, 22124
astronomy, 87, 246, 25760,
26567, 27172, 290, 297
geometry, 108, 170, 194200, 203
harmonics, 129, 21418, 274
irrationals, 94, 172, 190
mathemata, 37, 6364, 121. (see
also regular solids)
Pytheas, 281
Pythion of Thasos, 280
Ramus, 5, 291, 308
regular solids, 94, 171, 179, 181, 186,
18890, 19596, 198, 205
Rousseau, 79
Satyrus, 293
saving the phenomena, 8687, 231,
27175
Scamon of Mytilene, 42
Scylax of Carianda, 305
Seleucus, 296, 307308
Seneca, 35, 60, 289, 303
Sesostris, 150
Seth, 8, 304, 307
Sextus Empiricus, 261
Simonides the Younger, 42
Simplicius, 86, 163, 167, 187, 2023,
206, 234, 236, 24548, 267, 27476,
292, 3023
as a source for Eudemus, 16, 87, 147,
167, 169, 184, 204, 22833, 248, 275
as a source for Theophrastus, 157,
15961
Socrates, 4546, 63, 6667, 69, 7273,
94, 106, 11011, 150, 156, 160, 183,
224, 259
Socrates Scholasticus, 293
Solon, 28, 35, 305, 307, 308
Sophocles, 37, 38, 225
Soranus of Ephesus, 285, 293
Sosigenes, 8688, 106, 236, 271, 273,
27576, 290, 292, 297
23034
Sotion, 285, 293
Speusippus, 14, 100, 102, 111, 168,
179, 209, 292
on mathematics, 102, 111, 178, 215,
224
on Plato, 90, 108, 115
On Pythagorean Numbers, 102, 112,
189
On Similar Things, 116
table of opposites, 156
Sporus, 206, 208, 292
squaring the circle, 45, 149, 151, 169,
200, 2023, 237
Stephanus the Philosopher, 3034
Stesichorus, 25, 28, 33, 37, 49, 225
Stesimbrotus of Thasos, 49
Stobaeus, 157, 218, 219
Strabo, 278, 308
Strato, 4243, 120, 15051, 261, 287
Sudines, 307
Synesius of Cyrene, 293
Tatian, 299
Terpander, 27, 49
Thales, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 25, 33, 37, 41,
50, 74, 121, 131, 133, 143, 146,
14851, 15355, 157, 159, 16163,
169, 171, 177, 180, 182, 18788,
194, 197, 201, 205, 210, 212,
22829, 23536, 23839, 248,
as a source for Eudemus,
General index 331
25152, 254, 26062, 26567, 269,
298, 3058
as the first mathematician, 6, 9, 15,
31, 42, 117, 129
as the first physicist, 127, 131, 155,
160, 296
astronomy, 13, 193, 235, 23945
discoveries, 35
geometry, 170, 19194, 19899
Theaetetus, 19, 92, 94, 99, 102, 151,
169, 17172, 174, 181, 183, 191,
198, 205, 20910, 216, 262, 270,
284, 305
biography, 94
Theodore Metoichites, 306
Theodore of Melitene, 3068
Theodoretus, 161, 299
Theodorus, 209, 291
Theodorus of Cyrene, 19, 6364, 94,
102, 110, 172, 182, 187, 195, 209,
25960, 262, 270, 284, 304
geometry, 205
Theodorus of Samos, 30, 191
Theodosius of Bithynia, 281, 302, 305
Theon of Alexandria, 5, 302, 3058
Theon of Smyrna, 16, 84, 85, 87, 92,
167, 17374, 181, 215, 22223,
22829, 23436, 24041, 245, 248,
255, 26566, 275, 283, 29192
Theophilus of Edessa, 303
Theophrastus, 2, 11, 14, 15, 77, 97,
109, 119, 126, 128, 130, 136,
13942, 15051, 167, 190, 200, 204,
210, 228, 232, 238, 24647, 249,
253, 255, 25758, 26061, 27778,
295
and Eudemus, 122, 126, 13034,
147, 152, 166, 182, 238, 262
and Meno, 128, 145
botany, 136, 167, 284
doxography, 118, 121, 127, 13136,
14246, 153, 15764, 246, 250
Meteorology, 144
On Discoveries, 43
on music, 129, 274
On Weather Signs, 270
Opinions of the Physicists, 133
Physics, 142
protoi heuretai, 36, 42, 49, 151, 161,
213, 256
Theudius, 99, 100, 178, 193, 197, 209,
212, 270, 284
Thoth, 9, 26, 34, 109, 150, 218, 224,
22627, 298
Thrasimachus, 137, 164
Thrasydeus, 280
Thucydides, 29, 49, 57, 77, 139, 147
Thymaridas, 179
Timolaus, 99
Tisias, 50, 137
Titus Livius, 294
Tzetzes, 306
utility, 3233
of mathemata, 48, 7176, 110, 294,
304
of tcnh, 4546
of pist2mh, 48, 12425
Vitruvius, 84
Voltaire, 79
Xenocrates, 14, 102, 115, 125, 168,
178, 287, 292
on mathematics, 90, 111, 116
on Pythagoras, 112, 196, 216
Xenophanes, 13, 33, 34, 35, 44, 130,
14243, 14546, 150, 153, 15657,
15963, 23840, 242, 244
on progress, 26770
Xenophon, 45, 66, 73, 259
Yahya an-Nahwi, 300
Zabarella, 21
Zeno of Citium, 28788
Zeno of Elea, 127, 150, 152, 161, 226,
263
Zeno of Sidon, 289
Zenodorus, 280
Zenodotus, 17879, 209, 260, 291
Zopyrus of Tarentum, 283
Zoroaster, 8, 9, 116, 305, 307