Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

4.2. H THNG DI NG T BO 2G IS-95

4.2.1 Cc ch tiu c bn ca IS-95
Di thng 1.25 MHz
Tc chp 1.2288 Mchip/s
Tn s ng ln 824-849 MHz
1850-1910 MHz
Tn s ng xung 869-894 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
di khung ting ni 20 ms
Tc bt 9.6 Kb/s (RS1 tp tc 1)
14.4 Kb/s (RS2 tp tc 2)
115 Kb/s (IS-95B)
M ha ting ni QCELP 8.6 Kb/s
ACELP 13 Kb/s
Chuyn giao mm C
iu khin cng sut Vng h v vng kn nhanh (ng ln).
Vng kn chm (ng xung)
M tri ph M Walsh v dy m
a truy nhp FDMA/CDMA
Song cng FDD
iu ch BPSK v QPSK
M knh M xon
Knh ng xung 4 loi: pilot, ng b, tm gi v lu lng
Knh ng ln 2 loi: truy nhp v lu lng

4.2.2 ng xung h thng IS-95
Hnh 1 l s khi ca my pht trm gc trong ng xung ca
CDMA. Nm ng x l tn hiu khc nhau c biu din trn s .
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
Hai ng trn cng l ging nhau, biu din qu trnh x l tn hiu
ca ngi s dng (ting ni) c s ho. Cc ng chm chm l
cc ngi dng khc c th b sung vo. S lng ngi s dng c th
phc v y b gii hn bi s lng ca cc m tri trc giao hin c
(m Walsh trc giao). B m thoi CDMA cho ra tn hiu nh phn vi
tc ln nht l 8600 bps. Mt trong nhng c im quan trng ca h
thng CDMA l tc m thoi thay i v c th gim ti mc thp
nht l 800 bps khi ngi s dng khng ni. Cng sut pht c gim
xung tng xng khi tc d liu gim to ra t nhiu hn trong khi
ngng ni. Bn loi tc d liu c s dng trong h thng, trong
hnh v 1 ch trnh by trng hp tc d liu ln nht. thun tin
cho vic trnh by ta c nh tc d liu l 8600 bps.
Cc bit u ra ca b m thoi c s l theo cc khi 20 ms cha
172 bt. 172 bt ny c m pht hin li dng m CRC (thm vo 12 bit
trong khi tin). thun tin cho vic gii m ti MS, ngi ta thm vo
8 bit ui ton 0 vo cui ca khi tin 20 ms. 8 bit ui ny c tc dng
xo v 0 ton b ni dung ca thanh ghi dch ca b m xon. Lc ny
tc bt l 9600 bps, khi tin 20 ms bao gm 192 bit.
Sau d liu c m ho bng m xon c tc R =1/2, k = 9
vi a thc sinh nh sau:
g
1
(D) = 1 + D + D
2
+ D
3
+ D
5
+ D
7
+ D
8

g
2
(D) = 1 + D
2
+ D
3
+ D
4
+ D
8

S khi ca b m ho ny c m t hnh 2. M ny c khong
cch t do l 12. Khi symbol li ra b m ha bao gm 384 bit. Tc
bt u ra b m xon l (384/20).10
-3
= 19200 bps. Cu trc khung
knh lu lng ng xung c minh ha hnh 3.
trnh hin tng mt c mt khi tin do nh hng ca qu
trnh truyn tin, ngi ta tch cc bit quan trng ra khng cho chm li
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
vi nhau. Do , sau khi c m xon, d liu c cho qua b xen k
khi.






















Tip theo, sau khi cho qua xen k khi, thng tin c xo trn bng cch
cng modul 2 d liu vi mt m nh phn ring ca ngi dng c
di
42
2 1 . M di ny c to ra bng cch chia 64 chui chip c tc
1,2288 Mcps, c ngha l c 64 chip ly 1 mu v do ta c tc
u vo
9600bps
u ra
19200bps
Hnh 2 M xon R=1/2, k=9
CRC 12
8 bit ui
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Chu k m pilot 26,667ms
Khung 20ms
Knh pilot
Knh lu lng
172 bit d liu ngi dng
Khung
u ra b m xon 16 24 = 384 bt
Nhm iu khin cng sut (PCG)
24 bt 1.25 ms
Bit iu khin cng sut (PCB) Ch : PCB c v tr bt k trong
16 bt u tin ca PCG
Hnh 3 Cu trc khung knh lu lng ng xung
3 chu k m pilot = 4 khung = 80ms
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
ca chui xo trn l 1,2288.10
6
/64 = 19200 bps. a thc sinh ca m di
ny nh sau:
g
long
(D) = 1 + D + D
2
+ D
3
+ D
5
+ D
6
+ D
7
+ D
10
+ D
16
+ D
17
+ D
18
+ D
19
+ D
21
+ D
22
+ D
25
+ D
26
+ D
27
+ D
31
+ D
33
+ D
35
+ D
42
.
Tt c cc knh lu lng u s dng cng mt m di v c phn
bit bng cch s dng cc pha m ring ngi dng khc nhau. Chu k
lp li ca m ny, 2
42
1, l cc k di (hn 40 ngy). Nh vy c rt
nhiu pha khc nhau phn bit c. Pha ring ngi dng ca m ny
c to ra bng cch cng modul 2 cc u ra thanh ghi dch to m
ring bit vi mt vc t M
m
= {M
m,1
, M
m,2
,, M
m,42
}, vc t ny cha s
serial in t ca MS (xem hnh 4). y k hiu m tng ng vi ngi
dng m.









pha phn bit c ngha th ta phi bit c pha ban u ca m
gc (tc l trc khi cng modul 2 vi vec t). Pha ny c tt c cc
trm gc v my di ng bit trc v tiu chuNn h thng CDMA yu
cu l pha tuyt i ca m di c ng b vi chuNn thi gian quc t.
iu ny c thc hin bng my thu nh v v tinh ton cu GPS
(Global Positioning System) t ti mi trm gc. nh thi tuyt i ca
h thng CDMA c u im l cho php ng b v s dng m hiu qu
hn, song c nhc im l phi c my thu GPS ti mi BS.
Chia 64
M
m,1
M
m,40
M
m,2
M
m,3
M
m,39
M
m,5
M
m,41

D
1
M
m,42
M
m,4

D
2
D
3
D
41
D
42
19.2 kcps
m di ngi dng m
c
l,m

1.2288 Mcps
Hnh 4 B to m di ngi dng m
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
Sau xo trn ngi ta chn vo cc bit iu khin cng sut PCB
(Power Control Bit), y l cc bit iu khin cng sut ng ln. Chui
bt c chia thnh cc nhm 24 bit, mi nhm di 1.25 ms (16 nhm
1.25 ms) v c gi l nhm iu khin cng sut PCG (Power Control
Groups). Mt bit iu khin cng sut ng ln c chn vo trong
mi PCG. C 16 PCG, c ngha l cng c 16 bit iu khin cng sut
trong mi khi 20ms (xem hnh 3). Khi mt bit PCB c pht th mt bt
thng tin b mt. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin li mnh cho php c th
khi phc li c bt thng tin. Nh vy tc cp nht iu khin cng
sut l 800 Hz, nhanh bm theo s thay i ca knh fading khi MS
di chuyn vi tc thp n trung bnh.
Bc tip theo trong chui x l tn hiu l vic tri ph dy trc
tip lung bt ca ngi dng bng cch s dng cc m Walsh trc giao
phn bit cc knh. M Walsh l cc tp hp ca 2
n
chui nh phn, chiu
di ca mi chui l 2
n
v trc giao hon ton vi nhau. V d: mt tp
hp m Walsh bao gm 2 m c chiu di 2 c xc nh bi cc hng
ca ma trn:
1
0
2
1
0 0
0 1
w
W
w
( (
=
( (


Tp hp m gm cc m c chiu di ln hn c th vit tng qut nh
sau:
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1
0
2 2
2
2 2
2
n n
n
n n
n
w
W W
W
W W
w
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

(


Nh vy ta c th tnh c
4
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
W
(
(
(
=
(
(

v tng t cng tnh
c W
8
, .v.v..
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
Tp hp W
64
bao gm c 64 m trc giao k hiu t w
0
n w
63
c s
dng trong CDMA IS-95. Mt trong cc m Walsh ny, tc l mt hng
ca W
64
c gn cho mi ngi dng v c s dng nh m tri chui
trc tip BPSK. Tc chip ca dy trc tip ny l 1.2288x10
6
cps v
tc bt trc tri l 19200 bps, nh vy s c ng 1,2288.10
6
/19200 =
64 chip m tri trn mt bt v mt m Walsh y c s dng cho
mi mt bt. Sau tri m Walsh, chui chip nh phn c chuyn i
tng ng {0,1} thnh {1,-1} chuNn b cho cng tuyn tnh tt c cc
chui pht ti trm gc v iu ch sng mang tip theo.
Mc d tri ph BPSK bng m Walsh cng ngn cch
cc tn hiu t mt trm gc, nhng nng cao cht lng h thng cn
phi ngn cch cc tn hiu t tt c cc trm gc bng cch thm vo
vic tri chui trc tip QPSK s dng cc m tri knh ng pha v
vung pha tng ng c
I,pilot
, c
Q,pilot
nh trn hnh 1. Cc m ny l chui m
c a thc sinh nh sau:
g
I,pilot
(D) = 1 + D
2
+ D
6
+D
7
+ D
8
+ D
10
+ D
15

g
Q,pilot
(D) = 1 + D
3
+ D
4
+ D
5
+ D
9
+ D
10
+ D
11
+ D
12
+ D
15
Chn
0
, I pilot
c
1.2288 Mcps
B to m knh ng pha
B to m knh vung pha
Chn
0
, Q pilot
c
1.2288 Mcps

Hnh 5 B to m knh pilot
Cc b to m ny c biu din trn hnh 5. Chu k ca chui m ny l
2
15
1; chu k ny c m rng thm 1 bng cch chn 0 cui chu k
chui t nhin. Nh vy chu k chnh xc l 2
15
chip hay 512 bt thng
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
tin. Chu k ca m l 2
15
/1.2288x10
6
= 26,667 ms, c ng 3 chu k m
trong 80 ms nh hnh 1. Tt c cc trm gc s dng a thc sinh trn
v phn bit gia chng bng cc pha khc nhau ca m ny. Pha m tri
pilot c chuNn theo gi tuyt i ca h thng. Cui cng, cc tn hiu
ng pha v vung pha c lc iu khin cc thuc tnh ph ca tn
hiu pht. Tn hiu lc iu ch cc sng mang vung gc ri c
cng, khuch i v pht i.
iu ch thng tin ng xung l BPSK s c gii iu ch kt
hp ti my thu di ng. c th gii iu ch kt hp, trm gc pht
mt knh pilot. Knh pilot ny tri bng m Walsh w
0
, l mt dy ton 0.
D liu vo ca knh pilot cng ton 0, v th u vo knh pilot n b
cng trc tri ph QPSK lun l +1. My thu di ng c th khi phc
sng mang pilot khng iu ch bng loi b m tri QPSK thng qua
gii tri chui trc tip thng dng. Pha sng mang thu c khi phc
t tn hiu pilot ny v c s dng gii iu ch cc knh thu khc.
Cui cng, h thng CDMA cn phi c knh tm gi v cc knh
thng tin iu khin h thng. Cc knh ny c th hin r trn hnh 1.
Thng tin nh thi ca h thng c pht n my di ng trn knh
ng b v thng bo cu hnh h thng c pht n my di ng trn
c hai knh ng b v knh tm gi. Tt c cc knh ca trm gc (cc
knh lu lng, knh tm gi, knh pilot, knh ng b) c cng tuyn
tnh trc khi tri chui trc tip QPSK nh hnh 1. Do s cng tuyn
tnh ny, trm gc cn c b khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh cao.
4.2.3 ng ln h thng IS-95
Hnh 6 l s khi ca tuyn pht ca MS. y ch xt thng tin thoi
ca ngi dng. B m thoi ging vi m thoi ca BS. C 4 tc ra
khc nhau hn ch cng sut pht trong cc khong dng ca ting
ni. Ti tc cc i (8600bps), b m thoi cho ra 172 bit trn khung
20ms. Sau khi m ho CRC v thm cc bit ui, ta c 192 bit trn 20ms
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
ng vi tc 9600bps. Ti im ny, qu trnh x l tn hiu ca ng
ln bt u khc vi ng xung. M xon s dng cho ng ln c
tc R = 1/3 v k = 9 vi cc a thc sinh nh sau:
g
1
(D) = 1 + D
2
+ D
3
+ D
5
+ D
6
+ D
7
+ D
8

g
2
(D) = 1 + D + D
3
+ D
4
+ D
7
+ D
8

g
3
(D) = 1 + D + D
2
+ D
5
+ D
8





















S m xon nh hnh 7. u ra m xon cho tc gp 3 ln tc
ban u, tc l trong khung thng tin 20ms c 192 3 = 576 bt, ng vi
tc 576/20 10
-3
= 28800bps. Sau khi m xon, d liu c a qua
M thoi
M CRC &
cc bt ui
M xon
R=1/3;k=9
Xen k
iu ch
trc giao
01
1-1
01
1-1
Tr chip
Lc
hn bng
Lc
hn bng
LPA
Ting ni
172 bit
trn 20ms
12 bit CRC
8 bit ui
576 bt
trn 20ms
8600bps 9600bps 28800bps 307.2kbps
M di
c
l,m

c
I,pilot
1,2288Mcps
c
Q,pilot

cos t
0

sin t
0

Hnh 6 S khi ng ln CDMA
u vo
9600bps
u ra
28800bps
Hnh 7 M xon R =1/3, k = 9
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
khi xen k ging nh ng xung, ri chia thnh 16 nhm iu khin
cng sut PCG, mi nhm bao gm 36 bt.























Khc vi iu ch BPSK kt hp c s dng trong ng
xung, ng ln s dng iu ch trc giao 64 mc c th gii iu ch
kt hp hoc khng kt hp. Nguyn tc iu ch trc giao 64 mc ny l
c c 6 bit a vo b iu ch th cho ra mt trong 64 m Walsh 64 chip
CRC 12 8 bit ui
Chu k m pilot 26.667ms
Khung 20ms
knh lu lng
172 bit d liu ngi dng
khung
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
u ra b m xon 16 36 = 576 bt
Hnh 9 Cu trc khung knh lu lng ng ln

T m Walsh trc giao 64 bit
Hnh 8 B to chui trc giao 64 mc
u
1

Clock
307.2 kHz
2

2

2

2

2

u
2
u
4
u
5
u
6
u
3

0101010101 0011001100 0000111100 0000000011
dy Walsh ra
Nhm PCG 1.25ms
36 bt ra b m xon
6 t m Walsh trc giao
3 chu k pilot = 4 khung = 80ms
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
0 63
( ) w w . Nh vy tc bit ti u ra ca b iu ch trc giao l
28800 64/6 = 307.2ksps. S b iu ch nh hnh 8. Khi 6 bt cn
iu ch c biu din bng vec t nh phn u
6
,u
5
, u
4
, u
3
, u
2
, u
1
. B m
nh phn 5 bit ng b c trng thi ban u l 0. Tt c cc b m ny
dng chung mt clock 307.2kHz. Sau 64 chu k clock, t m 64 bt biu
din vc t u
6
,u
5
, u
4
, u
3
, u
2
, u
1
s c to ra. Cu trc khung ng ln
nh hnh 9.
u ra ca iu ch trc giao c a ti tri chui trc tip vi
m di c
l,m
c tc 1.2288Mcps ging ht nh ca ng xung (ch
khc l khng b chia cho 64). Mi ngi dng c gn mt pha duy
nht ca m rt di ny (2
42
1). Pha c th l hm ca s serial in t
c gn cho mi ngi dng. C 1.2288 10
6
/(307,2 10
3
) = 4 chip m
tri trn mt bt u ra ca b iu ch trc giao. Sau khi tri m di, d
liu c a n 2 nhnh tri cng pha I v vung pha Q. Sau php tri
cui cng, knh vung pha c tr chp cho nn iu ch s l iu
ch QPSK so le (OQPSK). Cc li ra b tri dy trc tip vung pha
c lc hn bng, ri iu ch cc sng mang vung pha, sau cng
li, khuch i v pht i.
4.2.4 Cc nguyn tc a truy nhp tri ph
1. Gii thiu
CDMA l phng php nhiu ngi dng c gn cc ti
nguyn v tuyn bng cc k thut DS-SS. Mc d tt c ngi dng u
pht trong cng bng tn RF, cc ngi dng ring c phn bit vi
nhau nh s dng cc m trc giao. Tiu chuNn IS-95 ch nh rng mi
ngi dng mang thng tin bng gc tc ca li ra b vocoder 9.6
Kbps (tp tc RS1). Tc cui cng ca tn hiu tri l 1.2288
Mcps, dn n di thng RF xp x 1.25 MHz.
C th tn ti nhiu tn hiu 1.25 MHz trong cng bng RF. Hiu
sut ca h thng CDMA b hn ch bi nhiu mc ln. iu ny c
ngha l dung lng v cht lng ca h thng b hn ch bi mc
cng sut nhiu trong bng tn. Dung lng c xc nh nh tng s
ngi dng ng thi m h thng c th h tr, cn cht lng c xc
nh nh l iu kin cm th ca ng v tuyn gn cho ngi dng c
th; cht lng ng truyn cm th ny c lin quan trc tip n xc
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
sut li bt (hoc t l li bt BER). Chng ny trnh by nhng c
trng ca h thng CDMA cn phi ti u gim nhiu v tng dung
lng.
2. Dung lng
Trong sch bo hin nay c nhiu m hnh dung lng CDMA, song
chng ta chn vic m t dung lng h thng CDMA s dng s lng
nhiu ngi dng trong bng. Dung lng thc t ca t bo CDMA ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau, nh l gii iu ch my thu, chnh
xc ca iu khin cng sut v cng sut nhiu thc t to bi cc ngi
dng khc trong cng t bo v trong cc t bo ln cn.
Trong thng tin s, ta thng quan tm n metric ng truyn gi l
nng lng trn bt trn mt cng sut tp m
0
/
b
E N . i lng ny
c th lin h vi t s tn trn tp (SNR) thng thng bng cch
rng nng lng trn bt bng cng sut trung bnh tn hiu iu ch trn
mi di bt; tc l

b
E ST = (0.1)
y S l cng sut tn hiu iu ch trung bnh v T l di ca 1 bt.
Ch rng (4.1) l ph hp vi phn tch th nguyn, l nng lng
bng cng sut nhn vi thi gian. Cng c th chi tit hn na cng thc
(4.1) bng cch thay tc bt R bng nghch o ca di bt T:

b
S
E
R
=
T ta c

0 0
b
E S
N RN
= (0.2)
Tip theo ta thay mt cng sut tp m
0
N bng tng cng sut tp m
N chia cho di thng W, tc l

0
N
N
W
= (0.3)
Thay (4.3) v (4.2) ta c

0
b
E S W
N N R
= (0.4)
Phng trnh (4.4) lin h nng lng trn bt
0
/
b
E N vi 2 h s: t s
tn hiu trn tp m S/N ca ng truyn v t s di thng pht W vi
tc bt R. T s W/R chnh l tng ch x l ca h thng.
y chng ta xt dung lng ng ln v trong CDMA y thng l
kt ni hn ch v mt dung lng. ng ln l kt ni t MS n BS.
Gi s rng h thng c iu khin cng sut hon ho, tc l cng sut
pht ca tt c cc ngi dng di ng u c iu khin 1 cch tch
cc sao cho ti my thu BS cng sut thu c t tt c cc MS l bng
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
nhau. Da trn gi thit ny, SNR ca mt ngi dng c th vit nh
sau:

1
1
S
N M
=

y M l tng s ngi dng c mt trong bng. S d nh vy l v
tng cng sut nhiu trong bng bng tng cng sut t cc ngi dng
ring l. Hnh 10 minh ha nguyn tc Nn sau (4.5). Ch l (4.5) b qua
cc ngun nhiu khc nh l tp m nhit. Thay (4.5) vo (4.4) ta c:

0
1
( 1)
b
E W
N M R
=

(0.5)
Gii i vi (M - 1) ta c

0
( / )
1
( / )
b
W R
M
E N
= (0.6)
Nu M l ln th

0
( / )
( / )
b
W R
M
E N
(0.7)
* nh hng ca ti
Phng trnh (4.8) thc ra l m hnh m t s ngi dng trong mt t
bo CDMA. T bo n ny l v hng v khng c t bo ln cn no,
cn cc ngi dng pht 100% thi gian.

Hnh 10 Trong CDMA tng cng sut nhiu trong bng bng tng cng
sut ca cc ngi dng ring l. Do , nu c 7 ngi dng chim
bng v mi ngi dng c iu khin cng sut v cng mc nh
nhau, th t s SNR ca mi ngi dng l 1/6.
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Trn thc t h thng CDMA c nhiu t bo. Hnh 11 ch ra t bo A
c bao quanh bi cc t bo khc ang h tr nhng ngi dng khc.
Mc d nhng ngi dng khc t nhng t bo khc ny c iu
khin cng sut bi cc t bo ch tng ng ca chng, cng sut tn
hiu t nhng ngi dng khc ny vn to nn nhiu cho t bo A. Do
, t bo A c coi l chu ti t nhng ngi dng ca cc t bo
khc. Phng trnh (4.6) c ci bin tnh n nh hng ca chu
ti:

0
1 1
( )
( 1) 1
b
E W
N M R
=
+
(0.8)
y l h s chu ti, c gi tr t 0% n 100%. Trong v d hnh
12, h s chu ti l 0.5, dn n s tng 150% mc nhiu so vi khi ch
c ngi dng 1 t bo. Nghch o ca h s (1 ) + i khi c gi l
h s dng li tn s F, tc l:

1
(1 )
F

=
+
(0.9)
Ch rng h s dng li tn s l tng l bng 1 trong trng hp 1 t
bo ( 0) = . Trong trng hp a t bo, v h s chu ti tng ln nn
h s dng li tn s gim i tng ng.


Hnh 11 Nhiu gy bi cc ngi dng trong t bo ln cn
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
* nh hng ca chia sc-t
Nhiu t nhng ngi dng khc trong cc t bo khc c th gim nu t
bo ang xt c chia sc-t. Thay cho antenna v hng c gin
hng 360 , t bo A c th chia thnh sc-t sao cho mi sc-t ch
thu tn hiu trn gc 120 (xem hnh 13). Trn thc t, antenna chia
sc-t c tc dng kh nhiu t nhng ngi dng khng nm trong gin
hng ca n. Phng php ny gim nh hng chu ti mt h s
xp x 3 ln.

Hnh 12 H s chu ti ca t bo A
Nu t bo c chia thnh 6 sc-t, th h s chu ti gim i mt h s
xp x 6. H s ny c gi l tng ch chia sc-t . i vi 1 t bo,
chnh xc nhn c bng cch chia tng cng sut nhiu t tt c cc
hng cho cng sut nhiu thu c bi antenna sc-t, ngha l:

2
0
2
0
( )
( )
( )
(0)
I d
G
I d
G

=
| |
|
\

(0.10)
y ( ) G l gin hng theo mt phng ngang ca antenna sc-t;
(0) G l tng ch cc i ca antenna, c gi thit l xy ra ti
boresight ( 0) = ; v ( ) I l cng sut nhiu thu c t cc ngi
dng ca cc t bo khc nh hm ca . Cc tch phn trong (4.11)
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
c ly t 0 n 360 . Phng trnh (4.11) tnh tng ch chnh xc
ca sc-t, ph thuc nhiu vo tng ch ca antenna c s dng v
vo phn b khng gian v khong cch ca cc ngi dng nhiu trong
cc t bo khc. Lu (4.11) khng xt n gin hng trong mt
phng ng ca antenna sc-t v nh hng ca n kh nh trong tnh
ton tng ch sc-t. Trn thc t, thng xp x 2.5 i vi cc cu
hnh h thng 3 sc-t v bng 5 i vi cc cu hnh h thng 6 sc-t.
Tnh n nh hng ca chia sc-t, phng trnh (4.9) tr thnh:

0
1 1
( 1) 1
b
E W
N M R

| |
=
|
+
\
(4.12a)
* nh hng ca s tch cc ting ni
Phng trnh (4.12a) gi thit rng tt c ngi dng ang pht 100%
thi gian. Trong thc t, vocoder c dng bi h thng IS-95 l loi c
tc bin i, c ngha l tc ra ca vocoder c iu chnh theo
mu ting ni thc ca ngi dng. V d, nu ngi dng khng ni
trong 1 phn ca cuc m thoi th tc ra ca vocoder c gim
xung ngn nga cng sut pht i 1 cch khng cn thit. nh hng
ca m ting ni tc thay i ny l s gim cng sut pht tng cng
v t gim nhiu. Cc thng k ting ni ch ra rng trong cuc ni
chuyn thng ngi dng ch ni gia 40% v 50% thi gian. Nh
m h thng gim nhiu tng i mt h s tch cc ting ni.
Nh vy tnh n h s tch cc ting ni (4.12a) c ci bin thnh:

0
1 1 1
( 1) 1
b
E W
N M R v

| |
| |
=
| |
+
\
\
(4.12b)
y v l h s tch cc ting ni. Lu nh hng ca tch cc ting
ni l gim mu s hoc phn nhiu ca phng trnh.
Gii (4.12b) i vi M ta c:

Nu M ln th

Xt phng trnh (4.12b) ta c th rt ra 1 vi kt lun v dung lng
CDMA:
1. Dung lng hay s ngi dng ng thi M, t l thun vi tng ch
s l ca h thng.
2. Kt ni yu cu
0
/
b
E N c th nhn c BER chp nhn c v
cui cng l t l li khung (FER) chp nhn c. Dung lng t l
nghch vi
0
/
b
E N yu cu ca kt ni. Ngng
0
/
b
E N yu cu cng
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
thp, dung lng h thng cng cao.
3. C th tng dung lng bng cch gim ti t cc ngi dng ca cc
t bo ln cn.
4. S lc khng gian nh l chia sc-t, lm tng dung lng h thng. V
d t bo 6 sc-t s c dung lng ln hn t bo 3 sc-t.


Hnh 13 Antenna sc-t kh nhiu ca ngi dng khng nm trong
gin hng ca n.

3. iu khin cng sut
a. Ti sao phi iu khin cng sut
KCS l cn thit i vi s hot ng trn tru ca h thng CDMA. Bi
v tt c cc ngi dng chia s cng bng RF qua vic dng cc m PN
nn mi ngi c th xem nh l tp m ngu nhin i vi cc ngi
dng khc. Do cng sut ca mi ngi dng ring bit phi c
kim sot 1 cch cNn thn sao cho khng c ngi dng no gy nhiu 1
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
cch khng cn thit vi cc ngi khc ang chia s cng bng tn.
minh ha KCS quan trng nh th no trong CDMA, ta xt 1 t bo c
2 ngi dng (xem hnh 14). Li xt ng ln v ng ny thng l
yu t hn ch trong CDMA. Ngi dng 2 gn BS hn ngi dng 1
rt nhiu. Nu khng c iu khin cng sut, c hai ngi dng s pht
mt mc cng sut c nh
t
p ; tuy nhin do s khc nhau v khong
cch nn cng sut thu c t ngi dng 2,
,2 r
p , s ln hn nhiu cng
sut thu c t ngi dng 1,
,1 r
p . Nu gi thit rng s khc nhau v
khong cch sao cho
,2 r
p ln gp 10 ln
,1 r
p , th ngi dng 1 s chu
thit thi ln.
Nu SNR yu cu, (S/N)
yu cu
, l 1/10 th ta c th thy ngay lp tc s
chnh lch gia cc SNR ca 2 ngi dng. Hnh 15 minh ha im ny;
nu ta b qua tp m nhit th SNR ca ngi dng 2, (S/N)
2
, s l 10,
cn SNR ca ngi dng 1, (SNR)
1
, s l 1/10. Ngi dng 2 c SNR
cao hn nhiu v v th c cht lng thoi tt, nhng SNR ngi dng 1
va vn bng (S/N)
yu cu
. S bt bnh ng ny gi l vn gn-xa trong
h thng a truy nhp tri ph. Ti im ny h thng c coi l t ti
dung lng ca n. L do l nu ta thm ngi dng th 3 pht cng sut
t
p bt k ch no trong t bo, th SNR ca ngi dng th 3 s
khng th t ti (S/N)
yu cu
. Hn na nu ta c p ngi dng th 3 vo
h thng th ngi dng th 3 khng ch khng t c (S/N)
yu cu
, m
cn lm cho SNR ca ngi dng 2 tt xung thp hn (S/N)
yu cu
.
KCS c thc hin khc phc vn gn xa v cc i ha
dung lng. KCS s iu khin cng sut t mi ngi dng sao cho
cng sut thu ca mi ngi dng ti BS l nh nhau. Hnh 16 minh ha
khi nim ny. Trong t bo, nu cng sut pht ca mi ngi dng
c iu khin sao cho cng sut thu ca mi ngi dng ti BS l
r
p ,
th nhiu ngi dng hn c th b tr trong h thng (hnh 17).
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 14 Trm gc vi 2 ngi dng gi thit. Mi ngi dng pht n
BS lng cng sut c nh
t
p .
Tip tc v d trc, nu (S/N)
yu cu
vn l 1/10, th tng cng 11 ngi
dng c th h tr bi t bo v dung lng c cc i ha nh KCS
(xem hnh 15).

Hnh 15 Cng sut thu t 2 ngi dng ti BS. Ngi dng 2 c SNR cao
hn nhiu ca ngi dng 1.
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 16 Vi KCS, BS c th h tr nhiu ngi dng hn. Mi ngi
dng c KCS pht cc mc cng sut khc nhau sao cho cng
sut thu ti BS ca mi ngi dng l nh nhau.

Hnh 17 Dung lng t cc i khi cng sut thu ca tt c cc ngi
dng ti BS l nh nhau.
KCS ng ln
1. Thm d truy nhp
Mt vn cn phi gii quyt ngay lp tc trong KCS l cng sut
pht ban u ca my di ng. Trc khi MS thit lp lin lc vi BS, BS
khng th iu khin cng sut ca MS. V th cu hi t nhin l khi MS
ln u tin th truy nhp BS, th MS nn dng mc cng sut no
pht yu cu ca n? Ti im ny BS cha lin lc vi ngi dng di
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
ng, v BS khng c khi nim g v v tr (location) ca ngi dng di
ng. C 2 ty chn: ty chn th nht l MS c th th truy nhp BS vi
cng sut pht cao. Cng sut cao nh th s lm tng xc sut rng BS
s thu c yu cu truy nhp ca MS. Tuy nhin nhc im ca ty
chn ny l cng sut cao s gy nhiu cho ngi dng khc hin ang
c phc v bi t bo. Ty chn th 2 l MS c th yu cu truy nhp
t BS vi cng sut pht thp. Cng sut thp nh th s lm gim xc
sut rng BS thu c yu cu truy nhp ca MS, nhng li c u im l
t gy nhiu i vi ngi dng khc. Gii php c chn trong IS-95 l
khi MS truy nhp ln u vo h thng, n pht 1 chui cc thm d truy
nhp. Chui ny c cng sut pht tng dn. MS pht thm d truy nhp
u tin ca n vi cng sut tng i thp, sau n i tr li t BS.
Nu sau 1 khong thi gian ngu nhin MS khng nhn c tr li t
BS th MS pht thm d truy nhp ln 2 vi cng sut cao hn 1 cht.
Qu trnh ny lp li cho n khi MS nhn c xc nhn t BS. Hiu
cng sut gia thm d truy nhp hin thi v thm d trc c gi
l hiu chnh thm d truy nhp (xem hnh 18). Kch c bc ca hiu
chnh thm d truy nhp c xc nh bi tham s h thng
PWR_STEP. Tiu chuNn cng ch nh tip rng MS nn dng mc cng
sut m n thu c t BS c lng ban u cn pht bao nhiu. Ni
cch khc, nu MS thy tn hiu mnh t BS th c gi thit rng BS l
gn v v th ch pht cng sut ban u thp. Nu MS thy tn hiu yu
t BS th n coi BS l xa v pht cng sut ban u kh cao. Bit c
cng sut thu t BS, MS c th c lng tn hao ng truyn ng
xung gia BS v chnh n. Nu bit ERP pht ca BS th MS s bit
c l cn phi pht cng sut nh th no b li tn hao . Trong
thc t MS khng bit ERP thc s ca BS, v cng khng bit bao nhiu
cng sut thu c ng gp bi cc BS lng ging khc. Do , mt
hng s ngm nh c xc nh bi tiu chuNn s dng cc gi thit
chung v ti thng thng v cc ERP ca BS. C th cng sut pht ban
u ca MS, p
t, ban u
theo dB, l:

Nh ta c th thy, hng s ngm nh l 73 i vi h thng t bo.
Gi tr - 76 c dng cho h thng PCS. Hai iu chnh ph,
NOM_PWR v INIT_PWR c th c t bi nh khai thc h thng
tinh chnh tip theo. Gi tr ca 2 h s iu chnh ny cng nh tham s
PWR_STEP c pht qung b bi BS (trong thng bo tham s truy
nhp) v c MS thu trc khi pht thm d truy nhp. Khi thu c 2
h s iu chnh ny, MS s dng chng trong (4.15) xc nh cng
sut pht ban u ca n.
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 18 Chui thm d truy nhp ca MS khi truy nhp h thng.

2. Vng h
Qu trnh m t trn c gi l iu khin cng sut vng h theo
ngha n l hot ng c iu khin thun ty bi MS v hon ton
khng c s tham gia ca BS. Qu trnh vng h ny tip tc ngay sau
khi BS xc nhn yu cu truy nhp ca MS v sau khi MS bt u pht
trn knh lu lng. Sau khi cuc gi c thit lp v khi MS di
chuyn loanh quanh trong t bo, tn hao ng truyn gia MS v BS
tip tc thay i. Kt qu l cng sut thu ti MS s thay i v KCS
vng h s tip tc theo di cng sut thu ca MS p
r
v iu chnh cng
sut pht MS theo biu thc sau:

y p
t
l c lng vng h lin tc ca cng sut pht MS. S khc
nhau gia (4.16) v (4.15) l (4.16) cha s hng b sung ch r tng ca
tt c cc hiu chnh thm d truy nhp thc hin trong khi pht thm
d truy nhp. Cn ch rng KCS vng h nh trong (4.16) l da trn
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
c lng tn hao ng truyn xung. KCS ny dng b cho cc
hiu ng che khut chuNn log v thay i chm c s tng quan
gia cc fades ng xung v ng ln. Tuy nhin, v ng ln v
ng xung c tn s khc nhau nn KCS vng h khng chnh xc v
qu chm b li fading Rayleigh nhanh. Fading ny ph thuc vo tn
s v xy ra trn mi na bc sng. Ni cch khc v fading Rayleigh
nhanh l ph thuc tn s nn ta khng th dng KCS vng h (gi thit
tn hao ng xung v ng ln nh nhau) b fading nhanh ny.
3. Vng kn
KCS vng kn c dng b cho nhng thng ging cng sut do
fading Rayleigh nhanh. N l vng kn ch c MS v BS u tham gia
vo qu trnh. Sau khi MS nhn c knh lu lng v bt u lin lc
vi BS, qu trnh KCS kn s hot ng cng vi KCS vng h.
Trong KCS vng kn, BS lin tc theo di ng ln v o cht lng
kt ni. Nu cht lng kt ni km th BS s ra lnh cho MS tng cng
sut thng qua ng xung. Nu cht lng kt ni qu tt th c s d
tha cng sut trn ng ln; trong trng hp ny BS s ra lnh cho
MS gim cng sut. L tng th FER l ch th tt ca cht lng kt ni.
Nhng v BS cn thi gian di tch ly bt tnh FER nn E
b
/N
0

c s dng lm ch th cht lng ng ln.
KCS vng kn ng ln thc hin nh sau:
1. BS lin tc gim st E
b
/N
0
ca ng ln.
2. Nu E
b
/N
0
qu cao (tc l nu n ln hn ngng nht nh), th
BS lnh cho MS gim cng sut pht ca n.
3. Nu E
b
/N
0
qu thp (tc l nu n gim thp hn ngng nht
nh) th BS lnh cho MS tng cng sut pht ca n.
BS gi lnh KCS cho MS ng xung. Cc lnh KCS ny c dng
bt iu khin cng sut (PCB). Lng tng hoc gim cng sut trn mi
PCB thng l +1 dB hoc 1 dB. Do KCS vng kn dng chng li
fading Rayleigh nhanh nn phn ng ca MS vi cc lnh KCS ny
cng phi rt nhanh. V th m cc bt PCB c gi trc tip trn knh
lu lng. Trn thc t cc bt c nh cp t knh lu lng gi
cc PCB ny. Hnh 19 ch ra s khi n gin ca phn to knh lu
lng ng xung. Tn hiu ra t vocoder v tn hiu vo b m xon c
tc 9.6 Kbps (ton tc i vi tp tc 1). B m xon tc
nhn i tc bng gc ln 19.2 Kbps. Trc khi tri, cc PCB vi tc
800 bps c ghp vo lung bng gc tc 19.2 Kbps.
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 19 Trong knh lu lng ng xung, PCB tc 800 bps c
ghp trc tip vo lung tin bng gc c tc 19.2 Kbps.

Cc PCB c tch hp vo knh lu lng bng cch nh cp cc bt
chn t lung bng gc. Nh vy, mt knh ring tc 800 bps
(nhm mc ch KCS) tn ti bn di knh lu lng. Lung PCB tc
800 bps do c gi l knh ph iu khin cng sut (PCS). Cc
PCB ny c BS pht lin tc n MS vi tc 800 bps hay mt ln
c mi 1.25 ms.
C ng xung v ng ln u c di khung knh lu lng 20
ms. V c mi 1.25 ms li gi i mt PCB nn mi khung knh lu lng
c th chia thnh (20 ms/1.25 ms) hay 16 on. Cc on ny c gi l
cc nhm iu khin cng sut (PCG). V mi PCG di 1.25 ms v tc
bng gc l 19.2 Kbps nn mi nhm KCS cha (19.2 x 10
3
)(1.25 x 10
-
3
) = 24 bt. Qu trnh KCS vng kn c minh ha bng v d nh hnh
20. Chng hn, i vi PCG7 BS o SNR hoc
0
/
b
E N . BS so snh
0
/
b
E N o c vi ngng. Nu ln hn ngng th BS chn PCB = 1
trong PCG9 trn knh lu lng ng xung. Nu nh hn ngng BS
chn PCB = 0 trong PCG9 trn knh lu lng ng xung. Qu trnh
ny lp li i vi mi nhm PCG trong khung. V mi PCG cha 24 bt
nn PCB c th chn vo 1 v tr bt k trong 16 v tr bt u tin. V tr
chnh xc ca PCB trong PCG c xc nh 1 cch ngu nhin. V tr bt
PCB c xc nh bng gi tr thp phn ca 4 bt c ngha ln nht ca
li ra decimator. Li vo ca decimator l m PN di. Cn nhn xt rng
v tr chnh xc ca PCB trong PCG khng c nh m ngu nhin. Cn
nhc thm 3 im ph lin quan n KCS vng kn.
Cc bt KCS khng c bo v li. PCB c ghp vo knh lu
lng ng xung pha sau b m xon, do n khng c bo v
li. Mc ch l gim tr do gii m v tch cc bt bo v li. Nh
li rng KCS vng kn c dng chng li fading Rayleigh nhanh;
PCB khng c bo v li nn MS c th nhanh chng khi phc PCB v
iu chnh cng sut pht ca n 1 cch tng ng. Kt qu l xc sut
li bt i vi knh ph KCS c th cao hn ca knh lu lng nu
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
khng p dng bin php c bit no.

Hnh 20 KCS vng kn

Hnh 21 Vng trong v vng ngoi
KCS c vng trong v vng ngoi. Cho n nay ta mi ch m t vng
trong ca qu trnh KCS vng kn. C s (premise) ca vng trong l
tn ti ngng SNR xc nh trc da vo m cc quyt nh tng
gim cng sut c thc hin. V ta lun c gng duy tr FER chp nhn
c, v v trong mi trng di ng khng c mi quan h 1-1 gia FER
v
0
/
b
E N nn ngng
0
/
b
E N phi iu chnh ng duy tr FER chp
nhn c. Vic iu chnh ngng ny (c dng bi vng trong) c
gi l vng ngoi ca KCS vng kn (hnh 21).
4. Th hin ca vng h v vng kn
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh
Nh vy cng sut pht ca MS l hm ca KCS vng h v vng kn.
Ta c phng trnh (4.16) ci bin nh sau:

Hnh 22a v 22b l th hin ca KCS ng ln. i vi KCS vng
kn, BS c ton b vng ngoi v 1 phn ca vng trong; MS c phn
khc ca vng trong. i vi KCS vng h, ton b phn vng h nm
MS. Trong hnh 22a, BS thu tn hiu ng ln t MS, gii iu ch v
c lng FER. Thng tin v cht lng khung ng ln ny c a
vo b tnh ngng, iu chnh ngng da trn cht lng khung thu
c. ng thi BS cng c lng
0
/
b
E N ca ng ln. Ngng v
c lng c so snh vi nhau. Nu c lng ln hn ngng, th
PCB = 1 c gi i lnh cho MS gim cng sut. Nu c lng nh
hn ngng, th PCB = 0 c gi i lnh cho MS tng cng sut. V
pha MS, n thu tn hiu ng xung, khi phc PCB v da trn PCB
quyt nh tng hay gim 1 dB cng sut. y l hiu chnh vng kn;
hiu chnh ny c kt hp vi cc s hng vng h. Kt qu kt hp
c a n my pht iu khin cng sut pht.
KCS ng xung
V l tng khng cn KCS ng xung. L do l BS pht tt c cc
knh tng quan (coherent) trong cng bng RF. Nh trn hnh 23, nu
tp m nhit v tp m nn l khng ng k, th tt c cc ngi dng s
b fading nh nhau khi tn hiu tng hp n MS. Tuy nhin, trn thc t
mt MS c th c th gn ngun nhiu ng k v b tp m nn ln;
hoc MS c th b tn hao ng truyn ln n mc tn hiu tng hp
n MS c gi tr xp x tp nhit. V th KCS ng xung vn cn
thit, song khng ngt ngho nh KCS ng ln. Nguyn tc nh sau:
MS lin tc gim st FER ca ng xung v bo co FER ny v cho
BS trong thng bo o lng cng sut (PMRM). C th gi bo co theo
hai cch: nh k hoc ch khi FER ln hn ngng no . BS khi bit
cht lng ng xung s iu chnh cng sut pht ca n i vi MS
c th .

Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 22 KCS ng ln
Thng tin di ng Quc Trinh

Hnh 23 Cc ngi dng b fading nh nhau khi tn hiu tng hp i t
BS n MS