Chapter 13: Accounting for Inflation & Changing Prices

Inflation Price indexes Inflation accounting Income measurement systems SFAS No. 33

Inflation
The rise in the average price level for all goods and services produced in an economy Under a historical cost-based system of accounting inflation leads to two basic problems
Many historical numbers are not economically relevant Historical numbers are not additive

Inflation and Historical Costing

Likely predictive value is diminished Comparability among financial statements of different firms is restricted Capital maintenance
Income usually overstated relative to amounts that can be distributed to stockholders Many dividends are really liquidating in nature

Price Indexes
Is a weighted average of the current prices of goods and services
Averages are related to prices in a base period Purpose is to determine how much change has occurred

Types of price indexes

Specific price index General price index

Price Indexes
Paasche-type indexes
Uses current-year quantities Wholesale Price Index Consumer price Index

Laspeyres-type indexes
Uses base-year quantities Less costly to construct

Inflation Accounting
General purchasing power adjustment translates historical dollars into dollars having equivalent purchasing power Current valuation, also called current cost, attempts to derive the specific value or worth for a particular point ...
Entry values Exit values

Entry vs. Exit Values

Entry values
Value in use is best represented by replacement costs Strong argument in support of use

Exit values
Are a form of opportunity costs The balance sheet becomes the principal financial statement

Purchasing Power Gains & Losses

Arise as a result of holding net monetary assets or liabilities during a period when the price level changes Monetary assets and liabilities include cash itself and other assets and liabilities that are receivable or payable in a fixed number of dollars

Purchasing Power Gains & Losses

State of the Enterprise Net Monetary Asset Position Inflation Purchasing Power Loss Deflation Purchasing Power Gain

Net Monetary Liability Position

Purchasing Power Gain

Purchasing Power Loss

Holding Gains & Losses

Holding gains and losses on real (nonmonetary) assets can be divided into two parts
monetary holding gains and losses, which arise purely because of the change in the general price level during the period; and real holding gains and losses, which are the difference between general price-level-adjusted amounts and current values.

Are capital adjustments only; they are not a component of income

The Gearing Adjustment

Somewhat related to the holding gain Was used in Great Britain as part of that countrys inflation accounting mechanism Results in gains to equity capital during inflation because debt capital does not have any claim on holding gains proved to be an extremely confusing concept

Income Measurement Systems

Current Value Approaches
Distributable Income (DI) Realized Income (RI) Earning Power Income (EPI)

Methods differ in terms of disposition of real holding gains and the resulting type of capital maintenance measure

SFAS No. 33
FASB decided to keep nominal historical costs as the basis of primary financial statements Specified that the effects of changing prices should be presented as supplementary information in annual reports FASB realized that a consensus could not be obtained on which method of accounting should be adopted

SFAS No. 33
Not all enterprises had to comply with SFAS No. 33 For constant dollar reporting, the SFAS required disclosure of
Information on income from continuing operations for the current fiscal year on a historical cost/constant dollar basis . . . The purchasing power gain or loss on net monetary items for the current fiscal year. .

SFAS No. 33s Failure

There was a dramatic decline of inflation during the early 1980s Measurement problems were present Questions of understandability and usefulness for predictive purposes

SFAS No. 82 issued in 1984

Eliminated the constant dollar income disclosures that had previously been required by SFAS No. 33 SFAS No. 33
information confused users may have caused information overload because of the presence of similar current cost income disclosures

SFAS No. 89
Two parts of SFAS No. 33 remained in effect; were encouraged but not required
current cost income measurement, purchasing power gain or loss, and holding gain information

FASB beat a hasty retreat from the problem of accounting for changing prices

Chapter 13: Accounting for Inflation & Changing Prices

Inflation Price indexes Inflation accounting Income measurement systems SFAS No. 33