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Bones, Joints, Muscles
Bones, Joints, Muscles
Function:
support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs protect (eg) skull, vertebrae mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic component movement (eg) walk, grasp objects blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
Osteoblasts: secrete organic part of bone matrix = osteoid Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix
Bone = bone tissue (type of CT) A Bone = an organ Compact vs. Spongy Bone Composition: Hydroxyapatite, protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow Skeleton = bones, cartilage (avascular, no nerves, 80% H2O), joints, ligaments Shapes of Bones
Structure of Bone
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity Nutrient Art & Vein Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Art & Vein Outer: Dense irregular CT Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Does not cover epiphyses Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity
2 Epiphyses
Periosteum
Endosteum
1) Intramembranous Ossification
Membrane bones: most skull bones and clavicle Osteoblasts in membrane secrete osteoid that mineralizes Osteocytes maintain new bone tissue Trabeculae forms between blood vessels Grows into thickened plates at periphery = compact bone Periosteum forms over it
Begins with a cartilaginous model Perichondrium becomes replaced by periosteum Cartilage in diaphysis calcifies Trabeculae forms from Periosteal bud
Periosteal bud = arteries & veins, cells forming bone marrow, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Medullary cavity is formed by action of osteoclasts Epiphyses grow and eventually calcify
Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of periosteum Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and disintegrate) Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side
Lengthening of Bone
Joints (articulations)
Where parts of skeleton meet Allows varying amounts of mobility Classified by structure or function Arthrology: study of joints
Classification of Joints
Function: Synarthroses = no/little movement Amphiarthroses = slight movement Diarthroses = great movement
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Great
Joint Classification
Structure
Cartilagenous
Synchondrosis:
Fibrous
Sutures:
connected by short strands of dense CT (synarthroses) Syndesmoses: connected by ligaments (varies) Gomphosis: peg in socket w/short ligament (synarthroses)
Synovial (diarthroses)
Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers
Fibrous: external, dense CT for strength Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule and articular cartilages Reinforcing ligaments: extracapsular/intracapsular Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to increase stability
Synovial Joint
pg 215
Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons 3 Factors in Joint Stability:
pg 219
pg 224
Joint Shapes
pg 225
Joint Shapes
pg 225
Joint Shapes
!Muscles!
Function: 1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) joint stability 4) generate heat
!Muscles!
Movements of Muscles
Extension: increasing angle between body parts Flexion: decreasing angle between body parts
Abduction: moving away from the median plane Adduction: moving towards the median plane Rotation: moving around the long axis Circumduction: moving around in circles
Movements of Muscles
Elevation: lifting body part superiorly Depression: moving body part inferiorly Supination: rotating forearm laterally Pronation: rotating forearm medially Protraction: Anterior movement Retraction: Posterior movement
common leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc. Sometimes attach to skin
Synergists = muscles work together, adds extra force to agonistic movement, reduce undesirable extra movement
Fixators = a synergist that holds bone in place to provide stable base for movement
Naming Muscles
Location: (eg) brachialis = arm Shape: (eg) deltoid = triangle Relative Size: (eg) minimus, maximus, longus Direction of Fascicles: (eg) oblique, rectus Location of Attachment: (eg) brachioradialis Number of Origins: (eg) biceps, quadriceps Action: (eg) flexor, adductor, extensor
Parallel: long axis of fascicles parallel to axis of muscle; straplike (eg) biceps, sternocleidomastoid Convergent: O = broad, I = narrow, via tendon; fan or triangle shaped (eg) pectoralis major Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric circles; sphincter (eg) around mouth
Pennate: fascicles short + attached obliquely to tendon running length of muscle; featherlike
pg 269
STOP
More on Levers on the following pages
Effort at 1 end Load at other end Fulcrum in middle (eg) scissors (eg) moving head up and down
pg 267
Effort at 1 end Fulcrum at other end Load in middle pg 267 (eg) wheelbarrel (eg) standing on tip toes (not common in body)
Load at 1 end Fulcrum at other end Force in middle (eg) using a tweezers (eg) lifting w/biceps
pg 267
Mechanical Advantage
When the load is close to the fulcrum, effort is applied far from fulcrum Small effort over large distance = move large load over short distance (eg) Using a jack on a car
pg 266
Mechanical Disadvantage
When the load is farther from the fulcrum than the effort, the effort applied must be greater than the load being moved Load moved quickly over large distance (eg) using a shovel
pg 266