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LI NI U

Mc ch ca bi ging ny nhm cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c
bn v k thut xung, cc phng php tnh ton thit k v cc cng c ton
hc h tr trong vic bin i, hnh thnh cc dng xung mong mun
y l bi ging ging dy, trnh by tm tt c s l thuyt i km vi v
d, ng dng, cui mi chng u c bi tp sinh vin kim tra v cng
c.
Bi ging c bin son cho kha hc 45 tit dnh cho sinh vin nm 3 h
i hc khoa in in t trng i hc K thut Cng ngh Tp HCM
Danh sch nhng thut ng thng xut hin, c km theo ting Anh tng
ng sinh vin tin tham kho ti liu
Bi ging gm 6 chng da trn nhiu ngun tham kho trong v ngoi
nc, vi b cc bm st cng mn hc K Thut Xung dnh cho sinh
vin ngnh in T Vin Thng trng i hc K Thut nh sau:
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn
Chng 2. Bin i dng sng bng mch R,L,C
Chng 3. Chuyn mch in t
Chng 4. Mch xn, mch so snh
Chng 5. Mch kp
Chng 6. Mch a hi

NGUYN TRNG HI

Trang 1
MUC LUC

CHNG 1. CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN................................................................. 3
1.1. ai cng..........................................................................................................3
1.2. Cac xung thng gap ........................................................................................6
1.3. Mot so khai niem ve xung................................................................................9
CHNG 2. BIEN OI DANG SONG BANG MACH R,L,C.............................. 13
2.1. Mach loc thong cao-mach vi phan..................................................................14
2.2. Mach loc thong thap-mach tch phan .............................................................23
2.3. Cac bo suy hao................................................................................................31
CHNG 3. CHUYEN MACH IEN T ............................................................... 43
3.1. Che o xac lap................................................................................................43
3.2. Che o qua o .................................................................................................52
CHNG 4. MACH XEN, MACH SO SANH......................................................... 58
4.1. Khai niem.......................................................................................................58
4.2. Mach xen vi diode ly tng..........................................................................59
4.3. Mach xen vi diode thc te ............................................................................66
4.4. Mach xen hai mc oc lap ..........................................................................69
CHNG 5. MACH KEP ......................................................................................... 73
5.1. Khai niem.......................................................................................................73
5.2. Mach kep dung diode ly tng.......................................................................74
5.3. Mach kep khi ke en ien tr thuan va ien tr nguon.................................80
5.4. Mach kep tai cc nen BJT..............................................................................84
CHNG 6. MACH A HAI ................................................................................... 88
6.1. Khai niem.......................................................................................................88
6.2. a hai dung cac linh kien tng t .................................................................90
6.3. a hai dung cong logic .................................................................................110
6.4. Dao ong dung thach anh .............................................................................119
Bi ging K thut Xung Chng 1
Ths. Nguyen Trong Hai Trang
3
CHNG 1.
CC KHI NIM C BN

I. I CNG

Phn loi tn hiu
Theo dng sng: Tn hiu tam gic, sin, xung vung, nc thang, . . .
Theo tn s : Tn hiu h tn, m tn, cao tn, siu cao tn, . . .
Theo s lin tc : Tn hiu lin tc bin v thi gian.
Theo s ri rc : Tn hiu ri rc bin v thi gian.
Tun hon : Tn hiu c dng sng lp li sau mi chu k.

Mt s tn hiu lin tc

0
p(t)
1
t
0 t
+A
-A
T/2
T
t
Hnh 1.1a. Tn hiu sin A t
Hnh 1.1b. Chui xung
Hnh 1.1c. Xung tam gic
t
0
K
K
Hnh 1.1d. Hm m
4
Mt s tn hiu ri rc

Ngy nay trong k thut v tuyn in, c rt nhiu thit b cng tc trong mt
ch c bit: ch xung. Trong cc thit b ny, dng v p tc dng ln
mch mt cch ri rc theo mt quy lut no . nhng thi im ng hoc
ngt in p, trong mch s pht sinh qu trnh qu , ph hy ch cng tc
tnh ca mch. Bi vy vic nghin cu cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc thit b
xung c lin quan mt thit n vic nghin cu qu trnh qu trong cc
mch .
Nu c mt dy xung tc dng ln mch in m khong thi gian gia cc
xung ln so vi thi gian qu ca mch. Khi tc dng ca mt dy
xung nh mt xung n. Ngc li nu khong thi gian k tip ca xung
nh so vi qu trnh qu ca mch th phi nghin cu tc dng ca mt dy
xung ging nh ca nhng in p hoc dng in c dng phc tp.
Vic phn tch mch ch xung phi xc nh s ph thuc hm s ca in
p hoc dng in trong mch theo thi gian trng thi qu . C th dng
cng c ton hc nh: phng php tch phn kinh in. Phng php ph
(Fourier) hoc phng php ton t Laplace

Phng php kho st
C nhiu cch kho st s bin i tn hiu khi i qua mch RC, trong c
phng php qu trong mch in vi 2 phng php quen thuc:
Gii v tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn.
Tm hm truyn t ca mch v bin i Laplace.
a. Phng php tch phn kinh in.
Phng trnh mch v nghim.
) ( ) (
) (
. . .
) ( ) (
0 1
1
1
1
t f t y a
dt
t dy
a
dt
t y d
a
dt
t y d
a
n
n
n
n
n
n
= + + + +

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
) (n x
n
Hnh 1.2a, Tn hiu sin ri rc
)
8
2
sin( ) ( n n x

=
n
1
0
8

Hnh 1.2b, Hm m ri rc
5
V phi ca phng trnh f(t) c xac nh, y(t) v tri l nghim cn tm
(in p hay dng in), nghim (h nghim) ca y(t) nh sau
y(t) = y
xl
(t) + y
q
(t)
Nghim ca phng trnh thun nht
0 ) (
) (
. . .
) ( ) (
0 1
1
1
1
= + + + +

t y a
dt
t dy
a
dt
t y d
a
dt
t y d
a
n
n
n
n
n
n

c 3 dng: thc n, n v phc, bi
Nghim thc p
1
, p
2
, p
n
c dng nh sau:

t p
n
t p t p
qd
n
e K e K e K y + + + = ...
2 1
2 1

Nghim phc
1
p j = + ,
2
p j = c dng nh sau:
) cos(
1

+ =

t e K y
t
qd

Nghim kp p
1
=p
2
c dng nh sau:

t p
qd
e t K K y
1
) (
2 1
+ =
b. Phng php ton t Laplace
Bin i Laplace 1 pha c xc nh nh sau:

= =
0
) ( )] ( [ ) ( dt e t f t f L s F
st

Mch tng ng R, L, C

Li
0
1/sL

i
0
/s

-
+
sL
u(s)
I(s)
I(s)
+
-
u(s)
1/sC

Cu
0
u
0
/s

+
-
u(s)
I(s)
sC
+
I(s)
-
u(s)
Hnh 1.3. S tng ng ca L,C
6
Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm

Hm f(t) Bin i Laplace ca f(t)
1 1 1
s

2 T
2
1
s

3 t
n
1
!
n
n
s
+

4 e
-at
1
s a +

5
) 1 (
1
at
e
a

1
( ) s s a +

6
) (
1
2 1
1 2
t a t a
e e
a a

1 2
1
( )( ) s a s a + +

7
) (
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
t a t a
e a e a
a a

1 2
( )( )
s
s a s a + +

8
at n
e t

1
!
( )
n
n
s a
+
+

9 t sin
2 2
s
+

10 t cos
2 2
s
s +

II. CC XUNG THNG GP
1. Hm bc n v (Unit-step Function)

<
=
0 0
0 1
) (
t
t
t u

t
0
u(t)
1
Hnh 1.4. Hm bc n v
7
2. Xung ch nht (regtangular Pulse)

<
<
=
2 1
2 1
, 0
1
) (
t t t t
t t t
t p

C th xem xung vung p(t) nh l tng ca 2 xung x1 v x2 sau:
p(t) = x
1
(t) + x
2
(t)
vi x
1
(t) = u (t - t
1
)
x
2
(t) = -u(t - t
2
)
V d, Tng t cho cc nim v hm nc thang

Hm x(t) c th vit thnh x(t) = u(t) + u(t - 1) + u(t - 2) - 3u(t - 3)
Sinh vin t chng minh
3. Xung n v (Unit-Impulse Function)
Cn gi l xung ( ) t hay phn b Dirac, c nh ngha nh sau:

>
=

0 ) (
0 0 ) (
d
t t

t
0
p(t)
1
t
1 t
2
Hnh 1.5. Xung ch nht
Hnh 1.7. Xung Dirac
t
) (t
0
Hnh 1.6. Hm nc thang
t
0
x(t)
1
1 2 3
2
3
8
Xung Dirac ( ) t c th c kho st nh l o hm ca u(t).

R rng bc nhy n v u(t) l gii hn ca ( ) u t % khi 0. T , c th xc
nh xung Dirac gn ng ( ) t
%
l o hm ca bc nhy n v gn ng ( ) u t % ,
tc l :
( )
( )
du t
t
dt
=
%
%

V u(t) c th c biu din di dng tch phn : u(t) = ( )
t
d

Mt kt qu quan trng ( ). ( )
o
x t t t dt
= x(t
o
)

4. Hm dc (Ramp Function)

r(t) =
<
0 0
0
t
t t
= t.u(t)
Cn phn bit hm dc v hm x(t)=t

Hnh 1.8a. Hm bc n v gn ng
Hnh 1.8b. Xung Dirac gn ng
t
0
r(t)
Hnh 1.9. Hm dc
9
5. Hm m (Exponential Function)
x
1
(t) = K.e
-t
u(t)
x
2
(t) = K.(1 - e
-t
) u(t)

III. MT S KHI NIM V XUNG

1. H s cng tc (pulse duty factor)

T
t
q
p
= (%)

t 0
x
1
(t)= K.e
-t
u(t)
K
t 0
x
2
(t) = K.(1 - e
-t
) u(t)
K
Hnh 1.10a. Hm m gim Hnh 1.10b. Hm m tng
0
A
t
t
p
T=t
on
+ t
off
t
on
t
off
Hnh 1.11. chui xung vung
t(ms)
1
10
q=10%
t(ms)
4
10
q=40%
Hnh 1.12. H s cng tc q
10
2. rng xung

Trong :
A: bin cc i
t
r
: thi gian ln (thi gian xung tng t 10% n 90% bin A)
t
f
: thi gian xung (thi gian xung gim t 90% n 10% bin A)
rng xung t
p
tnh t gi tr 0.1 bin nh cc i, ngha l 0.1A
Ngy nay trong cc h thng s, ngi ta thng nh ngha t
p
vi gi tr t
0.5A

t
r
t
f
A

0.9A

0.1A

t
p
t

0.1A

Hnh 1.13a. rng xung
A
0.5A
t
p
Hnh 1.13b. rng xung trong cc h thng s
11
Bi tp chng 1
1. Vit li cc hm sau:

2. Vit hm x(t) sau thnh dng tng ca cc hm u(t), r(t)

0 1 2 3
1
3
x
9
(t)
t
0
2
x
4
(t)
t
3
1 2
0
2
x
3
(t)
t 3 4
0
2
x
1
(t)
t
-1
0
1
x
2
(t)
t
1
0 1 2 3
1
2
3
x
6
(t)
t 4
0
3
x
5
(t)
t
2
2 3
-1
x
7
(t)
t
1
-1 1
-1
x
8
(t)
t
1
-1 1
2
-2
12
3. Vit hm trn di dng hm xc nh tng on
4. V hm sau:
x
10
(t) = 5(t - 4)u(t - 4)
x
11
(t) = (t - 1)[u(t -1)- u(t -3)]
x
12
(t) = t.[ u(t +3)+ u(t -3)-u(t +1)- u(t -1)]
x
13
(t) = 5(1-e
-(t-1)
).u(t - 1)
5. Cho mch sau:

a. Ti thi im t=0 ng kha K, dng phng php tch phn kinh in,
xc nh in p trn t C v trn in tr R, gi s in p ban u ca t
C bng 0

b. Ti thi im t=t
0
chuyn kha K sang v tr 2, dng phng php tch
phn kinh in, xc nh in p trn t C v trn in tr R.
Gi s V
C
(t
0
-
)=0

6. Lp li bi 5 bng phng php bin i Laplace

R
C
E
K
2
R
C
1
E
K
Ths. Nguyen Trong Hai Trang 13
CHNG 2.
BIN I DNG SNG BNG R, L, C

Neu tn hieu sin c cap cho mot he thong bao gom cac phan t tuyen tnh,
trang thai xac lap, tn hieu ngo ra se co dang song lap lai dang song ngo vao.
Anh hng cua mach len tn hieu c ch ra bi t le bien o va pha cua ngo
ra oi vi ngo vao. ac iem nay cua dang song ung trong tat ca cac he
thong tuyen tnh, tn hieu sin la duy nhat.
Cac dang song tuan hoan khac, trong trng hp tong quat, song ngo vao va
ngo ra co rat t s giong nhau. qua trnh nay, dang tn hieu khong sin c
bien oi bang cach truyen qua mot he thong tuyen tnh c goi la bien oi
dang song tuyen tnh.
Trong mach xung co mot so dang song khong sin nh ham bc, xung diract,
xung vuong, ham doc va ham mu. Tng ng vi nhng tn hieu nay la cac
mach ien ien hnh n gian R, L, C c mo ta trong chng nay.
Neu he thong ien t can cung cap nhng chuoi xung co tan so cao hoac tan
so thap, khi o ngi ta dung mach phat xung va bien oi dang xung theo yeu
cau cua he thong. Dang mach bien oi dang xung c ban la dung mang RC -
RL - RLC, cac phan t nay co the mac noi tiep hoac song song vi nhau. Tuy
theo tn hieu ngo ra lay tren phan t nao ma hnh thanh cac mach loc khac
nhau.
Mach loc c chia thanh loc thu ong va loc tch cc. Mach loc thu ong ch
dung nhng phan t thu ong nh R, L, C (ban than cac phan t nay khong
mang nang lng) e thc hien chc nang loc. Con mach loc tch cc dung
cac phan t tch cc nh Op-amp ket hp vi vong hoi tiep gom R va C. Neu
phan theo tan so th co mach loc thong thap, mach loc thong cao, mach loc
thong dai va mach loc chan dai.

I. MACH LOC THONG CAO

Hnh 1 la mot bo loc thong cao dang can ban. V tr khang cua tu giam khi tan
so tang, cac thanh phan tan so cao cua tn hieu ngo vao se t suy giam hn cac
thanh phan tan so thap. cac tan so rat cao hau nh tu ngan mach va tat ca cac
ngo vao xuat hien tai ngo ra.
Tai tan so 0 tu ien co ien khang vo cung va do o c coi nh h mach. Bat
k ien ap ngo vao dc se khong the at en ngo ra.
Ham truyen
s
s
s G
+
=
1
) ( .
Khi ngo vao dang sin: oi vi ngo vao song sin, tn hieu ngo ra giam ve bien o
khi giam tan so. oi vi mach hnh 1, o li A va goc pha cho bi
2
1
1
c
A
f
f
=

+

va arctan
c
f
f

=

Vi
RC
f
c
2
1
= la tan so cat
Quan he vao ra nay c the hien nh sau

C

Hnh 2.1. Mch lc thng cao
Vin Vout
Hnh 2.2a. ap ng tan so

Hnh 2.2b. Bieu dien o li
Tai tan so f
c
o li giam -3dB. Gia tr ln nhat cua o li tai cac tan so cao.
Khi ngo vao ham bc: Eu(t)
Bang phng phap tch phan kinh ien hoac bien oi Laplace
) 1 ( ) (
RC
t
C
e E t u

=

RC
t
R
Ee t u

= ) (

at = RC

hang so thi gian nap
) 1 ( ) (

t
C
e E t u

=

t
R
Ee t u

= ) (

Dang song V
R
(t) va V
C
(t)

Hnh 2.3
Nhan xet
Gia tr ien ap tren tu va ien tr c bieu dien di dang tc thi. Ve mat vat
ly, nhan thay sau khi ong mach RC vao mot nguon suat ien ong E, trong
mach se phat sinh qua trnh qua o. o la qua trnh nap ien cho tu ien C, lam
v
cho ien ap tren tu tang dan va ien ap tren ien tr giam dan theo quy luat
ham so mu. Ve mat ly thuyet khoang thi gian nap ien cho tu e ien ap tren
tu at en trang thai xac lap la bang vo cung. Xong trong thc te khoang thi
gian o c lay c lay bang khoang thi gian e ien ap tren tu tang en
mot mc E nao o ( hang so, <1, lay = 0,05). Khoang thi gian nay dai
hay ngan la tuy thuoc vao .
Khi ngo vao la xung ch nhat: v
v
(t) = E[u(t)-u(t-t
1
)]

v
v
(t) = 0, neu t < 0 va t 0
v
v
(t) = E, neu 0 t < t
1

Trong khoang thi gian t 0 en t
1
ngo vao co bien o ien ap la E, tu C nap
ien, ien ap tren tu C tang dan theo quy luat ham mu
v
c
(t) = E(1-e
-t/ n
), vi
n
= RC.
ien ap tren ien tr giam dan cung theo quy luat ham mu
v
R
(t) = E e
-t/ n

v
R
(t) = v
v
(t) v
c
(t)
Khi v
c
(t) tang dan th v
R
(t) giam dan, tuy theo gia tr cua ln hay nho ma tu nap
trong thi gian dai hay ngan khac nhau.
Trong khoang thi gian t > t
1
, ien ap ngo vao mach RC co gia tr la 0. Luc nay,
tu C la ong vai tro nh nguon ien ap cung cap cho mach, ngha la tu C xa ien
qua ien tr R. Do o ien ap tren tu C giam dan theo quy luat ham mu, con
ien ap tren ien tr tang dan cung theo quy luat ham mu, nhng mang gia tr
am
v
C
(t) = E.e
-t/ f

v
R
(t) = -Ee
-t/ f

Thi gian phong ien va nap ien cua tu la nh nhau, xet thi gian tu nap ay va
xa het la 3. Cac dang ien ap nap va phong cua tu c bieu dien nhng
trng hp sau:
a) Trng Hp 1 (t
1
>>)
Khoang thi gian ton tai xung t 0 en t
1
rat ln so vi (t
1
>>). Luc nay, thi
hang rat nho so vi thi gian t
on
, nen tu C c nap ay va xa het trong khoang
thi gian ngan, tc la thi gian chuyen mach t mc thap len mc cao va ngc
lai t mc cao xuong mc thap gan nh la ng thang doc ng (xem nh la
t
E
t
1

v
v
(t)
0
tc thi). Do vay, ap ng ngo ra khong b bien dang nhieu so vi tn hieu
xung vao.
ieu nay c minh hoa hnh sau

Hnh 2.4
b) Trng hp 2 (t
1
<< )
Khoang thi gian ton tai xung t 0 en t
1
rat nho so vi (t
1
<< ). Luc nay, thi
hang rat ln so vi thi gian t
on
, nen tu C nap ay va xa het rat lau, tc thi gian
qua o rat ln, lam bien oi dang xung ngo ra khac xa vi dang xung ngo vao.
Co nhng trng hp thi gian qua o rat ln, lam cho tu C gi nguyen gia tr
ien ap a nap ban au, con ien ap tren ien tr gan nh bang 0.
ieu nay c minh hoa hnh sau

Hnh 2.5
t
1
<< , tai thi iem t
1
th tu cha nap ay, ien ap tren tu v
C
(t
1
), khi t > t
1
ap
tren tu se c xa qua R. ien ap tren tu va ien tr khi t > t
1
se theo qui luat
sau:
v
C
(t) = v
C
(t
1
)e
-t/ f

v
R
(t) = - v
C
(t
1
)e
-t/ f

Nhan xet
T nhng ly luan tren, can c vao tng quan gia thi gian ton tai xung t
on
va
thi hang cua mach, ta co cac dang song nh hnh sau. Tuy theo yeu cau cua
he thong can nhng dang xung nh the nao, thiet ke mang RC se co gia tr
khac nhau.

v (t)
R
1
>>
1
t
O
E
-E
t

Hnh 2.6a. ien ap qua tu v
C
(t) Hnh 2.6b. ien ap qua ien tr v
R
(t)
Ngo vao la chuoi song vuong:
Khi >> t
1

Khi << t
1

t
E
t
1
0
A
1
A
2
A
1
A
2
t
E
t
1
0
A
1
A
2
A
1
A
2
Hnh 2.7a
Hnh 2.7b
Da tren viec phan tch vung tan so. Tn hieu ngo vao tuan hoan co the c
tnh bang chuoi Fourier bao gom mot chu k khong oi va mot so vo tan cac
thanh phan tan so la cac boi so cua f=1/T. V tu loc the hien tr khang vo tan oi
vi ap d-c ngo vao, khong thanh phan nao cua d-c at en ngo ra di cac ieu
kien trang thai on nh. Do vay, tn hieu ngo ra la tong cua cac ng hnh sin
ma tan so cua nola cac boi so cua f. Do o dang song nay la tuan hoan vi mot
khoang thi gian c ban T nhng khong co thanh phan d-c.
Chu y: Th nhat, mc trung bnh cua tn hieu ngo ra luon luon la 0. Do o ngo
ra co ca hng am va hng dng oi vi truc hoanh, va vung dien tch cua
song pha tren truc 0 bang vi vung dien tch cua song ben di truc 0.
Th hai,khi ngo vao thay oi khong lien tuc vi mot lng V, ngo rat hay oi
khong lien tuc mot lng bang va cung hng.
Th ba,trong suot khoang thi gian bat k nao khi ngo vao duy tr mc khong
oi, ngo ra giam xuong mc ien ap 0 theo ham so mu.
Ngo vao la ham doc: V
i
= r(t) = t.u(t)
Do o ) 1 (

t
OUT
e V

=
Dang song

Hnh 2.8

Ngo vao la ham mu tang: ) 1 (
1
t
v
e E v
=
v
R
(s) =
)
1
(
1
1
1
1
+ + s s
E
s
s

at
1
= n =
1
RC
va
1
t
x =
r(t)
V
OUT
(t)
t
suy ra
+
=

1
1
) (

t
t
r
e e
n
n
E t v

Hnh 2.9
hang so thi gian cang nho, nh ngo ra cang nho. V du, neu RC ch bang hang
so thi gian cua song ngo vao (n=1), nh ngo ra ch bang 37% nh ngo vao. RC
cang ln (lien quan en ) th nh ngo ra cang ln nhng xung cung se rong
hn. Gia tr cua RC c chon sao cho tot nhat gia hai ac tnh oi nghch nay
cho tng ng dung.
Mach loc thong cao lam viec nh bo vi phan
Ta co: ) ( ) ( ) ( t V t V t V
OUT C IN
+ =
) ( ) (
1
) (
0
0
t V dt t V
RC
t V
OUT
t
OUT IN
+ =

Lay vi phan hai ve
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( t V t V
dt
d
RC t V
OUT IN OUT
=
neu hang so thi gian la rat nho so vi thi gian c oi hoi e tn hieu ngo vao
at c s thay oi ang ke (V
IN
(t)>>V
OUT
(t)), mach ien c goi la vi phan.
ien ap ri tren R se rat nho so vi ien ap ri tren C. Do o v
i
i qua C va dong
ien (i(t)=Cdv/dt) c quyet nh tron ven bi ien dung, va tn hieu ngo ra qua
R la
dt
t dV
RC t V
IN
OUT
) (
) ( =
ao ham cua song vuong la mot dang song bang 0 ngoai tr tai cac nh khong
lien tuc. Tai nhng nh nay, phep lay vi phan chnh xac se tang bien o, o
V
R
(t)/E
n =
1
RC

n = 100
n = 10
n = 0.1
x =
1
t

5 10 15
60 0
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
rong 0, va thay oi cc. Trong gii han cua tan so thi gian rat nho, dang song la
chnh xac ngoai tr bien o cua nh khong bao gi vt qua V.
oi vi ham doc v
i
=t, gia tr cua RCdv
i
/dt la RC. Ngo ra at en gia tr ao
ham chnh xac ch sau thi gian i qua tng ng cac hang so thi gian. Sai so
gan t=0 v trong vung nay ien ap qua R khong ang ke so vi ien ap qua C.
Neu cho rang canh cua xung xap x la moat ham doc, co the o t le canh len
cua xung bang cach s dung mach vi phan. nh ngo ra c o bi mot dao
ong k, thay rang ien ap c chia bi tch RC cho o doc .

Hnh 2.10
Neu song sin c cung cap cho mach vi phan, ngo ra se la song sin c dch
chuyen mot goc va ngo ra tng ng la sin(t+) vi
RC R
X
C
1
tan = =
e co tch phan ung, phai nhan c cos t. Mac khac, phai bang 90
0
. Ket
qua nay ch co the co c khi R=0 hay C=0. Tuy nhien, neu RC=0.01, th
1/RC=100 va =89.4
0
, gan bang 90
0
. Neu RC=0.1, th =84.3
0
va oi vi mot
vai ng dung goc nay co the gan bang 90
0
.
Neu gia tr nh cua ngo vao la V
m
, ngo ra la
) sin(
1
2 2
2

+
+
t
C
R
R V
m

Va neu RC<<1, th ngo ra xap x V
m
RCcos t. Ket qua nay tng ng vi gia
tr mong muon, RCdv
i
/dt. Neu RC=0.01, th bien o ngo ra bang 0.01 thi gian
bien o ngo vao.
V vay, ieu nay chng minh rang ngo ra la phan so nho cua ngo vao neu vi
phan thoa man. V vay ngo ra thng xuyen c theo sau bi o li khuech ai
cao. Bat k s keo theo ve o li khuech ai cung anh hng en mc o cua tn
hieu, va khuech ai phi tuyen co the anh hng en o chnh xac cua vi phan.
Nhng kho khan nay c tranh bang cach s dung khuech ai thuat toan.
RC
t
V
OUT
(t)
t
T
0
Mach Vi Phan Dung OpAmp

Hnh 2.11
Ta co i
1
(t) = i
c
(t) =
v
v
dt
d
C
i
2
(t) =
R
v v
ra
=
R
v
ra
(v v
-
= 0)
Do i
1
(t) = - i
2
(t)
v
v
dt
d
C = -
R
v
ra

v
r
(t) = -R
v
v
dt
d
C
Mach vi phan dung Op-amp co cach mac theo kieu mach ao, vi mach phan ap
la tu C va ien tr R.
Tu C co nhiem vu a tn hieu en ngo vao ao cua Op-amp, con ien tr R co
nhiem vu hoi tiep t ngo ra ve ngo vao.
Trng hp ien ap vao v
v
(t) = V
m
sint th
v
r
(t) = -RC t V
dt
d
m
sin = -RC cost = RC sin(t+90
0
)
Nhan xet
ien ap ngo ra sm pha 90
o
so vi ien ap vao va bien o la he so t le khuech
ai k=RC
V he so khuech ai cua mach t le vi tan so, nen tap am tan so cao ngo ra
mach nay rat ln, co the lan ap tn hieu vao, ngha la he so khuech ai cua mach
cang ln th ton tai nhieu tan so cao cang ln.
Tr khang vao cua mach Z
v
= 1/jC giam khi tan so tang . Do o, khi nguon co
tr khang ln , th ch co mot phan tn hieu c vi phan, phan con lai c
khuech ai.

V
v
V
Ra
I
1
I
2
R
C
+
-
e khac phuc nhng nhc iem tren ngi ta a ra mach sau:

Hnh 2.12
R
1
co nhiem vu han che tap am tan so cao, tan so cao thng ton tai cac gai
nhon co bien o ln, do o R co han che bien o nay.
Vi phan hai lp

Hnh 2.13
Hnh tren la hai he thong RC mac lien tang va mot bo khuech ai A. Cho rang
bo khuech ai van hanh tuyen tnh va tr khang ngo ra cua no nho so vi tr
khang cua R
2
va C
2
. Neu cac hang so

R
1
C
1
va R
2
C
2
la rat nho so vi thi gian
song ngo vao, mach se la bo vi phan hai lp.
II. MACH LOC THONG THAP

Mach cho cac tan so thap qua de dang, nhng cac tan so cao suy giam bi v
ien khang cua tu C giam vi viec tang tan so. cac tan so rat cao tu hoat
ong nh mot mach ngan mach va ngo ra co ien ap bang 0.
Hoan toan giong nh mach loc tan so thap, cung thc hien da tren c s cua
mach RC, RL, Op-amp, mach loc thach anh va gom loc
V
v
V
R
C
R
+
-
R1
V
v
V
R
C1
R1
A
C2
R2
C
R
Hnh 2.14
Vin Vout
Ham truyen
s
s G
+
=
1
1
) (
Ngo vao dang song sin: neu ien ap ngo vao v
i
la dang song sin, o ln bien o
A va goc c cho bi

2
1
1
+
=
c
f
f
A va
c
f
f
arctan =
Trong o, f
c
=1/2RC. o li ri xuong 0.707 gia tr tan so thap cua no tai tan so
f
2
. do vay f
2
c goi la tan so cao hn -3dB.
Quan he nay c the hien nh sau

Nhan xet
Tai tan so cat tren f = f
c
th ien ap ra co o ln la:
2 1 1
1
.
) / ( 1
1
2
v
v v
C
r
v
v v
f f
v =
+
=
+
=
Hnh 2.15a
Hnh 2.15b
o li cua mach tnh theo dB tai tan so cat tren f = f
c
la:
3 2 lg 10
2
1
lg 20
) / ( 1
1
lg 20 ) ( lg 20 ) (
2
= =
+
= =
c
c
dB
c
f f
jf G jf G dB
Nh vay, tai tan so cat th bien o giam 3dB
Neu tan so f > f
c
( dai tan so cao) th ien ap ngo ra giam. Do vay, xem nh
ngo ra khong co thanh phan tan so cao.
Neu tan so f < f
c
( dai tan so thap), ien ap ngo ra co bien o cao, tc ngo ra
co thanh phan tan so thap.
ay cung la van e gap mach khuech ai tan so cao, xuat hien tan so cat tren
f
c
.
Khi ngo vao co dang ien ap bc: V
IN
= E.u(t)
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( t u e E t V
RC
t
OUT
=

Hinh2 .16
Thi gian tang t la thi gian ma ien ap tu C tang t 0.1 en 0.9 gia tr cuoi
cung. Thi gian oi hoi e ien ap v
0
at en 1/10 gia tr cuoi cung cua no la 0.1
RC va thi gian at en 9/10 gia tr cuoi cung la 2.3RC.
Khi ngo vao la xung vuong V
v
(t) = E[u(t) u(t - t
1
)]
) ( . ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
1
t t u Ee t u e E t V
t t t
OUT
+ =

Hnh 2.17
= RC
0,632E
E
tiep tuyen
V
OUT
(t) = E (1-e
t/
)
t
t
E
t
1
0
) 1 (

t
e E

) (
1
t t
e E

Lu y rang meo dang song la ket qua t viec truyen mot xung vuong qua mot
mach loc thong thap RC.
Neu muon lam nho meo dang, th thi gian tang phai nho so vi o rong xung.
Neu f
c
c chon bang 1/t
1
th t
=0.35t
p
. Thng s dung quy luat la mot dang
xung se c bao toan neu tan so -3dB la xap x bang nghch ao o rong xung.
Khi v
v
la ham doc V
v
= K.t.u(t)
Tng t tnh c
) 1 ( ) (

t
R
e K t v

=
ma v
ra
(t) = v
v
(t) v
R
(t) = ) 1 ( ) (

t
e K t K

+

Hnh 2.18
Khi v
v
la chuoi xung ch nhat
Khi << t
1

Khi >> t
1

t
E
t
1
0
t
E
t
1
0
V
DC
V
v
(t) =Kt
t
=RC
V
ra
(t)
t-
Hinh 2.19b
ien ap v
R
(t) = v
c
(t) tang dan va xac lap chung quanh gia tr V
DC
la trung
bnh cua chuoi xung (tr DC cua v
R
(t) cung chnh la v
DC
)
Khi v
v
la ham mu tang ) 1 ( ) (
1
t
v
e E t v
=
Nh a khao sat phan loc thong cao, ien ap tren ien tr
+
=

1
1
) (

t
t
R
e e
n
n
E t v
1
= n =
1
RC
va
1
t
x =
Ma v
ra
(t) = v
v
v
R
= ) 1 (
1
t
e E
1
1

t
t
e e
n
n
E
T o ve c dang song ngo ra nh sau:

Hnh 2.20
Nhan xet
Khi n<0.3 ap ng v
C
(t) rat gan giong v
v
(t)
ng dung 1
Gia s ghep 2 mach loc tan so cao noi tiep va mach sau khong anh hng
en mach trc
Khi ap tn hieu vao la Eu(t), ngo ra mach th nhat se la ) 1 (
1
t
e E
, va se
c a vao tang th 2, luc nay

1
2
1
2
tr
tr
t
t
n = =

V
R
(t)/E
n =
1
RC

n = 0
x =
1
t

1
0
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
n = 0.2
n = 0.3
n = 10
n = 100
2 3 4 5 6
Cong thc tnh thi gian tre sau 2 tang la
2
2
2
1
05 . 1
tr tr tre
t t t + =
ng dung 2
Khi ta s dung dao ong ky co thi gian tre t
tr2
e quan sat mot ap ng qua
mach RC co thi gian tre t
tr1

Neu t
tr2
= t
tr1
thi gian tre t
tre
= 1.53t
tr1

Neu t
tr2
=
3
1
t
tr1
thi gian tre t
tre
= 1.1t
tr1
Vay neu muon dung dao ong ky e quan sat dang song co thi gian tre t
tr1

hay f
H1
th dao ong ky phai co t
tr2
<
3
1
t
tr1
hay f
H2
>
3
1
f
H1
Khi v
v
la ham mu giam
1
) (

t
v
Ee t v
=
Tng t

1
1
1
) (
t
t
OUT
e e
t V vi 0 t
Dang song

Hnh 2.21
Mach loc thong thap hoat ong nh bo tch phan
Ta co: ) ( ) ( ) ( t V t V t V
OUT R IN
+ =
) (
) (
) ( t V
dt
t dV
RC t V
OUT
OUT
IN
+ =
Lay tch phan hai ve
[ ]dt t V t V
RC
t V
t
OUT IN OUT

=
0
0
) ( ) (
1
) (

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ln
neu hang so thi gian la rat ln so vi thi gian lay tch phan, mach ien c
goi la tch phan. Trong trng hp nay ien ap qua tu C se la rat nho so viien
ap ngang qua R va thay rang tong ien ap ngo vao v
i
ri tren R. Do o
dt t V
RC
t V
t
IN OUT

=
0
0
) (
1
) (
Neu v
i
=t, ket qua V
OUT
(t)=t
2
/2RC. Khi thi gian tang, ien ap ngang qua tu C
duy tr khong ang ke so vi ien ap ngang qua R. Hnh sau ch ra rang ngo ra se
la ham bac hai khi ngo vao la ham tuyen tnh theo thi gian.

Hnh 2.22
Tch phan cua mot hang la mot ham tuyen tnh, va ieu nay ung vi ng
cong ien ap tren tu ng vi RC/T>>1.
Khi >> t
1

Hnh 2.23
ieu kien cua mach tch phan
RC
f f
c
2
1
= >> hay
f 2
1
RC
>> hay
>>
1
f 2
1

Trng hp ien ap ngo vao v
v
la tn hieu dang sin th
v
v
(t) = V
m
sint
v
r
(t) = V
m
sint dt = ( )
0
90 sin cos =
t
RC
V
t
RC
V
m m

RC
t
V
ra
(t)
V
IN
(t)
0 T
t
E
t
1
0
V
DC
tuyen tnh
Nh vay neu thoa man ieu kien cua mach tch phan nh tren th ien ap ngo
ra b cham pha 90
o
so vi ngo vao va bien o b giam xuong vi he so ty le la
RC
1
.
Nhng v du nay ch ra rang tch phan phai c s dung moat cach can trong.
Xac nh ieu kien tch phan thoa man co ngha la mot song sin ngo vao phai
c dch chuyen t nhat 89.4
0
, tng ng vi RC>15T.

V ngo ra la mot ham nho cua ngo vao(v yeu to 1/RC), can thiet phai co bo
khuech ai ngo ra. Cac bo tch phan hau nh luon luon hoan hao hn bo vi phan
trong cac ng dung tng t. V o li cua tch phan giam theo tan so trong khi
o o li cua vi phan giam tren danh ngha tuyen tnh theo tan so, de dang e on
nh tch phan hn la vi phan vi cac dao ong sai lech do o rong bang gii han
cua no, mot phep tch phan th t b anh hng bi nguon ien ap nhieu hn la
mot phep vi phan. Hn na, neu dang song ngo vao thay oi nhanh, bo khuech
ai cua vi phan co the qua tai.
Mach tch phan dung OpAmp
Mach Tch Phan ao
S o mach

Hnh 2.24
Thiet lap quan he vao ra
Vi i
1
= - i
2
Ma i
1
= ( ) ( )
( )
dt
t dv
C t i v v
R
v
R
v v
r v v
= = = =
2
, 0
Do o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= = dt t v
RC
1
t v
dt
t dv
C
R
t v
v r
v v

He so t le k =
RC
1
, hai linh kien R va C e tao hang so thi gian cua mach .
I
1
V
v
V
Ra
I
2
C

0
R
+
-
III. Cac bo suy hao (Attenuators)
Trong cac thiet b xung, thng gap nhng trng hp can phai lam suy giam
bt mot phan ien ap nao o e am bao cac ch tieu ky thuat e ra. Van e
quan trong la phai lam the nao e tn hieu au ra cua bo suy hao gi nguyen
dang song cua tn hieu vao, ch co bien o giam. Cac tn hieu khong sin co
chu ky, trong o co cha thanh phan tan so thap en tan so cao. Ta muon lay
ra mot phan tn hieu ma khong lam tang o rong sn va lam meo nh tn
hieu xung th he so phan ap phai khong phu thuoc tan so.
Cac bo phan ap co he so phan ap khong phu thuoc tan so co dang n gian
nhat c minh hoa tren hnh sau

Hnh 2.25a Hnh 2.25b
Vi hnh a ta co v
r
=
2 1
2
R R
R
+
v
V
Vi hnh b ta co v
r
=
2 1
2
C C
C
+
v
V

Trong thc te, thng co ien dung ky sinh mac song song vi ien tr R
2

(ien dung cua tang ke sau). Do o, ien ap ra se co o rong sn nhat nh,
cho du au vao la xung ch nhat ly tng. e khac phuc hien tng nay, tc
la lam he so phan ap khong phu thuoc tan so, ngi ta dung phng phap bu
meo. Muon vay, phai mac them tu C
1
song song vi R
1
nh hnh sau.

Hnh 2.26
R1
R2
C1
C2
V
V V
R
V
V
V
R
R1
C2
R2
C1
V
V
V
Ra
tan so thap (thanh phan DC), ty le phan ap la
2 1
2
R R
R
+

tan so vo cung ln ( ). Ty le phan ap hoan toan phu thuoc vao C
1
,
C
2
va co tr so la
2 1
1
C C
C
+

Muon t le phan ap chia cung t le cac tan so (ln, be, trung bnh) th :
2 1
2
R R
R
+
=
2 1
1
C C
C
+

Hay R
2
C
2
+ R
2
C
1
= R
1
C
1
+ R
2
C
1
R
2
C
2
= R
1
C
1

C
1
=
1
2
R
R
C
2
= C
p
Neu C
1
= C
p
: th bu ung.
Neu C
1
> C
p :
bu

lo .
Neu C
1
< C
p :
bu

thieu

Hnh 2.27

Vv(t)
v
r
(t)
v
v
(t)
v
r
(t)
v
v
(t)
MACH RLC
S o mach

Hnh 2.28
Xet ngo vao la ham bc
Bien oi nguon ap thanh nguon dong, ta co dang mach nh hnh sau

Hnh 2.29
Luc nay nguon dong co gia tr
i(t) =
R
E
u(t) , vi u(t) la ham bc n v
e tm hieu tac dung cua xung ot bien dong ien len mach RLC mac song
song, ta co the tm tac dung rieng le cua tng ot bien dong ien roi sau o
tong ket qua cua chung lai vi nhau. ay la dang mach dao ong RLC mac
song song.
Neu tai thi iem t = 0, au vao cua mach ot bien dong ien co bien o
R
E
.
Vi ieu kien ban au u
c
(0) = 0, i
L
(0) = 0, ta lap c phng trnh cho mach
nh sau:
Vi i(t) =
R
E
u(t) : i(p) =
R
E
p
1

Phng trnh nut, ta co
i(p) =
R
E
p
1
=
+ + pC
pL R
p v
ra
1 1
) (
1
2
L C
R
V
V V
Ra
1
2
L
R
E/R C

2
0
2
2 2
1
1 1
1
) (
+ +
=
+ +
=
p p RC
E
LC RC
p p
RC
E
p v
ra
(*)
vi
RC RC 2
1 1
2 = =

LC
LC
1 1
0
2
0
= =
Phng trnh (*) co mau so triet tieu ng vi 0 2
2
0
2
= + + p p co nghiem

2
0
2
2 2
2 , 1
1
4
1
2
1
= =
LC C R RC
p

2
0
2
=

) )( (
1
) (
2 1
p p p p RC
E
p v
ra

=

Co 3 trng hp
Trng hp > 0 th p
1
, p
2
la hai nghiem thc
Ta co : v
r
(p) =
) p p )( p p (
1
.
RC
E
2 1

=
2 1 2 1
p p
1
).
p p
1
p p
1
(
RC
E

=
2 1
p p
A
2 1
p p
1
p p
1

Vi A =
RC
E
= Const
Lay Laplace ngc cua v
r
(p) , ta c
v
r
(t )

=
-1
( ) { } p v
r
}=
2 1
p p
A
(
t p t p
e e
2 1
)
ng cong ien ap ra c ve nh sau :
Hnh 2.30

Qua hnh ve ta thay, gian o thi gian cua ien ap ra co dang mot xung n
hng va la hieu cua hai ham so mu e
p
1
t , e
p
2
t .
Trng hp= 0, khi o p
1
= p
2
= -
Ta co : v
r
(p) =
2
) p (
1
RC
E
+

Bien oi Laplace ngc ta c:
v
r
(t)

=
-1
( ) { } p v
r
=
t t
e t B e t
RC
E

= . . . .
Vi B = E/RC = const
Gian o thi gian cua ien ap ra

Hnh 2.31
Trng hp< 0, khi o
1
2
2
0
0 = = <
p
1,2
= - j
1

v
r
(p) =
2
1
2
1
1
) (
.

+ + p
RC
E

Lay Laplace ngc ta c :
v
r
(t)

=

-1
( ) { } p v
r
= t e
C
t e
RC
E
t t
1
.
1
1
.
1
sin sin

=
Vi C = E/RC = const.
Gian o thi gian cua ien ap ra:

Hnh 2.32

Qua hnh ve ta thay, khi tac dung len au vao cua mach dao ong RLC, mac
song song, mot ot bien dong ien trong mach se phat sinh dao ong co bien
o suy giam dan la do s ton tai ien tr phan mach R va ien tr ban than
cuon day.
Neu cang ln, dao ong tat dan cang nhanh, bien o ban au la
C/
1
=
2
2
0
C

cang ln.
Ngc lai, he so suy giam cang nho th dao ong tat dan cham hn, nhng
bien o ban au be.

Bi tp chng 2
1. Cho mach ien sau

Ve ien ap tren ien tr va tren tu ng vi cac gia tr R nh sau:
a. R=100
b. R=1K
c. R=10K
2. Cho mach ien sau

Vi V
V
(t) la chuoi xung vuong co bien o 0 va 5V, f = 1Khz
Ve u
C
(t) va u
R
(t) vi 1 xung au khi
a. q = 10%
b. q = 40%
c. q = 80%
3. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s V
s V
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi [ ] ) 3 ( ) 2 ( 5 ) ( = t u t u t V
IN

12V
0V
C
0.1uF
1ms
R
V
v
(t)
10K
R
C
1uF
R
L
V
IN V
OUT
c. V dng sng v
L
(t) v i
L
(t)
d. Tm iu kin
dt
t dV
t V
IN
IN
) (
) ( =
e. Xc nh gi tr R, L nu thi gian ly vi phn l 5ms
4. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s I
s I
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi ) 2 ( 5 ) ( = t r t I
IN

c. Tm iu kin
dt
t dV
t V
IN
IN
) (
) ( =
d. Xc nh gi tr R, L nu thi gian ly vi phn l 5ms
5. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s I
s I
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi
t
IN
e t I

= 5 ) (
c. Tm iu kin
dt
t dV
t V
IN
IN
) (
) ( =
d. Xc nh gi tr R, C nu thi gian ly vi phn l 2ms
6. Cho mch in sau

R
L
i
IN
I
OUT
R C
i
IN
I
OUT
C
L
V
IN V
OUT

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s V
s V
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi ) 1 ( 5 ) (
t
IN
e t I

=
7. Cho mch in sau, chng minh
dt
dV
K t V
IN
OUT
= ) (

8. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s V
s V
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi [ ] ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 ) ( + = t u t u t V
IN

c. V dng sng v
L
(t) v v
R
(t)
d. Tm iu kin
=
0
0
) ( ) (
t
IN IN
dt t V K t V
e. Xc nh gi tr R, L nu thi gian ly tch phn l 5ms
9. Cho mch in sau

V
IN
V
OUT
C2
0
R1
+
-
C1
R2
R
L
V
IN V
OUT
R
L
i
IN
I
OUT

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s I
s I
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi ) 2 ( 3 ) ( + = t r t I
IN

c. Tm iu kin
=
0
0
) ( ) (
t
IN IN
dt t V K t V
d. Xc nh gi tr R, L nu thi gian ly tch phn l 5ms
10. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s I
s I
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi ) 2 ( 3 ) (
) 2 (
=

t u e t I
t
IN

c. Tm iu kin
=
0
0
) ( ) (
t
IN IN
dt t V K t V
d. Xc nh gi tr R, C nu thi gian ly tch phn l 3ms
11. Cho mch in sau

a. Tm hm truyn
) (
) (
) (
s V
s V
s G
IN
OUT
= , y l mch lc g
b. Tm p ng ra khi ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 3 ) (
) 2 (
+ =
+
t u e t I
t
IN

R C
i
IN
I
OUT
C
L
V
IN V
OUT
12. Cho mch in sau, chng minh ( ) ( )
+ + = dt V K V K V K t v
OUT 3 3 2 2 1 1

13. Cho mch in sau, chng minh ( ) ( )
= dt V V K t v
OUT 1 2

14. Cho mch in sau, chng minh ( )

= dt t V K t v
IN OUT
) (

V
IN
V
OUT
R
C
R1
0
R1
R
+
-
V
1
V
2
V
3
C

R3
R1
+
-
R2
0
V
out
V
1
V
2
C2
R2
+
-
R1
C1
V
OUT
15. Cho mch tch phn t l PI (Proportional Intergrated) sau
Chng minh
+ = dt t V K t V K t V
IN IN OUT
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1

16. Cho mch vi tch phn t l PID (Proportional Integrated Differential) sau
Chng minh
+ + = dt t V K
dt
dV
K V K t V
IN
IN
IN OUT
) ( ) (
3 2 1

V
IN
V
OUT
C

0
+
-
R1
R1
V
v
V
Ra
C2
0
R1
+
-
R2
C1
6h00h 8.
6h0YEh Mk6h IEh T0

Cac linh kien ien t nh diode, transistor, en chan khong c goi la cac linh
kien chuyen mach v chung co hai vung hoat ong: vung tat va vung dan.
vung tat, cac linh kien chuyen mach c xem nh khong dan ien/dan ien
vung phan cc nghch/bao hoa. Do o, muon hieu ro nguyen ly hoat ong cac
mach bien oi xung, trc het can nam vng ve cau truc va ban chat ly thuyet
cua nhng linh kien tren.
Khao sat cac phan t 2 che o: che o xac lap va che o qua o
I. 6hE 0 Xk6 LkF
1. Ioda
ng ac Tnh Cua Diode va mach tng ng
Quan he Volts Amperes cua Diode c mo ta nh sau:

= 1
0
nkT
qv
D
D
e I i (1)
Cac so hang trong phng trnh c nh ngha nh sau :
i
D
: Dong qua diode (A)
v
d
: Hieu ien the ri tren Diode (V)
I
o
: Dong bao hoa ngc
q : ien tch electron, 1,6.10
-19
J/V ( C )
k : Hang so Boltzmann , 1,38.10
-23
J/
o
k
T : Nhiet o tuyet oi (
o
K)
n : Hang so kinh nghiem , 1 n 2
nhiet o phong (300
o
K)
V
T
= k.T/q = 25 (mV)
Do o phng trnh (1) co the viet lai la
= 1
0
T
D
nV
v
D
e I i (2)
Phng trnh (2) cho ta thay:
Neu v
D
V
T
th dong i
D
la dong bao hoa nghch -I
o
, I
0
hau nh khong phu
thuoc ien ap phan cc nghch
Tuy theo cach che tao I
0
nA oi vi Si va I
0
A oi vi Ge
I
0
rat nhay vi nhiet o: tang 2 lan khi T tang 6
0
C oi vi Si, va khi T tang
10
0
C oi vi Ge
Mach tng ng diode phan cc nghch la

Hoac

neu v
D
> V
T
va hoat ong nhiet o 25
o
C th dong ien thuan cua Diode
c gian lc nh sau:

=
T
D
nV
v
D
e I i
0

Nhng phng trnh tren c minh hoa hnh sau cho ca hai vat lieu
Sillicon va Germanium.

Hnh 3.1: ac tuyen Volts- Amperes
A K
R
Io
A K
ac tuyen thc cua Diode co dang ham mu. Khi phan cc thuan moi noi p-n,
ben phai ac tuyen V-A, th ien tr tiep xuc cua chat lieu ban dan t le
thuan vi ien tr thuan. Khi phan cc nghch moi noi p-n, ben trai ac tuyen
V-A, th dong ien r I
o
t le nghch vi ien tr nghch. Khi Diode chu mot
ien ap ngc ln se lam pha huy tiep giap p-n.
ien ap ri tren Diode khi c phan cc thuan la
V

= 0,1
v
en 0,3
v
(chon 0,2
v
) , oi vi Diode loai Ge.
V

= 0,6
v
en 0,8
v

(chon 0,7
v
) , oi vi Diode loai Si.
Mach tng cua Diode khi c phan cc thuan la:

r
d
: ien tr ong
r
d
= nV
T
/ (i
D
+ I
o
) nV
T
/ i
D

Diode ly tng co r
d
= 0 va V
= 0.
Trong khi s dung diode P-N lam chuyen mach che o xac lap phan cc
thuan, tuy trng hp ta co the xem nh

Z. Ioda on ap ban dan (dIoda tanar)
a. ai cng

Hnh 3.2
N
P
A
K
Si
+ pha tap chat ac biet
r
d
V

Diode ly tng
A
K
K
A
A
K
K
A
r
d
V

V

V
V
z
I
zmin
I
ZMax
I
0

V
Dz
I
Dz
A
K
Moi noi P-N c che tao ac biet e co ac tuyen V-A nh hnh ve
Khi phan cc thuan
Diode Zener hoat ong nh diode nan ien Si bnh thng V
= 0.6V
Khi phan cc nghch
Khi V < V
Z
th I
zener
= I
0
dong bao hoa
Khi V > V
Z
th V
D
= V
Z

Cac gia tr gii han
S dung diode Zener ta phai quan tam en
V
Z

P
Zmax
hay I
Zmax
(dong toi a qua zener)
Nha san xuat thng cho P
Zmax

Thong thng V
Z
= 2200V
P
Zmax
= 0.5W 100W
Chu y
Khi s dung diode zener luon luon phai co ien tr han che dong (ien tr
xac nh dong)

Hnh 3.3

L L
Z
I I
V V
R
2 . 0 +
=
T o tnh c cong suat tren zener la
Z L
Z
DZ
V I
R
V V
P .
=

0.2.I
L
R
I
L
V
R
L
b. Mach tng ng
T o ta co mach tng ng nh sau:

Hnh 3.4

I
V
R
Z
=
8. TransIsIor
Transistor thuoc ho linh kien ba cc, bao gom hai ban dan loai p va mot ban
dan loai n oi vi loai PNP, hai ban dan loai n va mot ban dan loai p oi vi
loai NPN.
S o ky hieu cua Transistor c mo ta hnh 1.8.
Chieu dong ien c qui c theo chieu cua mui ten.

Ky hieu
B
E
C
NPN
Ky hieu
B
C
E
PNP

Hnh 3.5

I
V
I
V
V

V
z
V

Mo hnh
PCN

Mo hnh
PCT

Vz
Rz
ng cong ac tnh cua Transistor c bieu dien nh sau

Hnh 3.6
ng ac tnh nay la ng cong ac tnh Collector Emitter, vi thong so
ngo vao la dong i
B
va v
BE
theo quan he nh sau i
B
= f(v
BE
) va thong so ngo ra
la i
C
va v
CE
theo quan he nh sau i
C
= f(v
CE
).
Nhn tren ng ac tnh

ta co the phan

thanh ba vung lam viec cua
Transistor nh sau :
Vung tat
Transistor ri vao vung hoat ong nay khi thoa man ieu kien sau: Moi noi
BE phai c phan cc nghch . Khi o, cac thong so ngo ra la dong i
C
gan
nh bang 0 va ien ap v
CE
gan bang V
CC
.

`

Hnh 3.7
I
E
= 0
B
C
E
I
CO
R
L
R
L
C
Vcc Vcc
Vout = Vcc neu R
L
>> Rc
Rb
E
Rc Rc
Transistor c xem la tat hoan toan neu I
E
= 0
Xet trng hp khi I
B
= 0 transistor co tat khong?
oi vi transistor, co quan he
I
C
= -I
E
+ I
Co
I
B
+ I
C
= I
E
Khi I
B
= 0

=
1
CO
C
I
I
Neu BJT thuoc ho Ge: 1 I
C
rat ln: khong tat
e BJT tat ta phai cng bc bang cach phan cc nghch moi noi BE
Neu BJT thuoc ho Si: 0 I
C
= I
CO
:tat
Vung khuech ai
Transistor hoat ong trong vung khuech ai khi moi noi BE c phan cc
thuan (V
B
> V
E
) va moi noi BC c phan cc nghch (V
C
>V
B
).
che o nay th I
B
= I
C

Vi la he so o li dong DC, gia tr ien hnh cua bien thien trong
pham vi t 20 en 800 tuy theo loai Transistor.
Vung khyech ai a c khao sat trong cac tai lieu ve ien t 1, 2. Trong
phan chuyen mach se ch khao sat 2 che o tat va bao hoa
Vung bao hoa
Transistor lam viec vung bao hoa can thoa man cac ieu kien sau:
Moi noi BC va moi noi BE eu c phan cc thuan.

Hnh 3.8
B
C
E
Vcc
Rc
C
R
L
Rt
E
Rb
Rc
Vcc
Vout = 0

Transistor ri vao vung bao hoa khi ngo vao phai c cung cap tn hieu u
ln sao cho ien ap tai cc nen (V
B
)

ln hn mot mc ngng e Transistor
phan cc bao hoa. Mc ien ap ngng nay la V
BEsat
, no co tr so tuy thuoc
vao tng loai chat ban dan .
V
BEsat
= 0,7
V
en 0,8
V
, Transistor loai Si
V
BEsat
= 0.3
V
, Transistor loai Ge
Khi s dung che o chuyen mach, Transistor thong thng mac theo dang E
chung ( mac CE ).
Khao sat mot dang mach mac CE lam viec che o bao hoa.

Hnh 3.9
trang thai bao hoa : V
C
= V
CEsat
0.1 0.2V
I
Csat
c tnh theo cong thc sau : I
Csat
=
Rc
V V
CEsat CC

.
Khi a co dong ien tai I
C
, ta phai tnh dong ien can thiet cap cho cc nen
B, nham chon tr so R
B
thch hp. Ta xac nh I
Bsat
theo bieu thc :
I
Bsat
=
1
.I
Csat
Trng

hp can cho Transistor lam viec che o bao hoa sau, th co the tnh
I
B
theo cong thc: I
Bsat
=
Csat
I
.k ,Trong o, k la he so bao hoa sau (k =
2 5).
Khi Transistor bao hoa, cac gia tr I
Bsat
va I
Csat
, eu do mach ngoai quyet
nh
Ta co the xac nh R
B
theo cong thc sau
R
B
=
Bsat
BEsat
I
V V

Rb
0
Vbb
0
Vcc
Rc
4. 0pkmp (0paraIIonaIkmpIIIIar)
Op-amp la loai linh kien c ng dung pho bien trong lnh vc ien t. Gan
nh moi chc nang trong lnh vc nay eu co the dung Op-amp e thc hien.
Chang han, thc hien cac phep tnh: Cong, tr , tch phan trong may tnh
tng t, lam thanh phan nong cot trong cac mach khuech ai, mach o, bo
dao ong, mach tao am, mach cam bien.
Op-amp la loai linh kien c tch hp, gom hai ngo vao: ao va khong ao,
mot ngo ra. Op-amp hoat ong c phai can cung cap cap nguon ien ap
oi xng dng va am, iem gia cua cap nguon nay c xem la mass
(0V). Do vay, tn hieu ngo ra cua bo khuech ai thuat toan co the bien oi
ca ve pha dng hay pha am so vi mass.
Ky hieu va s o tng ng cua OpAmp nh sau:

Hnh 3.10
Mo hnh gom mot nguon ap phu thuoc (phu thuoc vao ien ap ngo vao), tr
khang ngo vao (R
in
) va tr khang ngo ra (R
o
).
ien ap vao vi sai v
d
= v
+
- v
-

Tr khang ngo vao cua Op-amp tng ng nh mot ien tr.
ien ap ngo ra t le thuan vi ien ap ngo vao, va ta bieu th he so t le nay
la o li vong h (G). V vay, ien ap ngo ra khuech ai G lan ien ap vao
vi sai va c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
v
o
= G (v
+
- v
-
) = G .v
d

Op-amp ly tng co nhng ac iem nh sau:
Tr khang ngo vao, R
in
=
Tr khang ngo ra, R
o
= 0
o l vong h, G
Bang thong BW
v
o
= 0, khi v
+
= v
-
Ta co v
+
- v
-
= v
o
/G (*)
V G , do o phng trnh (*) c viet lai nh sau: v
+
- v
-
= 0 v
+
= v
-

-Vcc
V+
V-
Vout
+
-
+Vcc
Ro
V+
Rin Vout
V-
Bi

ien tr ngo vao R
in
, nen dong ien chay vao hai ngo vao ao va
khong ao la zero i
+
= i
-
= 0
Tuy thuoc ien ap hai ngo vao nay so sanh vi nhau ma Op-amp se lam
viec mot trong hai trang thai sau:
Neu v
+
> v
-
th v
o
= +V, goi la trang thai bao hoa dng .
Neu v
+
< v
-
th v
o
= -V, goi la trang thai bao hoa am.
Hai trang thai bao hoa nay tng ng vi ngo ra cua Op-amp hai mc
ien ap cao va ien ap thap, e tao ra cac xung ien.
ac tuyen truyen c the hien nh sau

Hnh 3.11
II. 6hE 0 0k 0
Trong phan nay chu yeu nghien cu cac hien tng xay ra trong qua trnh
chuyen mach (luc qua o). Se khong i qua sau ve ban chat vat ly ma chu
yeu neu hien tng va e ra bien phap cai thien dang song ra
1. Ioda ban dan Fh
a. ai cng

Hnh 3.12

V
V
I
D
t
V
v
+V
-V
0
t
I
D
T
R
R
V
+
0
T
R
R
V
I
0
T
1
T
2
Anh hng do hat
tai ien thieu so

Anh hng do
ien dung C
D
R
L

Do anh hng cua hat tai ien thieu so trong thi gian T
1
nen diode cha tat
hoan toan, dang cua dong ien nh hnh ben
Thi gian T
1
khoang 0.1 s va tang khi
t
R
V
ln
T
2
gap vai lan T
1
b. Cai thien
Tot nhat nen dung diode chuyen mach (switching diode)
Neu khong, them tu C (thng do nha che tao cung cap thong so) e giam
anh hng cua tu C
d
nh sau

Hnh 3.13
Z. TransIsIor Z moI noI
Qua trnh qua o xay ra trong BJT la phc tap. ay ch khao sat cac yeu to
gay nen s meo dang cua xung ra
a. Thi gian chuyen mach

Hnh 3.14

t
V
r
0
I
0
t
V
v
V
1
-V
2
0
t
I
B
V
1
-V
2
0
t
I
C
1
0.9I
Cbh
2
3
4

5

6

0.1I
Cbh
I
Cbh
Cd
C RL
V
V
V
1
-V
2
0
Rc
Vcc
Rb
Thi gian m (3) bao gom
Thi gian tre t
d
(1) la thi gian can thiet e V
v
tang t 0 en V

Thi gian len t
r
(2) chu yeu phu thuoc ien dung ngo vao C
V
cua BJT
Thi gian tat (6) bao gom
Thi gian ton tr t
S
(4), thi gian can thiet e xa ien tch tha khi bao
hoa. Bao hoa cang sau th t
S
cang ln
Thi gian xuong t
f
(5) chu yeu do anh hng ien dung C
V
ngo vao cua
BJT
b. Cai thien song ra
S dung BJT chuyen mach, hay BJT cao tan co f
T
cao
Co the cai thien thi gian tre t
d
neu V
V
la dang song vuong sac canh
Cai thien t
r
va t
f
. Ngoai viec V
V
la song vuong co canh len va canh
xuong sac canh ta co the dung tu tang toc (speed up capacitor) mac song
song vi R
B
(giong y niem cau phan ap)

Hnh 3.15
Gia tr cua C
b
c vai pF va thng c nha san xuat cung cap
Cai thien thi gian ton tr t
S
bang cach khong cho BJT bao hoa sau, noi
dung cua PP nay la
Khi BJT bao hoa, ca 2 moi noi BC va BE eu phan cc thuan, nh vay
V
B
> V
C
hay V
B
V
C
+ V

Mac them 1 mach ghim ien ap (se hoc chng 4) nh sau

0
Vcc
Rb
Cb
Cv
0
Rc

Hnh 3.16
Mach ghim co tac dung ngan khong cho V
BC
tang qua lam cho BJT bao
hoa sau
Ngoai ra con s dung diode Schottky hay transistor Schottky e tang toc
o chuyen mach

0.3V
Bai tap chng 3
1. Cho mach nh sau

I
B
= 0.2mA
a. Xac nh
min
e BJT bao hoa
b. Neu thay R
C
= 220 va s dung transistor co
min
=60 tai I
C
= 50mA. Mach
co bao hoa khong
2. Neu BJT cua bai 1 co
min
=60, I
Co
= 50nA, R
C
= 1K
Tm cong suat nhiet cua BJT khi
a. BJT tat
b. BJT bao hoa
c. V
CE
=2V
3. Tm quan he Y theo A, B. Biet diode co 0 ; 6 , 0 = =
D
r V

Rb
0
Vcc=10V
Rc=1K
(a)
0
R
A
B Y
(b)
A
B
+5V
Y
R
4. Tm quan he Y theo A, B biet BJT la loai Si, V
= 0.6, = 100

(a)
A
Y
0
10K
Vcc=+5V
Rc=1K
(b)
10K
A
0
Vcc=+5V
Rc=1K
10K
B
Y
(c) 10K
Rc=1K Rc=1K
0
B
0
A
10K
Vcc=+5V
Y
6h00h 4.
Mk6h XEh, Mk6h 80 8khh

I. khkI hIEM
Trong he thong tuyen tnh, khi mot tn hieu dang sin tac ong ngo vao,
ngo ra khong b bien dang. nhng he thong nay, cac linh kien c dung
la nhng phan t tuyen tnh. oi vi nhng phan t khong tuyen tnh (phi
tuyen ) ac tuyen Volt-Ampere khong la ng thang. ac tnh khong tuyen
tnh c ap dung trong viec bien oi dang song ngo vao. Dang song nay
rat hu dung trong nhng ng dung ky thuat xung.
Mot dang mach c khao sat trong chng nay ma dang song ra khong
tuyen tnh goi la mach xen (clipping). Mach xen cung c xem tng
ng nh mot mach gii han, mach chon ien ap, hay mach chon bien o.
Mach han che bien o la mach ma tn hieu au ra lap lai tn hieu au vao
khi ien ap au vao cha vt qua mot gia tr nao o goi la ngng cua
mach han che, con ngc lai ien ap au ra se gi nguyen mot gia tr khong
oi khi ien ap au vao vt ra ngoai ngng han che cua mach. Gia tr
khong oi o goi la mc han che.
Mot mach xen c nh ngha nh mot mach han che bien o ien ap bi
s cat bo nhng thanh phan khong can thiet cua dang song ngo vao. S cat
bo nay co the thc hien ben tren hoac ben di cua tn hieu ngo vao mot
mc nao o.
Mach xen la mot mang hai ca, co ng ac tnh la nhng ng gay ly
tng, co mot ng nghieng i qua hoac khong i qua goc toa o, mot hay
hai ng nam ngang co nhiem vu loai bo nhng thanh phan khong can thiet
cua tn hieu ngo vao. Ngo ra quan he vi ngo vao theo phng trnh: v
r
=
f(v
v
).

Cac dang ac tuyen vao ra co the co nh sau

Hnh 4.1
Ve thc chat mach xen ong vai tro nh mot chuyen mach ien t
(switching). Neu nh khoa mac noi tiep vi tai th tn hieu se i qua khi
khoa ong va b chan lai khi khoa m, tc la ong vai tro cua mot phan t
phi tuyen. e thc hien yeu cau o, ngi ta dung cac phan t khong tuyen
tnh nh: Diode, Transistor, Op-amp. Rieng mach han che dung Transistor
va Op-amp, ngoai nhiem vu cat bo nhng thanh phan khong can thiet con
khuech ai tn hieu, nen con goi la mach han che khuech ai.
Nhng yeu cau cua mach xen la o sac khi cat, o on nh cua ngung. ieu
nay phu thuoc vao nhng phan t phi tuyen c s dung.
II. Mk6h XEh V0I I0E LY T00h
Theo cach mac cua Diode, chia mach xen dung Diode thanh hai loai song
song va noi tiep.
Mach han che noi tiep co Diode c mac noi tiep vi tai
Mach han che song song co Diode c noi song song vi tai.
Theo chc nang, mach xen noi tiep va song song c chia thanh hai loai
xen am, xen dng va mach xen hai pha.
Xen am la cat bo thanh phan am cua dang song tn hieu vao va ch gi lai
thanh phan dng
Xen dng la cat bo thanh phan dng cua dang song tn hieu vao va ch
gi lai phan am
Xen hai pha la cat bo ca thanh phan am va thanh phan dng cua tn hieu
vao mot mc nao o.
1. Marh xan song song
a. Mach Xen Dng
Mach gom cac phan t nh ien tr R, nguon V
DC
, Diode.
Gia s tn hieu vao la dang song sin, co bien o max la V. Khao sat mot so
dang mach xen c ban nh sau :
Dang mach 1

Hnh 4.2
Dang mach 2

Hnh 4.4
Ngng xen V
DC
= V
R
Vv Vr
Vdc
Vr
Vv
R
B
A
C
Dang mach 3

Hnh 4.6
b. Mach Xen Am
Xet tn hieu ngo vao la dang song sin co bien o max la V
Dang mach 1

Hnh 4.8

A
Vv
C
Vdc
Vr
R
B
Vv Vr
R
Dang mach 2

Hnh 4.10
Dang mach 3

Hnh 4.12
R
Vr
Vv
Vdc
C
B
A
R
B
Vv
Vr
A
Vdc
C
Z. Marh xan noI IIap
Ta khao sat tn hieu ngo vao ay la dang hnh sin co bien o max la V.
Cac dang mach c ban c trnh bay nh sau:
a. Mach Xen Am
Dang mach 1

Hnh 4.14
Dang mach 2

Hnh 4.16
Vv Vr R
Vr R
Vdc B A
Vv
Dang mach 3

Hnh 4.18

b. Mach Xen Dng
Dang mach 1

Hnh 4.20

R Vr
B
C
Vdc
Vv
A
Vv R Vr
Dang mach 2

Hnh 4.22
Dang mach 3

Hnh 4.24

-V
DC
Vv
Vdc
R Vr
B
C
A
C
B
R Vr Vv
A
Vdc
III. Mk6h XEh V0I I0E Th06 TE
oi vi Diode thc te, khi phan cc thuan th co dang tng ng nh sau:

1. V

Khi V

so sanh c vi V
v
, nhat la vi V
DC
, th ta phai ke V

vao mach.
Trng hp nay thng la mach s dung Diode loai Si, co v

= 0,6
V
, va
nguon V
DC
be.
Khi V
DC
>> V
, th ta co the bo qua V

Ta xet dang mach ma trong o V

so sanh c vi V
DC

Hnh 4.26
ay la dang mach xen song song, co V
v
= 8 sint
Neu V
V
> V
+ V
DC
= 2,6
v
, th Diode dan, tn hieu vao c truyen en ngo
ra , luc nay ta co V
R
= V
DC
+ V

= 2,6 (V).
Neu v
v
< V

+ V
DC
= 2,6( v), th Diode ngng dan, do o V
r
= V
v
= 8 sint.
2. r
d

Khi D dan th ton tai ien tr thuan r
d
(ien tr ong), r
d
so sanh c vi R
(ien tr tai), luc o tn hieu ra se b meo khong con sac sao na.

V

r
d
A K K A
V
= 0,6
V
DC
=2V
R
Vv Vr
Cac dang meo co the gap nh sau
Trng hp a

Hnh 4.27a
Trng hp b

Hnh 4.27b
Chng minh
Xet trng hp a, mach tng ng cua diode D khi D la Diode thc te.
Phan cc thuan

Phan cc nghch

Vi gia s R
ng
hay R
ng
>> R (ieu nay phu hp vi thc te nhat la khi
diode la loai Si)
Khi V
v
<

V
DC
+ V

, diode phan cc nghch, D tat
V
r
= V
v
hay 1 =
v
r
v
v

I
V
I
o
I

V
r
d
=
I
V
=
ng
ng
ng
I
V
R
A K
Io
Rng
Vdc
Vr
R
Vv
Vv
R
Vdc
Vr
r
d
V

A K
Khi V
v

V
DC
+ V

, D

phan cc thuan D dan, luc nay
V
ra
= V
DC
+ V

+ V
r d
(*)
Ta co , V
r d
= i. r
d

ma i =
d
DC
d
v
d
DC v
r R
V V
r R
v
r R
V V v
+
+
+
=
+
+
1
). (
1
.
) (

Phng trnh (*) ) ( ). ( .
r DC
d
d
DC
d
d
v ra
V V
r R
r
V V
r R
r
v v + +
+
+
+
=

+
+ +
+
=
d
d
DC
d
d
v ra
r R
r
V V
r R
r
v v 1 ). ( .

d
DC
d
d
v ra
r R
R
V V
r R
r
v v
+
+ +
+
= ). ( .

Neu r
d
<< R (th du r
d
= 5, R = 1M) th 1
+
d
r R
R
th quan he gia
ien ap ra va ien ap vao la:
r DC v ra
V V
R
v v + + =
1
. , neu R ln th 0
1
R
, do o V
R
= V
DC
+ V

Neu r
d
co the so sanh vi R (VD r
d
= 5, R=10) th quan he vao - ra
d
DC
d
d
v r
r R
R
V V
r R
r
v v
+
+ +
+
= ). ( .

= V'
r
o doc la
d
d
r R
r
+

Hnh 4.28
V'
r
3. Anh Hng Cua ien Dung Lien Cc C
d

Gia hai cc cua Diode ton tai mot ien dung lien cc. ien dung nay cung
lam dang song ra b meo.
Chung ta khao sat s anh hng cua tu C
d
en dang song ngo ra.
Xet dang mach sau

Hnh 4.29
Giai thch hoat ong
Khi V
v
= 5(v) th D phan cc thuan, D dan, do o tu C
d
va C
2
c nap vi
thi hang nap la
1
= r
d
(C
d
+ C
2
).
Khi v
v
= - 5(v) th D ngng dan tu C
2
xa qua R vi thi hang la
2
= RC
2
,
ma
1
<
2
(v R >> r
d
), thi gian xa het lau hn so vi thi gian nap ay.
IV. Mk6h XEh 0 Z M06 06 LkF
Mach nay la dang mach ghep hai mach xen song song vi nhau. e thc
hien mach nay, ta co the dung hai ngng xen V
B1
, V
B2
va ket hp vi hai
Diode, hoac co the dung hai Diode Zener. Nhiem vu cua mach nay la loai
bo bt ca hai thanh phan tren va di cua tn hieu ngo vao.
Khao sat mot so dang mach xen hai mc oc lap c ban nh sau:

Trng hp khong ke
qua trnh qua o va anh
hng cua C
2
, C
d
.
Trng hp anh
hng cua C
2
, C
d

C2
Cd
Rt
1. Dang mach dung diode

Hnh 4.30
Tn hieu vao la dang sin co v
i
= 9 sin t, va gia thuyet la V

= 0, r
d
= 0
(Diode ly tng)

Hnh 4.31
2. Dang mach dung diode zener

Hnh 4.32
V
B2
=4V V
B1
=3V

10k R1
Vr
Vv
D1 D2 5k
V
1
V
2
D2
D1
Vr Vv
R

Hnh 4.33

Hnh 2
1 1k
Z
VIn VouI
Bai tap
1. Ve ac tuyen vao-ra va dang song ra cua mach sau

2. Cho mach sau vi 18sin
in
V t = , 0,7 , 8
Z
V V V V
= =
Ve ac tuyen vao ra (V
in
-V
out
) va dang song V
in
, V
out

ng vi
a). R
2
= 0
b). R
2
= 0.5K
c). R
2
= 2.2K
3. Cho mach sau vi t V
in
sin 10 = , V V V V
Z
3 , 7 , 0 = =
,r
D
=0.
Ve ac tuyen vao-ra va dang song V
in
(t)

, V
OUT
(t) ng vi
a). R
2
= 0
b). R
2
= 220

4. Cho mach sau vi t V
in
sin 10 = , V V V V
Z
3 , 6 , 0 = =

Ve ac tuyen vao ra (V
in
-V
out
) va dang song V
in
(t)

,
V
OUT
(t) ng vi
a). r
D
= 0
b). r
D
= 0,5K; R=1K
5. Cho mach sau. Ve cac dang song ien ap ngo ra V
r
(t) khi ien ap ngo vao
V
in
(t) la ien ap khu vc, dang sin, tan so 50Hz, 220V hieu dung, biet cac Diode
ban dan va on ap eu co V =0,6V ; V
Z
= 6V
a). r
D
= 0
b). r
D
= 0,5K

+16V
-16V
1 2
R
Vr
Vv
Si
4V
C
B
A

1,Zk
VIn
VouI
1
Hnh 2

VIn VouI

Hnh 2
Hnh 2A
Hnh 2B
V
rA
(t)
10K
Vin(t)
DZ
Vin(t)
10K
V
rB
(t)
DZ D
6h00h 6.
Mk6h kEF
I. khkI hIEM
Mach kep hay con goi la mach ghim ien ap, mach dch mc DC cua tn
hieu AC at en mot mc xac nh, ma khong b bien dang song. Mach kep
c da tren c s nh mot mach phuc hoi thanh phan ien ap DC. No
dung e on nh nen hoac nh cua tn hieu xung mot mc xac nh nao o
bang hoac khac khong.
Nh vay mach se kep tn hieu nhng mc DC khac nhau
Dang song ien ap co the b dch mot mc, do nguon ien ap khong phu
thuoc c cong vao. Mach kep van hanh dch mc, nhng nguon cong vao
khong ln hn dang song oc lap. Lng dch phu thuoc vao dang song hien
thi.
Mach kep can co:
Tu C ong vai tro phan t tch nang lng
Diode D ong vai tro khoa
ien tr R
Nguon DC tao mc DC
Hai loai mach kep chnh: Mach kep Diode va Transistor. Dang nay ghim
mc bien o dng hoac mc bien o am, va cho phep ngo ra m rong ch
theo mot hng t mc chuan. Mach kep khoa (ong bo) duy tr ngo ra tai
mot so mc co nh cho en khi c cung cap xung ong bo va luc o ngo
ra mi c cho phep lien he vi dang song ngo vao.
ieu kien mach kep: Gia tr R va C phai c chon e hang so thi gian
= RC u ln e sut ap qua tu khong qua ln
Trong phan ly thuyet nay ta xem tu nap ay sau 3
n
va tu xa het sau 3
x
Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac mach ghim ien ap da tren viec ng dung hien
tng thien ap, bang cach lam cho cac hang so thi gian phong va nap cua
tu trong mach khac han nhau.

II. Mk6h kEF 0h I0E LY T00h
Loai mach kep n gian s dung mot Diode ket hp vi mach RC. Tu C
ong vai tro la phan t tch - phong nang lng ien trng, Diode D ong
vai tro la khoa ien t , con nguon DC tao mc chuan.
Cac gia tr R va C phai chon thch hp, e hang so thi gian = RC u ln
nham lam sut ap qua tu C khong qua ln hoac tu C khong c xa ien
nhanh.
Tu nap ay va phong ien het trong thi gian 3 en 5, ay cac Diode
c xem la ly tng.
1. Marh hIm nh Tran 6ua Tn hIau 0 Mur khong
Dang mach
Xet tn hieu vao la chuoi xung co bien o max la V
m

Hnh 5.1
ay la mach kep nh tren cua tn hieu mc ien ap la 0
v
. ien tr R co
gia tr ln, vi nhiem vu la nham khac phuc nhc iem: Khi bien o tn
hieu vao giam th mat kha nang ghim nh tren cua tn hieu vao mc
khong.
Giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong
Vv
C
R
D
Vra
Thi iem t 0 en t
1
, thi iem ton tai xung dng au tien, v
v
= V
m
, Diode
D dan, tu C c nap ien qua Diode (khong qua R, v ien tr thuan cua D
rat nho), cc am cua tu tai iem A, tu nap vi hang so thi gian la:

n
= CR
d
= 0
V
C
= +V
m
(tu nap ay tc thi)
luc nay V
r
= V
v
- V
c
= 0
Thi iem t t
1
en t
2
, thi iem ma ngo vao ton tai xung am, V
V
= -V
m
,
Diode b phan cc nghch, D ngng dan, luc nay tu C phong ien qua R, co
dang mach tng ng nh hnh ve.

Thi hang phong ien la
f
= CR , thi gian nay rat ln so vi khoang thi
gian t t
1
en t
2 ,
do vay tu C cha kp xa ma van con tch lai mot lng ien
ap la V
c
= V
m
.
Do vay, v
r
= v
v
- v
c
= -V
m
-V
m
= - 2V
m .
Z. Marh hIm nh Tran 6ua Tn hIau 0 Mur Ian kp 8aI ky
Dang mach

Hnh 5.3
Vc = V
Vra R R
V
V V Vra
Vdc
D
Vv Vra R
C

Tn hieu vao la dang xung co tan so f = 1 Hz va bien o max la V
m
. Gia s
cho C = 0,1 F, V
DC
= 5
v
, R = 1000 k , V
m
= 10(v)
Ta co f = 1KHz T = ) ( 1
1
ms
f
=
Ban ky co thi gian la ) ( 5 . 0
2
ms
T
=
Giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong:
Thi iem t 0 en t
1
, ngo vao ton tai xung dng V
v
= V
m
=10
v
>V
DC
,
Diode D dan ien, tu C c nap ien qua Diode D vi hang so thi gian
= r
d
.C 0
Taco V
DC
+ V
+ V
C
= V
V

gia tr ien ap ma tu nap ay la:
V
c
= V
v
- V

- V
DC
= 10 5 = 5(v)
Do o V
ra
= V
DC
- V

= 5(v)
Thi iem t t
1
en t
2
th

ngo vao ton tai xung am, V
v
= -V
m
= -10
v
, Diode D
ngng dan, tu C phong ien qua R, vi thi hang phong ien
f
= CR = 0,1.10
-6
.10
6
= 0,1(s ) = 10 (ms).
Vay sau 5 th tu phong het, tc sau 5.10 = 50 (ms), thi gian nay ln gap 20
lan thi gian t t
1
en t
2
(0,5ms), do vay v
c
van gi mc ien ap la 5
v

V
r
= V
v
- V
c
= -10 - 5 = -15v .
Neu ao cc tnh cua nguon V
DC
th nh tren ghim mc ien ap la -5(v).
8. Marh hIm nh uoI 6ua Tn hIau 0 Mur khong
Dang mach

Hnh 5.4a
D
Vra
C
R Vv

Hnh 5.4b
Mach nay co chc nang co nh nh di cua tn hieu mc 0(v).
Thi iem t 0 en t
1
, ton tai xung dng, V
v
= + V
m
, Diode ngng dan, tu C
c nap qua R vi hang so thi gian la
n
= RC, v R rat ln nen
n
rat ln,
do o
n
>> so vi khoang thi gian t 0 en t
1
. Do vay tu C gan nh khong
c nap v
c
= 0, do o V
ra
= V
v
= + V
m
.
Thi iem t
1
en t
2,
v
= -V
m ,
Diode dan ien, tu C
c nap qua Diode, thi hang nap la
n
= r
d
. C 0, v
c
= V
m
(tu nap ay tc
thi), luc nay V
ra
= V
v
+ V
c
= -V
m
+V
m
= 0.
Thi iem t t
2
en t
3,
ngo vao ton tai xung dng tiep theo V
v
= +V
m
, Diode
ngng dan, tu C xa qua R vi hang so thi gian la
f
= C.R.
f
rat ln so vi
ban ky t t
2
en t
3
, do vay tu C van gi nguyen mc ien ap la V
m
. Mach
tng ng cua trng hp nay nh sau:

Hnh 5.5
V Vra R
Vc=Vm
Ta co V
ra
= V
V
+ V
C
= V
m
+ V
m
= 2V
m

Nhan xet
Thi iem t 0 en t
1
dang song ra co xung dng khong on nh so vi
chuoi xung ra. Do vay, xung nay khong xet en ma ch xet cac xung on nh
t thi iem t
1
tr i.
4. Marh hIm nh uoI 6ua Tn hIau 0 Mur Ian ap 8aI ky
Dang mach 1

Hnh 5.6
Nguon V
DC
tao mc ghim di cua tn hieu vao,V
DC
= 1/2 V
m

Thi iem t 0 en t
1
, ngo vao ton tai xung dng, V
v
= +V
m ,
V
DC
< Vm,
Diode D ngng dan, tu C c nap qua R vi hang so thi gian
n
= RC, do
n
rat ln so vi khoang thi gian t 0 en t
1
, nen tu C gan nh khong c
nap, v
c
= 0, nh vay V
ra
= V
V
= + V
m .

Thi iem t t
1
en t
2
v
= -V
m ,
D dan, tu C c
nap qua D, cc dng cua tu tai iem A, thi hang nap la
n
= r
d
. C 0, tu C
nap ay tc thi
Ta co V
c
+ V
v
= V
DC
- V

tu nap ay en gia tr la
v
c
= V
DC
- v
v
= V
DC
+ V
m
C
Vdc
D
1
2
R Vra Vv
Do o V
ra
= V
DC
+ V

= V
DC

Thi iem t t
2
en t
3
ngo vao ton tai xung dng tiep theo, V
v
= + V
m
,
Diode ngng dan, tu C phong ien qua R vi hang so thi gian
f
= CR.
f

rat ln so vi ban ky t t
2
en t
3
do vay tu C van co nh mc ien ap v
c
=
V
DC
+ V
m
trong khoang thi gian nay. Mach tng ng cua trng hp nay
la:

Hnh 5.7
Ta co v
r
= v
v
+ v
c
= V
m
+ V
DC
+ V
m
= 2 V
m
+ V
DC

Thi iem t 0 en t
1
ta khong xet (cach giai thch nh phan II .3)
Dang mach 2

Hnh 5.8
V
z2
= 1/2V
m

V
1
= 1/10 V
m

V
z2
+ V
1
= (1/2 + 1/10)V
m
= 3/5V
m

Vc=Vm + Vdc
V R Vra
D1
D2
Vra Vv
R
C

Thi iem t 0 en t
1
v
= +V
m ,
Ca D
1
va D
2

ngng dan, tu C c nap qua R vi hang so thi gian
n
= RC , do
n
rat ln
so vi khoang thi gian t 0 en t
1
, nen tu C gan nh khong c nap
V
c
= 0, V
ra
= V
v
= + V
m

Thi iem t t
1
en t
2
v
= - V
m
, luc nay D
1
hoat
ong nh Diode thng, D
2
hoat ong nh Diode Zenner. Tu C c nap
qua D
1
va D
2
, thi hang nap la
n
= r
d
. C 0, tu C nap ay tc thi, gia tr
ln nhat ma tu co the nap c la:
V
c
= -V
v
+ V
Z2
+ V
1
= V
m
+ 3/5V
m
= 8/5 V
m
Do o V
ra
= -(V
Z2
+ V
1
)

= - 3/5V
m

Thi iem t t
2
en t
3
ngo vao ton tai xung dng tiep theo, V
v
= + V
m
,
Diode ngng dan, tu C phong ien qua R vi hang so thi gian
f
= CR. Do
f
rat ln so vi ban ky t t
2
en t
3
, do vay tu C van co nh mc ien ap la
V
c
= 8/5 V
m

Ta co V
ra
= V
v
+ V
c
= V
m
+ 8/5 V
m
= 13/5 V
m
III. Mk6h kEF I0E khI kE Eh IEh T0 Th0kh Vk IEh T0 h00h
1. Fhan Irh marh
Xet dang mach nh hnh sau, bo qua anh hng cua V

( V

= 0)

Hnh 5.9
C
R
D
Rng
Vng
Vra
Trc khi at trang thai xac lap, mach co mot giai oan qua o. Bien o cua
nguon vao, V
ng
, phai u ln e lam tat hay m Diode (Diode khi c phan
cc thuan xem nh mot ien tr va nguon vao co noi tr ben trong, do o
can nguon vao u ln e sau khi bo qua sut ap tren cac ien tr nay van con
tat m c Diode).
Tn hieu cua nguon vao co dang xung, bien o max la V
m
.
Thi iem t 0 en t
1
v
= + V
m ,
Diode dan, tu
C c nap qua R
ng
va r
d
vi thi hang nap cua tu la
n
= C.(R
ng
+ r
d
)
Gia s R
ng
va R >> r
d
Tu nap theo quy luat ham mu vi gia tr ien ap c nap la
V
c
= V
m
(1-e
-t / n
)
gia tr nay tang dan, do o ien ap ra c lay tren ien tr r
d
giam dan cung
theo quy luat ham mu.
Mach tng ng trng hp nay nh sau:

Hnh 5.10
Ta co V
AB
= V
m
e
-t/ n

n
t
m
ng d
d
ng d
d
AB ra
e V
R r
r
R r
r
v v
/
. .

+
=
+
=
Bien o max la
m m
ng d
d
V V
R r
r
<
+
.
Tai t = 0 v
r
= V
m
ng d
d
R r
r
+

Thi iem t t
1
en t
2
ngo vao khong ton tai xung, V
ng
= 0, Diode ngng dan
(do ien ap tren tu C phan cc ngc). Tu C phong ien qua R
ng
va R vi
B
Vra
A
C
Vng
Rd
Rng
hang so thi gian la
f
= C(R+R
ng
). Gia tr ien ap cua tu khi xa theo quy luat
ham mu. Khi o, ien ap tren tu giam dan con ien ap ngo ra tang dan.

Mach tng ng trng hp nay la

Hnh 5.11
v
c
(t) ong vai tro la nguon cung cap cho mach.
ien ap cua tu qua trnh nay co dang nh sau:v
c
(t) = V
m
e
-t/ f

V
AB
= V
m
(1 e
-t/ f
)
Do o ) 1 .(
/
f
t
m
ng
AB
ng
ra
e V
R R
R
v
R R
R
v

=
+
= , tai t = 0, v
r
= 0
Bien o max la
m
ng
m
V
R R
R
V <
+
.
Nhan xet
Thi hang phong
f
>
n
, thi gian phong ien het cua tu rat cham. Do o
trong nhng ban ky am ien ap cua tu giam rat cham, con ien ap ngo ra
tren ien tr R tang rat cham ( gan nh gi co nh mc ien ap max la
m
ng
V
R R
R
+
).
ban ky dng, ngo ra co bien o ien ap max giam dan nhng ban ky
dng tiep sau. Giai thch: khi ban ky dng, ngo ra co bien o max la
d ng
d
m
r R
r
v
+
. , ma ta biet r
d
la ien tr ong, thay oi phu thuoc vao nhiet o,
do o bien o max moi ban ky dng sau la giam dan.
Z. }nh Ly Marh kap
Khi truyen mot tn hieu ien ap co chu ky qua tu phan cach, tu se gi lai
thanh phan mot chieu cua tn hieu, ngha la trong che o xac lap tu ien
c nap ien en mc ma lam cho ien ap tren tu ung bang thanh phan
mot chieu cua tn hieu vao. Do o neu ien ap au vao la oi xng, tc la co
B
Vra
A
C
Vng
R
Rng
thanh phan mot chieu bang 0, th sau mot chu ky tn hieu vao ien ap tren tu
cung bang 0.
Khi Diode dan, tu C se nap ien vi hang so thi gian la
n
= C(r
d
+ R
ng
)
Khi Diode tat, tu C se phong ien vi hang so thi gian la
f
= C(R + R
ng
)
v R >> r
d
, do o
f
>>
n
, qua trnh nap cua tu C nhanh hn qua trnh xa.
Do vay, ien ap tren tu C dan dan c tang len. Khi en trang thai xac lap,
ien ap tren tu C khong tang na. Luc nay lng ien tch nap se bang lng
ien tch phong.
Trong thi gian nap ien, qua tu C se co dong nap
d
r
n
r
v
i = , do o ien tch
tren tu tang len mot lng Q
n
la.
d
t
t
r
d
t
t
n n
r
s
dt v
r
dt i Q
1
2
1
2
1
1
= = =

Trong thi gian phong ien, qua tu C se co dong
R
v
i
r
f
= , do o ien tch tren
tu se giam mot lng Q
f
la:
R
s
dt v
R
dt
R
v
dt i Q
t
t
r
t
t
r
t
t
f f
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
= = = =

S
1
, S
2
la phan ien tch c ve tren hnh sau

Hnh 5.12

S
1
Khi at en trang thai xac lap, ta co ieu kien can bang ien tch la:
R
s
r
s
Q Q
d
f n
2 1
= =
ay khong i sau qua vao phan phan tch nh lng ma ch gii thieu anh
hng cua r
d
va R
ng
trong viec lam meo dang song ra
Viec tnh toan chi tiet nen tham khao sach: Pulse, digital and switching
waveform, tac gia: Jacob Millman va Herbert Taub
IV. Mk6h kEF 606 hEh 60k 81T
Xet mach

Hnh 5.13
Neu bien o tn hieu u ln e lam tat m diode BE, ta co mach kep cc
nen. Khi co tn hieu vao ta co mach tng ng

che o xac lap ta co

V
ng
V
B
V
C
V
CEbh
Bao
hoa

C(R
B
+ R
ng
)
C(r
d
+ R
ng
)
Rng C
Rb Rc
Vc
Vng
Vcc
Rng
Rb
Vb
C
Vng Dbe
Hnh 5.14

Bai tap chng 4

1 Cho mach nh Hnh 1A va Hnh 1B. Biet V V V V
Z
6 , 3 , 7 , 0 = =
, cac gia tr RC
thoa man ieu kien mach kep

Ve dang song ngo ra khi
a. r
D
= 0
b. r
D
= 20, tn hieu ngo vao co f=5khz, q=50%

2. Cho mach nh Hnh 03A va Hnh 3B. Biet V V V V
Z
5 , 6 , 0 = =
, cac gia tr RC
thoa man ieu kien mach kep

Ve dang song ngo ra khi
a. r
D
= 0
b. r
D
= 20, tn hieu ngo vao co f=5khz, q=50%

3. Xet mach sau, vi C la ien dung ngo vao cua tang ke, noi song song R
t

Giai thch hoat ong va ve dang song v
B
(t) va V
RA
(t), gia s BJT hoat ong
che o chuyen mach

+10V

-10V
t
Vin(t)
0
VIn(I) VouI
k
(I)
Hnh 3A
6
1,6V
Hnh 3B
6
VIn(I) VouI
8
(I)
+10V

-10V
t
Vin(t)
0
VIn(I) VouI
k
(I)
Hnh 3A
6
8V
Hnh 3B
6
VIn(I) VouI
8
(I)
ZV

4. Neu noi ngo ra cua bai 3 vi mach xen nh sau, giai thch hoat ong cua mach
va ve dang song ngo ra

Khi
a. r
D
= 0
b. r
D
0
t

B
(t) va V
RA
che o chuyen mach

Rb
C
Vcc
Vra = Vce
Rc
Vv
V
m
-V
m
t
Vin(t)
0
Vra
V2 V1
C
Vcc
V
m
-V
m
t
Vin(t)
0
Vra
Re
Rb
C
Vcc
Vv
t

B
(t) va V
RA
che o chuyen mach

7. Xet mach sau, vi L la ien cam ngo vao cua tang ke (relay), noi song song R
t

B
(t) va V
RA
che o chuyen mach

V
m
-V
m
t
Vin(t)
0
T2
C Rt
Vra
Vcc
Vv
Rb T1
V
m
-V
m
t
Vin(t)
0
Vra
Vcc
L R
Rb
Rc
Vv
6h00h 6.
Mk6h k hkI

I. khkI hIEM
He thong mach ien t co the tao ra dao ong nhieu dang khac nhau nh:
dao ong hnh sin (dao ong ieu hoa), mach tao xung ch nhat, mach tao
xung tam giac... cac mach tao dao ong xung c ng dung kha pho bien
trong he thong ieu khien, thong tin so va trong hau het cac he thong ien t
so.
Trong ky thuat xung, e tao cac dao ong khong sin, ngi ta thng dung
cac bo dao ong tch thoat. Dao ong tch thoat la cac dao ong ri rac, bi
v ham cua dong ien hoac ien ap theo thi gian co phan gian oan. Ve
mat vat ly, trong cac bo dao ong sin, ngoai cac linh kien ien t con co hai
phan t phan khang L va C e tao dao ong, trong o xay ra qua trnh trao
oi nang lng mot cach lan lt gia nang lng t trng tch luy trong
cuon day va nang lng ien trng tch luy trong tu ien, sau moi chu ky
dao ong, nang lng tch luy trong cac phan t phan khang b tieu hao bi
phan t ien tr ton hao cua mach dao ong, thc te lng tieu hao nay rat
nho. Ngc lai trong cac bo dao ong tch thoat ch cha mot phan t tch luy
nang lng, ma thng gap nhat la tu ien.
Cac bo dao ong tch thoat thng c s dung e tao cac xung vuong co
o rong khac nhau va co the lam viec cac che o sau : che o t dao ong,
kch thch t ngoai.
Dao ong a hai la mot loai dang mach dao ong tch thoat, no la mach tao
xung vuong c ban nhat cac dang a hai thng gap trong ky thuat xung nh
sau :
1. Marh a haI 8aI 0n (ksIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
ay la dang mach khong co trang thai on nh (a hai t dao ong, t kch).
Chu ky lap lai va bien o cua xung tao ra c xac nh bang cac thong so
cua bo a hai va ien ap nguon cung cap. Cac mach dao ong a hai t kch
co o on nh thap.
Ngo ra cua bo dao ong a hai t kch luan phien thay oi theo hai gia tr
mc thap va mc cao.
Z. Marh a haI on 0n (MonosIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
Khi mach hoat ong che o nay, neu khong cung cap ien ap ieu khien
t ben ngoai th bo dao ong a hai nam trang thai on nh. Khi co xung
ieu khien, thng la cac xung kch thch co o rong hep, th no chuyen sang
che o khong on nh trong mot khoang thi gian roi tr lai trang thai ban
au va ket qua ngo ra cho ra mot xung.
Thi gian bo dao ong a hai nam trang thai khong on nh dai hay ngan
la do cac tham so cua mach quyet nh. Ngo ra cua bo dao ong a hai n
on co mot trang thai on nh (hoac mc cao hoac mc thap). Mach nay con
co ten goi la a hai i, a hai mot trang thai ben.
Xung kch t ben ngoai co the la xung gai nhon am hoac dng, chu ky va
bien o do mach quyet nh.
8. Marh a haI haI Trang ThaI 0n }nh khong oI Xung (8rhmIII TrIggar)
ay la dang mach sa dang xung e cho ra cac xung vuong. ien ap ngo ra
mc cao, thap va qua trnh chuyen oi trang thai gia mc thap va mc
cao la tuy thuoc vao thi iem ien ap ngo vao vt qua hai ngng kch
tren va kch di.
4. Marh a haI haI Trang ThaI 0n }nh oI Xung (8IsIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
Dang mach nay con goi la Flip-Flop (mach lat hay bap benh). ay la phan
t quan trong trong lnh vc ien t so, may tnh. Bao gom cac loai Flip-Flop
RS, JK, T, D, no c tao ra bi cac linh kien ri. Ngay nay chu yeu che tao
bang cong nghe vi mach.
6. 6ha Iao marh da haI
Co nhieu cach tao ra mach a hai, trong o ta quan tam en
Dung vi mach tng t (OpAmp)
Dung vi mach so
Dung vi mach chuyen dung (VD 555)
Dung linh kien ri (BJT, FET)
Dung cac linh kien co vung ien tr am (diode tunnel hay UJT)
Dung dang mach dao ong nghet (blocking oscilator)
II. Mk6h k0 0h k hkI 0h 6k6 LIhh kIEh T00h T0
1. Marh 8rhmIII TrIggar
Trong lnh vc ieu khien, cac thiet b ien ch lam viec mot trong hai trang
thai, tng trng bi hai mc 1 va 0 nh trong ky thuat so. Ngi ta dung
mach Schmitt Strigger e oi t tn hieu lien tuc ra tn hieu vuong co kha
nang chong nhieu cao.
Mach Schmitt Trigger la mach co hai trang thai can bang on nh va co kha
nang chuyen mot cach ot bien t trang thai can bang nay sang trang thai can
bang khac khi mach c kch thch
Cac Schmitt trigger c s dung rat rong rai trong ky thuat xung nh em
xung, chia tan, tao cac xung ieu khien trong cac mach tch phan, mach tao
ien ap bien oi ng thang v.v

Hnh 6.1.ac tuyen cua trigger
Noi chung cac trigger eu co ac tuyen U
ra
= f(U
v
) co dang la mot vong tre
nh hnh tren, cac mc ien ap U
ng1
U
ng2
c goi la cac mxc ien ap
ngng

t
1
t
2
U
ng1
U
ng2
U
v
U
ra
t

0

t
1
t
2
U
1
U
2
U
ra
U
v
a. Dang Mach Dung Chuyen Mach BJT
Dang 1

Hnh 6.2. Schmitt trigger dung BJT
Trong s o mach tren, 2 transistor T1, T2 c ghep trc tiep va co chung
R
E
. e co ien ap ra la xung vuong th hai transistor phai chay che o bao
hoa, ngng dan. Khi T1 ngng dan se ieu khien T2 chay bao hoa va ngc
lai khi T1 bao hoa se ieu khien T2 ngng dan
Ngng cao va ngng thap cua mach (sinh vien t chng minh qua 2 trang
thai tat va bao hoa cua BJT)
U
ng1
= V
TH+
= 8 . 0
2
+
+
E
E C
CEsat CC
R
R R
V V

U
ng2
= V
TH-
= 8 . 0
1
+
+
E
E C
CEsat CC
R
R R
V V

Dang 2

Hnh 6.3
+Vcc
Rb
Re

Vi n

Vout
Rc2
0
0
Rc1
Vv
Vcc
T1
C
0
Rc2
Rb
R
Rc1
Re
Vra
T2
Vcc
Mach bao gom hai Transitor T
1
va T
2
, cac ien tr phan cc tnh. ien tr R
E

tao phan hoi, tu C : tu tang toc (nang lng tch luy trong tu se lam phan cc
moi noi BE cua T
2
nhanh hn).
Mach c thiet ke sao cho trang thai bnh thng T
1
tat T
2
dan bao
hoa.Trong hai trang thai phan biet cua mach th moi trang thai ng vi mot
Transitor dan va mot Transitor tat.
Khi v
v
= 0, T
1
tat, dong I
C1
= 0, toan bo dong I
RC1
qua R va R
B
en cc B cua
T
2
, lam T
2
dan bao hoa. ong thi tai cc E cua T
1
co ien ap
V
E
= I
E2bh
.R
E
, lam T
1
tiep tuc tat.
Ta co v
r
= V
C
= V
E
+ V
CE2bh.
S chuyen oi trang thai se dien ra khi tn hieu vao vt qua mc ngng
kch tren (tng ng vi V
E
trang thai nay), ngha la v
v
= V
E.
Luc

nay T
1

bat au dan, dong I
C2
tang len lam dong I
B2
giam. Va nh qua trnh hoi tiep
qua ien tr R
E
lam T
2
tat, do o v
r
= V
CE
. Neu tiep tuc tang v
v
ln hn na
th T
1
ch dan bao hoa sau them, con mach van khong oi trang thai.
Khi T
1
ang dan, T
2
ang tat, e a mach ve trang thai ban au can phai
giam tn hieu vao v
v
xuong di ngng kch di. Luc o dong I
C1
giam
manh, nen ien the cc thu cua T
1
tang len, lam V
B2
tang. Va nh tac dung
cua hoi tiep qua R
E
, qua trnh nhanh chong a en T
1
tat va T
2
dan bao
hoa.
Ta co : v
r
= V
E
+ V
CE2bh

b. Dang Mach Dung Op-Amp
Dang Mach 1
Xet mach ien co dang sau :

Hnh 6.4
R1
R
Vv
R2
+
-
Vra
ien tr R = R1//R2 lam giam dong ien off set e hoat ong gan vi Op-
amp ly tng, nham muc ch lam cho mach hoat ong on nh hn.
Ta co
r r
Av
R R
R
v v =
+
=
+
2 1
1

Va v
-
= -v
v

Khi v
v
>v
+
th v
r
= -V
Do o AV
R R
R
V v =
+
=
+
2 1
1
. ay la ngng kch mc thap.
Khi v
v
< v
+
th v
r
= +V, do o AV
R R
R
V v =
+
+ =
+
2 1
1
. Ngng kch mc cao.
Dang song vao ra

Hnh 6.5
Quan he vao ra
Khi v
v
> AV th v
r
= -V
Khi v
v
< -AV th v
r
= +V

Hnh 6.6

0
V
ra
V
V
-AV

+AV

Nhan xet.
Hai trang thai cua Schmitt Trigger tng ng vi mc ien the bao hoa
dng +V va bao hoa am V cua ngo ra bo khuech ai thuat toan. Dang
song ngo vao c sa thanh xung ch nhat.
Dang Mach 2

Hnh 6.7
Ta co v
-
= v
v
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
ra f
R R
v v v
R R R R
+
= +
+ +

Khi v
v
> v
+
th v
ra
= -V
Do o
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
f
R R
v V V
R R R R
+
= +
+ +
= -AV+B : ngng kch mc thap.
Khi v
v
< v
+
th v
r
= +V
Do o
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
f
R R
v V V
R R R R
+
= +
+ +
= AV + B
Quan he vao ra
Khi v
v
> -AV + B v
r
= -V
Khi v
v
< AV + B v
r
= +V

Hnh 6.8

R
Vref
R1
+
-
Vv
R2
Vra
c. Dang Mach Dung cong logic

Hnh 6.9.

Ky hieu va ac tuyen cua cong NOT Schmitt trigger (74HC14)

Hnh 6.10
d. Schmitt Trigger chnh xac

Hnh 6.11. Schmitt trigger chnh xac

R1
Vi n
Q
D
/ Q
R
V
TH+
S
V
i n

+
-
Q
R
V
TH-

+
-
/ Q
Z. Marh FIIpFIop
a. Dang Mach Dung OpAmp
Xet mach sau :

Hnh 6.12
ien tr hoi tiep R1 co tr so kha nho so vi ien tr R. Mach F/F dung Op-
amp nh tren gom hai Op-amp lam viec nh hai mach khuech ai so sanh.
Op-amp trang thai bao hoa dng neu v
+
> v
-
v
0
= V
CC
Op-amp trang thai bao hoa am neu v
+
< v
-
v
0
= 0
Gia thuyet mach co trang thai ban au la v
r1
= V
CC
, v
r2
= 0.
Ngo vao am cua Op-amp 1 c hoi tiep t v
r2
= 0(v) ve qua ien tr R
1
,
nen van co v
+
> v
-
, do o v
r1
= V
CC
, on nh nh trang thai ban au.
ay la trang thai on nh th nhat cua mach F/F. Op-amp 1 trang thai bao
hoa dng va Op-amp 2 trang thai bao hoa am. e chuyen trang thai cua
F/F , cho cong tac S chuyen sang v tr 2. Luc o Op-amp 2 co v
-
= 0, v
+
= v
-

nen Op-amp 2 chuyen sang bao hoa dng, v
r2
= +V
CC
. ien ap nay hoi tiep
ve ngo vao am cua Op-amp 1 qua ien tr R
1
(R
1
<< R) se lam oi trang thai
cua no t bao hoa dng sang bao hoa am (do luc nay co v
+
< v
-
).
b. Mach FlipFlop C Ban
S o nguyen ly :

Hnh 6.13

Rb2
0
Rc1
Vra2
Vcc
Rc2
T1
-Vbb
0
R2
Vra1
T2
Rb1
Vcc
R1
1
2
Vcc
OpAmp1
R1
Vra1
+
-
R
+
-
OpAmp2
R1
R
Vcc
Vra2
0
Mach nay la ghep hai mach ao dung hai Transitor theo kieu oi xng.
Trong s o dung 2 nguon ien ap DC: Nguon V
CC
e cap I
B
va I
C
cho
Transitor dan bao hoa va nguon -V
BB
e phan cc ngc cho cc B cua
Transitor ngng dan.
Gia thiet 2 Transitor T
1
va T
2
cung thong so va cung loai. Cac ien tr phan
cc R
C1
= R
C2
, R
1
= R
2
, R
B1
= R
B2
. Nhng thc te hai Transitor khong the can
bang mot cach tuyet oi nen se co mot Transitor chay manh hn va mot
Transitor chay yeu hn khi ta cung cap nguon.
Gia s T
1
hoat ong manh hn T
2
, dong I
C1
manh lam V
C1
giam, tc V
B2
giam, nen T
2
hoat ong yeu hn. Do o I
C2
giam, dan en V
C2
tang, tc V
B1

tang, lam T
1
hoat ong manh hn va cuoi cung T
1
se tien en trang thai bao
hoa con T
2
tien en ngng dan. Khi o : v
r1
= V
CE1bh
= 0 , v
r2
= V
CC
. ay la
trang thai th hai cua Flip-Flop.
Mach Flip-Flop se mot trong hai trang thai tren nen c goi la mach
lng on. Tuy nhien phai chon cac ien tr va nguon ien thch hp th mi
at c nguyen ly tren.
8. Marh da haI dung TransIsIor
ay la mot loai mach co mot trang thai ben vng va mot trang thai khong
ben. Khi co xung kch khi, mach chuyen sang trang thai khong ben va sau
mot khoang thi gian nhat nh, mach t ong tr ve trang thai ben ban au.
Thi gian mach ton tai trang thai khong ben phu thuoc vao o rong xung
kch khi va phu thuoc vao cac linh kien trong mach.
a. Mach n on dung Transistor
S o mach ien c ban :

Hnh 6.14

Vra2
R2
0
C
R
Vcc Vcc
Vv
R
C
R3
T2
R1
Vra1
Rc1 Rc2
T1
-Vbb
ay la dang hai mach ngat dan ghep vi nhau. Cc B cua T
1
ghep DC vi
cc thu cua T
2
. Cc B cua T
2
ghep AC vi cc thu cua T
1
(qua tu C).
Mach c thiet ke sao cho che o T
1
tat va T
2
dan bao hoa. Nguon V
BB

phan cc nghch moi noi BE cua T
1
, do o T
1
tat khi cha co tac ong ben
ngoai. Con T
2
dan bao hoa nh cc B cua no c cap ien the dng t
nguon V
CC
.
Ta thay T
2
dan bao hoa v cac gia tr R
1
va R
C2
c chon e thoa man ieu
kien I
B
> I
Cbh

Do vay trang thai ben th V
r
= V
CE2bh
= 0
Do ghep trc tiep vi T
2
qua R
3
nen v
B1
= V
CE2bh
< V
BE1

Khi T
2
dan bao hoa th tu C nap ien qua R
C1
va qua moi noi BE2, gia tr
gan at en la v
C
= V
CC
- V
BE2
V
CC

Hnh 6.15
Khi kch mot xung dng vao v
v
cc nen cua T
1
, lam T
1
oi trang thai t tat
sang dan bao hoa. Luc nay th tu C phong ien qua moi noi CE cua T
1
, s
phong ien nay lam phan cc nghch moi noi BE cua T
2
, do o T
2
tat. Dong
cc thu cua T
2
la I
C2
giam xuong bang 0. Toan bo dong qua R
C2
se chay het
vao cc nen cua T
1
e duy tr trang thai bao hoa cua T
1
. ay la trang thai
khong ben cua mach.
That vay, ngay sau khi tu C xa ien xong th no c nap ien lai qua R
1
va
CE
1
. Vi thi hang la R
1
C. ien the cc nen cua T
2
luc nay tang dan do cc
dng cua tu C at vao no va khi at gia tr ln hn V

th T
2
bat au dan
lai. Trong luc nay, cung vi s tang cua dong I
C2
(do dong I
B2
tang dan), ien
ap v
r
giam xuong gan bang khong, tc ien the tai cc nen cua T
1
bang
khong, lam T
1
tat. Nh vay mach a tr ve trang thai ban au vi T
1
tat va
T
2
bao hoa v
r
= V
CE2bh
. Trong khoang thi gian ngan, tu C se nap tr lai t
nguon V
CC
thong

qua R
1
va moi noi BE cua T
2
ang dan e co ien ap xap
x bang Vcc . Mach ch i xung kch mi.

C
Vbe2
Vcc
Rc1
b. Mach bat on dung Transistor
Dang mach

Hnh 6.16
Mach c hnh thanh bi hai Transistor T
1
va T
2
. Cac ien tr R
C1
va R
C2

va cac tu C
1
va C
2

Nguyen ly hoat ong
Thong thng mach a hai phi on la mach oi xng nen hai Transistor co
cung ho va thong so. Cac linh kien ien tr R
B1
= R
B2
, R
C1
= R
C2
va C
1
= C
2
.
Tuy hai Transistor cung loai, cac linh kien cung tr so, nhng khong the
giong nhau mot cach tuyet oi. ieu nay lam cho hai Transistor trong mach
dan ien khong bang nhau. Khi cung cap ien se co mot Transistor dan
manh hn va mot Transistor dan yeu hn. Nh tac dung cua mach hoi tiep
dng t cc C
2
ve B
1
, t cc C
1
ve cc B
2
, lam cho Transistor nao dan
manh hn se tien dan en bao hoa, con Transistor dan ien yeu hn se tien
dan en ngng dan.
Gia thuyet T
2
dan ien manh hn tu, C
1
c nap ien thong qua R
C1
va moi
noi BE cua T
2
, lam cho dong I
B2
tang cao nen T
2
tien en bao hoa. Khi T
2

tien en bao hoa, dong I
C2
tang cao va v
CE2
V
CEsat
0,2 (V), tu C
2
(gia
thuyet luc au a nap ay) xa ien qua moi noi CE
2
. Khi tu C
2
xa, ien ap
am tren tu C
2
a vao cc B
1
, lam T
1
ngng dan
Nh vay, gia thuyet luc au la T
1
ang tat, T
2
ang dan bao hoa , va tu C
2
a
nap ien ay. Luc nay tu C
2
bat au phong ien qua moi noi CE
2
en cc E
cua T
1
, lam moi noi BE
1
b phan cc nghch, do o T
1
tat.
Do vay, tu C
1
c nap ien thong qua R
C1
va moi noi BE
2

Sau khi phong ien xong, tu C
2
lai c nap ien theo chieu ngc lai thong
qua R
B1
va moi noi CE
2
, luc nay ien ap tai cc B cua T
1
la V
B1
= V
C2
+
Rc2
RB2 RB1
Rc1
Vcc
T2
Vra1
C1 C2
Vcc
Vra2
T1
V
BE2
= V
C2
. (V
C2
ien ap ten tu C
2
) . Khi tu nap C
2
en gia tr ln hn V
BE1

th T
1
bat au dan, khi T
1
at en dan bao hoa luc nay tu C
1
phong ien qua
moi noi CE
1
en cc E cua T
2
, lam moi noi BE
2
phan cc nghch, T
2
tat.
Qua trnh lap lai t au va c tiep tuc nh the.
Dang song tai cac chan.

Hnh 6.17
Tnh Chu Ky Xung
T = T
1
+ T
2
. T
1
la thi gian tu C
2
xa ien qua moi noi CE
2
, lam cc B cua T
1

tang t - V
CC
len en V
BE1
. Va co khuynh hng tang len en +V
CC
, nen
ien ap tc thi cua tu C
2
(lay mc -V
CC
lam goc) la:
v
c
(t) = 2V
CC
. e
-T 1/ f
, vi
f
= R
B2
. C
2
Tai thi iem T
1
, tu C
2
xa ien t -V
CC
len 0(v) (bo qua V
BE
) la
V
CC
= 2V
CC
. e
-T 1/ f
,

e
-T 1/ f
= 2 2
1
In
T
f
=

T
1
=
f
. ln2 = 0,69 R
B2
.C
2

Tng t ta cung tnh c T
2
c tnh theo cong thc sau:
T
2
= 0,69 R
B1
.C
1

T = 0,69 (R
B2
C
2
+R
B1
C
1
)
Trong mach a hai bat on oi xng ta co
R
B1
= R
B2
= R
B
va C
1
= C
2
= C
Chu ky dao ong
T = 2 x 0,69 .R
B
.C = 1,4 R
B
.C
4. Marh da haI dung 0pkmp
a. Mach n on dung OpAmp
S o mach ien

Hnh 6.18
R
1
, R
2
: Tao ngng ien ap e so sanh
R, C: Tao mach RC nham thc hien qua trnh nap va xa cua tu
Diode D tao mach ghim ien ap, ngan mach tu C khi mach trang thai ben.

Nguyen ly hoat ong
che xac lap (trang thai ben), v(t) = -V (bao hoa am), luc nay
V A
R R
R
V v .
2 1
1
=
+
=
+

v
-
= v
c
(t) = -V
(do Diode D dan), khi o ta co dang mach nh sau:

+
-
R2
Vv
Vra
C D
R1
R

Hnh 6.19
Ma AV > V
-AV < - V
,
tc v
+
am hn v
-
,
Nen mach co v
r
= -V. ay la che o xac lap cua mach
Khi co xung gai dng v
v
kch thch vao chan dng cua Op-amp. Luc nay
v
+
dng hn v
- ,
nen v
r
= +V, do o v
+
= AV, D b phan cc nghch nen no b
tat. ong thi, luc nay tu C c nap ien qua ien tr R

Hnh 6.20
ien ap tren tu C tang dan cho en khi v
c
(v
c
= v
-
) dng hn v
+
(v
+
= AV),
th v
r
= -V, mach tr ve che o xac lap.
Dang song
Hnh 6.21
AV
V
Vra
R
-V C
Vra
R
C
Tnh o Rong Xung T
x

Thc hien phep di truc dang song tren, ta co hnh tng ng sau:

Hnh 6.22
Phng trnh nap ien cua tu :
v
c
(t) = (V + V
)(1 - c
-t / c
)
Tai thi iem t = T
x
, ta co
v
c
(T
x
) = (V + V
)(1 - e
-Tx/RC
) = (V
+AV)
V
V
V
V A
V
V
V V
AV V
e
RC T
x
) 1 /( ). ( 1
/
+ + =
+
+
=

at k =
V
V

k
A
e
k
A k
e
RC Tx RC T
x
+
=
+
+
=

1
1
1
1
/ /

)
1
1
(
1
1
/
A
k
In
RC
T
A
k
e
x RC Tx
+
= =
+
=

A
k
In RC T
x
+
=
1
1
.

b. Mach bat on dung OpAmp
Dang mach

Hnh 6.23
Mach ien nay la s o mach dao ong tch thoat dung Op-amp e cho ra tn
hieu xung vuong.
S o co hai mach hoi tiep t ngo ra ve hai ngo vao. Cau phan ap RC hoi
tiep ve ngo vao ao, cau phan ap R
1
va R
2
hoi tiep ve ngo vao khong ao. R
1
va R
2
tao ngng so sanh ien ap, con RC tao nap phong.
e giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong, ta gia s tu C cha nap ien.
Ta co v
+
=
R
R R
v v
r r
1
1 2
+
=
neu v
+
> v
-
th v
r
=
+
V

v
+
= +V, ay la ngng xen tren
neu v
+
< v
-
th v
r
= -v

v
r
= -V, ay la ngng xen di
Khi mi cung cap ien, ien ap qua tu C la v
c
= v
c
(0) = 0(V) va gia thuyet
Op-amp ang trang thai bao hoa dng
+
V . Ngo vao khong ao co ien ap
la
2 1
1
R R
R
V v
cc
+
=
+

Trong khi o, ngo vao ao co ien ap tang dan t 0(V). ien ap tang do tu C
nap qua R theo quy luat ham so mu vi thi hang la = RC. Va co gia tr la:
v
C
(t) = V(1 - e
-t / RC
)
Khi tu nap ien tang dan cho en khi

v
-
> v
+
th ngo ra chuyen sang trang
thai bao hoa am v
r
= -V. Luc nay, ngo vao khong ao co mc ien ap la
R2
Vra
C
+
-
R
R1
v
+
=
2 1
1
R R
R
V
+

ien ap ra giam ve -V, nen tu se xa. Khi tu C xa ien ap ang co th v
+
van
con ien ap am nen ngo ra van la trang thai bao hoa am. ien ap tren tu C
se giam cho en khi v
-
am hn v
+
th ngo ra se chuyen sang trang thai bao
hoa dng, v
r
=
+
V. Qua trnh nay lap lai t au va c tiep dien lien tuc tuan
hoan.

Dang Song Vao Ra

Hnh 6.24

Tm chu ky dao ong
Muon tm chu ky dao ong, ta thc hien phep di truc: Truc trung di en
thi iem t
o
va truc hoanh di en mc -V, ta c dang song sau:

Hnh 6.25
Trong khoan thi gian t 0 en t
1
, tu C xa ien theo phng trnh sau
v
c
(t) = (V + V) e
-t / RC
,

tai t =
2
T
; ta co v
c
(T/2) = V - V
V - V = (V + V) e
-T / 2RC
e
-T / 2RC
=
V V
V V

T
RC 2
1
1
=
+
ln

T RC =
+
2
1
1
ln

Vay f =
1
T

Nhan xet
Tan so phu thuoc vao R va C, t so =
+
R
R R
1
1 2
ch khong phu thuoc vao
nguon nuoi V.

6. Marh da haI dung I6666
a. Cau truc IC555
S o ben trong cua IC555

Hnh 6.26
Ve c ban, 555 gom 2 mach so sanh ieu khien trang thai cua FF, t
o lai transistor xa (discharge) va tang ra.
Chc nang mot so chan c mo ta nh sau:
- Chan 2: TRIGGER (kch khi), iem nhay mc vi
CC
V
3
1
. Khi ien
ap chan nay di 1/3 V
CC
th ngo ra Q cua FF xuong [0], gay cho
chan 3 tao mot trang thai cao.
- Chan 3: OUTPUT (ra) thng mc thap va chuyen thanh mc cao
trong khoang thi gian nh th. V tang ra tch cc ca 2 chieu, no
co the cap hoac hut dong en 200mA
- Chan 4: RESET khi ien ap chan nay nho hn 0,4V: chu ky nh
th b ngat, a 555 ve trang thai khong co kch. ay la chc nang
u tien e 555 khong the b kch tr khi RESET c giai phong
(>1,0V). Khi khong s dung noi chan 4 len V
CC
.
Comparator I
Comparator II
2
4 Reset
8 VCC
+
-
5
Discharge

3 Output
7
+
-
6
1 GND
S
R
Q
\Q
Threshold

Trigger

Control
- Chan 5: Control Voltage (ien ap ieu khien), ben trong la iem
CC
V
3
2
. Mot ien tr noi at hoac ien ap ngoai co the c noi vao
chan 5 e thay oi cac iem tham khao (chuan) cua comparator.
Khi khong s dung cho muc ch nay, nen gan 1 tu noi at
F 01 . 0 cho tat ca cac ng dung nham e loc cac xung nh nhieu
nguon cap ien.
- Chan 6: Threshold (ngng) iem nhay mc vi
CC
V
3
2
. Khi ien ap
chan nay >
CC
V
3
2
. FF Reset lam cho chan 3 trang thai thap.
- Chan 7: Discharge (Xa) cc thu cua transistor, thng c dung
e xa tu nh th. V dong collector b gii han, no co the dung vi
cac tu rat ln ( F 1000 > ) khong b h.
- Chan 8: V
CC
ien ap cap nguon co the t 4,5 en 16V so vi chan
mass. Viec nh th tng oi oc lap vi ien ap nay. Sai so nh
th do thay oi nguon ien tieu bieu < 0.05% /V
b. Mach a hai bat on dung 555

Hnh 6.27

0.1 uF
C
555
2
6
7
4 8
5
Trigger
Threshold
Discharge
Reset Vcc
Output
CV
R2
R1
VCC
1
Vout
Dng sng ti chn 2 v 3

Hnh 6.28
Sinh vien ap dung qua trnh nap xa cua tu, xac nh chu ky tn hieu ra
c. Mach n on dung 555

Hnh 6.29
t
t
1
3
CC
V
2
3
CC
V
V
CC

V
2
(t)
V
3
(t)
R
0.1uF
V
kich

LM555
2
5
3
7
6
4 8
1
TR
CV
Q
DIS
THR
R VCC
GND
C
OUTPUT
V
CC

Dng sng ti chn 2, 6 v 3

Hnh 6.30

III. Mk6h Tk0 X0h 0h 60h L0I6
S ra i cua mach tch hp a anh dau mot bc ngoat quan trong trong s
phat trien cua nganh che tao linh kien ien t. ac biet cac mach tch hp so
vi chc nang a dang, phong phu, ch vi cac cong logic c ban nh AND,
OR, NOT ,v.v mach tch hp so c ng dung ngay cang rong rai trong cac
lnh vc ng dung cua ien t ky thuat, trong o co ky thuat xung
Rat nhieu mach tao xung trc ay dung linh kien ban dan ri nh BJT,
UJT, eu co the thay the bang cac mach tch hp so
Trong phan th nghiem trc, a gii thieu IC nh th 555 ng dung trong ky
thuat tao xung. Phan nay se gii thieu them cac mach tao xung chu yeu s
dung cac cong logic c ban

t
t
2
3
CC
V
V
CC

V
6
(t)
V
3
(t)
t V
2
(t)
1. Marh da haI don on
Mach a hai n on thng dung trong cac mach tao xung, tao delay, phat
hien o rong xung, mach loc thong dai v.v. Khi c kch khi, mach a hai
n on tao mot xung ngo ra co o rong oc lap vi o rong cua tn hieu ngo
vao.
Co 2 dang mach: mach co kha nang kch khi lai va mach khong co kha nang
kch khi lai. So sanh s khac nhau gia 2 loai mach tren nh sau

Hnh 6.31
a) Mach 1.
Mach a hai n on dung cong NOR

Hnh 6.32. a hai n on dung cong NOR
Mach gom 2 cong NOR, mot tu ien c noi gia cong I0 va I1. Tai thi
iem m ien, neu cac ngo vao I0 mc 0, ngo ra cua I0 se mc cao, gia s
V
C
ban au bang 0 th
V
Out I0
= V
DD

V
Out I1
= logic 0
Mach se gi nguyen trang thai nay do tu C khong nap ien c
t
1

nonretriggerable
retriggerable
t
1
Khi co mot mc ien ap cao at vao ngo vao I0 dan en V
Out I0
= 0 va gia s
rang ien ap tren tu khong thay oi ot ngot (V
C
= 0) dan en V
X
= 0 va V
out

= 1.
V
out
= 1 hoi tiep ve I0 v vay V
out I1
van gi mc thap mac du xung ngo vao a
xuong thap.
Luc nay nguon V
DD
se nap ien qua R, C lam ien ap tren C tang hay ien ap
V
X
tang, khi V
X
vt qua ngng logic cua I1 (V
IH
) . Ngo ra I1 = 0, mach lai
quay ve trang thai ban au
V
X
c tnh nh sau
Thay V
X
bang ien ap ngng V
TH
tnh c thi gian ton tai xung ngo ra
Mach 2.
Mach n on co kha nang kch khi lai dung 74HC123
74HC123 co cac chc nang sau:
c kch khi bang ngo vao co mc logic cao hoac thap
Trc tiep Reset
Cac ngo vao eu s dung Schmitt trigger ngoai tr ngo reset
74HC123 la mach n on co kha nang kch khi lai vi o rong xung ngo
ra c ieu khien bi ien tr ngoai va tu ien ngoai.
S o chan va bang s that nh sau:

Hnh 6.35
Cach mac ien tr ngoai

Khi gia tr tu C > 10000pF th o rong xung ra c tnh theo cong thc sau
t
W
= K x R
EXT x
C
EXT
vi t
W
o rong xung ra (ns)
R
EXT
:ien tr ngoai (k)
C
EXT
: ien dung ngoai (pF)

Z. Marh da haI baI on
a) Mach 1.
Mach ring oscillator
Mach a hai phi on n gian s dung cong la mach ring oscillator bao gom N
cong ao c ghep noi tiep nh hnh sau (vi N le)

Hnh 6.36. a hai phi on Ring Oscillator
Chu ky T c tnh nh sau
T = 2 N t
pd

Vi gia s rang thi gian tre cua xung len va xuong cua cong ao la bang
nhau va bang t
pd
. V t
pd
co the thay oi theo nhiet o, nha che tao nen chu ky
T tren co the thay oi
b) Mach 2.
Mach dao ong Schmitt Trigger

Hnh 6.37. a hai phi on Schmitt Trigger
Mach nay s dung cong ao Schmitt trigger vi ac tuyen nh sau

Tan so dao ong c tnh toan theo cong thc sau
f = 1/T = 1/RC
Giai thch
Hnh 6.38.
Dang song tai iem A, B

Gia s ban au Vc = 0 nen V
A
= 0 dan en ngo ra B mc 1.
V
B
= 1 se nap ien cho C qua R. Khi V
C
at en V
P
th ngo vao cong ao at
mc logic 1 va ngo ra la mc logic 0, luc nay tu xa ien qua R va ien ap tren
tu giam dan en V
N
, tai V
N
ngo vao cong ao chuyen xuong mc 0 va ngo ra
mc 1 tc thi.
c) Mach 3.

Hnh 6.39.
Tan so dao ong f = 1/(2.2RC)
Giai thch

Hnh 6.40. Dang song tai cac iem A, B, C, D

Tai thi iem au gia s ngo ra IC 1 mc cao va ngo ra IC2 mc thap
V
A
= V
B
= 1
Khi tu C nap ien, ien ap V
B
giam dan, toc o giam c quyet nh bi tu C
va R.
V
TH
la ien ap ngng cua IC 2
ien tr R
P
at vao mach nham muc ch chong lai qua dong tai ngo vao IC 2
va c chon khoang 10 en 100K
d) Mach 4.
Mach a hai phi on oi xng

Hnh 6.42. a hai phi on oi xng
Hai tu C la mach hoi tiep dng e tao dao ong. Cac ien tr R1, R2, R3
c chon e duy tr ien ap ngo vao cua 2 cong gan mc ien ap ngng
nen khi tu ien nap xa, ien ap ngo vao dao ong tren mc ien ap ngng
lam ien ap ngo ra dao ong gia hai mc 0 va 1
Gia s tai thi iem au Q=0 va 1 = Q , tu C1 nap tao dong qua R1 lam ien
ap ngo vao cong 1 mc cao. Khi tu C1 nap ay th mat dong qua R1 dan en
ngo vao cong 1 xuong 0 va Q=1. Tu C2 luc nay nap ien qua R2 dan en ngo
vao cong 2 mc cao va ngo ra 0 = Q . Qua trnh c tiep tuc
ien tr R1 thng chon bang R2. Tan so dao ong c tnh theo cong thc:

C R R
f
) ( 2
1
3 1
+
=
Mach ch thch hp cho cac tan so cao

C1
Q
C2
R2
R1
R3
/ Q
e) Mach 5.
Dao ong a hai n on dung cong NOT

Hnh 6.33. a hai n on dung cong NOT
Gia s ban au ngo vao cong ao A mc thap (ngo ra A se mc cao), xuat
hien dong qua Cy Ry Dy ngo ra cong ao B
Do tai thi iem au, V
Cy
= 0 , Cy co the c xem la ngan mach va v vay,
ngo vao cong B mc 1
Khi tu Cy nap ien, Vc tang dan en ien ap ngo vao cong B giam va khi qua
ngng logic (V
IL
) th ngo vao B mc thap ngo ra B mc 1 va at mc
1 cathode cua diode nen qua trnh nap cua tu Cy cham dt
Do V
Cx
ban au = 0 nen khi ngo ra B mc cao th ngo vao A mc cao. Tu
Cx bat au nap qua Rx va Dx. Qua trnh giai thch tng t

Hnh 6.34
Thi gian ton tai xung c quyet nh bi C, R va ien ap ngng V
T

Thi gian e ien ap at en ien ap ngng
Gia tr T
L
va T
H
(thi gian mc cao va mc thap) phu thuoc vao gia tr Rx,
Cx, Ry, Cy
Tan so dao ong
H L
T T
f
+
=
1

f) Mach 6.
Mach a hai phi on co ieu khien

Hnh 6.43. a hai phi on co ieu khien
Ngo A la chan nhan tn hieu ieu khien
Khi A=1, giai thch giong mach 4 phan a hai phi on
Khi A=0, lam cho cong NAND co ngo ra gi nguyen mc cao nen
machngng dao ong.

IV. k0 0h Thk6h khh
Tnh chat va mach tng ng cua thach anh: khi co yeu cau tao cac mach
dao ong co tan so on nh cao ma dung cac bien phap thong thng nh on
nh nguon cung cap, on nh tai, van khong am bao c on nh cua tan
so yeu cau th phai dung nguon thach anh e on nh tan so, v thach anh co
nhng ac tnh vat ly rat tot nh o ben c hoc cao, t chu anh hng cua
nhiet o, o am va tac dung hoa hoc.
Thach anh co tnh ap ien, ngha la di tac dung cua ien trng th sinh ra
dao ong c hoc va ngc lai, khi co dao ong c hoc th sinh ra ien tch, do
o co the dung thach anh nh mot khung cong hng. Tnh chat dao ong cua
thach anh c bieu dien bi s o tng ng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 6.44
CRYSTAL
Lq
Cq
Cp
rq
A
C
Q
R
Trong o Lq, Cq va r
q
phu thuoc vao kch thc cua thach anh va cach cat
khoi thach anh. Thach anh co kch thc cang nho th Lq, Cq va r
q
cang nho,
ngha la tan so cong hng rieng cua no cang cao. Cp la ien dung gia
Thng r
q
rat nho nen khi tnh toan ngi ta bo qua. Tr khang tng ng
cua thach anh c xac nh nh sau
q
p q
q q
p
L
C C
s
C L
s
sC
s Z
/ )
1 1
(
1
.
1
) (
2
2
+ +
+
=
Suy ra thach anh co 2 tan so cong hng: tan so cong hng noi tiep ng vi
Z(s) = 0 va tan so cong hng song song ng vi ng vi Z(s) =

q q
z
C L
1
=

+ =
p q q
p
C C L
1 1 1

Tuy nhien v C
p
>> C
q
nen
p z
v vay bieu thc
Z
thng c s dung.
Tan so dao ong cua mach c xac nh bang tan so dao ong cua thach anh
hn la bang cac phan t trong mach.
V du.

Hnh 6.45

CRYSTAL

R 2k
60p 60p
10M
CONG TAC CHONG DOI DUNG DAO ONG A HAI N ON

DAO ONG A HAI DUNG CD4047BC

CD4047B co kha nang hoat ong nh mot mach dao ong a hai bat on hay n
on. Yeu cau phai mac them tu ien ngoai (gia chan 1, 3) va ien tr ngoai
(gia chan 2,3) e xac nh o rong xung ngo ra dang n on va tan so ngo ra
dang bat on
Thiet lap mach a hai bat on dung 4047B bang cach at mc ien ap cao vao
ngo ASTABLE hoac mc ien ap thap vao ngo ASTABLE
Thiet lap mach a hai n on dung 4047B bang cach kch xung canh len vao ngo
trigger + hoac kch canh xuong vao ngo trigger
Khi ngo Reset o mc logic 1, ngo ra Q = 0
ac tnh
Nguon cung cap: t 3 en 15V
Kha nang chong nhieu cao
Tng thch vi ho TTL
ng dung:
- Mach thi gian
- Mach tre
- Nhan tan
- Chia tan
- Tach ng bao
Cong thc tnh o rong xung
t
Astable
(10,11) = 4.4 RC
t
Astable
(13) = 2.2 RC
t
Monostable
(10,11) = 2.48 RC

Bai tap chng 6
1. Cho mach hnh, vi nguon cung cap V V
CC
9 =
a). Giai thch hoat ong cua mach, ve dang song V
C
va V
OUT

b). T dang song tren, tm bieu thc chu ky T cua V
OUT

2. Cho mach hnh.
C
va V
OUT
.
b). T dang song tren, tm bieu thc chu ky T cua ngo ra V
OUT
c). Tnh toan thiet ke mach e ngo ra nh sau

R
Z
+
-
1
VouI(I)
6
2R
74HC14
R
C
V
OUT
0,125ms 0,025ms
0v
5v
3. Thiet ke mach a hai bat on dung OpAmp.
a). Ve mach, giai thch hoat ong cua mach, ve dang song V
C
va V
OUT
.
OUT
. Xac nh
gia tr cac linh kien e mach co tan so ngo ra f=5Khz; he so cong tac q=70%;
0 V V
=
4. Thiet tnh mot mach dao ong n on co bien o ra t (0V en + 5V) va o
rong xung Tx= 1 giay
a) Ve dang mach va giai thch.
b) Tnh toan gia tr cac linh kien.
5. Cho mach sau

a) Ve dang song tai iem F va dang song ngo ra khi P1=5K
b) Lap lai cau a vi ga tr bien tr P1 v tr min va max
c) Lap lai cau a neu tiep iem J1 c noi lai

6. Cho mach sau
a) Ve dang song tai iem F va dang song ngo ra khi P1=5K
b) Lap lai cau a vi ga tr bien tr P1 v tr min va max
c) Lap lai cau a neu tiep iem J1 c noi lai
d) Lap lai cau a neu at vao chan 2 tn hieu co tan so 1khz
e) Nhan xet g neu tang tan so tn hieu cau d
f) Tm trang thai cam cho mach

0.1 uF
0.1 uF 0.47 uF
U33
555
2
6
7
4 8
5
Trigger
Threshold
Discharge
Reset Vcc
Output
CV
2.2K
10K
J 1
1K
F1
E
F

7. Cho mach hnh.
X
va V
OUT1
.
OUT1
c). Tnh toan cac linh kien e mach co fout = 38Khz, q=40%

E
F
J2
J3
R3
1K
C8
0.1uF
INPUT
C5
0.1uF
LM555
2
5
3
7
6
4 8
1
TR
CV
Q
DIS
THR
R VCC
GND
R4
2.2K
C7
0.47uF
C6
0.1uF
F
D1
1N414B
OUTPUT
+5V
C5
1nF
10K
P2
1
3
2
R5
1M
V
X
74HC14
C
Vout1
I2
Vout2
R
74HC14
I1

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