Ag Aavq

Avjvi cwZdjb
(ReflectionofLight)

Avib iv`vidvW

ErnestRutherford(18711937)
Avib iv`vidvWi Rb wbDwRKjv Ges KgRxebi GKUv
eo Ask KvwUqQb Bsjv| ZRwqZv wbq KvR Kivi Rb
ZuvK imvqb bvej cyivi `qv nq| wZwb Zvi eo KvRjv
KiwQjb bvej cyivi cvIqvi ci| c`v_wevb Zuvi mePq
eo Ae`vb cigvYyi K` AZ z` wbDwKqvmi evLv `qv|
wZwb h ay wbR AZ eo GKRb eenvix c`v_wevbx wQjb
Zv bq, wZwb Zuvi mnKgx Ges Qv`i w`qI AbK eo MelYv
KwiqQb| wZwb Zuvi nvwbqvK Aenjv Ki h_vh_ wPwKrmv bv
Kivq GK aibi RwUjZvq gviv hvb|


8.1 Avjvi cKwZ (NatureofLight)

Avgiv PvL hUv `LZ cvB mUv nQ Avjv| Avgiv PvL MvQcvjv `wL, AvKvk `wL,
Pqvi-Uwej gvbyl `wL Zvi gvb GB bq h MvQcvjv AvKvk Pqvi-Uwej wKsev gvbyl nQ
Avjv! Gjv _K Avjv cwZdwjZ nq mB AvjvUv Avgv`i PvL co, PvLi iwUbv _K
mB Avjv w`q Zwi msKZ Avgv`i gw cuQvq Avi Avgv`i gw eySZ cvi KvbUv
MvQcvjv wKsev KvbUv gvbyl| cyiv evcviUv i nq PvLi gvS Avjv XvKv _K|
Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi| Zi njB Zvi GKUv Zi `N _vK Zvi gvb
AvjviI wbqB Zi `N AvQ| Avgiv hviv cyKzi wXj Qzo wKsev GKUv `woZ SuvKzwb w`q
Zi Zwi KiwQ Zviv Rvwb h BQ KijB QvU eo Zi `Ni Zi Zwi Kiv hvq, ZvB
AvjviI wbqB bvbv `Ni Zi `N _vKZ cvi| K_vUv mwVK, we`yr P^Kxq Zii `N
hv wKQz nZ cvi| mUv KqK wKjvwgUvi _KI ewk nZ cvi Avevi GK wgUvii wUwjIb
wUwjIb fvMi GK fvMI nZ cvi| h welqUv Avgv`i fvjv Ki Rvbv `iKvi mwU nQ GB
168 Avjvi cwZdjb
mve wekvj Zi `Ni QvU GKUv Ask Avgiv `LZ cvB, Zi `N Gi _K ewk njI
Avgiv `LZ cvB bv Avevi Gi _K QvU njI Avgiv `LZ cvBbv| Zi `N 400 nm
_K 700nm Gi wfZi nj Avgiv we`yr P^Kxq Zi `LZ cvB Ges mUvK Avgiv ewj
Avjv| Avgiv h PvL bvbv is `LZ cvB mjvI Avmj wewfb Zi `Ni Avjv| Zi
`N hLb QvU nq mUv nq ebx| hLb Zi `N evoZ _vK ZLb mUv bxj meyR njy`
Kgjv jvj nq PvLi KvQ A`k nq hvq! gvbyli PvL GB evwi Gi evBi Zi `N
`LZ cvq bv wK cvKv gvKo ev Abvb AbK cvYx Gi evBiI `LZ cvq! wewfb AvjvZ
gvbyli PvLi mse`bkxjZv 8.1 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|

Qwe 8.1: Avjvi KUvg Ges wfb wfb isq PvL mse`bkxjZv
8.1 QweZ Avjvi wewfb Zi `Ni bvgjv `Lvbv nqQ| Zi `N hw` `kgvb
Avjvi mePq QvU Zi `N _KI QvU nq mUvK Avgiv ewj AvjUv fvqvjU Avjv,
Aviv QvU nj G i Aviv QvU nj Mvgv i hUv ZRq wbDwKqvm _K ei nq| Avevi
Zi `N hw` `kgvb Avjvi mePq eo Zi `N _KI eo nq mUvK Avgiv ewj
Avjvi cwZdjb 169
BbdviW Aviv eo nj gvBvIqf Aviv eo nj iwWI Iqf! c`v_ wevb wkLZ nj h
welqjv RvbZ nq, we`yr P^Kxq Zii GB wefvRbwU nQ Zvi mePq iZc~Y GKUv
welq|
Zvgiv `LZB cvQ Avgiv Avgv`i PvL h Avjv `LZ cvB Zvi Zi `N LyeB
QvU wK c`v_wevbi AbK PgKc` cixv AvQ hjv w`q Avgiv GB Zii bvbv
PgKc` GcwigU KiZ cvwi|
Avjv mK Avgiv hw` RvbZ PvB Zvnj i KiZ cvwi cwZdjb w`q|

8.2 cwZdjb (Reflection)

cwZdjb K_vUv ejZB Avgv`i cvq mevi PvLB
Avqbvi mvgb `uvwoq _vKvi QweUv fm IV wK
gb ivLZ ne cwZdjb welqUv Aviv AbK
evcK| hLbB GK gvag _K Ab gvag
AvjvK cvVvbv nq ZLbB Avmj wZbwU wfb wfb
NUbv NU, Zvi GKwU nQ cwZdjb| Ab `ywU
nQ cwZmiY Avi cwZkvlY| (Qwe 8.2)
c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag hvevi mgq
LvwbKUv Avjv Avevi c_g gvagB wdi Avm mUvi bvg nQ cwZdjb| LvwbKUv Avjv wZxq
gvag XzK hZ cvi mUv nQ cwZmiY| Avevi LvwbKUv Avjv kvwlZ nq hvq mUvi bvg
nQ cwZkvlY| GB Aavq Avgiv cwZdjb Ges cii Aavq cwZmiY wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
Qwe 8.2: GK gvag _K Ab gvag Avjvi
cwZdjb, cwZmiY I cwZkvlY|
Avjv GK aibi Zi, mvaviYfve Zii hvIqvi Rb gvagi cqvRb nq, (cvwb bv
_vKj cvwbi XDUv ne Kv_vq?) wK Avjvi welqUv m~Y wfb, GUv hnZz we`yr Ges P^K
i Zi ZvB GUvi Rb Kvbv gvagi `iKvi bB, Avjv Zvi we`yr Avi P^K `ywUi
Zi Zwi Ki wbRivB Pj hZ cvi| KvRB cwZdjb ev cwZmiY evLv Kivi Rb hLb
c_g Ges wZxq gvagi K_v ejv nqQ ZLb GKwU gvag Avmj k~b gvagI nZ cviZ|
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv KvP ev cvwbZ Avjvi cwZdjb Ges
cwZmiYi h D`vniYjv `wL mLvb GKUv gvag evZvm AbwU KvP (wKsev cvwb)| evZvm
GZ nvjKv gvag h mUvK k~b gvag ai wbj Ggb wKQz eo fzj nq bv|

170 Avjvi cwZdjb
8.2.1 cwZdjbi m~
cwZdjbi m~ evSvi AvM Avgv`i
KqKUv welqK msvwqZ Ki bqv
`iKvi| hLb GK gvag _K Ab gvag
Avjv Gm co Avgiv AvcvZZ ai wbB
mwU nQ GKUv mgZj| welqwU evSvi
Rb Avgiv ai wbB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
ne mUv GKUv AvjvK iLv ev AvjvK
iwk| hLb GKUv AvjvK iwk GK gvag
_K Ab gvagi Ici GKUv we`yZ Gm
co c_gB mB we`y _K GKUv j^
Kbv Ki wbZ ne| h AvjvK iwkwU
Gm mB we`ywUZ coQ Ges h j^wU
Kbv KiQ mB `ywU iLvK wbq GKw Zj Kbv Ki bvI| (Qwe 8.3)
Qwe 8.3: c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag Avjvi
cwZdjb|
U mg
h iwkwU c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag XvKvi Rb GKUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nqQ
Avgiv mUvK eje, AvcvZb iwk (X0)| h iwkwU cwZdwjZ nqQ (0X) mUv nQ
cwZdwjZ iwk (evSvB hvQ hUv wZxq gvag XzK hve mUv cwZmwiZ iwk GB Aavq
mUv wbq Avgiv AvjvPbv Kie bv|) AvcwZZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY Kie mUvK eje
AvcvZb KvY

, cwZdwjZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY (

) Kie mUvK eje cwZdwjZ

Kvb| GLb Avgiv cwZdjbi m~ `ywU ejZ cvwi :

c_g m~: AvcvZb iwk Ges j^ w`q Avgiv h mgZjwU Kbv Ki wbqwQjvg
cwZdwjZ iwkwU mB mgZjB _vKe|
wZxq m~: cwZdjb KvYwU ne AvcvZb KvYi mgvb|
D`vniY 8.1: 8.4 QweZ `Lvbv Aevq `ywU Avqbv ivLv AvQ| gvSLvb x we`yZ GKwU
gvgevwZ ivLv nqQ| gvgevwZi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne?


Di: Avqvbvq cwZwe^ `Lv hve| mB cwZwe^i cwZwe^wUI Avqbv `ywUZ `Lv hve Gfve
PjZB _vKe| KvRB QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve AmsL cwZwe^ `Lv hve|

Avjvi cwZdjb 171
cwZdjbi `ywU m~ ejv njB cwZdjb wbq me wKQz ejv nqwb, mwZ K_v ejZ Kx cwZdjbi
mePq iZc~Y welqUvB ejv nqwb, KZUzKz cwZdjb ne? cwZdjbi Rb hw` Avqbv eenvi
Kiv nq Zvnj cvq cyivUvB cwZdwjZ nq, wK cwZdjb K_vwU Zv ay Avqbvi Rb Zwi Kiv
nqwb GUv Zv h Kvbv `yUv gvagi gvS nZ cvi| KZUzKz cwZdjb ne mUvi Rb
m~wUi bvg dbji (Fresnel) m~| m~Uv Zvgiv AviKUz eo nq wkLe, GLb GUvi g~j
welqUv Rb ay ivL AvcvZb KvY hZ ewk ne c wZdjbI ne ZZ ewk| Zvgiv `LQ
mvaviY GK UzKiv KuvP cwZdjb nq Kg gv 4% _K S%, evKxUv fZi w`q cwZmvwiZ
nq hvq| wK cwZdjb KvY hw` ewk nq 8u wKsev 9u Gi KvQvKvwQ, Zvnj cwZdwjZ
Avjv AbK ewk eo hvq| Rvbvjvi KvPi cvk `uvwoq Zvgiv GLbB mUv cixv Ki
`LZ cvi|

Qwe 8.4: `ywU mgvivj Avqbvi gvSLvb GKwU gvgevwZ x ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ x'Ges cwZwe^i cwZwe^
Zix nZ _vK|

8.2.2 cwZkvlY
Avgv`i Pvicvki RMZi
m`hi eo GKUv Ask Avm
wewfb is _K| wK iswU Avm
Kgb Ki? Avgiv hLb meyR
cvZvi gvS GKUv jvj Mvjvc
dzj `wL, mwU Kb jvj wKsev
Zvi cvZvwU Kb meyR? welqUv
Aviv weqKi gb nZ cvi
hLb Zvgiv `Le meyR AvjvZ jvj dzjUvKB `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv wKsev jvj AvjvZ
meyR cvZvK `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv!

Qwe 8.5: AvcvZb KvY ewk nj cwZdjb AbK ewk nq

172 Avjvi cwZdjb
welqUv Avmj mnR mvaviY AvjvZ (AbK mgq ej mv`v Avjv), Avmj mejv
Zi `NB _vK, is hnZz Zi `Ni Ici wbfi Ki ZvB ejv hZ cvi mLvb me isqi
Avjv iqQ| hLb mejv is _vK ZLb mLvb Avjv`vfve Kvb is `Lv hvq bv ZLb
AvjvUvK Avgiv ewj eYnxb wKsev mv`v Avjv| GB AvjvUv hLb GKUv jvj Mvjvc dzj co
ZLb Mvjvc dzjUv jvj is Qvov Ab mejv is kvlY Ki bq ZvB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
nq Avgv`i PvL co mLvb jvj Qvov Avi Kvbv is _vK bv Ges Mvjvc dzjUvK gb nq
jvj| wVK m iKg meyR cvZvUvZ me
is Gm co Ges cvZvUv meyR Qvov Ab
me is kvlY Ki bq ZLb h isUv
c wZdwjZ nq mUvZ meyR Qvov Ab
Kvbv isqi Avjv _vK bv ej
cvZvUvK `Lvq meyR| (Qwe 8.6)
hw` m~Y jvj AvjvZ GB
Mvjvc dzj Ges cvZvUvK `Lv nZv
Zvnj dzjUvK wVKB jvj `Lv hZ
KviY GUv jvj is kvlY Ki bv wK
cvZvUvK Zvi mwVK isq bv `wLq
`Lve Kvjv| Kvib cvZvUv jvj isK
kvlY Ki dje Ges Kvbv is
cwZdwjZ Kie bv| wVK GKB Kvib meyR AvjvZ cvZvUv meyR `LvjI mB isUv Mvjvc
dzj cyivcywi kvlY Ki be ej Mvjvc dzj _K cwZdwjZ nevi gZv Kvbv is _vKe bv
ej mUvK `Lve Kvjv|

Qwe 8.6: GKUv e me is kvlY Ki hUv cwZdwjZ Ki

mUvKB Zvi is ej gb nq

8.2.3 gmY Ges AgmY c cwZdjb
Avqbv wKsev Avqbvi gZv gmY c
Avjvi mgvivj iwk jv cwZdjbi
ciI mgvivj _vK KviY cZKUv
iwkB cwZdjbi m~ gb AvcvZb
KvYi mgvb cwZdjb KvY cwZdwjZ
nq| wK cwU hw` gmY bv nq Zvnj
cwZdjbi ci AvjvK iwkjv Avi mgvivj bv _K Pvwiw`K Qwoq co| (Qwe 8.7)

Qwe 8.7: gmY c Avjv cwZdwjZ nq wK AgmY c Avjv

weQywiZ nq

Avjvi cwZdjb 173
8.3 Avqbv (Mirror)

Avgiv mevB Avqbv (`cY) `LwQ| Avqbvq wbqwgZ cwZdjbi KviY cwZwe^i Zwi nq|
Avqbv Zwi Kivi Rb KvPi wcQb cwZdjbi DchvMx icvi cjc `qv nq| KvPi mvgbi
c _K 4% Avjv cwZdwjZ njI wcQbi c
_K cyiv Avjv cwZdwjZ nq ej mwU g~j
cwZwe^wU Zwi Ki| Uwjvc ev Ab AcwUKvj
(optical) h hLb g~j cwZwe^wU Lye iZc~Y nq
ZLb KvPi DciB icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc
`qv nq hb GKwU 4% nvjKv AviKwU 96%
, G iKg `ywU cwZwe^ Zwi bv nq GKUv
1uu% cwZwe^ Zwi nq|

8.3.1 cwZwe^:
Zywg hLb Avqbvi mvgb `uvovI ZLb Zzwg wbRi
cwZwe^ `LZ cvI Zzwg Avqbvi hZUzKz mvgb
AvQ, Zvgvi gb ne cwZwe^ wU eywS wVK ZZUzKz wcQb AvQ| 8.8 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ X
nQ GKwU e mLvb _K wZbwU iwk AB Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nqQ (A_vvr AvcvZb KvY =
cwZdwjZ KvY)| cwZdwjZ iwkjvK Avgiv hw` Avqbvi wcQb evwoq w`B Zvnj gb ne
mejv X' GK we`yZ K`xf~Z nqQ| GB we`ywUB nQ X ewUi cwZwe^| mwZKvi eZ
GKUv we`y bv _K AbKjv we`y _vK Ges cwZKUv we`yi GKUv Ki cwZwe^ nq cyiv
ewUi cwZwe^ Zwi nq|
Qwe 8.8: X ewUi cwZwe^ X Aevb `Lv
hve
Avgiv hw` RvwgwZ eenvi Ki cwZwe^wUi Aevb `LvZ PvB Zvnj Kgc `ywU iwk
AuvKZ ne| QweUv AvuKv AbK mnR nq hw` Avgiv GKwU iwk wnme wbB mvRv j^fve hvIqv
iwk XP Ges Zvi mv_ Ab h Kvbv GKUv iwk X0 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ| 0PX
Ges 0PX' wfyR `ywU memg| A_vr XP = X'P Zvi gvb X we`yi cwZwe^wU X' Avqbv
_K ewUi mgvb `~iZ Zwi nqQ|
D`vniY: 8.2 `LvI 0PX Ges 0PX' wf~R `ywU memg|


174 Avjvi cwZdjb
Di: GLvb zXP0 = zX'P0 KviY `ywUB GK mgKvY hnZz XP nQ Avqbvi c
AvuKv j^| cwZdjbi wbqg Abyhvqx AvcvZb KvY cwZdjb KvYi mgvb KvRB
zX0P = zR0A Avevi zR0A = zX'0P KvRB wf~R 0PX Ges 0PX' Gi gvS
0P mvaviY ev Ges GB evi `yB w`Ki KvY `ywU mgvb| 0PX Ges 0PX' wf~R `ywU
memg, ZvB XP = X'P

Kvbv Avqbvq Avgiv hw` GKwU ei
cwZwe^ `wL Zvnj Avgv`i gb nq cwZwe^ _K
eywS AvjvK iwk AvmQ Avmj wK gvUI mB
we`y _K Avjv AvmQ bv| Avgiv ci `Le AbK
mgq wK mwZ mwZ Ggbfve GKUv cwZwe^ Zwi
nq hLvb mwZ mwZ Avjv K`xf~Z nq Ges
mLvb _K AvjvK iwk ei nq Avm| G iKg
cwZwe^K ej ev e cwZwe^ Ges GB aibi
cwZwe^ w`q AbK KvR Kiv me| Avqbvq h
cwZwe^ Zwi nq mLvb mwZKvii Avjv K`xf~Z
nq bv ZvB Gi bvg Aeve cwZwe^|
8.10 QweZ GKwU gv we`y bv nq GKUv
we Z ei cwZwe^ Kxfve Zwi nq `Lvbv nqQ| X Ges we`y _K Avjv Avqbvq
cwZdwjZ nq h_vg X
i
Ges
i
G
Aeve cwZwe^ Zix KiQ A_vr gb
nQ PvL AvjvK iwk AvmQ X
i
Ges

i
_K| `LvB hvQ X Gi h `N
X
i

i
Gi mB GKB `N| X Z Zxii
gv_vwU hw` Dcii w`K nq Zvnj X
i

i

ZI Zxii gv_vwU Dcii w`K ne|
A_vr mvaviY Avqbvq cwZwe^:
Qwe 8.9: X Aevbi ewUi cwZwe^ `Lvi
Rb XP Ges XO GB `ywU AvjvK iwk
eenvi KivB h_
Qwe 8.10: X ewUi cwZwe^ X'' (a) Avqbv _K mg`~iZ
(b) Aeve
(c) mvRv Ges
(d) mgvb `Ni
Avjvi cwZdjb 175

Avgiv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve GB welqjv gb
Kwiq w`wQ KviY GKUz ciB `Le mvaviY
Avqbvi e`j Ab aibi Avqbv eenvi
Kij cwZwe^ wfb `~iZ nZ cvi, eve
nZ cvi, Dv nZ cvi GgbwK QvU
wKsev eoI nZ cvi|

D`vniY 8.3: c~Y `N cwZwe^ `Lvi Rb Avqbv
KZv eo nZ nq ?

Di: 8.11 Qwei RvwgwZ _K ejv hvq u.S
wgUvi| gRvi evcvi nQ Zzwg Avqbv _K 1 wgUvi
`~iB _vKv wKsev 1u wgUvi `~B _vKv Zvgvi
Avqbvi `N wK memgqB ne Zvgvi `Ni AaK| Zvgvi gv evev wKsev Ab KD hw`
mvRMvR Kivi ci Zv`i Kgb `LvQ `Lvi Rb dzj js_ wgii wKbZ hvq Zv`iK
ejv AaK js_ wKbjB KvR Pj hve!
Qwe 8.11: c~Y`N cwZwe^ `Lvi Rb c~Y`N Avqbvi
cqvRb nq bv

D`vniY 8.4:`ywU Avqbv ciii mv_ 6u KvY
ivLv AvQ| c_g Avqbvq 6u Z Avjv djv nj
AvjvK iwk Kvb w`K hve?

Di: RvwgwZ _K ejv hvq iwkwU B we`yZ
AvcwZZ ne Ges wVK wecixZ w`K cwZdwjZ ne|

D`vniY 8.5: GKUv
AKvi Ni GKUv
evWi gvS Lye QvU
GKUv dzUv Ki GKUv Rj gvgevwZi mvgb ivL| QweZ
`Lvbv Dcvq evWUvi Abcvk GKUv mv`v KvMR ivL| mv`v
KvMR hw` Ab Kv_v _K Avjv coZ bv `vI Zvnj
mLvb gvgevwZi wkLvi GKUv cwZwe^ `Le| wcQbi mv`v
KvMRwU mvgb wcQb mwiq cwZwe^wU QvU eo KiZ cvie|
cwZwe^wU wK eve bvwK Aeve? mvRv bv Dv mg`~iZ
bv wfb `~iZ? eo bv QvU?
Qwe 8.12: 60 KvY ivLv `ywU
Avqbvi GKwUZ A we`yZ 60
KvY Avjv AvcwZZ nQ

Qwe 8.13: m~ dzUv w`q KvY ei cwZwe^ Zwi

Kiv me

176 Avjvi cwZdjb
Di: eve, Dv, mKj `~iZ , hZ `~i
ZZ eo| GB cwZZ wcb nvj Kvgiv Zix
nq|

Qwe 8.14:mgKvb ivLv `ywU Avqbvq

Avjv kwUi wfb wfb cwZdjb

D`vniY 8.6: 8.14 QweZ hfve `Lvbv
nqQ mfve `ywU Avqbv AO Ges BO
j^fve ivLv AvQ| Zvi mvgb GKwU e ivLv
njv| ewUi cwZwe^ AvuK|

Di: A0 Ges B0 AvqbvZ `ywU cwZwe^
`Lv hve| A
i
0B
i
cwZwe^i cwZwe^
`Lv hve|

8.4 Mvjxq Avqbv (SphericalMirror)

mvaviY mgZj Avqbv Avgiv mevB `LwQ wK mwZKvii Mvjxq Avqbv Avgiv mevB bvI
`LZ cvwi Ze Mvjxq Avqbvi g~j welqwU wK PKPK b~Zb PvgP AbKUv `Lv hvq!
Mvjxq Avqbv `yB iKgi nq _vK AeZj Ges Dj| GKUv duvcv MvjKi LvwbKUv KU Zvi
c icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc jvwMq AeZj wKsev Dj Mvjxq Avqbv Zwi Kiv hvq|
Kvb c icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc `qv ne Zvi Ici wbfi Kie GB Mvjxq AvqbvwU
AeZj bv Dj Mvjxq Avqbv ne|

8.5 Dj Avqbv (ConvexMirror)

Zvgiv hw` KLbv GKUv PKPK PvgyPi wbPi ev
wcQbi Ask wbRi Pnviv `Lvi Pv Ki _vK (Qwe
8.15) Zvnj wbqB j KiQ h mLvb Zzwg Zvgvi
PnvivUv mvRv `LvjI mwU ne Zzjbvg~jKfve
QvU| PvgPi GB AskUv Dj Avqbvi gZv KvR Ki|
mwZKvii Dj Avqbv GKUv cKZ MvjKi Ask nq|
aiv hvK MvjKwUi evmva r (Qwe 8.16) Ges Zvi
GKUv Ask KU Zvi Dj AskwUi w`K _K Avjvi
cwZdjbi eev Kiv nqQ| GB Avqbvq GKUv
Qwe 8.15: GKwU PvgPi Dv cv
Dj MvjK Avqbvi gZv|
Avjvi cwZdjb 177
mgvivj Avjv djv nj AvjvwU Pvwiw`K Qwoq hve, Qwoq hvIqv AvjvK iwkjv hw`
Avqbvi K`i w`K ewaZ Kwi Zvnj gb ne mUv eywS GKUv we`y _K Qwoq MQ| H
we`ywUK ej dvKvm we`y| Dj Avqbvi h c _K cwZdjb nq Zvi K` we`ywUK ej
gi we`y Ges GB we`y _K dvKvm
we`yi `~iZwUK ej dvKvm `~iZ
()|

D`vniY 8.7: mgZj
AvqbvK hw` Avgiv
Mvjxq Dj Avqbv
wnme Kbv Kwi Zvnj
Zvi dvKvm `~iZ KZ?
Qwe 8.16: Dj Avqbvi dvKvm `~iZ MvjKi evmvai AaK
Di: Amxg!

GKUv Mvjxq AvqbvK Avgiv me mgqB GKUv MvjKi Ask wnme Kbv KiZ cvwi| H
MvjKwUi emva hw` r nq Zvnj dvKvm `~iZ ne

2
.
D`vniY 8.8: cgvY Ki =

2



Di: gRvi evcvi nQ Zzwg wK GUv cyivcywi cgvb KiZ cvie bv Gi KvQvKvwQ cgvY
KiZ cvie| aiv hvK Mvjxq Avqbvi g~j Ai mv_ mgvivj `ywU iwk A Ges B _K
gi we`y X Ges Ab GKwU we`y GmQ (Qwe 8.17)| h
iwkwU X we`yZ GmQ mwU cwZdwjZ nq hw`K GmQ
wVK mw`KB wdi hve| Avgiv GB iLvwUK MvjKi K`
0 we`y ch ewaZ Kwi, `LvB hvQ 0X = r (MvjKi
emva) h iwkwU we`yZ GmQ mwU mB we`yZ j^ 0N
Gi mv_

AvcvZb KvY KiQ| cwZdjb KvY

Ges mwU P w`K hve| Avgiv P K ewaZ Kij mwU
L F we`y
Qwe 8.17: GKUv Mvjxq Dj Avqbv Avmj
GKUv MvjKi Ask
0X i vK Z Q` Kie|

F0 = F KviY 0F wfyRi zF0 = z0F hnZy
zF0 =

Ges zF0 =

178 Avjvi cwZdjb
F FX hLb XP evmva r _K AbK QvU nq ZLb GwU mZ| ewki fvM Dj
Avqbvq GUv mwZ|

KvRB F0 = F = FX =

2


8.5.1 Mvjxq Dj Avqbvq cwZwe^
Avgiv AvMB ejwQ PvgPi evBii AskUv Mvjxq Dj Avqbvi gZv KvR Ki Ges mLvb
Zzwg wbRK `LZ PvBj QvU Ges mvRv GKUv cwZwe^ `LZ cvI| hvi A_ Avgiv Mvjxq
Dj Avqbvi cwZwe^wU me mgqB QvU `Lvi K_v| QweZ GKUv Dj Avqbvi mvgb X
GKwU e ivLv AvQ we`y _K Avjv R we`yZ Gj mwU j^fve cwZdwjZ nq Avevi
we`yi w`KB wdi hvq hvi A_ X ei we`yi cwZwe^wU GB 0 iLvi Kv_vI ne| mwU
wVK Kv_vq RvbZ nj X we`y _K
Ab w`K AviKwU iwk AuvKZ ne
Avgv`i mwU Kivi cqvRb bB
KviY X we`ywUi cwZwe^wU ei Ki
mLvb _K Avgiv GwU Rb be|

X we`yi c wZwe^ ei Kivi
Rb `ywU iwk AvuKZ ne, GKwU
AvMi gZv mivmwi 0 we`yi mv_ hy
Kwi| R iwkwU h iKg j^fve
cwZdwjZ nq Gi w`K wdi
wMqwQj GB iwkwUI wVK GKBfve N
we`yZ cwZdwjZ nq X Gi w`K
wdi hve| wZxq iwkwU R Gi mv_ mgvivjfve AvuKv hZ cvi mUv Dj Avqbvi P
we`yZ k Kij gb ne hb F e`y _K Qwoq hvQ KvRB Avgiv FP K hy Ki
Gi w`K evwoq w`Z cvwi|
w
FP iLvUv 0X iLvK X' we`yZ Q` KiQ hvi A_ X we`yi cwZwe^wU ne X'
we`yZ| hnZz Avgv`i gb ne X we`yi cwZdjbwU AvmQ X' we`y _K| X' _K 0
iLvi Ici j^ Uvbj mUv
i
we`yZ Q` KiQ KvRB X
i

i
ne X Gi cwZwe^| `LvB
hvQ X
i

i
me mgq X _K QvU Ges X Dj Avqbv _K hZ `~i _vKe X
i

i
ne

Qwe 8.18: Dj Avqbvq GKwU e X dvKvm `~iZi

fZi ivLv nj cwZwe^wU X
i

i
eo `Lvq|
Avjvi cwZdjb 179
ZZ QvU! cwZdjbi wbqg eenvi Ki Dj wKsev AeZj Avqbvq cwZwe^ AvuKvi GB cwZwU
fvjv Ki Rb ivLv `iKvi, GwU c`v_wevbi Lye cqvRbxq GKUv cwZ|
evSvB hvQ X
i

i
_K Avmj mwZKvii Avjv weQzwiZ nQ bv, Avgv`i gb nQ
eywS cwZwe^wU GLvb AvQ! KvRB GUv Aeve cwZwe^| mvaviY Avqbvi cwZwe^i mv_ Zzjbv
Ki Avgiv ejZ cvwi

(a) GB c wZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvm we`y Ges gi we`yi gvSLvb| ewU hZ `~i
_vKe cwZwe^wU dvKvm we`yi ZZ KvQ Zwi ne|
(b) GB cwZwe^wU Aeve
(c) GwU mvRv
(d) GUv QvU, ewU Avqbv _K hZ `~i hve cwZwe^wU ZZ QvU nZ _vKe|

8.6 AeZj Mvjxq Avqbv (ConcaveMirror)

GKUv PKPK PvgPi fZii AskUv AeZj Mvjxq Avqbvi D`vniY nZ cvi| Zvgiv hviv
PvgyPi fZii w`K ZvwKqQ Zviv wbqB j (Qwe 8.19) KiQ mLvb Zvgvi cwZwe^wU
QvU Ges mePq PgKc` nQ cwZwe^wU Dv! Zvgiv PvBj Zvgvi AvOzj PvgPUvi Lye KvQ
ai `LZ cvi, `Le AvOzjUv mvRvB `LvQ| Gevi Av Av `~i mivZ _vK, `Le
Zvgvi AvOzjUv eo `LvZ i KiQ (Avgiv mgZj
Avqbv wKsev Dj Avqbvq Gi AvM cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ
ciwQ wK KLbvB ei cKZ AvKvi _K eo cwZwe^
Zwi KiZ cvwiwb GB c_g eo cwZwe^ `LZ
cvwQ|) AvOyjUv hw` Av Av mivZ _vK GK mgq
AevK nq `Le AvOzji cwZwe^Uv Dv nq MQ!
GUvK GLb hZB mwiq bvI, GUv me mgq DvB _K
hve| (mgZj Avqbv wKsev Dj Avqbv w`q Avgiv Gi
AvM KLbvB Dv cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ cvwiwb GB
c_g Avgiv Dv cwZwe^ `LwQ!)
KvRB `LZ cvQ PvgPi evBii AskUv Dj
Avqbvi gZv Ges fZii AskUv AeZj Avqbvi gZv
KvR Ki! mwZKvii AeZj Avqbv Avmj GKUv
Qwe 8.19: GKwU PvgP AeZj Avqbvi
gZ KvR Ki
180 Avjvi cwZdjb
MvjKi Ask| Dj Avqbvi ejvq evBii
Dj Ask _K Avjv cwZdwjZ nZv, AeZj
Avqbvi ejvq AvjvK fZii AeZj Ask
_K cwZdwjZ Kiv ne|
GKwU AeZj Avqbvq mgvivj Avjv
djv nj Avjvi iwkjv cwZdjbi ci GK
we`yZ wgwjZ ne (Qwe 8.20)| eySZB cviQ
GB we`ywU AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm we`y Ges
gi we`y _K GB we`y ch `~iZUv nQ
dvKvm `~iZ| Avjvi iwki Zv Avi _g
_vKvi Dcvq bB Ges GK we`yZ wgwjZ nevi
ciI mUv mvRv mvgbi w`K GMvZ _vKe
Ges `Lv hve mB we`y _K Avjvjv Qwoq
coQ! A_vr dvKvm we`yZ cuQvbvi AvM Avjv GK nZ _vK (Awfmvix) dvKvm we`yZ
cuQvbvi ci Avjv Qwoq hZ _vK (Acmvix!)

Qwe 8.20: AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm `~iZ MvjKi

evmvai AaK|

D`vniY 8.9: mgZj AvqbvK Avgiv hw` Mvjxq AeZj Avqbv wnme Kbv Kwi Zvnj
Zvi dvKvm `~iZ KZ?

Qwe 8.21: cwZdwjZ Avjv

GKwU dvKvm we`yZ AvcwZZ
Kivi Rb e Avqbvi mwVK
AvKwZ

Di: Amxg!

Dj Avqbvi ejvZI Avgiv GKB Di cqwQjvg hvi A_
dvKvm `~iZ evoZ evoZ Amxg nq Mj Dj Ges AeZj
Avqbv `ywUB mgZj Avqbv nq hvq!
Dj Avqbvi gZv AeZj AvqbvZI dvKvm `~iZ nQ
evmvai AaK| GwU e cgvY Kiv hvq bv, KvQvKvwQ cgvYwU
Gevi Avgiv Zvgv`i nvZ Qo w`jvg|

D`vniY 8.10: Avgiv AeZj Avqbv covi mgq ai
wbqwQjvg mgvivj AvjvK iwk K`i KvQvKvwQ AvcwZZ
nq KviY hw` Zv bv nq Zvnj mwU

2
we`yZ K`xf~Z ne
bv| hw` Avgiv wbwZ nZ PvB h mgvivj AvcwZZ iwk
me mgqB GK we`yZ K`xf~Z ne Zvnj AvqbvwUi
AvKvi Kgb nZ ne?
Avjvi cwZdjb 181

Di: RvwgwZ _K Avgiv `LvZ cvwi AeZj AvqbvwU MvjK bv nq QweZ `Lvbv
AvKwZi nj AvjvK iwk GK we`yZ K`xf~Z ne| GKUv Mvd ccvi mgvivj iwk GuK
mUvK GK we`yZ wgwjZ Kivbvi Rb mB we`y _K iwk GuK Zvgiv Dvfve AMmi
nq GB wekl e AvqbvwU AuvKZ cvie| Pv Ki `L|

8.6.1 AeZj Avqbvq cwZwe^
Gevi GmwQ Avgiv mePq gRvi AskUzKzZ! mgZj Avqbv Ges Dj Avqbvq ay GK aibi
cwZwe^ Zwi nZv| AeZj Avqbvq `yB aibi cwZwe^ nZ cvi| GKUv e dvKvm `~iZ _K
Kg `~iZ ivLj GK aibi cwZwe^ Zwi nq, dvKvm `~iZ _K ewk `~iZ ivLj Ab iKg
cwZwe^ Zwi nq|

dvKvm `~iZ _K Kg `~iZ:
8.22 QweZ GKUv AeZj Avqbv `Lvbi nqQ, AeZj AvqbvwU h MvjKi Ask mB
MvjKi K` nQ 0, AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm we`y F Ges aiv hvK X ewUi cwZwe^wU
Avgiv ei KiZ PvB| we`ywU
_K Avjv AeZj Avqbvi P we`yZ
cwZdwjZ nq Avevi nq 0
we`yi w`K wdi hve| KvRB evSv
hvQ GwU 0P iLvq wKsev Zvi
ewaZ Aski Kvbv GKUv we`yZ
_vKe, wVK Kv_vq mB we`ywU ne
mwU ei KiZ nj we`y _K
Abw`K Aviv GKwU iwkK AeZj
Avqbvi w`K AvuKZ ne Avgiv
Avi mwU KiwQ bv, AvMi gZv X
we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei KiZ cvijB
mLvb _K we`ywUi cwZwe^i mwVK RvqMvwU ei Kiv hve| X we`yi cwZwe^ ei KiZ
nj GB we`y _K `ywU iLv AuvKZ ne, evSvB hvQ c_g iLvwU ne 0X iLvi ewaZ Ask,
GUv AeZj AvqbvK j^fve k Ki wVK mB c_B cwZdwjZ nq wdi hve| QweZ
hfve `Lvbv nqQ X we`y _K AviKUv iwk nZ cvi Ai mv_ mgvivj GKUv iwk

Qwe 8.22: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvm `~iZi fZi

ivLv nj cwZwe^wU eo `Lvq|
182 Avjvi cwZdjb
KviY Avgiv Gi gvS Rb MwQ mgvivj iwk cwZdjbi ci dvKvm we`y w`q hvq| KvRB
GUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nq cwZdwjZ nq F we`y w`q Pj hve|
X we`y _K ei nIqv `ywU iwk cwZdjbi ci N0 Ges F w`K hve Ges `LvB
hvQ GB iwk `yUv wgwjZ nevi Kvbv myhvM bB! KvRB Wvb cvk Kvbv cwZwe^ Zwi nZ
cvie bv| wK hw` Wvb cvk _K evg cvk ZvKvbv hvq Zvnj gvb ne 0N iLv Ges F
iLv `ywU eywS X' we`yZ wgwjZ nqQ KvRB X' ne X Gi cwZwe^| GB we`y _K 0P
Ai Ici GKwU j^ AvKjB Avgiv X Gi cyiv cwZwe^ X
i

i
cq hve| X
i

i
_K
mwZKvi fve Kvbv Avjv hvQ bv, ay Avgv`i gb nQ GLvb eywS cwZwe^wU Zwi nqQ|
KvRB GB cwZwe^wU Aeve cwZwe^| Qwe _K `Lv hvQ cwZwe^wU g~j e _K eo| ay
Zv-B bq Avgiv ewUK hZB dvKvm we`yi KvQ Avbe cwZwe^wU ZZB eo ne| (hw` GUvK
wVK dvKvm we`yZ emvbv nq Zvnj cwZdwjZ AvjvK iwk Avmj mgvivj nq hve A_vr
cwZwe^ Zwi Kivi Rb AvjvK iwk Avi wgwjZ nZ cvie bv|) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvm
`~iZi fZi Kvbv wKQz ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^wU Kgb ne mwU `L bqv hvK :

(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb Kv_vq ne mwU wbfi Kie Avmj ewUi Aevbi Ici|
ewU hZB dvKvmi KvQ ivLv ne cwZwe^i AevbwU ne ZZ `~i|
(b) GwU Aeve
(c) mvRv
(d) cwZwe^wUi `NI wbfi
Kie Zvi Aevbi
Ici, hZ dvKvm we`yi
KvQ hve Zvi `NI
ZZ eo hve|

dvKvm `~iZ _K ewk `~iZ:
Avgiv GLb ch hZ cwZwe^ `LwQ
Zvi gvS GB cwZwe^wU mePq
PgKc` KviY GB c_gevi Avgiv
GKwU eve cwZwe^ `Le A_vr
hLvb cwZwe^wU Zwi ne mLvb
mwZ mwZ Avjv K`xf~Z ne|
Qwe 8.23: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvm `~iZi evBi ivLj
cwZwe^wU nq Dv
Avjvi cwZdjb 183
mwZKvii ewU nQ X Ges
we`yi cwZwe^wU Abevii gZv wbqB P
iLvi Dci _vKe| X we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei
Kivi Rb Avgv`i `ywU iwk AvuKZ ne
GKwU ne Ai mv_ mgvivj X Ges
cwZdwjZ nq GwU wbqB dvKvm we`y F
Gi wfZi w`q F wnme hve| wZxq
iwkwU Avgiv F we`yi wfZi w`q AvuKZ
cvwi GwU AeZj Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq RS
wnme mgvivj nq hve, KviY mgvivj
iLvi Avjv AeZj AvqbvZ cwZdwjZ nq
h iKg dvKvm we`yi wfZi w`q hvq wVK
m iKg Zvi DvUvI mwZ, Avjv me
mgqB Zvi MwZc_ Dv c_ cyivcywi AbymiY Ki| F Ges RS iLv `ywU X' we`yZ Q`
KiQ Ges X' we`ywU nQ X we`yi cwZwe^| KvRB X' we`y _K P0 iLvi Ici j^wU
' we`yZ Q` KiQ Ges X
i

i
nQ X Gi cwZwe^| `LZB cvQ GB cwZwe^wU GLb
ch `Lv Abvb cwZwe^ _K wfb|
Qwe 8.24: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvj `~iZi
wb `~iZI evBi ivLj cwZwe^wU Dv Ges QvU
nq|
8.24 QweZ e GKB welq `Lvbv nqQ aygv X ewU dvKvj `~iZi wY
_K ekx `~iZ ivLv nqQ| Gevi ewUi cwZwe^wU nqQ QvU| ewU hw` wVK dvKvj
`~iZi wY `~iZ ivLv nZv Zvnj Zvi cwZwe^wUI nZv GB GKB we`yZ, 8.25 QweZ hgb
`Lvbv nqQ| ay ZvB bq cwZwe^wUi AvKvi nZv wVK ewUi mgvb| dvKvj `~iZi evBi
ivLv GB wZbwU wfb wfb evcvi Gevi wQq jLv hZ cvi| dvKvj `~iZi evBi Kvbv
eK ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ ne G iKg :

(a) cwZwe^i AevbUv wbfi Kie ewU Kv_vq AvQ Zvi Ici| hZY ch ewU
dvKvm we`y Ges AeZj Avqbvi K`i gvSLvb AvQ cwZwe^i AevbUv ne
K`i eBi| ewU hw` AeZj Avqbvi eZvi K` _K evBi _vK Zvnj Zvi
cwZwe^ ne K`i wfZi| hw` ewU wVK K`i Ici _vK Zvnj cwZwe^i
AevbUvI ne K`|
(b) cwZwe^wU eve| ZvB eUvK w`q Zvi cwZwe^ h iKg ei KiZ cvwi wVK m
iKg cwZwe^UvK e aiv nj eUvB ne Zvi cwZwe^!
184 Avjvi cwZdjb
(c) cwZwe^wU Dv!
(d) cwZwe^wUi `N wbfi KiZ GwU Kv_vq AvQ Zvi Ici| hw` GUv dvKvm we`y
Ges eZvi K`i gvSLvb _vK Zvnj cwZwe^ wUi cwZwe^ ne ewU _K eo|
hZ dvKvm we`yi KvQvKvwQ ZZ eo| hw` ewU eZvi K` _K evBi nq Zvnj
Gi AvKvi ne Avmj ewU _K QvU| hw` GUv wVK eZvi K` _vK Zvnj
cwZwe^i AvKvi ne wVK ewUi AvKvii mgvb!

eve cwZwe^ LyeB iZc~Y GKwU aviYv Avgiv cii Aavq `Le Kgb Ki j w`qI G
iKg eve cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq| Zvgiv `LZB cqQ eve cwZwe^ mwZKvii AvjvK
iwk _vK ZvB GUvK hw` Kvbv c`vq djv hvq mLvb cwZwe^wU `LvI me nq| mvaviY
Avqbvq Zzwg Zvgvi Pnviv `LZ cvie wK ay mvaviY Avqbv w`q KLbv Zvgvi Pnviv
Kvbv c`vq djZ cvie bv|

D`vniY 8.11: 8.24 QweZ `Lvbv
nqQ X ewUi cwZwe^ Zwi nqQ
X
i

i
G| hw` X
i

i
wU ewU nZ Zvnj
Zvi cwZwe^ Kv_vq nZv?

Di: GwU eve cwZwe^| KvRB X
i

i

hw` cKZ e nq Zvnj Zvi cwZwe^ ne
X!

Avgiv GZY Mvjxq AeZj Avqbvi
fZiKvi wevbUzKz wkLwQ Gevi `Lv hvK Kxfve
mUv Avgiv eenvi Kwi|
Qwe 8.25: AeZj Avqbvi dvKvj `~iZi
wb `~iZ GKwU e ivLj cwZwe^wU wVK
GKB RvqMvq Dv Aevq `Lv hvq|

8.7 weeab (Magnification)

Avgiv hnZy `LZ cqwQ h GKUv cwZwe^ KLbv cKZ e _K QvU nq KLbv eo nq
ZvB weeab ej GKUv k eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| cwZwe^wU g~j e _K KZ eo mUvK
weeab m ejv nq| hw` GKUv ei AvKvi nq l Ges Zvi cwZwe^i AvKvi nq l
i
Zvnj weeab
nQ:

Avjvi cwZdjb 185
m =
l
i
l


Avgiv hLb Uwjvc Kvbv emZzK `wL Lvwj PvL `Lj mUvK hZ eo `Lvbvi K_v
Uwjvc `Lj mUvK m Zzjbvq hZ eo `Lve mUvB nQ Uwjvci weeab|

8.8 Avqbvi eenvi (UseofMirror)

8.8.1 mvaviY Avqbv
`bw`b Rxeb mvaviY Avqbvi eenvi mePq ewk| hLbB GKw`K cvVvbv AvjvK Ab
w`K wbZ nq ZLb Avgiv mvaviY Avqbv eenvi Kwi| Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ mvaviY
Avqbvq Wvb Ges evg w`K e`j hvq ZvB hw` Avgv`i Wvb-evg AweKZ ivLZ nq Zvnj GKwU
Avqbvi cwZwe^ Ab GKwU Avqbvi wZxqevi cwZdwjZ Ki Avevi wVK Ki wbZ nq|
mvaviY Avqbvi cwZwe^ Wvb Ges evgi cwieZb nq| `ywU Avqbv 90 Z iL mUvK
Avqbv wnme eenvi Kij Wvb evgi cwieZb nq bv| `ywU Avqbv w`q welqUv cixv Ki
`Lv| (Qwe 8.26) GLvb GKUv Lye iZc~Y welq Rb ivLv fvjv hLb Lye fvjv
cwZdjbi cqvRb nq ZLb
wK mvaviY Avqbv eenvi bv
Ki m~Y wfb GK aibi
cwZdjb Kiv nq| Avgiv cii
Aavq `Le cyivcywi ^Q
gvag w`q Kxfve AvjvK
cwZdwjZ Kiv hvq!

8.8.2 Dj Avqbv
Dj Avqbvq hnZz mvRv Ges
QvU cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq ZvB
eo Kvbv `kK QvU RvqMvq `LZ nj Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| Mvwoi ` WvBfviiv
Mvwo Pvjvbvi mgq me mgq wcQb Kx nQ `Lvi Pv Kib m Rb Mvoxi WvBfvii mvgb
wiqvi wfD wgii _vK GB wgiijvZ Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq hb QvU GKUv Avqbv
w`qB Mvwoi WvBfviiv wcQbi eo GKUv RvqMv `LZ cvb|

Qwe 8.26: mvaviY Avqbvq cwZwe^ Wvb Ges evg cv hvq, cwZwe^
evg Wvb AweKZ ivLZ nj `ywU AvqbvK mgKvb ivLZ ne
186 Avjvi cwZdjb
8.8.3 AeZj Avqbv
AeZj Avqbvi mePq eo eenvi nQ Uwjvc| cw_exi mePq eo Ges mePq m~
Uwjvc AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| AbK mvaviYfve gb Ki `~ii Kvbv QvU
wRwbmK AbK eo Ki `LvbvB eywS fvjv Uwjvci `vwqZ| Avmj mwU mwZ bq fvjv
Uwjwvci `vwqZ AbK Kg AvjvZI cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv| mRb AeZj Avqbvi AvKvi
hZ eo ne mwU ZZ ewk Avjv msM n Ki ZZ
cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ cvie| cw_exi me eo eo
Uwjvc AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq|

Qwe 8.27: dvKvm `~iZ Zxe Avjv

Zix Kij mwU AeZj Avqbvq
cwZdwjZ nq mgvivj Avjv wnme
ei nq Avme|
AeZj Avqbvi AviKwU eenvi nQ AvjvK
mgvivj exg Zwi Kiv| RvnvR ji mvPjvBU AeZj
Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| Avjvi DrmUzKz _vK dvKvm
we`yZ ZvB mwU AeZj Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq mgvivj
exg wnme ei nq hvq| Zvgiv `bw`b Rxeb h
UPjvBU eenvi Ki mLvbI evjwU ivLv nq GKwU AeZj
Avqbvi dvKvm we`yZ!
AeZj Avqbvq dvKvm `~iZi fZi wKQz _vKj
hnZz mvRv Ges eo cwZwe^ Zwi nq ZvB Kvbv wKQz
eo Ki `LZ njI AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq|
Wvvi wKsev WwUiv ZvB AbK mgqB wKQz `Lvi Rb
AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kib|





Avjvi cwZdjb 187
Abykxjbx

ck:

Qwe 8.28: wfb wfb KvY ivLv Avqbvi

GKwUZ Avjv AvcwZZ nQ|
1. PvLi mse`bkxjZvi cwigvcwU Kgb Ki
wbYq Kiv nZ cvi?
2. gvbyli PvL mePq ewk `LZ cvq njy`vf
meyR is Zvnj wec`msKZ me mgq jvj w`q
Kb Kiv nq?
3. AvqbvZ Wvb evg D hvq, Ici wbP Ivq bv
Kb?
4. RvQbvi AvjvZ is `Lv hvq bv Kb?
5. RvwZwe``i eo Uwjvc me mgq AeZj
Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq Kb?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. 8.28 Qwei gZv Ki Avqbv ivLv AvQ| QweZ `Lvbv AvjvK iwkwU Kvb w`K hve
`LvI|
2. Dj Avqbvq X ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.29 a) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|
3. AeZj Avqbvq X ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.29b) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|

Qwe 8.29: (a) Dj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi fZi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi
fZi ivLv GKwU e|

188 Avjvi cwZdjb
4. AeZj Avqbvq X ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.30a) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|
5. AeZj Avqbvq X ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.30b) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|

Qwe 8.30:(a) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq wY dvKvj
`~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e|