Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV.

Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

BI GING K THUT VI X L
* Gii thiu mn hc Tn mn hc: Vi x l S n v hc trnh: 4 vht = 60 tit (40 LT + 20 TH) Gio trnh chnh: K thut vi x l, Vn Th Minh, NXB Gio dc 1997. Ti liu tham kho: 1. K thut vi x l v lp trnh assembly cho h vi x l, Xun Tin, NXB KH&KT, 2003 2. Lp trnh hp ng Assembly v my tnh IBM-PC, Quch Tun Ngc, NXB GD, 1998. 3. Cm nang lp trnh h thng, Nguyn Mnh Hng, NXB GD 1998. Nhng trng hp sau khng c thi: - Ngh qu 1/4 s tit (15 tit) - Khng hon thnh cc bi tp, cc bi kim tra. Hnh thc thi v kim tra - Kim tra trn my lp trnh Assembly (gia k): h s 0,3 - Thi vit (cui k): h s 0,7 Hnh thc thi v kim tra - Lp trnh Assembly - Cu trc b VXL, xy dng h vi x l 8088

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Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

CHNG 1 CU TRC CA MT H VI X L

I - CC H M DNG TRONG MY TNH 1. H mi v h hai a) H m c s 10 (h thp phn, decimal number system) y l h m m chng ta s dng hng ngy. H m ny s dng mi ch s 0..9 biu din cc s h 10. Ch s 0 biu din s 0, ch s 1 biu din s 1, Khi m n 10 th ht s nn phi thm 1 sang hng bn tri thnh 10 (mi) ri li tip tc m 11, 12, 13,... Mt s h 10 c gi tr bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s tng ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i l 10i. V d: 12345,67 = 1x104 + 2x103 + 3x102 + 4x101 + 5x100 + 6x10-1 + 7x10-2 Khi lm vic vi nhiu h m cc s h 10 c thm ch D cui ch ra rng l s h 10. V d: 12,25D Tng qut ho cho h m c s a bt k (a 2, a N): S dng a ch s biu din cc s h a. Ch s c gi tr nh nht l 0, ch s c gi tr ln nht tu thuc vo tng h m nhng c gi tr l a-1. Gi tr (lng) ca mt s h a bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s tng ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i l ai. b) H m c s 2 (h nh phn, binary number system) Vi c s a = 2, h m ny s dng hai ch s 0 v 1 biu din cc s nh phn. Ch s 0 biu din s 0, ch s 1 biu din s 1. Khi m n 2 th ht ch s nn ta phi thm 1 sang bn tri to thnh 10, Mt s h 2 c gi tr bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s tng ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i trong mt s nh phn l 2i. V d: 1101,01B = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2 = 13,25 Cc s nh phn c ch B cui phn bit vi cc s trong h m khc khi ta lm vic vi nhiu h m. Cc linh kin in t cu to nn my tnh ch c hai trng thi: c in v khng c in. Hai trng thi ny c th c biu din bng 1 v 0. Chnh v l do ny m h m c s 2 l h m duy nht c dng trong my tnh. Trong k thut my tnh, mi ch s nh phn c gi l mt bit (vit tt ca t ting anh binary digit). Mt cm 4 bit to thnh mt nible, cm 8 bit to thnh 1 byte, cm 16 bit to thnh 1 t (word), cm 32 bit to thnh mt t kp (double word). Bit u tin bn tri trong cc s nh phn gi l bit c trng s ln nht (Most Significant Bit, MSB), cn bit tn cng bn phi gi l bit c trng s nh nht (Least Significant Bit, LSB). V tr ca cc bit trong nibble, byte, word, double word nh sau: 3 0 Nibble 7 Byte 15 Word 31 Double word 0 0 0

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Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

H hai l h m dng trong cc my tnh. Nhng con ngi li ch quen tnh ton vi h 10, bi vy m bo s giao tip thun tin gia ngi v my phi c s chuyn i qua li gia hai h m ny. c) Chuyn i gia h mi v h 2

i s h hai sang h 10

Mun i mt s t h hai sang h 10 ta tnh tng trng s ca cc ch s 1. Tng ny chnh l s h mi cn i. V d: 1101,01B = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2 = 23 + 22 +20 + 2-2 = 13,25 i s h mi sang h hai Trng hp tng qut mt s h mi c hai phn: phn nguyn v phn thp phn. i mt s h mi sang h hai ta tch thnh hai phn: - i phn nguyn sang h hai: Quy tc: Ly s phn nguyn chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, tip theo ly thng ca php chia trc chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. C tip tc nh vy cho ti khi thng bng 0 th dng li. Ly cc s d ghp li theo th t t s d nhn c cui cng n s d u tin. V d: i s 34,125 h mi sang h 2. Ta ui phn nguyn 34 trc: 34 2 17 0 1 0 0 34D = 100010B 0 1

2 8

2 4

2 2

2 1 2 0

- i phn thp phn sang h hai: Quy tc: Ly s cn i nhn vi 2, tch nhn c s gm phn nguyn v phn l thp phn, ly phn l thp phn ca tch nhn c nhn tip vi 2. C tip tc nh vy cho tch chn bng 1. Ghp cc phn nguyn (phn trc du phy) ca cc tch thu c theo th t nhn t tch u tin n tch cui cng ta s c cc ch s sau du phy ca h hai cn tm. V d: Tip v d trn, by gi ta i phn thp phn 0,125 sang h hai: 0,125 0,250 0,500 x x x 2 2 2 = = = 0 ,250 0 ,500 1 ,000

0,125D = 0,001B Kt hp c hai phn ta c 34,125D = 100010,001B 3. S BCD (s h mi m ha bng h hai) Gia h mi v h hai cn tn ti mt loi s gi l s BCD. S BCD l cc s h mi c m ha bng h hai (Binary Coded Decimal number). Cc s BCD rt thch hp cho cc thit b o c phn hin th s u ra. loi s ny ngi ta dng 4 ch s h hai m ho -3-

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

mt s h mi c gi tr trong khong 0 .. 9. V ch m ho mi s nn khng dng ht cc t hp ca 4 bit. V d: + S 495 nu biu din theo s BCD th c 0100 1001 0101 + S BCD 0111 0010 0000 0001 biu din s h mi l 7201 V d trn cho ta cch chuyn i gia s h mi v s BCD. S BCD c hai dng: dng BCD gi (cn c gi l BCD chun) v dng BCD khng gi. Dng BCD gi biu din hai ch s h mi trong mt byte, cn dng BCD khng gi biu din mt ch s h mi trong mt byte. V d: S h 10 12 623 BCD gi 0001 0010 0000 0110 0010 0011 BCD khng gi 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0110 0000 0010 0000 0011

4. H m c s 16 (h hex, hexa-decimal number system) Nu dng h 2 biu din cc s c gi tr ln ta s gp iu bt tin l s h 2 thu c qu di. Bi vy, trong thc t ngi ta tm cch nhm 4 s h 2 thnh mt s h 16, H m c s 16 s dng 16 ch s biu din cc s h 16. Mi ch s thp phn 0...9 biu din cc gi tr t 0 n 9, cn cc gi tr t 10 n 15 v khng cn ch s na nn phi dng thm cc ch ci: A biu din cho 10 B biu din cho 11 C biu din cho 12 D biu din cho 13 E biu din cho 14 F biu din cho 15 Khi m n 16 v khng cn ch s nn phi thm 1 sang bn tri to thnh 10, Gi tr ca mt s h 16 bng tng cc tch gia gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s ca n. Trng s ca ch s th i trong mt s h 16 l 16i. V d: 2AE4H = 2x163 + Ax162 + Ex161 + 4x160 = 10980D phn bit vi cc s trong h m khc, cc s h 16 c thn ch H cui. V d: 2AE4H i s h 16 sang h 2 i tng ch s h 16 thnh nhm 4 ch s h 2. i s h 2 sang h 16 Nhm 4 ch s h 2 mt t phi qua tri ri chuyn tng nhm ny thnh mt ch s h mi su. V d: 100101101011B = 1001 0110 1011 = 96BH 4. Cc php ton s hc i vi h 2 v h 16 Sinh vin t nghin cu II - M HO THNG TIN 1. Khi nim v m ho M ho thng tin l quy c v cch biu din thng tin trong my tnh. Trong my tnh ngi ta dng m nh phn (s nh phn) c di (s bit) c nh biu din thng tin. Vi di t m l n ta c th biu din c 2n trng thi khc nhau. Xt trng hp biu din s: -4-

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

* Nu dng 1 byte (8 bit) biu din cc s nguyn khng du (s t nhin) th ta c th biu din c 2n = 28 = 256 s t 0 n 255. M nh phn S 0000 0000 0 0000 0001 1 0000 0010 2 . . 1111 1111 255 * Nu dng 1 byte biu din cc s nguyn c du th c th biu din c 2n = 28 = 256 s t -128 n 127. S d khong s nguyn biu din c l t -128 n 127 l v phi dng mt 1 bit biu din du. Bit biu din du l bit MSB. MSB = 1 cho s m, MSB = 0 cho s dng. Khi MSB = 0 th ta c s dng ln nht l 0111 1111 = 127. Khi MSB = 1 ta c s m, s m c nhiu cch biu din nhng hay dng nht l kiu s b hai. Vi kiu s b hai s m nh nht l 1000 0000 = -128 (ta s ni cch tm s -128 sau). Cch tm s b hai biu din mt s m nh sau: - i tr tuyt i ca s m ra m nh phn (vi di t m c nh, v d 8, 16, 32) - Tm s b mt ca s nh phn bng cch o cc bit: 0 thnh 1, 1 thnh 0 - Cng s b mt vi 1 ta s c s b hai V d: Biu din s -128 trong dng s b hai 8 bit 128D = 1000 0000B B mt = 0111 1111 + 1 B hai = 1000 0000 Ngc li, t mt s nh phn hy tm s nguyn m n biu din (gi s s nh phn biu din s nguyn c du). Khi ta lm nh sau: - Xt bit MSB. Nu MSB = 0 th ch cn i s nh phn sang h mi. Nu MSB = 1 th chuyn sang bc tip theo. - Tm s b mt - Ly s b mt cng vi 1 c s b hai - i s nh phn b hai sang h mi V d: Cho s nh phn 1101 1001, s ny biu din mt s nguyn c du, hy tm s nguyn . - Bit MSB = 1 => S biu din l s m - S b mt = 0010 0110 - S b hai = 0010 0111 - S nguyn cn tm l -39 2. M ASCII Thng tin, d liu xung quanh chng ta c rt nhiu loi nh vn bn, s liu, m thanh, hnh nh, Mun a cc loi thng tin ny vo my tnh chng ta phi dng m nh phn biu din. Trong thc t thng tin c truyn i, c lu gi trong cc b nh my tnh hoc hin th trn mn hnh u di dng k t v tun theo mt loi m c dng rng ri trn th gii gi l m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange, m chun ca M dng trao i thng tin). Vic dng cc k t m ho thng tin theo bng m ASCII cho php cc my tnh v cc b phn ca mt my tnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc t m trong bng m ASCII c di 1 byte (8 bit). Bng m ASCII c chia thnh 2 na: na u c m t 0 n 127 gi l bng m ASCII tiu chun, na sau c m t 128 n 255 gi l bng m ASCII m rng. Hu ht cc nc trn th gii c bng m ASCII tiu chun ging nhau. Bng m ASCII m rng thng khc nhau v dng cha b k t ca ring tng nc. -5-

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Trong bng m ASCII tiu chun ngi ta ch dng ht 7 bit (t bit 0 n bit 6) m ho cc k t, cn 1 bit MSB c th cho lin tc bng 0, hoc bng 1, hoc c th dng cha bit parity phc v vic pht hin li khi truyn. Khi xem xt bng m ASCII tiu chun ta c th rt ra my nhn xt sau: Hai ct u (ct 0 v ct 1) ca bng m dng cho cc k t iu khin Cc k t s nm ct 3. M ca k t 0 l 30H, ca k t 9 l 39H. Gia gi tr s v m ASCII ca s c khong cch l 30H. Cc ch ci hoa nm ct 4 v 5, cc ch ci thng nm ct 6 v 7. Khong cch gia ch thng v ch hoa cng tn l 20H. BNG M ASCII TIU CHUN Hexa 1 0 Hexa 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F <NULL> 0 <SOH> 1 <STX> 2 <ETX> 3 <EOT> 4 <ENQ> 5 <ACK> 6 <BEL> 7 <BS> 8 <HT> 9 <LF> 10 <VT> 11 <FF> 12 <CR> 13 <SO> 14 <SI> 15 <DLE> 16 <DC1> 17 <DC2> 18 <DC3> 19 <DC4> 20 <NAK> 21 <SYN> 22 <ETB> 23 <CAN> 24 <EM> 25 <SUB> 26 <ESC> 27 <FS> 28 <GS> 29 <RS> 30 <US> 31 <SP> 32 ! 33 " 34 # 35 $ 36 % 37 & 38 ' 39 ( 40 ) 41 * 42 + 43 , 44 45 . 46 / 47 0 48 1 49 2 50 3 51 4 52 5 53 6 54 7 55 8 56 9 57 : 58 ; 59 < 60 = 61 > 62 ? 63 O 79 N 78 _ 95 M 77 ^ 94 L 76 ] 93 n 110 K 75 \ 92 m 109 ~ J 74 [ 91 l 108 } 125 I 73 Z 90 k 107 | 124 H 72 Y 89 j 106 { 123 G 71 X 88 i 105 z 122 F 70 W 87 h 104 y 121 E 69 V 86 g 103 x 120 D 68 U 85 f 102 w 119 C 67 T 84 e 101 v 118 B 66 S 83 d 100 u 117 A 65 R 82 c 99 t 116 @ 64 Q 81 b 98 s 115 P 80 a 97 r 114 ` 96 q 113 p 112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

126 o <DEL> 111 127

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Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

3. Quan h gia m ASCII v s BCD Khi lu tr, hin th hoc truyn gia cc thit b cc gi tr s 0 .. 9 thc cht ta lm vic vi m ASCII ca cc s , tc l cc s 30H .. 39H. Ta thy trong mt byte biu din cc gi tr s 0 .. 9 c 4 bit thp ng vi m BCD ca chnh s , cn 4 bit cao lun lun l m BCD ca s 3. Nu ta thay 4 bit cao trong m ASCII ca mt s bng 0000B th ta thu c s BCD khng gi ca s . III - S LC V CU TRC V HOT NG CA H VI X L 1. S pht trin ca cc b vi x l B vi x l l thnh phn rt c bn khng th thiu c to nn my vi tnh v cc h vi x l. Trc khi tm hiu cu trc ca mt h vi x l ta lt qua v lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l. a) Th h 1 (1971 - 1973) Nm 1971, hng Intel cho ra i b vi x l u tin l 4004 (4 bit s liu, 12 bit a ch). Sau Intel v cc hng sn xut khc ln lt cho ra i cc b vi x l khc: 4040 (4 bit) v 8008 (8 bit) ca Intel, PPS-4 (4 bit) ca Rockwell International, IPM-16 (16 bit) ca National Semiconductor. c im chung ca cc b vi x l th h ny l: + di t thng l 4 bit (c th di hn) + Cng ngh ch to PMOS c mt tch hp nh + Tc thc hin lnh: 10 - 60 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 0,1 - 0,8 MHz + Tp lnh n gin v phi cn nhiu vi mnh ph tr mi to nn mt h vi mnh hon chnh. b) Th h 2 (1974 - 1977) Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 8 bit 8080 v 8085 ca Intel, 6800 v 6809 ca Motorola v Z80 ca Zilog. c im: + di t l 8 bit + Cng ngh ch to: NMOS (c mt tch hp cao hn PMOS) hoc CMOS + Tc thc hin lnh: 1 - 8 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 1 - 5 MHz + Tp lnh phong ph hn th h trc. c) Th h 3 (1978 - 1982) Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 16 bit 8086, 80186, 80286 ca Intel, 68000 v 68010 ca Motorola. c im: + di t l 16 bit + Cng ngh ch to: HMOS (c mt tch hp cao hn PMOS) hoc CMOS + Tc thc hin lnh: 0,1 - 1 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 5 - 10 MHz + Tp lnh a dng vi cc lnh nhn, lnh chia v cc lnh thao tc vi chui k t. d) Th h 4 (1983 - ?) Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 32 bit 80386, 80486 v 64 bit Pentium ca Intel, cc b vi x l 32 bit 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 ca Motorola. c im ca cc b vi x l th h ny l bus a ch u l 32 bit (c kh nng nh a ch cho b nh ti 4 GB) v c kh nng lm vic vi b nh o. Ngi ta cng p dng cc c ch hoc cc cu trc c s dng trong cc my tnh ln vo cc b vi x l: c ch x l xen k lin tc dng m lnh (pipeline), b nh cache (b nh n), b nh o. Cc b vi

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Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

x l th h ny u c b qun l b nh (MMU) v nhiu khi c b ng x l ton hc bn trong. Phn ln cc b vi x l th h ny u sn xut bng cng ngh HCMOS. Bn cnh cc b vi x l vn nng truyn thng thng c s dng xy dng cc my tnh vi tp lnh y (Complex Instruction Set Computer, CISC) m chng ta ni trn, trong thi gian ny cng xut hin cc b vi x l ci tin dng xy dng cc my tnh vi tp lnh rt gn (Reduced Instruction Set Computer, RISC) vi nhiu tnh nng c th so snh vi cc my tnh ln th h trc. l cc b vi x l Alpha ca hng Digital, PowerPC ca ba hng Apple-Motorola-IBM. Di y l mt s thng s chnh ca cc b vi x l Intel Cc b vi x l 16 bit ca Intel Nm sn xut fclk max (ng h nhp) MIPS (triu lnh / s) S tranzitor Bus s liu Bus a ch Kh nng a ch ho S chn Ch b nh o C b qun l b nh bn trong ng x l ton hc Cc b vi x l 32 bit ca Intel 386DX
Nm sn xut fclk max (ng h nhp) MIPS (triu lnh / s) S tranzitor B nh Cache Bus s liu Bus a ch Kh nng a ch ho S chn Ch b nh o C b qun l b nh v bo v b nh bn trong ng x l ton hc 10/1985 40 MHz 6 275.000 Bn ngoi, do 82385 .khin 32 bit 32 bit 4 GB 132 c c 80387DX

8086 6/1978 10 MHz 0,33 29.000 16 bit 20 bit 1 MB 40 khng khng 8087

8088 1979 10 MHz 0,33 29.000 8 bit 20 bit 1 MB 40 khng khng 8087

80286 2/1982 20 MHz 1,2 134.000 16 bit 24 bit 16 MB 68 c c 80287

386SX
6/1988 33 MHz 2,5 275.000 Bn ngoi, do 82385 .khin 16 bit 24 bit 16 MB 100 c c 80387SX

486DX
4/1989 50 MHz 20 1,2 triu I/DCache 8 KB 32 bit 32 bit 4 GB 168 c c bn trong

486SX
4/1991 25 MHz 16,5 1,18 triu I/DCache 8 KB 32 bit 32 bit 4 GB 168 c c 80487SX

486DX2
3/1992 66 MHz 52 1,2 triu I/DCache 8 KB 32 bit 32 bit 4 GB 168 c c bn trong

Pentium
5/1993 100 MHz 112 3,1 triu ICache 8KB DCache 8KB 64 bit 32 4 GB 273 c c bn trong

2. S lc cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l to thnh mt h vi x l hon chnh, b vi x l cn phi kt hp vi cc b phn in t khc nh b nh v cc b phi ghp vo/ra. Cn lu rng my vi tnh ch l mt trong nhng ng dng c th ca h vi x l. Di y l s khi tng qut ca mt h vi x l.

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Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bus d liu Bus iu khin

B x l trung tm (CPU) Bus a ch

B nh (Memory) ROM-RAM

Phi ghp vo/ra (I/O)

Thit b vo Thit b ra

Trong s ny ta thy cc khi chc nng chnh ca h vi x l gm c: + Khi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit, CPU) + B nh trong RAM-ROM (Memory, M) + Khi phi ghp vi cc thit b ngoi vi (Input/Output, I/O) + Cc bus truyn thng tin gia cc khi * Khi x l trung tm (CPU, cn gi l b vi x l) ng vai tr ch o trong h vi x l. Khi hot ng, n c m lnh c ghi di dng cc bit 0 v 1 t b nh, sau n s gii m cc lnh ny thnh dy cc xung iu khin ng vi cc thao tc trong lnh iu khin cc khi khc thc hin tng bc cc thao tc . lm c vic ny bn trong CPU c cc thanh ghi ( nh): thanh ghi con tr lnh IP dng cha a ch ca cc lnh sp thc hin, cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s, cc thanh ghi a nng cng b tnh ton s hc v logic (ALU, Arithmetic and Logic Unit) thao tc vi d liu. Ngoi ra bn trong CPU cn c cc h thng mch in t rt phc tp gii m lnh v t to ra cc xung iu khin cho ton h. * B nh bn dn hay cn gi l b nh trong l mt b phn rt quan trng ca h vi x l. B nh bn dn gm c ROM v RAM. ROM dng cha chng trnh iu khin ca ton h, khi bt in CPU s ly lnh t y khi ng h thng. RAM cha mt phn chng trnh iu khin h thng, cc chng trnh ng dng, d liu v cc kt qu ca chng trnh. Cc d liu v chng trnh mun lu tr lu di s c b nh ngoi (a t, bng t). Khi hot ng CPU s ly cc lnh trong RAM ra thc hin, bi vy cc chng trnh mun CPU thc hin phi c a vo RAM. B nh trong c t chc thnh cc nh c di (s bit) bng nhau, mi nh c gn mt a ch c nh v duy nht. * Khi phi ghp vo/ra (I/O) l b phn giao tip gia h vi x l vi th gii bn ngoi. Cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, chut, mn hnh, my in, a t,... u lin h vi h vi x l qua b phn ny. Mi giao din vi mt thit b bn ngoi gi l cng. C 2 loi cng: cng vo v cng ra, cng vo ly thng tin t ngoi vo v cng ra a thng tin t trong h ra ngoi. Nu nhn t trong CPU th khi I/O c th xem nh b nh, mi cng c mt a ch c nh v c th c d liu vo hoc ghi d liu ra cng. * Bus l mt nhm cc ng dy dn in truyn tn hiu gia cc khi trong h. Cc ng dy ny gi chung l bus h thng. Bus h thng gm c ba bus thnh phn: bus a ch chuyn ti tn hiu a ch, bus d liu chuyn ti tn hiu d liu v bus iu khin chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin. + Bus a ch thng c t 16, 20, 24 n 32 ng dy song song chuyn ti cc bit a ch (mi ng dy vn chuyn mt bit). Khi c/ghi b nh hoc cng I/O CPU s a ra trn bus ny a ch ca nh hay cng I/O cn c/ghi. Kh nng phn bit a ch ca CPU (s a ch m CPU c kh nng qun l) ph thuc vo s bit ca bus a ch. S bit ca bus a ch l n th kh nng phn bit a ch ca CPU l 2n a ch khc nhau. V d, bus a ch -9-

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

c 20 bit th CPU c kh nng phn bit a ch l 220 = 1 M a ch khc nhau. Cn lu l ch CPU mi c kh nng a ra a ch trn bus a ch, bi vy trn s bus a ch c mt chiu i t CPU ti cc khi khc. + Bus d liu thng c t 4, 8, 16, 32 n 64 ng dy song song ty thuc vo b vi x l c th. Cc ng dy ny chuyn ti tn hiu d liu gia cc khi trong h. S lng ng dy ny quyt nh s bit d liu m CPU c kh nng x l cng mt lc. Trn s bus d liu c hai chiu ch ra rng d liu c th truyn i t CPU (d liu ra) hoc truyn n CPU (d liu vo). + Bus iu khin thng gm hng chc ng dy song song chuyn ti cc tn hiu iu khin khc nhau. Mi tn hiu iu khin truyn trn mt ng dy v c mt chiu nht nh. V khi hot ng CPU a tn hiu iu khin ti cc khi khc trong h, ng thi n cng nhn tn hiu iu khin t cc khi phi hp hot ng. Trn s bus iu khin c mi tn 2 chiu l th hin tnh hai chiu ca c nhm tn hiu ch khng phi mt tn hiu.

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