Journal 58 Artikel Mabuni Kenwa

History * Culture * Tradition * Heritage * Kata * Pioneers * Biographies * Philosophy * Lineage * User-friendly English Translations
International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010
Mabuni Kenwa
& Shito Ryu

By Matthias Golinski
lesson until his twentieth birthday.4 The training with Itosu was quite intense and over the years, Mabuni learned all 23 Kata of Itosus system.5 During his time at Okinawas Prefectual First Middle School (Okinawa Kenritsu Daiichi Chgakk), Mabuni trained also with Hanashiro Chmo (1869-1945), one of Itosus top-students.6
In 1909 (Meiji 42) Itosu told Mabuni to expand his knowledge with other teachers.7 Mabuni knew Miyagi Chjun (1888-1953) already from school and knew him to be a Karate-student of Higashionna Kanry (1853-1916). Finally, Miyagi made the contact in between the two and Higashionna accepted Mabuni as a student. From that moment on and for the following two years, Mabuni trained parallel with Itosu and Mabuni Kenwa Higashionna.8 Higashionna Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy taught Mabuni the Naha-Te9 Mabuni Kenwa was born on No- and Mabuni returned the favour with an outstanding showing of vember the 14th, 1889 (Meiji dedication.10 22) in Shuri on Okinawa. His father, Kenp, worked as a confectionery salesman in Shuri1 In 1907 (Meiji 40) Mabuni began to work as a substitute and was the 16th offspring of the Oni gusuku, an Okinawan teacher at an elementary school aristocratic family (Keimochi)2. in Naha. Two years later he was During the Ryky kingdom, he drafted into military service in Kumamoto. This experience wore the honorary title of, Peichin. Kenp and his wife de- should have induced him to cided to name their second son start an apprenticeship at the local police academy in 1912 Kenwa (the wise and har(Meiji 45/ Taish 1).11 There monic). Mabuni was also taught some As a child, Mabuni was quite Kend and Jd.12 After he weakly and susceptible to illpassed, he became a Police inness. At the early age of ten spector in Naha in 1915 (Taish years, a servant should have 4). It was the same year, his introduced him into the art of long-lived teacher Itosu Ank Karate for the first time.3 Three died. To pay homage to his years later, at the age of 13, on teacher, Mabuni practiced Kata at Itosus grave on a daily basis the recommendation of his fafor an entire year. ther, Mabuni started his training with the secretary and reDuring this time Mabuni also nowned Karate-master Itosu started his training with Aragaki Ank (1832-1915), the holy Seish Tsuji Peichin (1837 or fist of Shuri-Te. Mabuni was very enthusiastic about Itosus 40-1918 or 20) from Kume. Aragaki, who was because of training and did not miss any
his agility also called May (the cat),13 taught the Southern-Chinese style of Monkfist-Boxing (Chin.: Luohan Quan). He had already taught Mabunis teacher Higashionna, as well as Miyagi Chjun and Funakoshi Gichin (1868-1957) in the martial arts.14 Aragaki taught Mabuni his versions of Unsu, Schin and Niseishi Kata.15 Another important influence on Mabuni during these days had the Chinese teamerchant and Quanfa-expert Wu Xiangui (1886-1940, Jap.: Go Kenki).16 He introduced Mabuni to the style of White Crane Boxing (Chin.: Baihe Quan) and taught him the three Kata Nepai, Happoren and Hakutsuru.17 In 1918 (Taish 7), at just 29 years, Mabuni was already a highly regarded and respected member of the Okinawan martial arts community and about to enter one of the most pivotal years of his life.18 On February 13th Mabunis first son, Kenei, was born and Mabuni decided to found the Karate Kenkykai.19 This Society for the Research on the Chinese Hand was considered something quite unique in those days and had a considerable amount of firstclass Karate-masters as members.20 In 1924 (Taish 13) Mabuni accepted several teaching positions and taught Karate inter alia at the Okinawan prefectual Teachers-College (Okinawaken Shihan Gakk), the Fisheries-College (Kenritsu Suisan Gakk) & the Police Academy (Kaisatsu Gakk).21 A year later Mabuni opened his first Dj in the backyard of his house and founded the Chinese Hand Research Club(Karate Kenky Kurabu). Following that, he closed the now needless Karate Kenkykai. We can guess that the members of the Karate Kenky Kurabu also
Page 16
"Choosing not to follow in the footsteps of the old masters but rather to seek what they sought." - Basho
taught regularly in Mabunis Dj and thus that they had an agile technical and philosophical exchange.
This conversation most likely acted as the catalyst for Mabuni to relocate to Tky in 1928 (Shwa 3).27 For the following ten months, Mabuni lived at the Everybody knew that the Mahome of Konishi Yasuhiro Tenbuni house was a mecca for Ka- shin (1893-1983), a student of rate-D men remembered his Funakoshi Gichin.28 Konishi was son Kenei.22 Really, the elite of an accounted expert of the Japanese martial arts and at modern Karate23 gathered that time already skilled in there. Kend, Mus-Ry Jjutsu and In January 1927 (Shwa 2) Dr. Takenouchi-Ry Jjutsu. He had also trained Karate with FunakoKan Jigor (1860-1938), the founder of Jd, and his student shi Gichin and should later on Nagaoka Hidekazu (1876-1952) become one of the most important figures in the development visited the Karate Kenky Kuand spread of Karate on the rabu. At this opportunity, MaJapanese mainland.29 Mabuni buni Kenwa and his friend Miyagi Chjun performed various and Konishi shared a great pasKata of Karate. 24 Kan was quite sion for the martial arts and must have liked each other right impressed by this performance and encouraged them to spread from the start. Mabuni taught Konishi evidently various Kata in their art on the Japanese those days.30 mainland. Kan characterized Karate as an universal martial art, suitable for attack and deAlthough not proven yet, we can fense and had the opinion that assume that Konishi then introsuch an ideal Bud [needed] duced Mabuni to the basic techto be spread all over the counniques of Mus- or Takenouchitry 25. Kan said to Mabuni: Ry in return. Konishi also frequently joined Mabuni to KarateAccording to your ability, you should be awared fourth Dan in demonstrations and even travelled with him to WakayamaJd right on the spot. 26 Prefecture to train with Uechi
Kanbun (1877-1948), the founder of Uechi-Ry. Under the impression of this experience, Mabuni and Konishi developed the Kata Shinpa which encompassed the defensive principles learned from Uechi. 31 Out of respect for Funakoshi,32 Mabuni moved to saka in 1929 (Shwa 4) and completely devoted himself to his wish to spread Karate all over the country. He followed the approach of his countrymen Funakoshi Gichin and started to teach Karate independently at various universities (Kansai, Doshisha) and police-academies. The Club of the Chinese Hand of the Kansai-University (Kansai Daigaku Karatebu) was founded in May 1930 (Shwa 5) and Mabuni started to teach there.33 Later on he was supported by his companion and teacher Wu Xiangui (Go Kenki).34 Other teaching places that followed, included, the Higher Pharmaceutical Technical College saka (saka Kt Yakugaku Senmon Gakk) and the Higher Medical Technical School saka (saka Kt Igaku Senmon Gakk).35 In 1934 (Shwa
Group training at the Karate Kenkyukai in the 1920's. In this photo are Miyagi Chojun, Mabuni Kenwa, Higa Seko and Shinzato Jinan. Hojo undo insert include Miyagi Chojun, Higa Seko, and Shinzato Jinan
Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy "Choosing not to follow in the footsteps of the old masters but rather to seek what they sought." - Basho
Page 17
Kyoda Juhatsu Mabuni Kenwa Higa Seiko Tabara Taizo Miyagi Chojun Shinzato Jinan
Madambashi Keiyo
Okinawa c. 1920s: Students and instructors of the Toudi-jutsu Kenkyukai

Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy
9) Mabuni finally opened his first own Dj in Japan, the Yshkan (House of Proper Education).36 His first student in these days was Sawayama Masaru (1907-1977), the later founder of Nihon-Kemp.37 Uechi Kanei must have followed shortly after.38 During the mid 1930s Mabuni gave greater focus to his own development and trained almost daily together with Konishi, tsuka Hironori (1892-1982), the founder of Wad-Ry Karate and Ueshiba Morihei (18831969), the founder of Aikid. 39 At the time there already were various styles of Karate on the mainland and the GreatJapanese Society for Martial Virtues (Dai Nihon Butokukai) wanted the different schools to separate from each other. Mabuni first decided to name his kind of Karate as HankoRy (Half-hard-style).40 But out of respect for his two main teachers, he decided to change
the name to Shit-Ry. This term derives from the SinoJapanese reading of the first Kanji of the names Itosu and Higashionna.41 In 1939 (Shwa 14) the Dai Nihon Butokukai 42 registered the name whilst also awarding Mabuni the title of a Karate-grandmaster (KarateJutsu Renshi).43 Like the rest of Japan, the Second-World-War highly afflicted the still young Shit-Rycommunity. Many of Mabunis students died or were severely wounded. Mabuni survived the war, but lost most of his property.44 His former students gathered bit by bit at their old training place and continued their practice. Mabuni and Kobud One aspect rather rarely reported about Mabuni Kenwa is the fact that he was also a profound expert in the traditional Okinawan weapon art Kobud. Mabuni had already learnt the use of the B (6 ft. stick) and
the Sai (iron fork) from his teacher Aragaki.45 Later on, Mabuni perfected his abilities with Chinen Sanda (1842-1928) and his especially gifted and most famous student Yabiku Moden (1882-1945). Other important sources of influence were Tawada Shimbuku (1851-1920) and Sueyoshi Jino (18461920).46 Mabuni always regarded Karate and Kobud as a single entity and thus constantly taught weapon-form during his time in Japan. In doing this, Mabuni has been the first to effectively introduce Kobud to the Japanese mainland. Mabunis mostfamous Kobud-student was probably Taira Shinken (18971970).47 Taira first trained in Karate with Funakoshi and Kobud with Yabiku Moden. After Yabiku awared Taira with the Shihan Menkyo (Great master-license) in 1933 (Shwa 8), he told him to continue his studies under the tutelage of Mabuni.48 In the six
Page 18
L-R An impressive gathering of Karate authorities: Toyama Kanken, Ohtsuka Hironori, Shimoda Takeshi, Funakoshi Gichin, Motobu Choki, Mabuni Kenwa, Nakasone Genwa and Taira Shinken years following 1934 (Shwa 9), Mabuni taught Taira and introduced him both to the stickfighting-techniques (B-Jutsu) of Sensoko, Sueyoshi and Urazoe, as the Sai-Jutsu of Hantaguwa and Hamahiga.49 During the following years Taira Shinken standardized the curriculum and Kobuds Kata and even famous students of Mabuni, like Sakagami Rysh (1915-1993) became students of Taira later on. Today most historians regard Taira Shinken as the most important Kobud-Master of the pre-war era. weapon and weaponless fighting techniques. These have been handed on within the families for centuries.52
always put the knowledge above the teacher or style,59 this incident does also indicate Mabunis open standpoint concerning the Japanese martial arts. It apAfter Mabunis relocation to the pears like that he had a quite mainland, you see the influence mature attitude about it, seeing of his training in several classithe huge advantages of open cal Japanese weaponless fightdialogue instead of admitting in ing systems (Jjutsu, Yawara or rivalry or rat-races. Master MaTaijutsu). 53 We know that Mabuni Kenwa made relations with buni trained intensively and ex- all persons and styles, with open changed techniques with mind and positiveness. This is tsuka, Ueshiba, Konishi and how Iwata Manzo and Fujita enFujita Seiko (1899-1966), the gaged with Master Mabuni 14th grandmaster of KgaKenwa. does Iwatas son Genzo Ninjutsu.54 His son Kenei reports remember.60 In fact, Iwata did that they gave each other not only train Daien-Ry Jjutsu many suggestions concerning Mabuni and Kory Jjutsu (up to Menkyo Kaiden-level)61 the development of their Fighting styles and especially with Fujita. He furthermore bestyles. 55 It is evident that they techniques of weaponless close came his Uchi-Deshi (in-house combat have a long tradition in introduced Mabuni at least to student) and inheritor to Nanban some of the techniques and con- Satto-Ry, Shingetsu-Ry ShuriJapan. According to the Nihon Shoki, already in 23 BC, Nomi cepts of their practiced Ryha, kenjutsu and Daiten-Ry Jlike Mus-Ry, Takenouchi-Ry, jutsu. 62 no Susuke should have killed Shind Yshin-Ry, Tenshin his much stronger opponent Shiny-Ry, Shinkage-Ry JKuyehaya of Taima with the Fujitas Nanban Satt-Ry jutsu, Dait-Ry Aikijutsu or use of vital-point techniques Kenp (aka Nanban Ippo JNanban Satto-Ry. (Atemi-Waza).50 When Karate jutsu) is of special interest in this case, as this style, similar to was publicly demonstrated for In 1941 (Shwa 16) Mabuni in- Karate, highly relies on strikes the first time on the Japanese troduced his student Iwata and kicks, which it combines mainland in Kyto on the 5th of with throws (Nage-Waza) and May 1917 (Taish 6),51 Japan al- Manzo (1924-1993) to Fujita Seiko,56 in order to have him joint-manipulation techniques ready had a distinctive martial taught in Fujitas Daien-Ry J- (Kansetsu-Waza). Originally arts scene with a complex sysjutsu.57 Mabuni had taught Btaught by the Satsuma-clan, it tem of classical fighting-styles jutsu to Iwata, but thought that does emphasis the use of Atemi(Dai-Nihon Bugei or Kory Buthe J (4 ft. stick) would suite Waza, but does not contain any jutsu). These systems (Ryha) him better.58 Although Mabuni solo-forms (Kata).63 usually hark back to ancientJapanese noble families and en- does in this case just follow the traditional Karate-mindset which compass training in various
Page 19
1934 Ikaho, Gunma Prefecture: Mabuni Kenwa [2nd from left] at the dojo of Taira Shinken [3rd from left]
Possibly the most important evidence about Mabunis extensive work in classical Japanese martial arts is the Bugei Ryha Daijiten (Great Encyclopaedia of Especially because of people like the Martial Arts Schools). This Konishi and Fujita, Mabuni also standard-work of the Japanese Ryha names Mabuni Kenwa as came into contact with other the inheritor of the fighting traleading exponents of the contemporary Japanese martial arts dition of Shinden Fud-Ry Kenp.73 This school was origiscene, like Ueno Takashi Chsui Tenshin (1899-1976). nally founded as Shinden JiganUeno was an expert of a multiRy by Yata Onseisai Noriaki tude of Japanese Ryha,66 and (aka Taito) and then later renamed by Yata Noriyuki (aka had reportedly both a strong
He [Mabuni] studied any martial art that surged at the time, always looking for the positive. Iwata Genzo remembers.64 As pointed out before, we know that not only Mabunis student Iwata, but also Mabuni himself enjoyed some teaching by Fujita. The influence the renowned Fujita had on Mabuni becomes quite clear when you consider another quote of Iwatas son Genzo, where he states: Bunkai Kumite was taught by Mabuni Kenwa but some parts were changed for Satto-Ry style. Master Mabuni then, took this style in some parts that fitted with reason, specially GyakuWaza [counter-techniques] and Nage-Waza. 65
ki (inner energy), a hot temper and close connections to the Japanese Mafia (Yakuza).67 Both Konishi and Fujita taught regularly at Uenos Renseikan Dj in Osaki, Shinakawa, Tky.68 Right in this Dj, Ueno also taught Mabuni, Fujita and Sakagami Rysh in Shind TenshinRy Kenp.69 On the other hand did Fujita Seiko teach Nanban Satto-Ry Kenp to Ueno (in exchange to be taught Shind Tenshin-Ry Kenp),70 Konishi 71 and, as stated before, Mabuni Kenwa.72
Kunino Ichiro) (1822-?). Mabuni was the 17th generation Ske of the school and passed it on to his son Kenei, who then taught Ueno Takashi.74 But by whom Mabuni Kenwa originally learned this style is unsolved yet. As Yata Noriyuki was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1872 (Meiji 4),75 it is very unlikely that Mabuni ever received any direct teachings from him. All we can say for certain so far is that Mabuni studied this style intensively and also actively taught it to his students. 76 In view of Mabunis connection to the Japanese Kory Jjutsu, these remarks could just count as a first step. But based on this information we can already state that Mabuni, besides his Karate and Kobud, also had considerable knowledge of Kory Jjutsu. With concern to this interesting aspect, there is, without doubt, need for further research.
Page 20
that Mabuni knew exactly about the uniqueness of his knowledge and that he made his selection especially to preserve a wide spectrum of Kata for the upcoming generations. Maybe Mabuni also wanted to show the complexity and diversity of Rykys cultural heritage, and prevent further stereotyping of a farmers fighting style.82 In view of Shit-Rys amount of Kata, one has to keep in mind that Mabuni himself never regarded a deep understanding of all these Kata as really important for the mastery of his style.83 Like Funakoshi Gichin, Mabuni was also an advocate of the Hito Kata sannen-maxim. Three years constant practise of one Kata was during those days the amount many masters regarded as minimum, until they taught the next one to their pupils.84 Mabuni too had this opinion and always recommended quality above quantity. In his book Kb Jizai Goshinjutsu Karate Kenp he wrote: In the past, there were few KarateJutsu experts who knew many Kata. If you specialize and study only a few Kata, then you will be a serious Karate-Jutsu student.85 Elsewhere, in Nakasone Genwas Karate Kenky, Mabuni wrote: If practiced correctly, two or three Kata are sufficient as your Kata. All the others should just be studied as a source of additional knowledge. Breadth, no matter how great, means little without depth.86 For Mabuni, the study of Kata contained not only techniques alone, but also their analysis (Bunkai) and application with a partner (y). In his Kata-article in Karate Kenky he wrote: [] Kata must be practiced properly, with a good understanding of their Bunkai meaning.87 Similar to that, he wrote in Seipai no Kenky unmistakably: Kata movement is meant to be used in a real encounter [...].88 Most likely also
Page 21
Mabuni Kenwa in Osaka with Go Kenki [right] at Kansai University Kenpo club
Teachings & Research Mabunis Shit-Ry Karate spread fast in saka, Kbe and Kyto and is today among GjRy, Wad-Ry and Shtkan, one of the four major Japanese Karate-styles.
Karate-D Kenp, Schin and Kururunfa). To Mabuni these Kata have been of higher interest, as they contain special grappling-techniques, uncommon throws and reverse headbutts to the solar plexus.79 Although the book was advertised Mabuni wrote down his beliefs in other publications, it was and philosophies about Karate in never written. four significant books: Karatejutsu (The techniques of the None the less, Mabuni is also, in Empty Hand, ca. 1933), Kob view of his publications both Jizai Goshinjutsu Karate qualitative and quantitative, one Kenp (The Free Fist method of of his eras leaders. All the picthe Empty Hand as an Art of tures in his publications demonSelf-defense, 1934), Spai no strate his thereby outstanding Kenky (Research on Spai, technical level. His techniques appear quite mature and acutely 1934) and together with Nakaprecise in their execution. sone Genwa (1895-1978) KarateD Nymon (Introduction to the Way of the Empty Hand, 1st ed. Mabuni must have been almost obsessed by the Art of the 1935, 2nd ed. 1938). Empty Hand and must have had Mabuni also wrote for Nakasone absorbed all available information like a sponge. The only Genwas Karate Kenthing he was edacious for was ky (Research on the Empty Bud reports his son Kenei.80 Hand, 1934) the two chapters Kata wa Tadashiku Rensh He knew both elements of Seyo (Practice Kata correctly) Shuri- and Naha-Te like no and Kumite no Kenother, and combined them in his ky (Research on Kumite),77 as unique synthesis, Shit-Ry. The influence of the Aragakiwell as for Nakasones mamschool and Go Kenkis Baihe moth-work Karate-D TaiQuan can also still be found in kan (Overview on the Way of the Empty Hand, 1938) a chap- the style today. Mabunis versatility is clearly evident by his use ter about the Aragaki Schinof an impressive 53 Kata.81 In form,78 and various newspaper articles. Mabuni also planned a his time, this high amount of book about the Schin and style-specific Kata was almost Kururunfa-forms (Goj-Ry unparalleled. It is most likely
Suparinpei
Photos courtesy of Patrick McCarthy
Page 22
in view of the various possibilities of Kata-Bunkai, he advises the reader in Karate-D Nymon: The technique is infinite, arrogance is undesirable.89 This unity of form and application becomes apparent in nearly every of Mabunis publications. In his works on Seipai, Seiunchin or Aragaki Schin he does not only present explanations on the particular movements, but always also elaborate and fully illustrated information on their application.90 In addition to that, the four pictures of his article Kumite Kenky can be easily traced to Shit-Rys Kata.91 Mabunis statements concerning the application of techniques are as always, especially in comparison to other contemporary publications, very detailed and offer both a remarkable breadth and an astonishing depth. For example in Seipai no Kenky, he not only demonstrates striking (Tsuki-), receiving (Uke-) and kicking techniques (Keri-Waza), but also throwing- (Nage-), joint-manipulation- (Kansetsu-) and counter-techniques (GyakuWaza) against locks and grips.92 Also worthy of mention is Mabunis counter against a rear shoulder lock (Ushiro-KataGatame) on the basis of the Pinan Sandan-form, which he
Funakoshi Gichin [far left] Mabuni Kenwa [seated] Konishi Yasuhiro [2nd from right] & Mabuni Kenei [far right] presents in Karate-D Nymon.93 Additionally he wrote in the same work: The Kata of Goj-Ry contain many interesting throws and joint-locking techniques, which havent been taught in Tky [so far]. The practitioners of this system should never neglect their study of these throws.94
Konishi Yasuhiro & Mabuni Kenwa
strument of physical education. One of the major targets of his work was also to promote the spread of Karate under the aspect of health promotion, in order to improve the well-being of the general population.95 Mabuni viewed Karate as an excellent practice of physical education and constantly highlighted this very important aspect. In his Mabuni shifted his focus early on work Karate-D Nymon, he in the teaching and research of writes in great depth about the positive influences of KarateKarate. Already the foundation training on body and mind. In of the Karate Kenkykai in 1918 (Taish 7) [Karate Kenky co-operation with a medical university he was able to even Kurabu from 1925 (Taish 14) on] was a novelty and lead to a prove these effects partly by blood- and urine-tests. 96 remarkable association, which incorporated various styles and accomplished a quality of its Another important cornerstone members, which is still unof his research is the first edition equalled. of the Bubishi in 1934 (Shwa 9). This legendary Chinese text Beneath his enthusiasm in Kata, has been transmitted over genMabuni also had a lot of interest erations among Okinawas Kain Karates ability to be an inrate-masters and has had sigPage 23
ever wanted to cash in on his popularity. He was liked by everyone, perhaps envied by some, but hated by no one, said tsuka Hironori once about this.
106
It is hard to form an opinion of Mabunis fighting ability. In contrast to other Okinawan Karatemasters, there are not many reports about altercations in Mabunis life. According to Sakagami Rysh and Mabunis son Kenei, he should have had to use his skills quite frequently during his time as a policeMabuni Kenwa, Miyagi Chojun & Sawayama Masaru man.107 Kenei also states that his father sometimes worked as Mabuni was held in such high nificant influence on the rea referee at Kake dameshi, esteem among both Japanese search and understanding of challenge fights or exchange of people like Higashionna Kanry, and Okinawan Karate masters. In the field of weaponless fight- techniques 108 These fights usuFunakoshi Gichin, Itosu Ank, ally took place on street corners, ing, he was commonly considShimabukuro Tatsuo (19081975) and many others. To Ya- ered as an outspoken expert, in backyards and other public places in the evenings or at maguchi Ggen (1909-1989) the as his son Kenei reported later.100 His Kata-ability was es- night. There were usually witBubishi was the most treasured text and Miyagi Chjun pecially well respected. Accord- nesses and every technique was permitted.109 It should be even called it the bible of Ka- ing to his son Kenzo (1927pointed out that these events rate.97 2005), Mabuni knew altogether were primarily power struggles more than 90 different Kata.101 for the sake of the learning, so Mabuni was without any doubt His other son Kenei indicates an that the opponent wasnt also one of Karates greatest vi- even higher amount, when he beaten-up mercilessly. 110 The sionaries. During a time when says that 70 percent of the main idea was to detect women were the excluded abso- Kata his father had studied are strengths and balance weaklutely in a Karate-Dj, Mabuni lost in Okinawa today.102 nesses.111 According to another developed special concept of statement of Kenei, Mabuni himself-defense for them. On reConsidering this, Funakoshi self would have been challenged quest of the Japanese governGichin once said: If you want to frequently to such fights and ment, Mabuni, together with know about Kata, ask Mabuni usually accepted them. 112 Konishi Yasuhiro and under the Kenwa and called him an outassistance of Ueshiba Morihei, standing Bud teacher and the Similar to Funakoshi Gichin, Madevised the Kata Green Wilrichest source of Karate-Jutsu buni was also a strict opponent low (Aoyagi or Seiry). These technique and information in of free sparring (Randori) in his special techniques of Mabunis this era.103 Motobu Chki training.113 None the less, he Shit-Ry and Konishis Jjutsu (1870-1944), one of Rykys encompasses and takes into Kumite-experts said: For tech- evidently experimented quite consideration the anatomy of nique, there is none better than frequently with different kinds of protective gear (Bgu). Mabuni the fair sex.98 Mabunis Kata Mabuni Kenwa.104 In public he also put a lot of emphasis on the Miyojo (Venus) is another prod- was just known as Mabuni the practice of prearranged sparuct of his research in this field, technician.105 Mabunis outring. Although his main focus lay which he even wanted to dedistanding dedication attracted cate a special book (Mabuniboth respect and a grudging re- on the practice and analysis of Kata, Mabuni understood the Ry Karate-D Kenp Joshi Go- spect. Because of his pleasant shin-jutsu) to.99 Unfortunately nature and his remarkable dedi- many shortcomings of training exclusively in Kata for the mascation to the art of Karate, it this project remained unfintery of Karate. He wrote in his was difficult for others to really ished. article Kata wa Tadashiku Renhate or discredit him. Mabuni sh Seyo: The correct practice In view of all these accomplish- could have easily been a rich of Kata [] is the most imporman several times over had he ments it is not surprising that tant thing for a Karate student.
Page 24
However, the Karateka must never neglect Kumite- and Makiwara-practice.114 If the Karateka however disregards Kata training and concentrates completely on Kumite and Makiwara then this, according to Mabuni, will lead to unexpected failure when the time comes to utilize your skills.115 In order to get satisfactory results, Mabuni advises to train seriously and spend fifty percent of the training time on Kata and fifty percent on additional practice.116
On basis of the available facts, the transfer of the Pinan-forms cant be clearly traced back to one of those two lines of transmission (directly vs. indirectly via Mabuni). Against a direct transmission speaks the fact that just Funakoshis own statement dates a performance of the Pinan by Funakoshi before Itosus death (1915, Taish 4). For a direct transmission on the other hand, speaks the huge period of time of over one decade (1904-1915) in between Itosus first publication of the Pinan and his passing. In Influence on JKA Karate view of that you also have to Another quite important asconsider that Okinawas Kapect, often overlooked is Marate-scene was rather clear buni's strong influence on Fuand manageable in those nakoshi Gichin and the develdays. In the humble opinion opment of the Shtkanof the author, a hybrid of style. 117 those theories, like a vague instruction by Itosu and a Funakoshi and Mabuni alMabuni Kenwa and Funakoshi Gichin later adjustment and deepenready knew each other from with Sakagami Ryusho and Nakayama ing by Mabuni, appears most their time in the Karate KenMasatoshi in the background likely. A similar conclusion kykai on Okinawa and alcan be drawn from the stateways kept in close contact. Back on Okinawa Funakoshi had Most likely Itosu had developed ment that in 1928 (Shwa 3) Mabuni corrected the Pinantwo main teachers: The minister the Pinan-forms by himself, on basis of Passai, Kshkun, Usei- forms tsuka had been taught of state Asato Ank Tnchi by Funakoshi. 128 (1827-1906) and Mabunis later shi, Chint and Chintei,122 and teacher Itosu Ank.118 Although published them for the first time in spring of 1904 (Meiji 37),123 Funakoshi considered Asato as After his relocation to the Japahis most important teacher, quite some time after Funakoshi nese mainland, Funakoshi Gichin Itosu taught him, by his own ac- had trained with him. Gima Ma- himself considered 15 traditional count, the Heian, Tekki and Kata to be enough for the koto (Shinkin) (1896-1989), a other Kata. 119 propagation of his idea of Kastudent of Itosu, Yabu Kents (1866-1937) and Funakoshi and rate.129 He explains those big But especially in view of the five one of his first black belts124 15 both in his first publications Pinan- (Heian-)Kata, this direct states, that Funakoshi just Ryky Kenp Karate (1922, line of transformation in beTaish 11) and Rentan Goshin learned the Pinan right before tween Itosu and Funakoshi is Karatejutsu (1925, Taish 14), his departure to Tky (1922, not as definite as it might apTaish 11).125 Opposing this is a as well as in the two editions of pear on the first view. There are statement by Nagamine Shshin his Mastertext (Karate-D Kysome hints indicating that Funa- (1907-1997), the founder of Ma- han) from 1935 (Shwa 10) and koshi did not learn the Pinan di- tsubayashi-Ry, that Funakoshi 1958 (Shwa 33).130 rectly from Itosu, but rather had already taught them to Okifrom his student Mabuni. We nawan school children in 1916 In his work Karate-Do Nyknow that Funakoshi started his (Taish 5).126 The renowned mon (Introduction to the Empty Karate-training during primary Hand) from 1943 (Shwa 18) Japanese Karate-historian Dr. school 120 (in between 8 and 10 Funakoshi however writes that Fujiwara Ryz however says years of age) and that he stud- explicitly that Funakoshi learned furthermore also the forms Ten ied for the next ten years (so up the Pinan from Mabuni Kenwa in no Kata, Chi no Kata, Hito no Kata, Rhai (Meiky), Schin 1919 (Taish 8).127 to 1888, Meiji 21) with Asato (Hakk), Unsu (Hatsuun / Kiun), and Itosu.121 Sht, Chintei (Chinte / Shin),
Page 25
Karate Association) or their derivatives makes any precise statements about how these additional ten Kata got into the style.134 It is quite apparent, that (at least by the name) they are all Kata that Mabuni was also teaching in his Shit-Ry. In view of Mabunis immense reputation, it is also no surprise to see that there was a lot of exchange between Mabuni and Funakoshis school. Mabunis son Kenei e.g. reports that Funakoshi himself should have send his third son Gig (1906-1945) back from Japan to Okinawa in order to learn Kata from Mabuni.135 Right after Mabunis arrival in Tky in 1928 (Shwa 3), he evidently taught several of Funakoshis top-students, like Obata Isao or Konishi Yasuhiro.136 Even Funakoshi himself should have joined his students in training-sessions with Mabuni, especially as he advised them to study new Kata.137 Mabunis son Kenzo remembers that in 1945 (Shwa 20), Funakoshi Gichin sent his students Nakayama Masatoshi and Obata Isao to saka in order to train with Mabuni.138 Short time after that, Funakoshi should have introduced Shtkan-versions of the Unsu(Hatsuun/Kiun), Niseishi(Nijshiho) and GojshihoKata.139 This is probably the same visit Nakayama Masatoshi talk about, when he says: Master Funakoshi never stopped to study other forms of Karate. When we visited master Mabuni, he told me to learn the Gojshiho- and Nijshiho-Kata, so that we could address them more intensively later one. Right after that, Mabuni Kenwa taught me these Kata.140 Another senior student of Funakoshi and founder of Wad-Ry, tsuka remembers that many of Funakoshis Kata came directly from Mabuni or were at least corrected by him.141
Mabuni Kenwa
Gojshiho / Useishi (Htaku) and Jiin (Shky), have been studied and investigated in his Dj (Shtkan).131 While Sht, Ten, Chi and Hito no Kata are Funakoshis self-creations, we do not exactly know via what line of transmission the Kata Rhai, Unsu, Chintei, Gojshiho and Jiin come from.
Funakoshis students Nakayama Masatoshi (1913-1987), Nishiyama Hidetaka (*1928) and Obata Isao (1904-1976) founded the Nihon Karate Kykai (JKA, Japan Karate Associa- No official publication of the tion) in May 1949 (Shwa 24) Nihon Karate Kenkyukai (Japan
and with that, no doubt, laid the headstone of the worldwide spread of both their Shtkanconcept and of Karate in general.132 Shortly after the foundation, they added next to the afore mentioned Kata, the forms Passai (Bassai) Sh, Kshkun (Kank) Sh, Gojshiho Sh, Niseishi (Nijshiho) and Wankan (Hit) to their curriculum.133 Similar to Rhai, Unsu, Chintei, Gojshiho and Jiin, we do not exactly know from which teacher(s) they derived.
Page 26
A collection of Mabuni Kenwas many books, including his hand-written copy of Itosu Ankohs Bubishi
When you compare the Shtkan- and the Shit-versions of the Kata Unsu, Gojshiho Dai/ Sh, Jiin, Kshkun Sh, Passai Sh, and Niseishi it is quite striking that they basically just vary in view of some Shtkanspecific adjustments.142 A close relationship is thus quite evident, which suggests a strong influence by Mabuni. Such a connection can not be easily made when it comes to the Kata Rhai, Chintei, Schin and Wankan. These Kata differ too much in the choice of technique and bottom-line (Enbusen). Concerning the transmission of those Kata into Shtkan, there remains need for further research. In consideration of these facts, we can say without doubt that the JKA-Shtkan has been heavily influenced by the founder of Shit-Ry, Mabuni. Altogether 12 out of the 26 Kata came directly from Mabuni or
have been corrected by him. Mabuni Kenwa was thus much more important for the development and shape of the style, than it is today usually assumed or acknowledged by their representatives. Mabuni Kenwa was without doubt an outstanding Karateka. His research and work still highly affects the worlds Karate-scene. Next to his two sons and successors Kenei and Kenzo, Mabuni Kenwa had a huge amount of important students. Over the years, most of them founded their own styles and organisations. Mabunis Shit-Ry is today one of the biggest Karate-styles, with Dj and branches all over the world.143 Mabuni Kenwa died at the 23rd of May 1952 (Shwa 27) at the age of 62 years.
Those people who are truly thinking of the future of Karate should not keep a closed mind and limit themselves to learning only an empty shell, but should strive to study the complete art. 144Mabuni Kenwa
[Receiving hand attacking hand] Calligraphy by Mabuni Kenwa Page 27
Uke-teUchi-te
The final journey of Mabuni Kenwa

Acknowledgements: The author would like to thanks Mr. George Kohler (Melissa, Texas) and especially Mr. Mark Tankosich, MA (Hiroshima University of Economics) for their kind and patient help in the allocation and interpretation of some of the Japanese sources. Furthermore the author would like to thank Mr. Craig Roberts, BC (Sydney, Australia) for his help with proofreading and copy-editing. End notes:
1 Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 2 e.g. McCarthy (1999), p. 3. 3 Noble/McLaren/Karasawa (1988) cite Mabuni as following: One of my servants Morihiro Matayoshi once taught me kiba-dachi-no kata. [Naihanchi][...] According to McCarthy (1999, p. 11) Matayoshi has been a student of Matsumura Skon (1809-1901). also Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 4 Moledzki (b). 5 Sells. These Kata were: Pinan ShdanGodan, Naihanchi Shdan-Sandan, Passai (Dai & Sh), Kshkun (Dai, Sh & Shih), Useishi, Chint, Wanshu, Chintei, Rhai Shdan-Sandan, Jitte, Jion, Jiin. also McCarthy (1999), p. 36 with Kuniyoshi Kshkun instead of Wanshu. 6 McCarthy (1999), p. 4. 7 Moledzki (b). McCarthy (1999, p. 4) writes about 1910 (Meiji 43). based on the other information he gives (When Mabuni was twenty years of age; same year that Mayagi Chjun was sent to Miyazaki Prefecture), we can guess that he actually also means 1909 (Meiji 42). Bittmann (2000, p. 111) says that Mabuni already started to train with Hi-
gashionna in 1907. 8 Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 9 The style Higashionna had learned in China and which later became, next to Shuri-Te, the second main stream of Okinawan Karate.10 Another student of Higashionna, Kyda Juhatsu (18871968), reported that Mabuni had trained with him to a previously unknown intensity. McCarthy (1999), p. 4. 11 e.g. Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 12 Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 13 Mabuni (2007), p. 46 and Wittwer (2007), p. 146. 14 Mabuni (2007), p. 46. 15 According to McCarthy (1999, p. 6), Aragaki should have corrected the Schin-Version Mabuni had originally learned from Itosu. That appears a bit strange, as Schin is usually not mentioned as a Kata of Itosus curriculum. 16 McCarthy (1997), p. 40 et seqq. 17 These were later modified by Mabuni and taken into his style Shit-Ry under the names of Nipaipo, Paipuren and Hakucho. 18 e.g. Moledzki (b). 19 Bittmann (2000), p. 111. 20 Who exactly has been a member of the society is not clearly know yet. But we know that with Motobu Chy (18571927), Yabu Kents (1863-1937), Funakoshi Gichin, Hanashiro Chmo (18691945), Kyan Chtoku (1870-1945), Yabiku Moden (1882-1945), Chibana Chshin (1885-1969), Tokuda Anbun (1886-1945), Wu Xiangui, Kyda Juhatsu, Tang Daiji (1887-1937), Miyagi Chjun, Sokon Hhan (1889-1982), and Gusukuma Shinpan (Shiroma Shinpan, 1890-1954) both masters of Shuri-Te, Naha-Te and Chinese Quanfa taught there. Bittmann (2000), p. 111, Sells, and McCarthy (1999), p. 8. 21 Bittmann (2000), p. 111 and Mabuni (2007), p. 54. The Police-Academy is just mentioned by Mabuni. 22 Mabuni Kenei in McCarthy (1999), p.
8. 23 Mabuni (2007), p. 54. 24 It is said that Kan primarily visited Okinawa to attain the opening ceremony of the Okinawan Jd-Blackbelts-Club. Mabuni (2007), p. 54. also Noble (2006b). Bittmann (2000, p. 106 et seq.) presents 1926 and 1927 as possible years of that event. 25 Kan in Mabuni (2007), p. 54. 26 Kan in Mabuni (2007), p. 85. 27 Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 8 and p. 20. also Mabuni (2007), p. 56. 28 High (2006). 29 About Konishi Yasuhiro elaborately Golinski (2004). 30 High (2006). 31 McCarthy (1999), p. 19, Sells and Mabuni (2007), p. 50. Mabuni does not mention Konishi and states to have completed the Kata after his fathers death. 32 Mabuni (2007), p. 56. 33 Miyagi, p. 160 and Bittmann (2000), p. 113. Bittmann writes that Mabuni started to teach there at the beginning of the nineteen-thirties. According to the opinion of the author, it could also be that Mabuni already supervised or even initiated the foundation of the club. 34 Mabuni (2007), p. 107. 35 Miyagi, p. 160. 36 Chambers, p. 2. According to Sakagami Rysh that was the name of the school Mabuni had attained as a child. McCarthy (1999), p. 20. 37 Mabuni (2007), p. 58. 38 not to confuse with the son of the Uechi-Ry-founder with the same name. Uechi started his training in 1926, received his Nidan from Mabuni in 1935 (Shwa 10) and his Yondan in 1942 (Shwa 17). In 1948 (Shwa 23) Uechi went back to Okinawa and founded the Shit-Ry Kemp Karate-D Kai. 39 High (2006). 40 Moledzki (b). Bittmann (2000, p. 113) considers that Mabuni simply called his style Mabuni-Ry (style/school of Mabuni). McCarthy (1999, p. 19) writes that Mabunis teachers were known in Kansai-region as Hanko-Ry and in Kanto-region as Mabuni-Ry. 41 Ito = shi; Higa = t; School/style of Itosu and Higashionna. 42 It is unknown when exactly the change of the name took place. According to McCarthy (1989), it was in 1934 (Shwa 9), Bishop (1999, p. 106) dates 1937 (Shwa 12) and Bittmann (2000, p. 113) says 1938 (Shwa 13). There is no question that it was registered as Shit-Ry at the Butokukai in 1939 (Shwa 14). e.g. McCarthy (1999), p. 19 or Mabuni (2007), p. 59. 43 Mabuni (2007), p. 59. McCarthy (1989), states 1938 (Shwa 13). 44 Moledzki (b). 45 According to Sells, Aragaki should have taught the Kata Aragaki-B and Aragaki-Sai to Mabuni. also Moledzki (b). 46 A precise presentation at McCarthy (1999), p. 21. Page 28

73. The writing of the names was changed by the author, in order to fit the Japanese-style (last-name first)-format of this article. 61 Hevener (2008), p. 44. Iwata got his Menkyo Kaiden (and maybe even the title of Ske) already in 1943. Ettig (2004), p. 198. 62Watatani/Yamada (1978), p. 662, 509 and Hevener (2008), p. 56. 63 Ettig (2004), p. 176. The Bugei Ryha Daijiten names Hashimoto Ipposai (?-1919) as founder, teaching Miura Ichiro, who taught both Fujita and Uchida Shichir Hyei Takayasu. Iwata is named as a student of Fujita and the 4th Ske of the style. Watatani/Yamada (1978), p. 662. Fujita himself therefore states that the started his training in 1914 (Taish 3), at the age of fifteen, directly under Hashimoto and received Menkyo Kaiden in 1919 (Taish 8). Ettig (2004), p. 176 et seq. 64 Iwata Genzo in Hevener (2008), p. 73. 65 Iwata Genzo in Hevener (2008), p. 73. The writing of the Japanese names and styles/techniques was changed by the author, in order to fit the format of this article. also Moledzki (a). 66 Ueno had Menkyo Kaiden e.g. in Asayama Ichiden-Ry Taijutsu (aka Ichiden-Ry Torite Jjutsu), Shint TenshinRy Kenp, Gyoko-Ry Kosshi-Jutsu, Kukishin-Ry, Bokuden-Ry, Minuta-den and became Ske of Hontai Takagi Yoshin-Ry Jjutsu, Amatsu Tatara Kukishin-Ry Bjutsu, Hontai Kishin ChosuiRy Kukishinden Dakentaijutsu, Shinden Fud-Ry Taijutsu (all in 1954, Shwa 29), Kot-Ry Kopp-Jutsu (in 1959, Shwa 34) and Shinden Fud-Ry Kenp. Apart of that, he did a studytravel to the Ryky-Islands, Taiwan and China in 1926 (Taish 15/ Shwa 1), where he also got some experience in the Okinawan fighting arts. e.g. Ettig (2004), p. 118, 129, 160 et seq. and 214 et seq. 67 Ettig (2004), p. 118 et seqq. and 214 et seq. Uenos most prominent student is without doubt Dr. Hatsumi Masaaki (Yoshiaki) Ske (*1931), the founder and international director of the Bujinkan Dj. 68 Right after the war, Konishi taught on Tuesdays and Fridays, whereas Fujita taught on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Anegawa Katsuyoshi in Kaminaga (1996), p. 8. 69 Kaminaga (1996), p. 14. Ueno taught Sakagami also in Shinden Fud-Ry Taijutsu and Asayama Ichiden-Ry Taijutsu. Kaminaga (1996), p. 17 et seq. 70 Hevener (2008), p. 36. 71 Ettig (2004), p. 178. 72 To understand all this cross-training and the openness to share ideas and concepts in this era (1930-1950), one has to keep different factors in mind. Most of the participants were in their technical prime, in their late thirties to end-fifties during this time, right on the spot to name and define their own styles. Lots of later renowned schools,
47 About Taira Shinken elaborately Golinski (2007). 48 McCarthy (1999), p. 22. 49 McCarthy (1999), p. 22. 50 Aston (1998), p. 175 et seqq. and additionally also Mol (2001), p. 6. The Nihon Shoki (also Nihongi) is the second-oldest book about Japanese history and one of the most-important documents of the Japanese culture. It was completed in May 720 AD and consists of altogether 30 parts. 51 e.g. McCarthy (1989). 52 The oldest traditional Jjutsu Ryha like Kukishin-, Nen-, Tenshin Shden Katori Shint-, or Kage-Ry lead evidently back to the early and medium Muromachi-period (1333-1575). Some Ninjutsu-schools like Shinden Fud- or Togakure-Ry claim to be even older. 53 Among experts there is the ongoing discussion, if and in how far the various fighting-traditions of the Ninja-warriors (Ninjutsu) could be apportioned to the classical-Japanese fighting arts of the nobility (Nihon Kory Bujutsu). Concerning the topic of this article, a differentiation doesnt lead to any further insights. Relating to the weaponless aspects of those systems, the term Kory Jjutsu is in the following thus simply used for all styles which were developed on the Japanese mainland before 1876 (Meiji 9). 54 High (2006) and Mabuni (2007), p. 59. High names tsuka, Konishi and Ueshiba, whereas Mabuni names Fujita instead of Ueshiba. 55 Mabuni (2007), p. 59. 56 Hevener (2008), p. 55. 57 Hevener (2008), p. 44. 58 Moledzki (a) and Hevener (2008), p. 55. 59 In those days it was common practise for a teacher to recommend his students to other teachers, in order to enhance their knowledge. e.g. Funakoshi (1975/1993, p. 37) reporting about his teachers Itosu and Azato. Most of the great Karate-masters of those days had at least two major teachers, with some other influences. As already stated, Yabiku Mden e.g., recommended his famous student Taira Shinken to Mabuni Kenwa. Above that, lots of Karatemasters even told their students to train other arts in order to improve their Karate. Azato Anko (1828-1906 or 18291909) e.g. told his students to also train grappling, swordsmanship, horsemanship, archery and military strategy in order to truly understand Karate. Hokama (2005), p. 15. And Aragaki Ankichi (1899-1929) said: Of course you should concentrate primarily on your Karate, but do not overlook the value of learning as much as you can about other kinds of martial arts and sports, too. In that way you will improve your fitness level, expand your range of knowledge in general, and also improve your ability to respond more effectively in selfdefense. Aragaki in Nagamine/McCarthy (2000), p. 136 et seq. 60 Iwata Genzo in Hevener (2008), p.
like Shit-Ry, Wad-Ry, Shind JinenRy or Akid, developed during this era. And even after the foundation of the styles, the curricular, technical repertoires or choice of Kata were often rather flowing than fixed. So it is not surprising that its founders had a strong desire to discuss their ideas and techniques among experts. On the other hand did the Japanese military apply (directly or indirectly via the Dai Nihon Butokukai) from 1932 (Shwa 7) on until the end of the war, more and more pressure on the martial arts scene in order to create effective concepts for warfare ( e.g. Ettig (2004), p. 115 and 178 et seq.). That put the established martial artists into the need to review and maybe expand their repertoires. And in the first years after the war, there was a huge shortage of qualified teachers and places to train. So everybody must have been quite eager to get as much instruction as possible. 73 Watatani/Yamada (1978), p. 414. Not to be confused with Shinden FudRy Dakentaijutsu (aka Shinden FudRy Taijutsu Happ Biken), a style Genpachiro Tameyoshi founded in the 12th century and Takamatsu Toshitsugu (aka Takamatsu Jutaro) (1889-1972) taught to Dr. Hatsumi Masaaki. Shinden FudRy Jtaijutsu (aka Shinden Fud-Ry Taijutsu) is another school with a similar name, which was taught to Ueno by Takamatsu. e.g. Ettig (2004). 74 Watatani/Yamada (1978), p. 414. The renowned British engineer, selfdefense researcher and Bartitsufounder Edward William Barton-Wright (1860-1951) should have also studied this style during his time in Japan at the end of the nineteenth century. 75 Watatani/Yamada (1978), p. 414. 76 Yamada Haruyoshi, student of Tani Chjir (1920-1998) e.g. says that his teacher was taught Karate, Kobud and Shinden Fud-Ry Jjutsu by Mabuni. Haruyoshi in Abernethy (2006). 77 Mabuni (1934a) and Mabuni (1934b). 78 Mabuni (1938), p. 143-180. 79 McCarthy (1999), p. 32. 80 Mabuni (2007), p. 53. 81 These Kata are: Pinan ShdanGodan, Naihanchi Shdan-Sandan, Passai (Dai & Sh), Kshkun (Dai, Sh & Shih), Gojshih, Chint, Chintei, Rhai Shdan-Sandan, Miyojo, Wanshu, Kururunfa, Suparinpei, Sanseiru, Seipai, Seisan, Ananko, Juroku, Aoyagi, Tensh, Sanchin, Seienchin, Shischin, Saifa, Niseishi, Schin, Unsu, Matsumura Rhai, Matsumura Passai, Matsumura Seisan, Chatanyara Kshkun, Ishimine Passai, Nipaipo, Hakucho, Haufa, Jitte, Jion, Jiin, Wankan, Shinsei, Anan, Paipuren and Shinpa. Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 104. Today there are many sub-versions and groups of Shit-Ry. According to the school, this number may vary. 82 The Japanese people never had a high opinion of the Okinawan population. They mainly regarded Okinawa as a culPage 29

Mabuni/Tankosich. 115 Mabuni (1934a), p. 15. additionally Mabuni/Tankosich and Wittwer (2007), p. 127. 116 Mabuni (1934a), p. 15. additionally Mabuni/Tankosich. 117 For the time of his life, Funakoshi himself was a strict opponent of the differentiation of Karate into several styles and also dissociated himself from the term Shtkan-Ry. In his autobiography he wrote: One serious problem, in my opinion, which besets present-day Karate-D, is the prevalence of divergent schools. I believe that this will have a deleterious effect on the future development of the art. [...]There is no place in contemporary Karate-D for different schools. [...] Indeed, I have heard myself and my colleagues referred to as the Shtkan school, but I strongly object to this attempt at classification. My belief is that all these schools should be amalgamated into one so that Karate-D may pursue an orderley and useful progress into mans future. Funakoshi (1975/1993), p. 62 et seqq. In KarateD Nymon you can find a similar statement: I have never given a name to the Karate I am studying, but some of my students call it Shtkan-Ry. Funakoshi (1943/1988), p. 28. 118 The exact number of Funakoshis teachers is vague. Wittwer (2007), p. 121, names besides Asato and Itosu, with Matsumura Skon, Aragaki Seish, Higashionna Kany (1848-1922), Kiyna (1845-1920), Koj Daitei (1837-1917) and Tawada (1851-1907), at least six additional ones. 119 Funakoshi (1943/1988), p. 22. 120 Funakoshi (1975/1993), p. 21 et seq. 121 e.g. Wittwer (2007), p. 40. 122 McCarthy (1989). 123 e.g. Tokitsu (1988) and Wittwer (2007), p. 138. McCarthy (1989), names 1905 (Meiji 38). According to McCarthy (1999, p. 12) Mabuni was Itosus major student during those days. 124 Together with six other examees, like tsuka Hironori or Kasuya Masahiro (1888-1969), did Gima pass the first Karate-grading under Funakoshi Gichin on the 12th of April, 1924 (Taish 13). Bittmann (2000), p. 100. 125 Gima in Wittwer (2007), p. 139. 126 Nagamine/McCarthy (2000), p. 71. 127 Fujiwara in McCarthy (1999), p. 12, and also the translation of a similar statement of Fujiwara in Wittwer (2007), p. 140. 128 Tokitsu (1984) and additionally also Noble (2006a). 129 Pinan (Heian) (Shdan-Godan), Passai (Bassai) Dai, Kshkun (Kank) Dai, Wanshu (Empi), Chint (Gankaku), Jitte, Seisan (Hangetsu), Naihanchi (Tekki) (Shdan-Sandan), Jion. 130 e.g. Funakoshi (1958/1973), p. 9 and p. 35 et seqq. He names 19 Kata at which Taikyoku Shdan-Sandan and Ten no Kata are just forms of practice, which were created by Funakoshi and do not hold traditional Kata in the closer sense.
turally backward province. Thus also Karate was viewed with some reservations. In the beginning, Karate was viewed in Japan in contrast to Kend or Jd as a barbaric and minor martial art. reports Mabuni Kenei (2007, p. 59). 83 According to his son Kenzo, a ShitRy Kdansha should know about 30 to 40 Kata. As he says, this might take 15 to 25 years of continuous training and dedication to master. Mabuni Kenzo in Fraguas (2001), p. 179. 84 Funakoshi Gichin for example, by his own account, practiced the three Naihanchi (Tekki)-forms constantly for 10 years. Funakoshi (1958/1973), p. 38. additionally also Funakoshi (1975/1993), p. 25 et seqq. Already in view of this maxim you could see that with 53 Kata of the style, a whole life of practice just wouldnt be enough. 85 Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 19. 86 Mabuni (1934a), p. 15. additionally also the translations by Mabuni/ Tankosich and Wittwer (2007), p. 127. 87 Mabuni (1934a), p. 15. additionally also Mabuni/Tankosich. 88 Mabuni/McKenna (2003), p. 8. 89 Mabuni/Nakasone (1938), p. 86 et seq., also Mabuni/Nakasone (1938/2000), p. 179 et seqq. Waza wa mugen The technique is infinite is one of the major principles of Mabunis teachings. additionally also Mabuni (2007), p. 61. 90 Mabuni/McKenna (2003), p. 25- 34, Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 72- 79 and Mabuni (1938), p. 169-180. 91 Mabuni (1934b), p. 28-29. 92 Mabuni/McKenna (2003), p. 24-34. 93 Mabuni/Nakasone (1938), p. 176. 94 Mabuni/Nakasone (1938), p. 209. additionally also the translation by Swift. 95 Mabuni (2007), p. 12. 96 Mabuni (2007), p. 14. 97 Yamaguchi Ggen in McCarthy (1997), p. 23 and Miyagi Chjun in McCarthy (1997), p. 23. About the Bubishi additionally Golinski (2005). 98 High (2006). 99 McCarthy (1999), p. 32. 100 Mabuni (2007), p. 12. 101 Mabuni Kenzo in Fraguas (2001), p. 178. As Tankosich notes, it remains unclear if this number already contains the Kata Mabuni developed by himself. Mabuni/Tankosich. 102 Mabuni (2007), p. 53. 103 Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 102, p. 9. 104 Motobu in Mabuni/McKenna (2002), p. 102. 105 Mabuni (2007), p. 12. 106 tsuka in McCarthy (1999), p. 18. 107 McCarthy (1999), p. 24 and Mabuni (2007), p. 52. additionally also Mabuni/ Tankosich. 108 Mabuni (2007), p. 130. 109 e.g. Mabuni (2007), p. 130. 110 Mabuni (2007), p. 130. 111 Mabuni (2007), p. 130. 112 Mabuni Kenei in Noble (2006b). 113 Mabuni (2007), p. 130. 114 Mabuni (1934a), p. 15. additionally
131 Funakoshi (1943/1988), p. 49 and additionally Wittwer (2007), p. 130 and 170. 132 Although this organisation claims to follow Funakoshis teachings, [ Nakayama in Hassel (1997), p. 41 and http:// www.jka.or.jp/english/about/history. html], they could not, after Funakoshis death, win over any of his senior students like Egami Shigeru (1912-1981), Hironishi Genshin (1913-1999) or Noguchi Hiroshi. 133 For any further information, please have e.g. a look at Nakayamas Best Karate Series, Vol. 5-11 and Kanazawas two Shtkan Karate Katabooks. 134 The original JKA has split into several different (sub-) organisations during the last years. Former famous exponents, like Asai Tetsuhiko (1935-2006, 10th Dan), Kanazawa Hirokazu (*1931, 10th Dan), Kase Taiji (1929-2004, 10th Dan) or Nishiyama Hidetaka (*1928, 10th Dan) have found their own federations and unions, with sometimes some, sometimes no connection to the JKA. Although all of them have written lots of Kata-books, they usually remain quite shallow when it comes to statements about the transmission of their styles Kata. 135 Mabuni (2007), p. 55. This must have taken place in between 1922 (Taish 11) and 1928 (Shwa 3). 136 Chambers, p. 2. The assertion that Mabuni also taught Nakayama Masatoshi (1913-1987) in those days is wrong, as Nakayama was just 15 years of age in 1928 (Shwa 3) and, by his own account just started his Karate-training (with Funakoshi Gichin) in 1932 (Shwa 7). Nakayama in Hassel (1997), p. 27. 137 McCarthy (1999), p. 25. 138 Mabuni Kenzo in Fraguas (2001), p. 183. Most likely there is a falsity in the date, as Nakayama by his own account ( Nakayama in Hassel (1997), p. 49) just came back from China to Japan in 1946 (Shwa 21). Another indicator for a wrong year is a photo, showing Mabuni, Funakoshi, Obata, Nakayama and Sakagami at saka main station in 1948 (Shwa 23). 139 Mabuni Kenzo in Fraguas (2001), p. 183. According to Funakoshis statement in Karate-D Nymon (1943/1988, p. 49) the Unsu- and Gojshiho-forms have however already been practiced at the Shtkan in 1943 (Shwa 18). There remains a need for clarification. 140 Nakayama in Hassel (1997), p. 86. 141 McCarthy (1999), p. 25. 142 Like e.g. Kiba-Dachi instead of Shiko-Dachi, Kkutsu- instead of NekoAshi-Dachi, Yoko- instead of Mae-Geri, Tate-Shut- instead of Kake-Shut-Uke. Or the execution of Manji-Uke in Kkutsu- instead of Zenkutsu-Dachi. 143 E.g. Hayashi Teruo (1924-2004, Hayashi Ha Shit-Ry), Sakagami Rysh (Itosukai-Ry), Gusukuma Shinpan (Shiroma Shit-Ry), Tani Chjir (1921-1998, Tani Ha Shit-ry) or Iwata Manzo (Shitkai). Page 30
Mabuni, Kenwa/ Nakasone, Genwa (1938): Karate-D Nymon. Betsumei: Karatejutsu Kyhan (Introduction to the Way of the Empty Hand. Section Name: Teaching Method of the Art of the Empty Aston, W. G. (trans.) (1998): Nihongi: High, Howard P. (2006): The History of Hand), Tky 1938. Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Japan Karate-Do Ryobu-Kai, 06. Times to 697 A.D., Rutland 111998. Oktober 2006 (http://jkr.com/index.php? Mabuni, Kenwa/ Tankosich, Mark option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemi (trans.): Practice Kata Correctly, Bishop, Mark (1999): Okinawan Kad=27). (http://seinenkai.com/articles/tankosich/ tankosich3.html) rate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques, Rutland 21999. Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005): 100 MasMcCarthy, Patrick (1989): Chronology ters of Okinawan Karate, self(http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/irkrs/ published, Nishihara 2005. Bittmann, Heiko (2000): Karate-D: Chronology_Informal.htm). Der Weg der Leeren Hand; Meister der vier groen Schulrichtungen und Kaminaga, Shigemi (1996): Ko Ueno McCarthy, Patrick (1997): The Bible of Takashi Sensei Nij Shki Tsuit ihre Lehre (Karate-D: The Way of Karate: Bubishi, Rutland 41997. the Empty Hand; Masters of the Four Nihon Dent Bujutsu Enbu Taikai (The Late Ueno Takashi Sensei 20th Big Styles and their Teaching), McCarthy, Patrick (1999): Standing on Anniversary Memorial Traditional Ludwigsburg 22000. Japanese Martial Arts Demonstration the Shoulders of Giants: The Mabuni Kenwa Story, in: McCarthy, Patrick, Meeting), Tky 1996. Chambers, Damian (n.d.): Kenwa MaAncient Okinawan Martial Arts, Vol. buni: The Founder of Shtkan? 2, North Clarendon 1999, p. 1-37. Mabuni, Kenei (2001): Leere Hand (http://www.shitokai.com/pdf/mabuni.pdf) Vom Wesen des Bud-Karate (Empty Mol, Serge (2001): Classical Fighting Ettig, Wolfgang (2004): Takamatsu To- Hand About the Essence of BudArts of Japan A complete Guide to Karate), Chemnitz 2007. shitsugu Die Biographie einer Kory Jjutsu, Tky 2001. Kampfkunstlegende (Takamatsu ToMabuni, Kenwa (1934a): Kata wa Tashitsugu The Biography of a MarMoledzki, Sam (n.d., a): Iwata Manzo tial Arts Legend), Schmitten/Ts. 2004. dashiku Rensh Seyo (Practice the Form Correctly), in: Nakasone, Genwa, (http://www.shitoryu.org/bios/iwata/ Fraguas, Jose M. (2001): Karate Masiwata.htm). Karate-Kenky (Research on the ters, Burbank, 2001. Empty Hand), Tky 1934 (Reprint Moledzki, Sam (n.d., b): The Shit-Ry Funakoshi, Gichin (1958/1973): Karate- 2003), p. 15. Karate-D of Kenwa Mabuni (http:// D Kyhan: The Master Text, (Jap. www.shitoryu.org/bios/mabuni/mabuni. Mabuni, Kenwa (1934b): Kumite no original edition published in 1958), TKenky (Kumite Research), in: Naka- htm). ky 1973. sone, Genwa, Karate-Kenky Miyagi, Chjun (1934/2000): Funakoshi, Gichin (1943/1988): Karate- (Research on the Empty Hand), TAllgemeine Darstellung zum Weg der D Nymon, (Jap. original edition pub- ky 1934 (Reprint 2003), p. 28-29. Chinesischen Hand (1934) (General lished in 1943), Tky 1988. Outline on the Way of the Chinese Mabuni, Kenwa (1938): Aragaki SHand), in: Bittmann, Heiko, Karate-D: Funakoshi, Gichin (1975/1993): Karate- chin, in: Nakasone, Genwa (ed.), KaDer Weg der Leeren Hand; Meister rate-D Taikan (Overview on the D: Mein Weg (Karate-D: My Way of Life), (Jap. original edition written in Way of the Empty Hand), Tky 1938 der vier groen Schulrichtungen und ihre Lehre (Karate-D: The Way of (Reprint 1991), p. 143-180. 1956, published in 1975), Heidelbergthe Empty Hand; Masters of the Four Leimen 1993. Mabuni, Kenwa/ McKenna, Mario (trans.) Big Styles and their Teaching), Ludwigsburg 22000, p. 150-168. (1934/2002): Kb Jizai Goshinjutsu Golinski, Matthias (2004): Legenden Karate Kenp The Free Selfdes Karate: Konishi Yasuhiro und Nagamine, Shshin/ McCarthy, Patrick das Shind Jinen-Ry (Legend of Ka- defense Art of Karate Kenp, (Jap. (trans.) (2000): Tales of Okinawas original edition published in 1934), rate: Konishi Yasuhiro and the Great Masters, Rutland 2000. (www.mariomckenna.com) 2002. Shind Jinen-Ry), 15. August 2004, (http://www.tsuru.de/geschichte/ Mabuni, Kenwa/ McKenna, Mario (trans.) Noble, Graham (2006a): Master Funakonishi/konishi.htm). (1934/2003): Spai no Kenky The koshis Karate: The History and Development of the Empty Hand Art. Study of Seipai, (Jap. original edition Golinski, Matthias (2005): Das Bubi(Pt. 1), (http://seinenkai.com/articles/noble/ shi Eine Einleitung zur Bibel des published in 1934), (www.mariomckenna. noble-funakoshi1.html). Karate (The Bubishi An Introduc- com) 2003. tion to the Bible of Karate), 15. Noble, Graham (2006b): Master FunaApril 2005, (http://www.tsuru.de/ Mabuni, Kenwa/ Nakasone, Genwa koshi's Karate: The History and Degeschichte/bubishi/bubishi.htm). (1938/2000): Haltung des Herzens velopment of the Empty Hand Art. des benden auf dem Wege der Golinski, Matthias (2007): Legenden Leeren Hand (1938) (Position of the (Pt. 2), 28 Feb. 2006 (http://seinenkai. des Ryky Kobud: ber das Leben Heart of the Practicioner on the Way com/articles/noble/noble-funakoshi2. html). und Wirken des Taira Shinken of the Empty Hand), in: Bittmann,
Hassel, Randall G. (1997): Gesprche mit dem Meister Nakayama Masatoshi (Conversations with the Bibliography: Master Nakayama Masatoshi), Abernethy, Iain (2006): Interview with Lauda Knigshofen 1997. Hanshi Haruyoshi Yamada, 9th Dan, Hevener, Phillip T. (2008): Fujita May 2nd 2006 (http://www.iainabernethy. com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic; Seiko The Last Kga Ninja, Philadelf=12;t=000019) phia 2008.
144 Mabuni/Nakasone (1938), p. 209 and Swift.
Empty Hand; Masters of the Four Big Styles and their Teaching), Ludwigsburg 22000, p. 169-187.
(Legends of Ryky Kobud: About Heiko: Karate-D: Der Weg der Noble, Graham/ McLaren, Ian/ the Life and Work of Taira Shinken), Leeren Hand; Meister der vier 15. September 2007 (http://www.tsuru.de/ groen Schulrichtungen und ihre Le- Karasawa, N. (1988): Masters of the Shorin-Ryu Part One, in: Fightings geschichte/taira/taira.htm). hre (Karate-D: The Way of the
Page 31
Arts International, Issue No. 50, Volume 9, No. 2, 1988, p. 24-28. (http:// seinenkai.com/articles/noble/nobleshorin1.html) Sells, John (n.d.): Shit-Ry History (http://www.martialsource.com/shitohistory. htm). Swift, Joe (n.d.): Wisdom from the Past: Tidbits on Kata Applications from Pre-War Karate Bookp. Part One (http://www.seinenkai.com/articles/ swift/swift-tidbits1.html). Tokitsu, Kenji (1984): Rflexion historique sur le karate 5: Les kata et le combat (Historical Reflection on Karate 5: Kata and combat), 1984 (http://www.tokitsu.com/ca/ presentation/articles/fr/reflexionhistorique-sur-le-karate-5/karate-kataotsuka-funakoshi-kano-demonstrationde-combat-budo-historique.html).
disclose the information about Shehequan and Shaolin Tongjien Bu [Shaolin Bronze Man manual], and the secrets of Liu family [White Crane style]. Master Liu was very helpful. Most of information about Shehequan in Patrick McCarthy's book Bubishi - The Bible of Karate comes from Mr Liu. This is what Master Liu said about their meeting.
How and when did you meet Patrick McCarthy? It was quite long ago, during my visit to China as a representative of Shehequan. The Fuzhou Martial Arts Association at that time had organized a competitive gathering, and symposium in orTokitsu, Kenji (1988): Lhistorie du kader to research the roots of varirat 2: La transformation des kata classiques (The History of Karate 2: ous fighting arts, which were in fear of being lost in China. SheThe Transformation of the classical Kata), 1988 (http://www.tokitsu.com/fr/ hequan was one of them. No one presentation/articles/fr/lhistoire-du-karate-2/ except our family and our area transformation-modification-evolution-deskata-pinan-et-naifanchi-par-itosu.html). in Taiwan practices this system Watatani, Kiyoshi/ Yamada, Tadashi at the moment. However it is a (ed.) (1978): Bugei Ryha Daijiten very famous fighting system. (Big Encyclopaedia of the Martial That was why Fuzhou Wushu AsArts Schools), Tky 1978. sociation was interested in it. Mr. McCarthy was also taking a Wittwer, Henning (2007): Shtkan: part in those meetings as he was berlieferte Texte historische Untersuchungen (Shtkan: researching the roots of OkinaTraditional Texts, Historical wan karate and other martial Analysis), Niesky 2007. arts of Okinawa which come from our system. His intention was to translate into English and publish the Wuwezhi (Bubishi). He was also very interested in Shihequan. of White Crane
By Paul Wolos
Master Liu Yin-Shan.
and that was why he came to China. An Okinawan Bubishi exists which in Chinese is called Wuweizhi. It is also not unknown book in Taiwan and Hong Kong, Singapore and China. As the Bubishi contains a lot of Cranestyle quanfa information, those people interested in the Bubishi would also be interested in our style. Apart from this the content of Bubishi does not vary much from our copy of the Shaolin Tongjien Bu.
Secrets
In Taiwan I met one of the old men of Shehequan, master LiuSong-Shan. Hi is an uncle of my Sifu (brother of my Sifu's father, Liu Yi-Shan). At age of 83 he is still practicing Shehequan [Feeding Crane quanfa] every day. He is a headmaster of the family tradition of Shehequan. It was Master Liu who was asked by the famous Shihan of Okinawan karate, Patrick McCarthy, to
What can you say about meetings and tournaments in Fuzhou? It was simply a tournament of martial arts [seminars] and meeting of many masters and coaches. I remember a very tall Yugoslavian; here I have a photograph with him (Sifu is showAs far as I know Mr. ing his album). He was trying to McCarthy is fluent in speaksurprise me with one of his high ing Japanese, but I did not kick, perhaps he was practising know that he also speaks northern Shaolin, never mind. Chinese. He attacked me with this kick No, he did not speak [Mandarin] but I defended myself this way Chinese but my Japanese is (Sifu demonstrated this techquite good and so that's how we niques on me). He flew a couple communicated. of metres back and after he did not want to discuss the effecWhat sort of information was tiveness of Shehequan. Mr. McCarthy after? Everything what was associated Apart from this I met many peowith Wuweizhi. He was also ple, for example head master of searching for a copy of this book Minhequan. His formal exercises made outside of Okinawa. Mr. looked very elegant (as oppose McCarthy heard about Shaolin to my because lets face the Tongjien Bu [Bronz Man book] truth Shehequan is not pretty). I
Page 32

Journal 58 Artikel Mabuni Kenwa

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Journal 58 Artikel Mabuni Kenwa

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

History * Culture * Tradition * Heritage * Kata * Pioneers * Biographies * Philosophy * Lineage * User-friendly English Translations

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

& Shito Ryu

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Okinawa c. 1920s: Students and instructors of the Toudi-jutsu Kenkyukai

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Photos courtesy of Patrick McCarthy

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy

Konishi Yasuhiro & Mabuni Kenwa

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Photo courtesy of Patrick McCarthy

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

[Receiving hand attacking hand] Calligraphy by Mabuni Kenwa Page 27

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

The final journey of Mabuni Kenwa

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

144 Mabuni/Nakasone (1938), p. 209 and Swift.

International Ryukyu Karate Research Society 1995-2010

Master Liu Yin-Shan.

You might also like