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SERII TERITORIALE
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Seriile teritoriale

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Termenii unei astfel de serii sunt fie indicatori DEVROX L FH VH RE LQ SULQ FXPXODUHD vQ FDGUXO
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studiate n profil teritorial.

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Tabelul 10.1.
7U
DUD

PIB
(mrd.
$)

Bulgaria
Polonia
Romnia
Ungaria
Q SULPHOH GRX

12,3
118
35,5
43,7
FR

WXUL DOH XQRU HFRQRPLL

Export de
P

UIXUL L

servicii
(mrd $)
5,2
29,4
9,4
13,8

PIB/loc.
($)

Formarea
EUXW

GH

capital fix
(% din PIB)
15,3
17,1
21,8
20,4

1.455
3.057
1.567
3.872

Ocuparea

Puterea de

IRU HL GH

FXPS UDUH D

PXQF

(%)
88,2
84,6
90,1
89,4

monedei


ID

GH 

61,7
78,2
75,6
77,9

loane ale tabelului 10.1. sunt prezentate serii teritoriale formate din

LQGLFDWRUL DEVROX L GHWHUPLQD L SHQWUX ILHFDUH

DU

VHUYLFLL $FHWL LQGLFDWRUL DU SHUPLWH R DQXPLW

SX LQ LQWHUHVDQWH SHQWUX F

vQ WUDQ]L LH vQ 

GLPHQVLXQLOH ILHF UHL

SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW L H[SRUWXO GH P UIXUL L

DQDOL]

D YDULD LHL vQ VSD LX GD

r rezultatele sunt

UL L SRWHQ LDOXO HFRQRPLF DO DFHVWHLD WUDQVIRUP

DVWIHO GH FRPSDUD LL PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ vQ VLPSOH H[HUFL LL DULWPHWLFH

&RPSDUD LLOH VXQW vQV

PXOW PDL JU LWRDUH FkQG VH SRUQHWH GH OD LQGLFDWRUL GHULYD L SUHFXP

FHL SUH]HQWD L vQ XOWLPHOH SDWUX FRORDQH DOH WDEHOXOXL  ILHFDUH QRX
QRX

FRORDQ

VHULH WHULWRULDO

ILHFDUH

D WDEHOXOXL DGXFkQGX L FRQWULEX LD OD PDL EXQD FXQRDWHUH D FRQMXQFWXULL HFRQRPLFH

Vezi Short-term economic indicator transition economies, OECD CCET, Paris, nr. 4/1996.

L VRFLDOH GLQ FHOH SDWUX

UL 'HVLJXU DU IL SXWXW IL DWUDL L DO L LQGLFDWRUL SHQWUX D DYHD R LPDJLQH L

PDL H[DFW 
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L GH FDUH WUHEXLH V

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2

SULP

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vQVHDPQ

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$FHDVW

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VHULLORU

WHULWRULDOH

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Q DO GRLOHD

FRQVW

vQ

UkQG VH

UHPDUF

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GH vQUHJLVWUDUH

IDFWRULORU

SDWUD

DFHDVW

FDUH

termenilor, ceea ce

ILHF UHL

VH

FRQGL LRQHD]

XQLW

L

ILH

SULQ

FDUH

DVLJXU

VSHFLILFXO

GLIHUHQ LHU

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SULQ

simultaneitatea termenilor, ceea ce

OD XQXO L DFHODL PRPHQW DO REVHUY ULL VDX OD R DFHHDL

(n exemplu citat, anul 1995).

vQ variabilitatea

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WR L

D VIHUHL GH FXSULQGHUH

SDUWLFXODULWDWH FRQVW

HVHQ LDOL

vQWkPSO WRUL

VHULHL vQ VHQVXO F

omogenitatea

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F

LQ

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-sociale.

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ea de la o unitate administrativ-WHULWRULDO

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a seriilor teritoriale se face cu ajutorul cartogramei sau al
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observat al caracteristicii n perimetrul administrativ-WHULWRULDO UHVSHFWLY L vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX WLSXULOH
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Cartodiagrama

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'DF

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coloane SHQWUX D LOXVWUD P

L DGPLQLVWUDWLY

-teritoriale a

e un aspect al analizei teritoriale.

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diagrame prin benzi sau

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10.2. INDICATORII STATISTICI AI SERIILOR TERITORIALE

Prelucrarea datelor unei serii teritoriale se face cu ajutorul unui sistem de indicatori, adecvat
QDWXULL WHUPHQLORU L VFRSXOXL GH FXQRDWHUH XUP ULW 3ULQ IRORVLUHD DFHVWXL VLVWHP GH LQGLFDWRUL VH
SXQ

vQ

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UHOLHIHD]

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- Indicatori relativi

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a caracteristicii

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- indicatorii de nivel;
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- P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU
- indicele (coeficientul)

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- Indicatori medii

- nivelul mediu;
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L QHSDUDPHWULF

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$QDOL]

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Nivelul caracteristicii

1;
y1

GLQ

n WHUPHQL DEVROX L

2;
y2

...i;
...yi;

...
...

j; ...n
yj; ...yn

- prin

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Fiecare termen (yi) al seriei teritoriale constituie un indicator de nivel

(volumul) caracteristicii, constatat n unitatea administrativ-WHULWRULDO
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decalajul sau, respectiv, avansul ( y

XQHL XQLW

FDUH H[SULP

QLYHOXO

i = 1, n . Pe baza

Q P ULPH DEVROXW  VH RE LQH

L DGPLQLVWUDWLY WHULWRULDOH L ID D GH XQLWDWHD M SH

ED]D UHOD LHL

yj/i = yi - yj.

(10.1)

Q IXQF LH GH VFRSXO DQDOL]HL FRPSDUD LLOH vQ SURILO WHULWRULDO vQWUH GRX

XQLW

L SRW IL I FXWH

fie n sensul daW GH UHOD LD  ILH vQ VHQV LQYHUV 


yi/j = yj - yi.

(10.1')

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'DF

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L WHULWRULDOH ILH SULQ VF GHUH ILH SULQ UDSRUWDUH

L FRQ LQXW HFRQRPLF UH]XOWDWXO FRPSDU ULL

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vQVHDPQ

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altceva.
n acest context, se trece la utilizarea indicatorilor relativi. Indicii teritoriali

VXQW P ULPL

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YDULD LD XQRU FROHFWLYLW

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diferitelRU FDUDFWHULVWLFL FH IDF RELHFWXO VWXGLXOXL vQ SURILO WHULWRULDO 'H H[HPSOX GDF
y SHQWUX GRX XQLW L WHULWRULDOH i L j VH RE LQ GRL LQGLFL LQGLYLGXDOL

VH VWXGLD]

YDULDELO

yi

iyi/j= y j

yj
iyj/ i = y i
2SHUkQG

FX

(10.2)
(10.2')

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FRPSOH[H

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HVWH

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vQ

vQ

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utilizarea LQGLFLORU WHULWRULDOL GH JUXS FDUH VH SUH]LQW vQ SDUDJUDIXO ILQDO DO FDSLWROXOXL

Rata de decalaj (devansare) QXPLW IUHFYHQW L decalaj (avans) relativ este expresia
%
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y DFHDVW UDW 
VH FDOFXOHD]

DVWIHO

- GH SH SR]L LD XQLW
%
y i/ j

y 1 y j
yj

y j y i
yi

j:

100 = 100 i i / j 1

- GH SH SR]L LD XQLW
%
y j/ i

LL WHULWRULDOH

LL WHULWRULDOH

i:

100 = 100(i j / i 1)

ULPL UHODWLYH FDOFXODWH FD UDSRDUWH ID

poate fi deseoUL DSUHFLDW

(10.3)

(10.3')
GH PHGLH $OHJHUHD WHUPHQLORU GH FRPSDUD LH

FD ILLQG VXELHFWLY  'H DFHHD IUHFYHQW VH vQWkOQHVF FD ED]

GH FRPSDUD LH

SHQWUX WHUPHQLL XQHL VHULL WHULWRULDOH vQVXL QLYHOXO PHGLX PHGLDQD VDX PRGXO VHULHL 1RWkQG FX 

nivelul mediu,
UHOD LLOH GH PDL VXV GHYLQ GH H[HPSOX

y)

y i / y = y i y ,

(10.1)

yi
y

10.2)

i y i/ j =
%

y i / y = 100(i y i/ y 1).

(10.3)

Nivelul mediu al seriei teritoriale (y 

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OLSVLW

GH YDORDUHD DQDOLWLF
1LYHOXO

WUHEXLH GHWHUPLQDW vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD WHUPHQLORU

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DO

ILH

VHULLORU

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DOF WXLWH

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P ULPL

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GH

VWUXFWXU

VDX

GH

FD PHGLL DULWPHWLFH SRQGHUDWH

n cazul seriilor teritoriale alF

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UHOD LH VH UHFRPDQG

L SHQWUX VHULLOH IRUPDWH

GH FRRUGRQDUH FX FRQGL LD FD ED]D GH UDSRUWDUH V

ILH DFHHDL SHQWUX WR L

DIODW SULQ DSOLFDUHD PHGLHL JHRPHWULFH VLPSOH $FHDVW

GLQ P ULPL UHODWLYH

VLPSO  GDU HD WLQGH V

vQ FRQWH[WXO GHWHUPLQ ULL FRPSOH[H D YDULD LHL vQ VSD LX

termenii seriei).
Un aspect distinct al analizei seriilor teritoriale l constituie caracterizarea gradului de
XQLIRUPLWDWH VDX GH GLIRUPLWDWH D UHSDUWL LHL vQ VSD LX $FHVW DVSHFW VH H[SULP
SULQ coeficientul
2
UHSDUWL LHL WHULWRULDOH
aplicabil numai seriilor cu termeni direct nsumabili, deci, numai seriilor
DOF WXLWH GLQ P ULPL DEVROXWH Q SUHDODELO VH GHWHUPLQ
P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU
pentru
fiecare din termenii seriei.
([LVW
PDL PXOWH SURFHGHH GH GHWHUPLQDUH D DFHVWXL LQGLFDWRU $VWIHl, statisticianul italian
&RUUDGR *LQL D SURSXV XWLOL]DUHD U G FLQLL S WUDWH GLQ VXPD S WUDWHORU SRQGHULORU FHORU Q XQLW

administrativ-WHULWRULDOH vQ WRWDOXO FROHFWLYLW

coeficientul Gini & VH RE LQH SRWULYLW UHOD LHL


C=

LL

FHUFHWDWH

1RWkQG

g2 ,
i

FX

J i 

SRQGHUHD

XQLW

LL

L

(10.4)

unde i = 1, n.
1
n,

Coeficientul Gini ia valori n intervalul

HJDOH vQ FROHFWLYLWDWH DGLF

variabila cerFHWDW

VH

LQIHULRDUH

GHWHUPLQ

R DQXPLW

WHULWRULDO

FRHILFLHQWXOXL

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FX

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DO

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&
LORU

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GH H[HPSOX FRPSDUD LL vQWUH

vQO WXUD DFHVW LQFRQYHQLHQW vQ SUDFWLFD VWDWLVWLF

corectare a formuOHL *LQL DVWIHO FD LQGLFDWRUXO V



&

)D

, LDU

9DULDELOLWDWHD

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FROHFWLYLW

GDF
OLPLWHL

-teritoriale,

L FX RUJDQL]DUH

UL vQWUH ]RQH JHRJUDILFH VDX FRQWLQHQWH 3HQWUX D

LQWHUQD LRQDO

-au propus o serie de procedee de

LD YDORUL vQ LQWHUYDOXO >@ LQGLIHUHQW FkWH XQLW

DYHD FROHFWLYLWDWHD FHUFHWDW  8Q DVWIHO GH SURFHGHX HVWH GDW GH UHOD LD GH LQWHUSRODUH

n  g2 1
i
n 1

C' =

L DX SRQGHUL

1
n

L DU

de mai jos:

(10.5)

GH DOWH YDULDQWH GH FRUHFWDUH D FRHILFLHQWXOXL *LQL IRUPXOD  SUH]LQW

DYDQWDMXO

XQHL DSOLF UL OHVQLFLRDVH L FHO DO HYLGHQ HL YDORULORU H[WUHPH DGPLVH

0> C

>

1.

Acest indicator estH IUHFYHQW vQWkOQLW vQ OLWHUDWXUD HFRQRPLF

FRHILFLHQW DO FRQFHQW

VXE QXPHOH GH LQGLFH DO UHSDUWL LHL WHULWRULDOH

ULL WHULWRULDOH

Struck R., Zur Messung der Konzentration, Statistische Praxis, Berlin, nr.4/1965.

sau

8Q DOW SURFHGHX GH P VXUDUH D JUDGXOXL GH XQLIRUPLWDWH D UHSDUWL LHL WHULWRULDOH D UH]XOWDW GLQ
DGDSWDUHD GH F WUH DFDGHPLFLDQXO 2FWDY 2QLFHVFX D XQRU QR LXQL VSHFLILFH

QHFHVLW

LOH VWDWLVWLFLL

&RQVLGHUkQG FROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF

administrativ-WHULWRULDOH
XWLOL]DW FD

WHRULHL VLVWHPHORU OD

EDURPHWUX

FD

XQ

VLVWHP LDU JUXSHOH

vQ FD]XO

DFHVWD

FD VW UL DOH VLVWHPXOXL FRQFHSWXO GH HQHUJLH LQIRUPD LRQDO

DO

VW ULL

GH RUJDQL]DUH D

WHULWRULDOH )RORVLQG QRWD LLOH GH SkQ

VLVWHPXOXL

XQLW

LOH

( SRDWH IL

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DFXP UHOD LD GH FDOFXO HVWH

E =  gi ,
2

(10.6)

unde i = 1, n.
(QHUJLD LQIRUPD LRQDO

E =

D FRH]LXQLL VLVWHPXOXL VH DMXVWHD]

SRWULYLW UHOD LHL

g2 1
i n

1 1
n

(10.6)

SHQWUX D IDFH FD UH]XOWDWXO V

VH vQFDGUH]H vQ LQWHUYDOXO

[0, 1 ] 

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GH FHOH SDWUX

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VH DQDOL]H]H L

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UL

Rezolvare
, 3URGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW UHDOL]DW vQ FHOH Q
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g2
i

UL vQVXPHD]

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de USD n 1995, iar

ULORU VXQW vQ RUGLQH     

= 0, 3902

gi = 1, 00  2ULFH HURDUH GH FDOFXO DIHFWHD]

FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH

5H]XOW 

2
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ED]D GH UDSRUWDUH R FRQVWLWXLH VLWXD LD GLQ

teritoriul j UHOD LD  VDX FHD GLQ WHULWRULXO L 

 vQ IXQF LH GH RELHFWLYXO FHUFHW
8
L VDX M vQ FDUH VH DIO FHUFHW WRUXO .
3ULQFLSLXO UHYHUVLELOLW

LL vQ VSD LX FDUH VW

OD ED]D HODERU ULL LQGLFLORU WHULWRULDOL QX HVWH

vQWRWGHDXQD UHVSHFWDW PDL DOHV DWXQFL FkQG VH DSHOHD]

HOHPHQWXO GH SRQGHUDUH FRP

VXU

ULL L GH SR]L LD

a indicii de grup

WRUXO VDX IUHFYHQ D ,Q FRQVHFLQ

XQGH DSDUH LQHYLWDELO L

 LQGLFLL WHULWRULDOL QX SRW IL OD

IHO GH HILFLHQW FRUHOD L FD FHL FURQRORJLFL LDU DQDOL]HOH vQ SURILO WHULWRULDO VXQW PXOW PDL ODELOH
Q
LQWHQVLY 

IXQF LH

GH

SUHFXP

QDWXUD

GXS

YDULDELOHL
FDUDFWHUXO

DQDOL]DWH
RPRJHQ

FRPSDUDWH LQGLFLL WHULWRULDOL GH JUXS VH GLIHUHQ LD]

FRPSOH[ 

VDX

HWHURJHQ

IDFWRULDO
DO

SULQ SULVPD UHOD LHL GH FD

Astfel, o YDULDELO FRPSOH[ DERUGDW vQ SURILO WHULWRULDO

compararea nivelului totalizator ( y i ) dintr-R DU VDX UHJLXQH L FX
regiune. Deci:
y

Ii/ j

yi
yj

x if i
x jf j

GLQ

VDX

IDFWRULDO

FROHFWLYLW

LOH

lcul.

SRDWH


FHO 

IL

y j

FDUDFWHUL]DW
GLQ FHDODOW

SULQ
DU

(10.10)

Factorul cantitativ (f) poatH DSDUH FD R YDULDELO

elemente omogene), ceea ce permite stabilirea indicelui:
f
i/ j

H[WHQVLY

HOHPHQWHORU

FX QLYHO GLUHFW vQVXPDELO FROHFWLYLW

L FX

 fi

 fj

(10.12)

3HQWUX D QX vQF UFD H[FHVLY DFHVW SDUDJUDI FX UHOD LL GH FDOFXO vQ FHOH FH XUPHD]

DO UDSRUW ULL LM vQ FDUH ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH R UHSUH]LQW

VLWXD LD GLQ XQLWDWHD WHULWRULDO 

VH SUH]LQW

GRDU SULPXO VHQV

Atunci cnd factorul cantitativ este direct nsumabil, factorul calitativ VH PDQLIHVW OD QLYHOXO
x
FROHFWLYLW LL FHUFHWDWH FD R P ULPH PHGLH   DD FXP V-D VXEOLQLDW L vQ FDSLWROXO DQWHULRU LDU
LQGLFHOH WHULWRULDO GH JUXS DO DFHVWXL IDFWRU HVWH FDOFXODW FD UDSRUW D GRX

I i/ j

xi
xj

(10.13)

ntruct x =  y /
x

i/ j

PHGLL SH ED]D UHOD LHL

xi
xj

yi

 fi

6H YHULILF 

SHQWUX ILHFDUH

yj

DU  UHOD LD  PDL SRDWH IL VFULV

L DVWIHO

= I i / j : I f/ j
i

 fj

SULQ XUPDUH

(10.14)

OHJ WXUD GLQWUH YDULDELOD

DQDOL]D VWDWLF  FL L DWXQFL FkQG VH FHUFHWHD]

FRPSOH[

L IDFWRULL V L

YDULD LD vQ SURILO WHULWRULDO $FHDVW

reversibilitatea factorilor $D FXP D IRVW SUH]HQWDW OD LQGLFLL FURQRORJLFL

'DF
factorul cantitativ nu este direct nsumabil FRPSDUD LLOH vQ

QX QXPDL

vQ

UHOD LH HYLGHQ LD]

SURILO WHULWRULDO LPSXQ

DOHJHUHD FRP VXU WRUXOXL 3HQWUX VHQVXO GH FRPSDUD LH LM LQGLFHOH GH JUXS SRDWH

fi ponderat fie cu

(xi), fie cu (xj SRWULYLW UHOD LLORU

f

Ii/ j

x if i
x if i

(10.15)

respectiv:
I

f
i/ j

x jf i

x jf i

(10.15)

QWUXFkW UD LRQDPHQWXO VH DSOLF

L SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDOLWDWLY VH RE LQ XUP WRDUHOH GRX

YDULDQWH GH

calcul ale indicelui teritorial de grup:

x

I i/ j

x if i
x jf i

(10.16)

XQGH SRQGHULOH VXQW FHOH VSHFLILFH XQLW

x
i/ j

x if j

x jf j

LL L L

(10.16)

FX SRQGHUL FDUDFWHULVWLFH SHQWUX XQLWDWHD WHULWRULDO

raportare (j).
'DF

LQGLFLL IDFWRULDOL , i / j

QX VH DVLJXU

vQV

vQFUXFLDW

LQGLFLORU

JHRPHWULF

s i I x/ j ) suQW SRQGHUD L FX FRP

i

UHYHUVLELOLWDWHD IDFWRULORU &XP QX H[LVW

D FHORU GRX

IDFWRULDOL

FDUH UHSUH]LQW  vQ DFHODL WLPS ED]D GH

vQ

SUDFWLFD

FHUFHW ULORU

YDULDQWH GH SRQGHUDUH DGLF

VXUDWRUL VSHFLILFL XQHL DQXPLWH XQLW

VXSRUW ORJLF SHQWUX R HYHQWXDO

HFRQRPLFH

VH

IRORVHWH

GH

L

SRQGHUH

RELFHL

media

XQ IHO GH LQGLFH )LVKHU SULQ FDUH VH UHGXFH LQIOXHQ D

SRQGHULL DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL LQGLFLORU FDOFXOD L 'HFL SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDQWLWDWLY FX HOHPHQWH QHkQVXPDELOH

indicele de grup este:

f
i/ j

x ifi
x i fj

x jfi

x j fj

(10.15)

iar pentru cel calitativ:

x
i/ j

x ifi
x jf i

$OHJHUHD FRUHFW
YDULD LHL DEVROXW
L MXGHF

x ifj

x jf j

(10.16)

D UHOD LLORU GH FDOFXO vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX QDWXUD FROHFWLYLW

VDX UHODWLY  L VFRSXO FXQRDWHULL LQIOXHQ HD]

LOH GH YDORDUH SH FDUH RPXO GH DIDFHUL OH HODERUHD]

 L  GLQ DFHVW PDQXDO

LL FHUFHWDWH WLSXO

KRW UkWRU QX QXPD

i rezultatele, ci

SH ED]D DFHVWRUD YH]L L DSOLFD LLOH

QWUHE

UL GH FRQWURO

$QDOL]D L

SDUWLFXODULW

LOH

VHULLORU

WHULWRULDOH

vQ

FRPSDUD LH

FX

SDUWLFXODULW

ile serilor

cronologice.
x
x

$U WD L FXP VH DOHJH ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH vQ FD]XO VHULLORU WHULWRULDOH

3UH]HQWD L FRPSDUDWLY

PHWRGHOH GH LHUDUKL]DUH D XQLW

LORU WHULWRULDOH DU WD L DYDQWDMXOH L

GH]DYDQWDMHOH ILHF UHL PHWRGH

x

3UH]HQWD L VLVWHPHOH GH SRQGHUDUH

$QDOL]D L LQIOXHQ D DOHJHUL SRQGHULORU vQ FRQVWLWXLUHD LQGLFLORU WHULWRULDOL

care pot fi folosite n constituirea indicilor teritoriali.

3HQWUX FRPSDUDUHD SUH XULORU SURGXVHORU GLQWU R

LQGLFH GH JUXS GH SUH

a) de tip Laspeyres;
b) de tip Paasche;
c) de tip Fischer;
d) IRUPDW GXS PHWRGD VXEVWLWXLULL vQO Q XLWH
e) IRUPDW GXS PHWRGD UHVWXOXL QHGHVFRPSXV

DU

FX FHOH GLQWU R DOW

DU

VH XWLOL]HD]

XQ