DISEASE CAUSING VIRUSES

VIRUS STRUCTURE VIRAL REPRODUCTION

A virus is not made of cells It is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (Capsid)

Virus cant reproduce unless it is inside a living cell The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses

BACTERIA VS VIRUSES
BACTERIA VIRUS

Made of cells Can be killed by antibiotics

Examples of disease caused by bacteria is strep throat

Not made of cells MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS Cant be killed by antibiotics Example of diseases caused by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN DISEASE

Lung Cancer Skin Cancer
Light skinned people dont have the natural melanin protection of darker skinned people

Malaria

PKU

Diabetes

Individuals who have the sickle cell trait (heterozygous) arent as affected as homozygous individuals

Individuals who have PKU cant break down phenylalanine If it builds up it can cause mental retardation

Lung cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs

Diabetes results from when the pancreas fails to make enough insulin

Mosquitoes transmit malaria

Keep individuals with PKU on a diet, they dont have brain damage

Individuals who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer

Individuals who are overweight and who dont exercise seem to be more affected

Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer

IMMUNITY
B-cells White blood cell Make antibodies T- helper cells White blood cell Help coordinate immune response T-killer cells White blood cell Kill virus infected cell

PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE IMMUNITY

ACTIVE IMMUNITY PA S S I V E I M M U N I T Y

Person does NOT make memory cells or antibodies Antibodies only are transferred Doesnt provide longterm protection Natural: from breastfeeding Artificial: Rabies shot

Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells Provides long term immunity

Natural: you have disease

Artificial you get a VACCINATION

BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS
B E H AV I O R I S A N Y T H I N G A N A N I M A L D O E S . A N I M A L B E H AV I O R S A L S O H E L P A N I M A L S SURVIVE AND/OR REPRODUCE.

o Innate behavior is also called inborn behavior.

o It is programmed in DNA
o Innate behaviors include reflexes and instincts o Examples o human suckling. o spiders spinning webs o Migration: birds flying south for the winter o Hibernation dormant when cold o Estivation dormant when hot

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Imprinting Learning who your Mother is Lorenz geese

Conditioning
Pairing stimuli Pavlovs Dogs

Habituation
Learning to ignore Dog no longer sees human as threat

Trial and Error

Learning by trying

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Communication
Can be with words, signals or chemicals (pheromones)

Courtship
Behavior to get a mate Dances, songs

Territorial
Fighting fish