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T s kh i !" #h$ng t%nh t%&n ta c: '(i s h th ng ) hnh * !" + ch,ng ta #h-i tm m i ./an h gi0a y !" / Hnh * ta cng ti im x:

12t h3# * #h$ng t%nh ta c: 45 s6nh !(i ()* ta c: T%5ng hnh +:

7ng nh8t !(i #h$ng t%nh ()*: '9y: Bi 1- ' Cho h thng i+u khin !,ng k-n nh hnh 1. ./ 012(s* ! #12(s* ca h thng cho 34i hnh .

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Bi 1-5'

Cho h thng c t6nh 3y hnh 78i. #9y t/ /i 2uan h gi:a u ! y (

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$%i gi&i' T s kh i t%&n ta c $3c #h$ng t%nh:

T #h$ng t%nh <+= !" <>= thay !"5 x*: ?8y #h$ng t%nh <@= th2 !"5 #h$ng t%nh <*=:

Th2 #h$ng t%nh <A= !"5 #h$ng t%nh <1=:

Bh$ !9y:

Bi 1- =' Cho s khi ca h thng nh sau'

#9y t/ h/ t6uy+n ca h thng ! ti gi&n s khi C $%i gi&i'

H th ng c * kh/ #h-n hiC Ta sD# x2# Ei sa5 ch5 chF cGn 1 kh/ #h-n hiC Hh/yn im I ca kh/ #h-n hi #hJa K$(i t(i im IL th #h-i Mi2n Ni H* th"nh Hh/yn im O ) #hJa t%&n t(i im OL th H1 $3c Mi2n Ni th"nh: 4 kh i $3c ch/yn Ni t$ng $ng th"nh:

* kh/ #h-n hi $3c ch/yn th"nh 1 kh/ , !(i :

T s kh i !a c, ta c $3c h"m t%/y;n $3c n gi-n ha nh$ sa/:

Bi 1->' .hu g?n s ca h thng i+u khin !,ng k-n nhi+u !,ng hnh 78i thnh s n gi&n'

0i&i' 7 c th th/ gPn s t%&n cQn #h-i KRng nh0ng ./y tDc sa/:

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Bi 1- @' AB hnh /Cch khuDch Ci c a 6a nh hnh 78i'

Y Cho A > 1Z> Y .-nh h s khuDch Ci e in Y E,ng !o c F1/ nh khBng Gng k 7o t64 khGng Hu !o ca 3I khuDch Ci ; 6Jt ;8n 0i&i [5 KGng in !"5 c/\ M kh/2ch i E" M]ng Z n&n KGng in i ./a ^1 !" ^* E" M]ng nha/ n&n Mi/ th$c t56n ti n,t n E":
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H th !i2t Ei Mi/ th`c c/ i cRng nh$ sa/:

Ti

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B&n ta c s KGng tJn hi/ c/a M kh/2h i E":

Bi 1- 1K' ACch in 3ao g/ in t64 ! tL in c chM 6a t6ong hnh . S khi c chM 6a t6ong hnh . NOu cHu t/ tJt c& cGc h/ t6uy+n tP 01 cho Dn 0=. thu g?n s hnh !+ s hnh "'

0i&i' a# KUng c6c bnh E/9t gi-i mch in ta $3c ma t%9n nh$ hnh K$(i:

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Bhn !" s5 s6nh c6c th"nh #hQn ca ma t%9n ta c:

TJnh c6c h s ca Mi/ th`c t%&n:

H th&m :

Thay Ni c6c !Gng t%&n s hnh * ta tm $3c

O"i 1Y1>: Hh5 s i;/ khin ng c [H nh$ hnh K$(iC

Tm h"m t%/y;nC Hh5 c6c thcng s sa/:

Wi-i:

H6c #h$ng t%nh t56n hPc mc t- h th ng:

Thc hin Mi2n Ni Ea#EacX ta c:

'9y h"m t%/y;n E":

7dt:

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Mi/ th`c <e= t$ng $ng !(i:

Ti ta c:

H c nfng #h-i M]ng in nfng n&n ta c:

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TJnh c6c h s :

'9y h"m t%/y;n tm $3c E":

O"i 1Y1@: Hh5 h th ng nhi;/ !Gng E9# !" s !Gng tJn hi/ ca n nh$ hnh 1 !" hnh *C

Tm h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn ca h th ng sT KUng ccng th`c gas5nC O"i E"m: 7 E3i ca c6c !Gng ti2n:< tJn hi/ thhng t Q/ !"5 2n Q/ %a= i1:W1W*W+

7 E3i ca c6c !Gng kJn< h th ng c + !Gng kJn= ?1:W1W*H1 ?*: Y W*W+H* ?+: Y W1W*W+ T%5ng h th ng n"y t8t c- c6c !Gng kJn cRng n]m t%&n mt nh6nh n&n Gnh thjRc c/ka sc l5" K5mng tJn hiXn/: = 1 <?1 + ?* + ?+ = 7bnh th`c c5n: <$3c tJnh M]ng t% i c6c !Gng khcng KJnh !(i ik= 1= 1 '9y h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng E":

O"i 1Y*Z: Hh5 s !Gng tJn hi/ ca h th ng nh$ hnh !V, tm h"m t%/y2n

O"i E"m: 7 E3i ca c6c !Gng ti2n:< tJn hi/ thhng t Q/ !"5 2n Q/ %a= 7 E3i ca c6c !Gng kJn< h th ng c + !Gng kJn=

T%5ng h th ng n"y c * !Gng kJn khcng KJnh nha/ E" ?1 !" ?* n&n Gnh thjRc c/ka sc l5" K5mng tJn hiXn/: = 1 <?1 + ?* + ?+ = S ?1 ?* =

7bnh th`c c5n: <$3c tJnh M]ng t% i c6c !Gng khcng KJnh !(i ik= 1= 1 '9y h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng E":

O"i 1Y*>: 4T KUng ccng th`c mas5n tm h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn ch5 h th ng c s !Gng tJn hi/ nh$ hnh !V:

O"i E"m: Y o5n Ecpi c/ka caRc ljcmng tiX6n: i1 = W1W*W+W>W@ q i* = W1WAW>W@ q i+ = W1W*Wr Y o5n Ecpi c/ka caRc !5mng kJn: ?1 = W>H1 q ?* = W*WrH* q ?+ = WAW>W@H* q ?> = W*W+W>W@H* T%5ng h th ng n"y c * !Gng kJn khcng KJnh nha/ E" ?1 !" ?* n&n Gnh thjRc c/ka sc l5" K5mng tJn hiXn/: = 1 <?1 + ?* + ?+S ?> = S ?1 ?* 7bnh th`c c5n: <$3c tJnh M]ng t% i c6c !Gng khcng KJnh !(i ik= 1 = 1 q * = 1q + = 1 ?1 '9y h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng E":

O"i 1Y*A: Hh5 s kh i !" s !Gng tJn hi/ ca h th ng nh$ hnh !VC [Rng ccng th`c mas5n tm h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn :

O"i E"m: H th ng c M n !Gng kJn:

H th ng c * !Gng kJn khcng KJnh nha/: <!Gng ?1 !" ?*= 7bnh th`c ca h th ng E":

H th ng c * mch thhng:

T s g%a#h ta c c6c bnh th`c c5n:

'9y h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng E":

O"i 1Y+1 'i&st #h$ng t%itnh t%aung thasi ch5 h&u thcsng E5t x5 giavm chsn $uc ch5 nh$ hitnh !XwC Tisn hi&u/ !at5 x<t= Eat E$uc tasc K/ung v t/ E5t x5

Giai: 7fut y1<t= !at y*<t= Eat hai t/ !iu t%is c/va E5t x5C

Ta #hn tisch h&u thcsng nh$ sa/:

ih$ng t%itnh E$uc tasc K/ung c/va h&u thcsng:

Th&s #h$ng t%itnh 1 !at5 * ta $uc: 7fut:

Ta $uc #h$ng t%itnh c/va h&u thcsng nh$ sa/:

O"i 1Y+> 'i&st #h$ng t%itnh t%aung thasi ch5 mauch i&un sa/:

Is# K/ung casc iunh E/ut 1i%ch5xx 1,* ta c5s:

T%5ng 5s T$t 5s ta !i&st $uc Kaung #h$ng t%itnh chisnh tfsc sa/:

Chng "'
Bi "-1' ./ 3iDn i $aQ;ac1 ca cGc h/ sau'

$%i gi&i'

[Rng tJch #hn tng #hQn ta c: '(i :

'9y:

Bi "- '

./ 3iDn i $aQ;ac1 ca h/ '

$%i gi&i' [/ng bnh nghya !; #h_# Mi2n Ni ?a#EacX ta c:

Hcng th`c z/EX%Ls:

Ta c $3c:

'9y:

Bi "-"' ERng 7Cng chuyn i $aQ;ac1 sau ' ! cGc Snh ;T !i QhUn. #9y t/ chuyn i $aQ;ac1 ca h/ sau' $%i gi&i' 7bnh E{ !; #h_# E8y !i #hn: B2/ x<t= t%5ng mi;n th|i gian th: ThX5

Ta sT KUng bnh E{ t%&n !" #h$ng t%nh: Ta c $3c:

Bi "-V' ./ 3iDn i $aQ;ac1 ca cGc h/ sau' !8i a ; 1 hWng s. !8i a< X ; cGc hWng s. $%i gi&i' a= ThX5 bnh nghya !; #h_# Mi2n Ni ?a#EacX ta c:

M= [Rng k2t ./- c/ a= ta c:

Bi "- K' Cho 3iDn i $aQ;ac1 ca h/ Y(t* nh sau'

./ Y(t* 0i&i' H"m }<s= $3c !i2t Ei nh$ sa/:

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H"m W<s= $3c !i2t Ei nh$ sa/:

Oi2n Ni Ea#EacX ng$3c ca h"m W<s= E":

a# KUng th&m bnh E{:

'9y ta c:

'9y x<t= cQn tm E":

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H"m }<s= $3c !i2t Ei:

Th/ gPn Ei ta c:

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Oi2n Ni Ea#EacX c

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' !9y x<t= tm $3c E":

O"i +Y*+: Hh5 h"m ?a#EacX ~<s=

Tm x<t= Wi-i ihn tJch ~<s= th"nh c6c hng tT

H th !i2t Ei ~<s= th"nh Kng sa/:

Ta c

H:

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H:

O"i +Y*>: Tm Ea#EacX ng$3c ca h"m ~<s= ./a #h$ng #h6# Mi2n Ni tJch #hn

Wi-i: ~<s= $3c !i2t Ei E":

a# KUng #h$ng #h6# tJch #hn ta c:

Ti c:

' !9y c:

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H h"m x<t= E":

O +Y*@: Mi2n Ni Ea#EacX ca x<t= E" ~<s= c #h$ng t%nh sa/ : Tm x<t=C O"i E"m: Ta #hn tJch #h$ng t%nh ~<s= th"nh tNng ca nh0ng h"m n gi-nC Hh,ng ta ch, { %]ng : '9y :

Hh,ng ta tJnh c6c h]ng s M]ng c6ch cn M]ng c6c h s :

'9y Ea#EacX ng$3c ta $3c x<t= : ' 6# KUng ccng th`c :

O"i +Y*A: Tm Ea#EacX ng$3c ca h"m: O"i E"m: Ta !i2t Ei h"m }<s= nh$ sa/: a# KUng bnh EJ t% !" Ea#EacX ng$3c ca h"m sin !" c5st a $3c:

7bnh EJ t%:

'9y ta c:

O"i +Y*r: Tm Ea#EacX ng$3c ca h"m:

O"i E"m: Ta !i2t Ei h"m }<s=: Ta ti2n h"nh ./y ng !" sa/ ng nh8t c6c h s !(i #h$ng t%nh ch/\n ch5 : ta tm $3c c6c h s : a1: YZC@q a*:Zq a+: ZC@C '9y ta $3c:

x<t=: O"i +Y* Oi&sn cvi ?a#EacX ng$uc c/va hatm sa/:

Giai: Hhia t$v scs ch5 mw/ scs ta $uc:

Tcsi giavn #hn th$sc ta $uc:

?sy avnh ?a#EacX ng$uc ta c5s:

O"i +Y* Oi&sn cvi ?a#EacX ng$uc c/va hatm sa/:

Giai:

Ta #hn tisch }<s= thatnh casc #hn scs thatnh #htn:

Ta titm casc h&u scs a1, a*, a+ nh$ sa/:

T$t 5s ta titm $uc:

O"i +Y+> Titm Mi&sn cvi ng$uc c/va ~<s= $uc ch5 Mvi #h$ng t%itnh: 'si casc i&t/ ki&un t/ Wiavi: Oi&sn cvi ?a#EacX c/va #h$ng t%itnh !i #hn Is# K/ung casc i&t/ ki&un ch5 t%$sc ta c5s $uc h5fuc

Oi&sn cvi ?a#EacX ng$uc ta c5s $uc:

Chng 5
O"i @Y1 Hh5 h&u thcsng c5s s ct khcsi nh$ hitnh !Xw sa/C Hawy xasc iunh hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng

Wiavi: Hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng c5s Kaung

t%5ng 5s:

!at:

[5 5s ta c5s:

O"i @Y* Hh5 h&u thcsng c5s s ct khcsi nh$ sa/C Hawy xasc iunhhatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng

Wiavi: Taui casc i&vm 1,*,+ ta c5s casc gias t%iu

Th$uc hi&un #hXs# nhn !at giavi #h$ng t%itnh ta titm $uc hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng

O"i @Y+ Hh$sng minh %ftng hatm t%/y&tn c/va hai h&u thcsng sa/ Eat nh$ nha/

Wiavi: v s ct khcsi th$s nhst ta c5s ./an h&u gi$wa / !at y

T$t 5s ta %/st %a $uc hatm t%/y&tn

v s ct khcsi th$s hai ta c5s

T$t 5s ta %/st %a $uc hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng

O"i @Y>: ch5 h th ng nh$ hnh !V c * tJn hi/ !"5, mt tJn hi/ ch/\n !" mt tJn hi/ nhi/C chF %a %]ng #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng sV khcng thay Ni khi thay th2 tJn hi/ !"5 ch/\n M]ng tJn hi/ !"5 E" nhi/C

O"i E"m: H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng khi M ./a tJn hi/ nhi/ c Kng sa/:

H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng khi M ./a tJn hi/ ch/\n c Kng sa/:

Ta th8y #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng khi M tJn hi/ nhi/ t6c ng !"5 h th ng h5dc E" M tJn hi/ ch/\n t6c ng !"5 h th ng E" gi ng nha/: O"i @Y@: tm h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng ca s kh i sa/ y:

O"i E"m: Ta c: Z: W X X: i M M: H Z Thay <eee= !"5 <ee= ta $3c: X: i Y H Z Thay <eeee= !"5 <e= : Z: W <i Y H Z= e ee eee eeee

 H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng E":

O"i @YA: tm h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn ca h th ng ch5 M)i hnh !V sa/:

O"i E"m: T s ta c:

12t h3# c6c #h$ng t%nh t%&n ta $3c: H"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn ca h E":

O"i @Yr: Tm h"m t%/y;n ca c6c h th ng t s kh i ch5 M)i hnh 1 t(i hnh >

#nh 1

#nh

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#nh V $%i gi&i' Hnh 1: 7dt ~1,~*, ~+ nh$ sa/ :

T s kh i t%&n ta c:

12t h3# t8t c- > #h$ng t%nh t%&n ta c:

T$ng t nh$ c6ch E"m t%&n ta tJnh ch5 c6c hnh cGn Ei:

Hnh *:

Hnh +:

Hnh >:

Bi 5-@'

.P s khi h9y t/ h/ t6uy+n

$%i gi&i' 7dt ng %a ca W*<s= E" ~<s= ta c: Ti im <1= : Ti im <*=: '" i !(i ~<s=:

Ti im <>=: 7 i !(i ng %a H<s= ta c $3c:

Bh$ !9y: Bi 5-1 ' \Gc Snh h/ t6uy+n ca h thng ;, Fo cho 3On 78i. ]I 7Sch chuyn F ; ng^ !o ! I 7Sch chuyn y ; ng^ 6a ca h thng.

$%i gi&i' Wi- sT h Kbch ch/yn !; #hJa t%6i, E5 x5 sinh %a Ec "n hi c #h$ng t%nh: 1h i Kam#X% sV t5 %a Ec : 4T KUng bnh E/9t BXt5n ch5 tNng c6c Ec t6c ng !"5 kh i g , ta c: Hay Hh/yn Ni #h$ng t%nh !" gi- sT i;/ kin Man Q/ M]ng Z, ta c: H"m t%/y;n E":

O"i @Y1+: Tm h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng $3c chF %a nh$ hnh K$(i:

Wi-i T s ta $a %a #h_# t56n:

Oi2n Ni #h_# tJnh th` nh8t !" #h_# tJnh th` * ta c:

Tm $3c ma t%9n !_ct

H"m t%/y;n ca h E":

O"i @Y1A: Tm h"m t%/y;n ca mch in hnh K$(i

a# KUng bnh E/9t 1i%chh5xx ch5 mch in t%&n

Hh5 in 6# Q/ %a: 12t h3# hai #h_# tJnh ta c Oi2n Ni Ea#EacX ch5 Mi/ th`c t%&n:

H"m t%/y;n !" s ca h th ng

O"i @Y1r: Tm h"m t%/y;n ca ng c sX%!5 hai #ha nh$ hnh K$(iC 7in 6# E(n nh8t ca hai #ha E" 11@ 'C gc mXn ./6n tJnh E":

H s ma s6t t%$3t E":

Wi-i H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng c th tm $3c t nh0ng #h_# tJnh sa/:

1c, 1n E" nh0ng h]ng s T: gcmXn x5Dn

: Wc ca t%Uc ng c

zc: 7in 6# i;/ khin : gcmXn ./6n tJnh W# hai ccng th`c Ei ta c:

Hh/yn Ni sang Ea#EacX !(i i;/ khin Man Q/ E" Z

H"m t%/y;n E":

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Chng =
O"i AY* Hh5 h&u thcsng c khis nh$ hitnh !Xw K$si y, t%aung thasi Man t/ Eat t%aung thasi nghivC ?$uc tasc K/ung !at5 h&u thcsng Eat hatm x/ng n !iuC Hawy titm #h$ng t%itnh ch/y&vn cung c/va !utC

Wiavi: Is# K/ung iunh E/ut BXt5n ta c5s $uc Oi&sn cvi ?a#EacX ta c5s Oan t/ h&u thcsng v t%aung thasi nghiv K5 5s ta c5s Ta tisnh $uc ~<s=

Ti&sn hatnh Esy avnh ?a#EacX ng$uc ta c5s

T%5ng 5s

Eat Mi&n cu Ka5 cungC O"i AY+ Hh5 h&u thcsng c5s s ct khcsi nh$ hitnh sa/C ~asc iunh casc thcng scs 1, k &v cu !5ut Ecs tcsi a Eat @Z !at thti gian tfng t%$vng Eat @s

Wiavi: 7cu !5ut Ecs tcsi a g# xasc iunh Mvi ccng th$sc:

ThX5 &t Mati ta c5s g#: @Z

h5fuc

Thti gian tfng t%$vng @s

Ttn scs tfng t$u nhi&n:

T$t s ct khcsi ta c5s

's h&u thcsng Mitnh th$tng

!si casc h&u scs T$t 5s ta c5s $uc

O"i AY>: ch5 h th ng M&n K$(i c c6c thcng s nh$ sa/: :ZC> !" n: @ %aKsC H th ng chb/ t6c ng M)i tJn hi/ M$(c n !bC Tm th|i gian tfng t%$)ng t % , th|i gian ./6 chFnh t# , !Pt E g# !" th|i gian ./6 ts C

O"i E"m: '(i :ZC> !" n: @ %aKsC Ta tm $3c :

Th|i gian tfng t%$)ng:

g"

Th|i gian ./6 chFnh:

7 !Pt E :

Th|i gian ./6 : '(i sai s *:

'(i sai s @:

O"i AYr: Hh5 h"m t%/y;n ca h th ngC tm 6# `ng M$(c ng %a ca h th ng khi tJn hi/ !"5 E" M$(c n !bC

O"i E"m: 1hi ^<s=:1sC Ta sV $3c <s= nh$ sa/:

Ta khai t%in <s= th"nh tNng ca c6c h"m n gi-n :

4a/ tm c6c h s I, O, H, [ :

'9y <s= $3c !i2t Ei nh$ sa/:

?a#EacX ng$3c <s= th ta tm $3c y<t= :

Bi =-_' Cho h thng c /iOu t& 34i Qhng t6nh' S` 7Lng ' a* .6ong /i+n th%i gian 3* .6ong /i+n tHn. #9y t/ GQ ang 4 t6Cng thGi nghM !8i t-n hiu Hu !o ; 38c n !S $%i gi&i' H"m t%/y;n cQn tm c Kng:

'9y: a= 76# `ng x/ng ca h th ng E" h"m ng$3c ca W<s=:

M= T%5ng mi;n tQn s

ThX5 :

'(i Ta c:

7ng nh8t h th`c ta c:

'9y

?8y ?a#EacX ng$3c ta $3c:

Bi =-1K' H th ng c h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn E":

Hy tm 6# `ng x/ng ca h th ng n"yC ?|i gi-i: Ta c h"m x/ng %<s= : 1 !":

'(i:

Ta c th !i2t Ei $3c y<s= nh$ sa/:

H6c h s $3c x6c bnh nh$ sa/:

Ta c $3c:

Hh/yn Ni ng$3c h"m t%/y;n c Kng:

T%5ng :

'9y:

O"i AY1*: Hh5 h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng

Hh5 th ng Wi-i

tm 6# `ng th|i gian ca h th ngC Tm 6# `ng th|i gian ca h

'(i i;/ kin Man Q/ E" ZC H Mi2n Ni ?a#EacX E":

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'"

E" Kng ch/\nC 4T KUng Min Ni t$ng $ng ta c:

Ta c:

O"i AY1+: Hh5 h th ng i;/ khin nh$ hnh K$(i:

Hh5 1 !" i sa5 ch5 !Pt E E(n nh8t khi Q/ !"5 E" 6# `ng n !b E" ZC>C Th|i gian Fnh E" 1sC Tm th|i gian E&n Wi-i H !Pt E E":

[5 g#:ZC> n&n

Th|i gian Fnh E":

H:

T s hnh !V ta c:

H:

Thc hin s ng nh8t

Th|i gian E&n E":

Ti :

B&n:

Chng >

O"i rY1: ch5 kh/ tJch #hn nh$ hnh 1, !V Mi/ ny./ist ch5 h th ng khi 1ZC

O"i E"m: T s ta tJnh $3c h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) nh$ sa/: 'V Mi/ 6# `ng ca i t$3ng !(i h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) }<s= C Hnh * mc t- 6# `ng ca h th ng khi dt 4:C

Hh5 kZ 6# `ng E" ng !; #hJa M&n #h-i, i;/ c th chF %a %]ng khi s:^ : khi }<^=ZC 7im Y1 khcng Mb Ma5 M)i 6# `ng, ! !9y h th ng E" Nn bnh thX5 ny./istC }<s= c 1 X%5 t%&n i t$3ng n&n im / n c5ng ca thb ti im 4: khi ./a gc tPa C O"i +: chF %a s Nn bnh ca h th ng khi thay Ni 1* !(i h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) nh$ sa/:

Hh5 Mi/ my./ist nh$ hnh !V khi T> T1 , T* , T+ C

O"i E"m : [im Y1SZ khcng Mb Ma5 M)i 6# `ng ! !9y h th ng Nn bnhC T/y nhi&n khi ta tfng gi6 t%b k* E(n th 6# `ng c th Ma5 im Y1SZ !" h th ng sV t%) th"nh gia5 ngC O"i > : ch5 h th ng c h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) nh$ sa/ :

'V Mi/ ny./ist !" x_t tJnh Nn bnh ca h th ngC O"i E"m : Y ihQn ti Wc tPa ca i t$3ng : Hh,ng ta x_t !Gng Ma5 M6n ng/yt t$3ng t%$ng ./anh im cc M)i s:XC 1hi Mi2n Ni t YZZ ti :ZY 2n SZZ ti :ZS C Ta c : '9y gc ca $|ng Ma5 ca 6# `ng sV thay Ni t YZZ ti :ZY 2n SZZ ti :ZS, n i ./a im ZZ ti :ZC Y ihQn t :ZS 2n :S 1hi s: th WH<s=s:: WH<= ta c:

7 E(n ti2n !; Z ti gc Y1ZZC Y ihQn t :S 2n :Y

1hi thay Ni t :SZZ ti :S 2n :YZZ ti :YC 7$|ng Ma5 Ki ch/yn t Y1ZZ ti : S 2n gc 1ZZ ti : Y !(i E(n khcng NiC

O"i rYr : ch5 h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) ca h th ngC 'V Mi/ ./ tJch nghim ca h th ngC

O"i E"m : T h"m t%/y;n !Gng h) ta tJnh $3c Ma im cc ca h th ng, [:Y*Z, !" * im [:ZC H th ng c 1 im X%5 [:Y1*C ' !9y ./ tJch nghim ca h th ng sV c * nh6nh x/8t #h6t t Z khi 1Z:Z !" ti2n 2n khi 1Z: , mt nh6nh x/8t #h6t t Y*Z khi 1Z:Z !" ti2n 2n Y1* khi 1Z: C Wc ca c6c $|ng tim c9n !" im x/8t #h6t ca c6c $|ng tim c9n E" :

'9y ./ tJch nghim c Kng q

O"i rY Hh5 h&u thcsng c5s hatm t%/y&tn nh$ sa/:

'si 1 Eat hftng scs Hawy xasc iunh mcsi ./an h&u gi$wa gias t%iu c/va 1 !at fuc tisnh c/va h&u thcsng Wiavi:

ih$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh c/va h&u thcsng Eat:

Wiavi #h$ng t%itnh t%&n ta titm $uc nghi&um:

'it #h$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh c5s hai nghi&um th$uc n&n Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um c5s hai nhasnhC 1hi 1:Z, [1:Z !at [*:Z Eat hai i&vm x/st #hast c/va $tng ./iw tisch nghi&umC Hai nghi&um [1 !at [* khcng th&v Eat nghi&um #h$sc !si Mst kit gias t%iu nat5 c/va 1 !it 1A S 1* ZC Hasc nghi&um naty E/cn Eat scs th$uc m !it 1hi 1 1= [1 Y*, K5 5s ./iw tisch nghi&um c/va [1 Eat 5aun t$t Z &sn Y* t%&n t%/uc th$ucC *= [* Y, K5 5s ./iw tisch nghi&um c/va [* Eat 5aun t$t Y> &sn Y t%&n t%/uc th$ucC T$t Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um ta nhun thsy tst cav casc nghi&um &t/ nftm M&n t%asi mfut #hfvng #h$sc K5 5s h&u thcsng Eat cvn iunh !si m5ui gias t%iu c/va 1C O"i rY1Z 'Xw Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um c/va hatm

Wiavi: 1= H&u khcng c5s i&vm X%5C Hasc i&vm c$uc Eat s : Z , s : Y> , s : Y1AC Hasc nhasnh c/va ./iw tisch Mfst t/ t$t casc c$uc c/va !5tng hv !at k&st th/sc taui casc i&tm X%5C *= /iw tisch nghi&um nftm t%&n t%/uc th$uc gi$wa i&vm s : Z !at s : Y> , s : Y1A !at s : YC /iw tisch nghi&um nftm t%&n t%/uc th$uc khi c5s mcut scs EXv casc i&vm c$uc !at X%5 M&n #havi i&vm 5sC += W5sc ti&um cun Eat

'si k : Z thit : AZZ k : 1 thit : 1ZZ k : * thit : +ZZZ >= Wia5 i&vm c/va $tng ti&um cun !at t%/uc th$uc Eat:

@= 7i&vm tasch nhu# $uc xasc iunh Mftng casch:

h5fuc Wias t%iu xs# xiv c/va 4M Eat

W5sc tasch nhu# t$t t%/uc th$uc Eat ZZ A= Wias t%iu Esn nhst c/va 1 &v h&u thcsng cvn iunh c5s th&v xasc iunh $uc Mftng casch thay s : , t$t 5s:

7fut 1WH<= : Y1 ta c5s:

Wiavi %a ta titm $uc 1

7&v 1 Eat scs th$uc thit * A> #havi Mftng ZL [5 5s : Thay !at5 ta titm $uc 1 : *Z Oi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um c/va h&u thcsng nh$ hitnh !Xw sa/

O"i rY1* Hh5 h&u thcsng sa/

'Xw Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um Wiavi: Bghi&um c/va #h$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh Eat

7&v >1 Z tst cav casc nghi&um &t/ Eat scs th$uc m, ta c5s !si

1 1 'si 1 * > , nghi&um Eat cfu# scs #h$sc !si #htn th$uc Mftng Y1 * !at #htn av5
Mftng ihtn av5 sXw ti&sn &sn !c c/tng khi 1

'si m5ui gias t%iunh c/va 1 thit h&u thcsng cvn iunh !it tst cav casc nghi&um &t/ nftm M&n t%asi mfut #hfvng #h$sc Oi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um:

O"i rY1> Hh5 hatm t%/y&tn h&u thcsng !5tng hv nh$ sa/

'Xw Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um Wiavi: 1= Hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsng Eat

*= Hasc i&vm c$uc Eat Z , Y1Y , Y1S [5 5s ./iw tisch nghi&um sXw c5s Ma nhasnh, Mfst t/ t$t nh$wng i&vm c5s 1L:Z += gcwi nhasnh ./iw tisch sXw k&st th/sc taui , Mvi !it khcng c5s i&vm X%5C W5sc ti&um cun c/va casc nhasnh khi 1L sXw Eat Ti&um cun sXw cfst t%/uc th$uc taui i&vm

>= 1hcng c5s casc i&vm tasch nhu#C gcut nhasnh ./iw tisch sXw Mfst t/ t$t Z khi 1L : Z !at ti&sn thX5 t%/uc th$uc m !&t Y khi 1L S @= Thay M !at5 [ ta sXw titm $uc i&vm cfst c/va ./iw tisch nghi&um !si t%/uc av5 Wiavi %a ta titm $uc

Bh$ !uy ./iw tisch cfst t%/uc av5 taui

A= W5sc x/st #hast t$t i&vm c$uc Y1S T$t i&vm c$uc Y1Y Oi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um

Bi >-15' Cho h/ t6uy+n !,ng h4 ca h thng ;'

\Gc Snh giG t6S ca bKc sao cho h thng n Snh ! !d 2ue t-ch nghi/ ca h thngf $%i gi&i' ih$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng c + nghim, ! !9y ./ tJch nghim c + nh6nhC / tJch MDt Q/ ) im Z, Y1, Y !" k2t th,c ) im !c cRng, Wc tim c9n E":

7$|ng tim c9n cDt t%Uc thc ti im:

1 im t6ch n]m gi0a Z !" 1C / tJch !n Ei&n tUc t%&n t%Uc thc gi0a Z !" Y1, !" gi0a im Y !" Y ih$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng E": Hay 7 tm im t6ch , ch,ng ta E8y 5 h"m:

Wi-i #h$ng t%nh Ta $3c [:YZC@ !" [:Y@C@C Bh$ !9y, [:YZC@ t$ng `ng !(i im t6chC '9y 1ZL E": Thay M:[ !"5 #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh:

Ta c

Wi-i ta c: Ta nh9n th8y ./ tJch nghim cDt t%Uc -5 ti , `ng !(i 1ZL : r*C H"m t%/y;n !Gng kJn khcng c im cc !" im X%5C TNng c6c nghim ca #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh E" YC '(i 1ZL :r* th * nghim E" Y*C+ !" *C+C Bh$ !9y c- + nghim #h-i E" YC Hh,ng ta th8y %]ng 1ZL :r* x6c bnh ti Y t%&n nh6nh MDt Q/ t Y t(i Y '(i 1ZL r* th h th ng Nn bnh '(i 1ZL : r* th h th ng ) Mi&n gi(i Nn bnh '(i 1ZL r* th h th ng khcng Nn bnhC

Bi >- @' S khi ca h thng t6nh 3y 4 hnh 1< bgo.

hd 2ue t-ch nghi/ ca h thng< Chi T' !8i b ;8n ! 3j th h thng ck nhilu 6mng ca< !8i b t6ung 3nh th h GQ ang t6n.

$%i gi&i' 'V ./ tJch nghim ch,ng ta #h-i thc hin c6c M$(c sa/: 1= Hin thb t%&n mdt #hhng #h`c c6c im cc !" im khcng !Gng h)C Tn ti ./ tbch nghim t%&n #hQn n t%Uc thc gi0a Y+ !" Y* !" gi0a Y1 !" ZC *= 1hcng c $|ng tim c9n t%5ng mi;n #h`c t im cc !" X%5 ca !Gng h)C += T #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng:

Hh,ng ta x6c bnh $3c im t6ch !" im nh9#C

Wi-i #h$ng t%nh ta c:

'(i

gi6 t%b ca 1 E":

'(i 1: 1>

gi6 t%b ca 1 E":

H6c gi6 t%b ca 1 t%5ng * t%$|ng h3# x6c bnh $3c im t6ch !" im nh9#C 7im s:Y*C+AA n]m gi0a * im khcng, K5 !9y n E" im nh9#, cGn s: YZCA+> E" im t6chC

>=

hnh * th hin ./ tJch nghim ca h th ngC Hh,ng ta c th tm Qy c6c im tha mn i;/ kin gcC

@= Ta c th x6c bnh $|ng kJnh ./ tJch nghim t$ng `ng !(i gi6 t%b 1 M]ng c6ch KRng i;/ kin !; E(nC '(i 1 gi6 t%b 1 $3c $a %a th c6c cc !Gng kJn ;/ tha mn i;/ kin !; gc !" E(n, c th tm t ./ 5 nghim s C H th ng E" Nn bnh !(i 1 !"i gi6 t%b K$ng ca 1 '(i Z1ZCZr1 !" 11> h th ng Mb nhi/ %fng c$a, h t%n E6ng !(i C

Bi >-"1' Cho h/ t6uy+n h thng'

hd %ng cong GQ ang tHn s ca h thng $%i gi&i' Hh,ng ta sV MDt Q/ !(i thb Mi&n !" gc #ha ca

!" k2t h3# c- * $|ng c5ng t%&nC 7 thb Mi&n !(i

!"

$3c hin thb t%&n hnh 1

Hnh 1

Hh, { %]ng $|ng c5ng s kh6c nha/C

c $3c M]ng c6ch gi6 t%b KXciMXE ti c6c tQn

Ti tQn s ca5, $|ng c5ng * EQn tJch Bi >-""' hd 3iu Bo71 tP h/ t6uy+n'

ch5 M)i Y>ZKO tha mn cGn Y*Z KO th

khcngC 7i;/ n"y ,ng !(i thc t2 %]ng E5ga%ithm ca 1 s Mnh #h$ng th M]ng

$%i gi&i' Hh,ng ta thc hin thX5 c6c M$(c sa/: 1= 'V $|ng n]m ngang +

*= TQn s gc K/y nh8t E" : t m/ th`c 7im n]m t%&n $|ng n]m ngangC

+= 'V 1 $|ng t im n"y !(i K c Hnh !V $3c th hin t thb gQn ,ng t%&nC O"i rY+>: H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng $3c Mi/ Kin nh$ sa/:

'V thb M5KX ca h th ng

Wi-i: 7Q/ ti&n ta tJn Mi&n h"m E5g c $3c

Wc #ha E" W<= E":

H"m t%/y;n

'V $3c thb Mi&n !" gc thX5 tQn s nh$ hnh !V t%&n O"i >1: H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng $3c ch5 nh$ sa/:

'V dc tJnh 6# `ng tQn s ca h th ngC Wi-i: Tm 6# `ng tQn s ca khcng gian t%ng th6i dt [:C Ta c

TJnh $3c G, E":

76# `ng tQn s ca h th ng $3c !V nh$ hnh !V: TJnh $3c :

Ta tm $3c gi-i tQn s E"C 7dt: Ta tm $3c E": '"

w = wn = 1 T

O"i >* Hh5 h th ng M9c 1:

7Q/ !"5 E" Kng sin c Kng:

WFa sT Q/ %a ca h th ng $3c ch5 ./a M EPc m" E5i M t8t c- c6c tJn hi/ c Mi&n nh ZCZ1m'C Tm tQn s cDt c sa5 ch5 !(i t8t c- wo > wc th M EPc sV khcng ./an s6t $3c tJn hi/ Q/ !"5 Wi-i Ta c:

Ta tJnh $3c:

Oi&n I $3c tJnh nh$ sa/:

!(i c:n ta tm $3c I:ZCZ1C Ta tm $3c

O"i rY>+: H th ng $3c $a %a nh$ sa/:

Tm 6# `ng sin ca h th ng Wi-i: H th Mi/ Kin Ei x<t= nh$ sa/:

Ta c 6# `ng E":

ti k E" Mi&n !" E" gc khi tJn hi/ Q/ !"5 E" Kng !_c t '9y ta c

Thay !"5 #h$ng t%nh t%&n Q/ M"i ta c:

Hhi c- hai !2 ch5 e jwt ta $3c

h5dc

C#nop0 @'
O"i *: H th ng ca $3c mc t- nh$ sa/: Ti ta c:

4T KUng #h$ng #h6# #h-n hi Mi2n t%ng th6i dt cc ca h th ng E" Y> !" YAC Wi-i 'i2t /<t= th"nh K$(i Kng

' !9y:

'" c:

T%b s dc t%$ng ca I E":

HQn #h-i #h-n hi n2/ gi6 t%b th/ $3c E" khcng m5ng m/ nC H th ng !Gng kJn ch5 t8t c- c6c gi6 t%b ca g1 !" g* E":

B2/ m/ n t%b s dc t%$ng ca ma t%9n IYOW ti:

Hh,ng ta 6# KUng #h$ng #h6# k_5 thX5C t ma t%9n I,O c th i;/ khin $3c ta c th sT KUng Mi2n #h-n hi c th thay Ni $3cC T%5ng t%$|ng h3# n"y khi $a %a h th ng c Kng I E" ma t%9n M8t k n x n O E" ma t%9n M8t k n x m '" I,O i;/ khin $3cC Ti tn ti Jt nh8t mt ma t%9n #h-n hi W m x n C g" t%b s dc t%$ng ca IYOW M]ng gi6 t%b cQn m5ng m/ nC H a th`c dc tJnh

'9y gi6 t%b ca g1 !" g* E" O"i Y1A

Hitnh !Xw 1 Mi&v/ Ki&wn ./iw tisch nghi&um ch5 h&u thcsng E5aui * !si hatm t%/y&tn

ihn tisch tisnh cvn iunh c/va h&u thcsngC Wiav s$v mcut i&vm X%5 $uc $a !at5 taui s :
1 T*

gi$wa gcsc !at i&vm c$uc

1 C T1

'Xw Mi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um msiC ~Xst tisnh cvn

iunh c/va h&u thcsngC Wiavi: v hitnh 1 ta thsy t5atn Mcu mcut nhasnh c/va ./iw tisch nghi&um nftm v M&n #havi mfut #hfvng #h$sc !it th&s h&u thcsng khcng cvn iunh !si m5ui gias t%iu 1C 1hi th&m mcut i&vm X%5 taui
1 , T*

scs c$uc t%$t i scs X%5 Mftng *C 'it th&s sXw c5s ti&um cun $sng taui

1hi 1 : Z, ./iw tisch i ./a gcsc t5au cu !at #htn ./iw tisch t%&n t%/uc th$uc nftm gi$wa hai i&vm
1 T1

!at

1 T*

Oi&v/ ct ./iw tisch nghi&um $uc !Xw Eaui:

O"i 1: Hh5 h th ng $3c mc t- M)i:

'(i

H th ng $3c mc t- !(i t%b %i&ng t%ng th6i th t%) th"nh:

, !(i tJn hi/ #h-n hi

Hy tm gi6 t%b ca 1 $%i gi&i' ih$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng: 'i2t !; Kng

Hh,ng ta x6c bnh 1 t #h$ng t%nh: '(i: H6c #hQn tT ct th` ca ma t%9n ta thay M]ng X, !" ct th` ca ma t%9n M]ng KC Bh$ !9y 1 ct ca 1 ma t%9n E" ZC Bh$ !9y, ch,ng ta c $3c

T5 th"nh n ct c E9#

, ta c:

ga t%9n [:

Hh, { mc t- [ ta KRng !" nh$ c6c ct c E9#, !" chPn C Ta c $3c t%b %i&ng m5ng m/ n

C#nop0 _'
O 1: 7$a h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng !; Kng khcng gian t%ng th6i:

Wi-i H"m t%/y;n ca h th ng $3c #hn tJch nh$ sa/:

Bhn th&m s !" s * !"5 h"m t%/y;n ca h th ng %i #hn tJch %a:

Hh, { %]ng:

4a/ ta dt

Ta $a %a:

Ta c:

7$a %a $3c

H5dc Kng t%5ng khcng gian t%ng th6i

H Kng ma t%9n:

7i;/ kin Man Q/ ca h th ng:

Ti

O"i Y* Hh5 hatm t%/y&tn h&u thcsng nh$ sa/: ?u# #h$ng t%itnh t%aung thasiC Wiavi: T$t hatm t%/y&tn h&u thcsng ta !i&st $uc #h$ng t%itnh !i #hn sa/: Hh5un !Xct5% t%aung thasi 7fut Mi&sn t%aung thasi

'it !uy ta c5s th&v !i&st $uc

T%5ng 5s:

O"i Y+1 : chF %a #h$ng t%nh khcng gian t%ng th6i ca h th ng ch5 M)i hnh !V sa/ :

O"i E"m : H"m t%/y;n !Gng kJnh ca h th ng E"

T%5ng

ih$ng t%nh h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJnh !i2t thX5 c6ch kh6c c Kng sa/ : Hh,ng ta hy dt c6c Mi2n t%ng th6i :

'(i c6c h s $3c chF %a M)i #h$ng t%nh :

ih$ng t%nh khcng gian t%ng th6i c Kng sa/ :

'9y t%5ng t%$|ng h3# ca ta E" :

HHBW 1*:
O @: H th ng $3c mc t- nh$ sa/:

Ti c:

Hy chF %a h th ng h5"n khcng ./an s6t $3c Wi-i: H th dt /:ZC ' h"m i;/ khin / khcng -nh h$)ng t(i tJnh ./an s6t ca h th ngC ga t%9n ./an s6t ca h th ng:

Hng ca ma t%9n E" nh hn + c:

' !9y h th ng khcng h5"n t5"n ./an s6t $3cC H"m t%/y;n h th ng ~1<s= !" W<s= E":

'" h"m t%/y;n <s= !" ~1<s= E":

H"m t%/y;n <s= !" <s= E":

O"i 1*Y q ch5 h th ng c h"m t%/y;n khcng gian t%ng th6i nh$ sa/C ~_t kh- nfng i;/ khin ca h th ngC

O"i E"m : Hh5 h th ng t%&n c kh- nfng i;/ khin t%ng th6i $3c, th i;/ kin cQn !" E" ma t%9n 4 #h-i c hng<%ank= E" * !(i 4: O IOC Hh,ng ta c :

'9y ta k2t E/9n %]ng h th ng n"y khcng c kh- nfng i;/ khin $3cC O"i 1*Y1: ~6c bnh tJnh ./an s6t $3c ca h th ng sa/:

?|i gi-i: Ta tJnh t56n c6c ma t%9n sa/:

Hng ca ma t%9n E" +C '9y h th ng ./an s6t $3cC

'Xct5% E" c6c h"ng c E9#, ! !9y h th ng h5"n t5"n c th i;/ khin $3cC H th ng h5"n t5"n c th ./an s6t $3c khi !Xct5% He, IeHe, E" c6c h"ng c E9#

'"

Bh$ !9y !Xct5% E" c6c h"ng c E9# !" h th ng h5"n t5"n c th ./an s6t $3cC

Hh$ng 1+
O"i 1+Y1 Hh5 hatm t%/y&tn c/va h&u thcsngC Hawy xasc iunh #h$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh !at xXst tisnh cvn iunh c/va h&u thcsng

Wiavi: ih$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh c/va h&u thcsng c5s Kaung: Th$uc hi&un #hXs# Mi&sn cvi: Bghi&um c/va #h$ng t%itnh Eat: ih$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh c5s mcut nghi&um K$ng [+ : * K5 5s h&u thcsng khcng cvn iunhC O"i 1+Y* ~Xst tisnh cvn iunh c/va h&u thcsng c5s hatm t%/y&tn

Wiavi: ih$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh h&u thcsng: Wiavi %a nghi&um c/va #h$ng t%itnh

Tst cav casc nghi&um c5s #htn th$uc m K5 5s h&u thcsng Eat cvn iunhC O"i 1+YA ~Xst tisnh cvn iunh c/va h&u thcsng c5s #h$ng t%itnh fuc tisnh:

Wiavi: ?u# Mavng ^5/th

1&st E/un h&u thcsng khcng cvn iunh !it casc gias t%iu v ccut th$s nhst cvi Ks/ mcut EtnC O"i 1+Y1Z: Hh5 h th ng $c $a %a ) Kng ti&/ ch/\n 5%Kan, sa/ khi ch/yn Ni:

T i gi-n h th ng Ka !"5 tJnh ./an s6t $3c !" i;/ khin $3cC Hh`ng t %]ng ma t%9n ca h th ng t i gi-n t$ng t nh$ ma t%9n Man Q/ ?|i gi-i H th ng Kng 5%Kan c c6c gi6 t%b %i&ng kh6c nha/, nh$ !9y tJnh i;/ khin $3c !" ./an s6t $3c K K"ng x6c bnh $3cC H"ng th` + ca ma t%9n On E" Z, n&n .+ khcng i;/ khin $3cC Ht th` * ca Hn E" Z, !9y n&n .* cng khcng i;/ khin $3cC .* !" .+ Mb E5i t ch,ng khcng cGn t6c KUng !(i ng !"5Yng %a: 1hi :

, !(i h th ng Man Q/:

'(i h th ng t i gi-n:

Bh$ !9y ma t%9n E" nh$ nha/ i !(i c- * #h$ng t%nh t%ng th6iC O"i 1+Y11 Hh5 c6c ma t%9n I !" O :

~6c bnh n2/ I,O E" 1 cd# kim s56tC ?|i gi-i: T kJch th$(c c6c ma t%9n I E" +x+, O E" +x* n&n ma t%n 4 #h-i E" +xA: Hh,ng ta tm :

4 c th $3c !i2t Ei nh$ sa/:

H th K K"ng kim t%a $3c hng ca 4 E" + !" h th ng E" i;/ khin $3cC O"i 1+Y1* : ch5 h"m t%/y;n !Gng kJnhC [Rng ti&/ ch/\n %5/th tm k h th ng Nn bnh O"i E"m : ih$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ng E" : O-ng %5/th nh$ sa/ q

[i;/ kin cQn !" h th ng Nn bnh E" t8t c- c6c h s ) ct 1 ca M-ng #h-i ;/ K$ng n&n ta c : '" '9y k #h-i tha mn : O"i 1+Y1+ : ch5 #h$ng t%nh dc tJnh ca h th ngC Tm k h th ng Nn bnh thX5 ti&/ ch/\n %5/thC O"i E"m : O-ng %5/th q

ThX5 %5/th ta c :

Hai i;/ kin Q/ ch5 ta i;/ kin k 1*, i;/ kin th` + ta c +k*S*kY1 Z <#h$ng t%nh n"y c nghim -5= !" gi6 t%b ca a th`c E/cn m !(i mPi k ^C ! !9y !(i + i;/ kin t%&n khcng tm $3c gi6 t%b ca k h th ng Nn bnhC O"i 1+Y1A: ih$ng t%nh h"m t%/y;n dc tJnh ca h th ng !Gng kJn E":

'(i gi6 t%b n"5 ca 1 th h Nn bnh Wi-i: 4T KUng M-ng ^5/th tm gi6 ca 1

7 h th ng Nn bnh th c6c gi6 t%b t%&n ct Q/ ti&n ca M-ng E" cRng K8/C T%5ng t%$|ng h3# n"y ta c:

1hi 1Z ta c:

O"i 1+Y*r: ~_t h th ng nh$ hnh !V:

Tm 1 h th ng Nn bnh Wi-i

H"m t%/y;n ca !Gng kJn:

ih$ng t%nh dc tJnh E":

Ta c M-ng ^5/th

7 h th ng Nn bnh th t8t c- c6c thcng s ca ct Q/ ti&n #h-i K$ngC B&n c: