Asia

PORT PLANNING

Prakash Gaur & Tarun

Sharma

August 31, 2008, CEPT University

 Port Planning - Modules
Sl. No. Module
1 Overview of Maritime Infrastructure Development
2 Port Evolution Theories
•Port Development Models
•Role of various classes of ports major, minor, regional, hub etc.
3 Port Master Planning
•Port Planning Principles
•Land Use Planning
•Port Planning Sequence
•Terminal Design Principles
•Design of Port Layout: Basic Principles
•Harbor configuration
•Berth Occupancy, Waiting time etc.
•Capacity Estimation
4 Port and Marine Engineering
•Port Infrastructure
•Port Infrastructure Superstructure
•Marine Aspects of Port Planning
•Cost Estimation
•Ship Maneuverability
•Channel layout and design
5 Port Development
•Port reforms
•Generation of Ports by UNCTAD
6 Port Operation and Management
•Organization Structure of a Port
•Port Equipments
•Port Operation Planning
•Terminal Operations
7 Framework for Port Development
•Institutional
•Regulatory
•Legal
8 Integrated Development of Ports
•Multi - Transport Infrastructure (Roads, Railways, IWT, Coastal Shipping)
•Hinterland Development
•Port City Planning
•Port based Regional Development
 Port Planning - Modules
Sl. No. Module

9 Logistics Planning, Development and Management

10 Environmental Aspects in Port Development

11 Port Commercialization
•Business Plan
•Concession Agreements
•Captive User Agreements
12 Port Pricing
•Port tariff systems and port charging principles
•UNCTAD Approach
•Marginal Cost Principles
•Market Approach
13 Port Economics
•Traffic Forecasting
•Port competition and competitiveness
•Port Industrialization
14 Port Financing
•Investment Plan
•Domestic and International Financing options
•Financial Modeling of Port Project, Green Field and expansion programme
•Issue of Subsidy and Grant

15 Policies and Acts

•Indian Port Acts (related to major and minor ports)
•International Maritime Law
•Safety and Security Issues
16 Advance Maritime Economics
•Shipping Finance and Market Operations
•Economies of Scale and Vessels Operations
•Shipping Demand and Supply
•Various terms like Charters, Demurrage etc. for Market Dealing
 What is a “Port”
“Port is a town with a harbour and facilities for a ship shore inter
face and custom facilities”
“Port is an area within which ships are loaded with and/or
discharged of cargo and includes the usual place where ships
wait for their turn or are ordered or obliged to wait for their turn
no matter the distance from that area”
“Port mean one or more port areas forming an autonomous
function and economic entity of which boundaries are
established by authority of (relevant government body) and
whose activities are governed in accordance with ( national or
other relevant ) law”

“Port is not just a pier, much more complex system

starting as transportation node to the main link of
total supply chain”
 What constitutes a
“Port”?
PURPOSE
P
STRATEGY
O
MISSION
R
STANDARDS
T VALUES

MARITIME ACCESS INFRASTRUCTURE • Physical

PORT PORT indicators
• Channels, Approximation Zones
• Sea Defence (Breakwater, locks) INFRA- PERFO • Productivity
• Signaling (light, buoys) STRUCTUR RMANC Indicators
• Eco. & Fin.
E PORT E Indicators
TYPE
PORT INFRASTRUCTURE • Infrastructure Provision
PORT • Berths, Docks, Basins PORT SUPERSTRUCTURE
• Berthing Services
• Storage Areas • Cranes
AREA • Terminals, Warehouses, •Pilotage
• Internal Connections
Sheds •Towage
•Tying
• Cargo Handling
•Stevedoring
LAND ACCESS INFRASTRUCTURE PORT •Storage
• Roads, Railways • Agents or Consignees
SERVICES • Ancillary Services
• Inland Navigation Channels
Typical Port Planning Process
 TO NATIONAL HIGHWAY

Typical Port Master Plan

4.0 - 5.0 Km.

STAGE 3
EXISTING CHANNEL & PORT

ER
AREA TO BE RECLAIMED & USED

IV
AS STOCKING AREA FOR LIQUID

AM R
OR BULK CARGOE

UPP
AN K

UR
HARBO
ARIY

S
NG
SHI NG

DI
IL
TOTAL AREA OWNED BY

BU
N G FI
PORT ABOUT 25 Acres

D
AN
AY
EXISTI

QU
RT
PO
REA

NG
TI

S
LVL. -2.5
NT A

IS

NG
VIRAMPATINAM

EX

DI
VILLAGE

SI
PME

AREA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF

IL
HOTELS, VILLAS AND TIME

RA
ELO

SHARE APPARTMENTS EXISTING PORT AREA

117 Acres
DE V

L
INA

NE
AN
CH
MAR

E DGED
R
EXISTING D CAN
A LIS LEGEND :

EX
ED U
PP E

IS
R

TI
BEAC EXISTING SAND DRA PORT ADMN. AND

NG
H DREDGING IN LIMIT OF PORT
CUSTOMS BUILDINGS
STAGE 2

ST
TUNNEL &

AD
BOOSTER RLY. STN. RAILWAY TRACK
STACKING AREA STAGE 1

I
PUMP STATION

UM
LVL. -4.0
ROAD
STACKING AREA BRIDGE

EX
IS
EXISTING LIGHT HOUSE

TI
EXISTING

NG
NORTHERN S US RAIL LINE EXTENDED ON ROCK PROCTION WALL INTO PORT
PEN

SC
GROYNE DED
QUA EXISTING ROCK ARMOUR PROTECTION

HO
Y

O
L
OLD PORT AND PIER REDEVELOPED AS A
AREA KEPT FOR DREDGING / BEACH EX
IS FRENCH / INDO THEMED TOURIST AREA - CAFES,
ST

HOURISHMENT OPERATIONS

OLD PORT AREA

TI MARKETS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS etc.
NE

NG
AG

POSSIBLE ALSO DEVELOPMENT OF BEACH FRONT.

W

SO
E-

ATER
LVL. -12.5
SO

UT
RTH
3

HE EXISTING BG RAIL

11 Acres
UT

RN SIDING ENDS HERE

DE

EAK W
HE

ER BE

G
VE

RO
RN

LO

YN
BR

ERN BR

E
PM

OR OTH
EA

EN
KW

LINER - 4
T

TURNING AREA
NOR TH
STAGE
AT
ER

LVL. -12.5
W

IER
NE
LVL. -4.0

NG P
LVL. -4.0

EXISTI
DREDGED APPROACH
CHANNEL TO EXTEND
2.0 KM FROM SHORE

LVL. -6.0
Typical Port Master Plan
 International Seaborne Trade

 Total ton miles performed

in 2006 estimated to be
30,686 mn ton miles
 Total cargo transported to
be app 7,416 mn tons
 The total world fleet grew
to 1,042 million dwt

• Out of top ten container ports in the world, 7

are from Asia
• Container traffic is growing at about 9 % per
annum in last two decades (1980-2000)
• Container traffic is expected to grow at 6-8
% in next ten years

Source: Port Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Department of Ports

International Seaborne Trade
International Seaborne Trade
20
International Seaborne Trade
Location of Ports in India

• 12 Major Ports
• 187 Minor Ports
Coast line of 7517 Km

Ennore
 Throughput at Ports in India
•The Indian coastline is dotted with 12 major ports and about 200 non-major ports.

•A lion's share of the country's international trade - 95 per cent by volume and 70 per cent by
value - is carried out through maritime transport.

•Major ports handle about three-fourths of the total sea-borne traffic.

•According to the Indian Ports Association, the twelve major ports together handled a total of 519
million tones (mt) of cargo in 2007-08, an increase of 12 per cent over 463 mt handled in 2006-
07.

•The container cargo traffic at the major ports grew by 19.03 per cent in 2007-08. The 12 major
ports handled 6.6 million twenty foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2007-08 as against 5.44 TEUs in
2006-07.
 Throughput at Ports in India
Major Ports Traffic (in million tonnes)
Throughput
Port 2007-08 2006-07 Growth (in
percentage)
Kandla 64.89 52.98 22.48
Vishakapatnam 64.59 56.38 14.56
Mumbai 57.03 52.36 8.93
Chennai 57.15 53.41 7
Kolkata & Halida 57.28 55.05 4.05
JNPT 55.75 44.81 24.41
Paradip 42.43 38.51 10.18
New Mangalore 36.01 32.04 12.41
Mormugao 35.12 34.24 2.59
Tuticorin 21.48 18 19.33
Kochi 15.31 15.25 3.62
Ennore 11.56 10.71 7.92
 Throughput at Ports in India

YEAR Gujarat Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamilnadu Andhra Pradesh Orissa Other States# TOTAL

1990-91 7.55 0.93 0.001 0.61 0.13 0.23 1.13 0.06 0.38 11.02
1991-92 8.90 0.53 0.01 0.38 0.13 0.19 1.18 0.15 0.39 11.86
1992-93 10.64 0.30 0.21 0.47 0.13 0.26 1.44 0.21 0.37 14.03
1993-94 13.09 0.65 0.21 0.31 0.10 0.08 1.81 0.21 0.36 16.82
1994-95 16.94 2.45 0.21 0.46 0.20 0.12 1.39 0.20 0.32 22.29
1995-96 17.15 3.65 0.06 0.35 - 0.11 2.31 0.17 0.36 24.16
1996-97 19.19 2.59 0.06 0.37 0.02 0.03 2.12 0.14 0.41 24.93
1997-98 26.84 4.68 0.37 0.52 0.20 0.27 1.77 0.20 0.57 35.42
1998-99 25.80 5.20 2.17 0.40 0.10 0.47 3.08 0.12 0.72 38.06
1999-00 48.80 5.91 2.02 0.48 0.10 0.41 3.81 0.15 0.67 62.35
2000-01 71.10 6.05 2.78 0.67 0.16 0.38 4.83 0.14 0.79 86.90
2001-02 82.55 4.98 2.90 0.68 0.13 0.53 3.51 0.02 0.97 96.27
2002-03 84.12 8.63 5.36 0.68 0.08 0.60 5.01 - 0.69 105.17
2003-04 89.35 10.33 8.44 1.17 0.05 0.69 10.02 - 0.79 120.84
2004-05 97.13 12.12 8.46 3.21 0.08 0.85 15.07 - 0.91 137.83
2005-06 103.20 11.11 11.86 2.44 0.08 0.71 15.09 - 1.04 145.53
2006-07 132.44 115.60 14.31 6.56 0.18 0.81 18.61 0.05 1.60 186.12
2007-08
 Future Growth Estimates of Ports in India

• Cargo handling at all the ports is projected to grow at 7.7% p.a. till 2013-
14 with Minor ports growing at a faster rate of 8.5% compared to 7.4%
for the Major ports

• Traffic estimated to reach 960 million tonnes by 2013-14

• Containerized cargo is expected to grow at 17.3% over the next 9 years

• The New Foreign Trade Policy envisages doubling of India’s share in

global exports in next five years to $150 billion

• Growth in merchandise exports projected at over 13% p.a. underlines

the need for large investments in port infrastructure

• Investment need of $13.5 billion in the major ports under National

Maritime Development Program (NMDP) to boost infrastructure at these
ports in the next nine years

Source:
 Importance of Ports

• Ports Today
 Are dynamic nodes in the Supply chain involving complex
international production / distribution network;
 Have become Integrated Transport Centers and Logistics
platforms for International trade, and
 Stimulate Trade and Regional development
 Developed under Land-lord Port and Private Port Model in India
 Opportunities for Private Sector to either act as Port Operator
at Major Ports or Port Developer at minor Ports
Port Development
 Port Development

Change in trade Competition

pattern
Demand
Water Depth:
Inland Transport
Ship size- dredging
Capacity Expansion Geographic
Port Development
location
Environment Pressure Cargo handling
Port Management technology
Labour
Different Ownership
Union
Port
Efficiency
 Port Development

Cargo Availability Changes in Trade Pattern Market Behavior

Port Management
Technology

Port Institutional Framework

Inland Transport
Development
Port Ownership
Integrated Logistics
Labours/Unions
Nature of Hinterland Competition
Regulation
Port Networking Planning Approach Stakeholders
 Port Generations
First Generation ( before 1960)
Conventional Cargo Individual Ports
with labour intensive tech

Second Generation (After 1960)

Port Competition
With bulk Cargo
with Capital intensive tech
and complex of value added services
Third Generation (after 1980)
unit cargo
with tech know how Port Cooperation
Industrial functions and
flow of cargo and information
Fourth Generation (after 2000) Port
Specialization in cargo type
Information sharing Co-
itself become industry and opetition
Regional Distribution Centre
Port Models
 Port Types
Hub Port Singapore
Feeder Port Chennai to Colombo
Fishing Port Veraval
Industrial Port Rotterdam
Transshipment Port Singapore/Colombo
River Port Antwerp
Direct Berthing Port All main ports
All weather Port all main port with break water
Naval Port mainly control by Navy
Ship Building Yard Pipavav, Cochin etc
Ship Breaking Yard Alang
Major and Minor Port Indian Concept
 Port Functions
Services and Facilities Admn functions
for Ships
Arrival and Departure Custom, Police and
Immigration
Navigation aids, VTS Bunkering and ballast
Approach Channel Waste Disposal, medical etc.
Pilotage and Tugs Port state control
Locks Cargo Transfer
Berths Opening and closing of hatch
Maintenance and Repairs Breaking out and stowing
 Port Functions
Services for Cargo Additional Value Added
Cargo handling on ship and Repacking, labelling, sorting,
quay assembling
Transport to/from storage Cleaning and preparing cargo
Tallying, marking and weighing Setting up a logistic network
Surveillance, Protection Product customization
Dangerous cargo segregation Setting up a marketing package

Custom and Documentary Service Center

control
Receiving and delivery Industrial centre
Port Operations for
Cargo
EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
“Port as a Strategic SEAWARD SIDE PORT COMPLEX HINTERLAND SIDE

Tool”
Cargo Handling &
Maritime Transport Land Transport
TRANSPORT OPERATOR GROUPS Storage
(SHIPPING LINES) (RAILWAYS, ROADS)
(STEVEDORES)
Value Added Services
(LOGISTIC SERVICE
PROVIDERS)

SHIPPING AGENTS FREIGHT FORWARDERS

TRANSPORT SERVICES GROUPS CLEARING HOUSE AGENTS
MULTI MODAL TRANSPORT OPERATORS
3PL, 4PL LOGISTIC SERVICE PROVIDER

TOWAGE COMPANIES ICD, CFS, LOGISTIC PARKS

PILOTAGE SERVICES WAREHOUSES
SHIP & CONTAINER REPAIR
OTHER SUPPORTING GROUPS WASTE RECEPTION
INSPECTION SERVICES
I.T. SERVICES

BANKS, FINANCE SERVICES,

INSURANCE COMPANIES
LEGAL SERVICES

SHIPPERS / INDUSTRY GROUPS INDUSTRIES INDUSTRIES IN PORT INDUSTRIES

IN FORELAND PORT AUTHORITY IN HINTERLAND
INFRASTRUCTURE PORT AUTHORITIES OF OTHER PORTS
FACILITATION, CO-ORDINATION
& MANAGEMENT GROUPS CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, STATE GOVERNMENT,
MoSRTH, GMB

WORLD BANK. ADB, JICA etc.

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, STATE GOVERNMENT, MoSRTH, GMB,

LEGISLATION & POLICY TRADE UNIONS, WTO, GATT
MAKING GROUPS
LOCAL INHABITANTS
COMMUNITY GROUPS ENVIRONMENTALISTS, NGO’s, MEDIA
Source: Based on Delhi; Modifies from Stakeholder Relations in Ports
 Suggested Readings

•UNCTAD Port Development Handbook

•World Bank Port Reforms Toolkit (Module 1 & 2)

•UNCTAD-Review of Maritime Transport

Contact

Mr. Prakash Gaur,

Research Scholar, University of Antwerp
prakash.iidc@gmail.com

Mr. Tarun Sharma

Infrastructure Planner
tarunsharma2005@gmail.com
Thank You