3 Akoloujec

Akolouja (pragmatikn arijmn) enai mia antia1 , 2 a2 , . . . , n an , . . . twn fusikn arijmn 1, 2, . . . , n, . . . proc touc pragmatikoc arijmoc. Grfoume (an ) (an )nN (a1 , a2 , . . .), endeqomnwc (a0 , a1 , . . .).
Orismc 3.1

stoqish

Dhlad akolouja pragmatikn arijmn enai mia sunrthsh me pedo orismo to snolo

N twn fusikn arijmn ( to N \{0}) kai timc s to R. Shmeinoume th diafor anmesa s thn akolouja (a0 , a1 , . . .) kai s to snolo {a0 , a1 , . . .} = {an : n N} twn timn thc. Paradegmatoc qrin h akolouja (1)n = (1, 1, 1, 1, . . .) qei snolo timn to {1, 1}. Epshc oi akoloujec (an ) kai (bn ) pou 1 1 1 1 1 1 (an ) = ( , , , , , , . . . , ) 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 (bn ) = ( , , , , , , . . . , ) 2 2 2 4 2 6
dhlad

an =

1 gia kje 2n

n N, n 1

kai

bn =

pol diaforetikc, qoun mwc to dio snolo timn

1/n : n rtioc enai 1/2 : n perittc : m = 1, 2, . . .}. { 21 m

Orismc 3.2

'Estw

sto a

kai grfoume

(an ) akolouja kai a R. Lme ti h (an ) sugklnei an a lim an = a kajc n lim an = a an:
n n
uprqei

gia kje

>0

ste gia kje

no N (pou exarttai ap to ) n no na isqei |an a| < .

Sumbolik:

> 0 no N : n no |an a| < .

Lme ti h ti

(an ) sugklnei apoklnei.

an uprqei

a R ste lim an = a.
n

Allic lme

(an ) sugklnei s to a R an OPOIO (osodpote mikr) > 0 kai na doje, KAPOIO telik tmma (ano , ano +1 , ano +2 , . . .) brsketai OLOKLHRO s thn perioq (a , a + ).
Dhlad h 1

Isodnama, h den mpore

(an ) sugklnei s to a R an gia kje > 0 h sqsh |an a| na isqei gia peiro pljoc deiktn n, dhlad >0 (an )
to snolo twn deiktn

gia KAJE

{n N : |an a| }
an

enai peperasmno. Epomnwc, h DEN sugklnei s to

aR

gia KAPOIO

>0

to snolo twn deiktn

{n N : |an a| }

enai APEIRO

> 0 s te KANENA telik tmma (an , an+1 , an+2 , . . .) na MHN brsketai OLOKLHRO s thn perioq (a , a + ), dhlad kpoioc roc thc akoloujac (an , an+1 , an+2 , . . .) na brsketai ektc thc perioqc (a , a + ). Dhlad
isodnama UPARQEI
Paratrhsh 3.1

H akolouja den sugklnei sto

gia kje

nN

na uprqei

mn

ste

a |am a| .

an uprqei

>0

ste

Paradegmata 3.2

H akolouja

h akolouja

(bn ) (cn ) (fn )

pou

bn =

n n
80 n

(an ) pou an = n 1023 . n > 1023

1 tenei sto n

0.

To dio kai

H akolouja tenei sto

pou

cn = (1)n

den sugklnei, all h

(dn )

pou

dn =

(1)n n

0.
pou

H akolouja

akolouja

(gn )

pou

fn = n2 n2 gn = 1
n

den sugklnei se pragmatik arijm. Ote h

n n

rtioc

perittc

N twn fusikn arijmn den enai nw frag1 mno , gia kje > 0 uprqei no N s te < . Den arke mwc aut gia no 1 na exasfalsoume ti 0: prpei loi oi roi ap ton no -ost kai pra na n
Apodexeic

Efson to snolo

ikanopoion thn anisthta. an

Aut mwc enai aljeia (s thn perptws mac):

1 no tte n

1 no

< .
80 n

Gia thn

(bn ),

arke, gia kje

n no

ja qw

|bn 0| =
ed

> 0, na 80 n < . o
h

prw

no > max{ 80 , 1023 }.

idithta tou

Tte, an

1 Paratrhse
apodeqjhke

ti

qrhsimopoietai

Arqimdeia tou

pou

me

th

seir

thc

qrhsimopointac thn plhrthta

(cn ) eqe rio kpoion arijm c R, tte ja uprqe no N s te |cn c| < 1/2 tan n no (efrmosa ton orism me = 1/2). Tte mwc ja prepe na isqei |cn+1 cn | |cn+1 c| + |c cn | < 1 tan n no , prgma pou den isqei afo |cn+1 cn | 1 gia kje n.
An h To dio epiqerhma deqnei ti kai oi llec do akoloujec den sugklnoun, giat

|fn+1 fn | = 2n + 1 1

kai

|gn+1 gn | 1

gia kje

n > 1.

Parathrseic 3.3

den isqei en gnei,

(i) An an a tte |an | |a|. tan a = 0 (' Askhsh!).

To antstrofo mwc

(ii) Enai meso ap ton me thn |an a| 0. (iii)

ap na {telik tmma}

orism thc sgklishc ti h sqsh

an a isoduname
exartntai mnon

H sgklish kai h tim tou orou miac akoloujac

(an )

(an )nno

thc akoloujac: p.q. pwc edame sta proh-

gomena Parade gmata, h akolouja oi do akoloujec tautzontai gia Epshc an to rio

(bn ) qei to 23 kje n > 10 .

dio rio me thn

80 , giat n

limn an uprqei, tte uprqei kai to rio limn an+1 kai enai sa. Geniktera, an k Z kai bn = an+k (n k ), h akolouja (an ) sugklnei snan arijm a an kai mnon an h akolouja (bn )nk sugklnei sto a. (H
apdeixh enai mesh ap ton orism thc sgklishc kai afnetai c skhsh.)

Anmesa s tic akoloujec pou apoklnoun, mia eidik klsh axzei na apomonwje: ekenec pou, katapluto tim, gnontai {aujareta meglec} (pwc h

(fn )

s to teleutao pardeigma):

Orismc 3.3

Lme ti h akolouja (pou exarttai ap

uprqei

no N

(an ) tenei sto + an gia kje M to M ) ste an > M gia kje n no . M R n no .

uprqei

Lme ti h exarttai

(an ) tenei sto ap to M ) ste an < M

an gia kje gia kje

no N

(pou

(Tonzoume ti oi akoloujec autc apoklnoun!)

Prtash 3.4 (Monadikthta orou)

An

an a

kai

an b,

tte

a = b.
Apdeixh

'Es tw

a = b.

Afo

an a, gia kje > 0, ra kai gia =

uprqei

no N

|ab| , 2

s te

|an a| <
Afo

tan

n no .
s te

(1)

an b,

gia to dio

uprqei

n1 N
tan

|an b| <
Epomnwc an

n n1 .

(2) ikanopoiontai

n no

kai

n n1

(p.q.

n = max{no , n1 })

tautqrona kai oi do anisthtec. Tte mwc

|a b| |a an | + |an b| < 2 = |a b|
dhl.

|a b| < |a b|,

prgma adnato.

2 (an )
nw fragmnh (ktw {an : n N} twn rwn thc enai
enai

Orismc 3.4

Lme ti h akolouja

fragmnh, fragmnh)

an to snolo

nw fragmno (ktw fragmno, fragmno).

Dhlad h

(an )

enai:

nw fragmnh an uprqei ktw fragmnh an

M > 0 s te an M gia kje n N, uprqei M R s te an M gia kje n N, n N.

kai

fragmnh an enai nw kai ktw fragmnh, dhl. isodnama an uprqei s te

K>0

|an | K

gia kje

Prtash 3.5

Kje sugklnousa akolouja enai fragmnh (to antstrofo

mwc den isqei en gnei).

Apdeixh

'Es tw ti s te

uprqei

no N

an a. Tte (gia kje > 0, ra kai gia = 1) |an a| < 1, ra |an | < |a| + 1, tan n no . Dhlad

to snolo

{ano , ano +1 , ano +2 , . . .} = {an : n no }

enai fragmno (p.q. ap ton arijm

|a| + 1).

'Omwc to {uploipo} snolo

{a1 , a2 , . . . , ano 1 }
enai peperasmno, sunepc kai aut fragmno (kpoioc ap touc rouc autoc, s tw o

|ak |,

pou

k < no ,

ja qei thn mgis th apluth tim). ' Ara kai

h nwsh twn do sunlwn, dhlad to ap to

{an : n N},

ja enai fragmno (p.q.

max{|a| + 1, |ak |}). ((1)n )

(dec pa-

Pardeigma fragmnhc akoloujac pou den sugklnei enai h rdeigma 3.2).

2
4

Prtash 3.6

An

an a

kai

bn b,

tte:

(1) (2) (3)

an + bn a + b an a b = 0,
gia kje

R. no a . b
ste

an .bn a.b
tte uprqei

(4) An

bn = 0

gia kje

n no

kai h akolouja

an bn

sugklnei sto

nno

Apdeixh tou (1)

'Es tw

> 0.

'Eqoume

|(an + bn ) (a + b)| |an a| + |bn b|. , ARKEI na knoume kje prosjeto mikrtero ap /2. 'Es tw n1 s te |an a| < /2 gia kje n n1 (uprqei ttoio n1 efson an a). 'Es tw n2 s te |bn b| < /2 gia kje n n2 (uprqei ttoio n2 efson bn b). Tte gia kje n megaltero so kai ap ta do (dhl. n max{n1 , n2 }) qoume |(an + bn ) (a + b)| < .
Gia na petqoume to na enai mikrtero ap
Apdeixh tou (2) An = 0 den uprqei tpote na apodeiqje. An = 0 > 0, uprqei no N s te gia kje n no na isqei |an a| < | , | |an a| < .

|(an + bn ) (a + b)|

kai doje opte

Apdeixh tou (3)

Parathrome ti h s te

Uprqei loipn

M >0

|an | M

gia kje

(an ) enai fragmnh, afo sugklnei. n. 'Es tw > 0. 'Eqoume

|an bn ab| = |an bn an b + an b ab| |an bn an b| + |an b ab| = |an |.|bn b| + |an a|.|b| M.|bn b| + |an a|.|b| |an a| 0 kai |bn b| 0, ap to (2) qoume ti |an a|.|b| 0 kai M.|bn b| 0, ra M.|bn b| + |an a|.|b| 0 ap to (1). Sunepc uprqei no N s te gia kje n n0 na isqei |M.|bn b| + |an a|.|b|| <
Afo kai kat sunpeia

|an .bn a.b| M.|bn b| + |an a|.|b| < .

Apdeixh tou (4)

Paratrhse prta ti an

Efson

bn b,

uprqei

no

s te gia kje

x x > 0 kai |y x| < x tte |y | > . 2 2 |b| n no na isqei |bn b| < 2 .

Tte

||bn | |b|| |bn b| <

(opte

|b| 2

ra

|bn | >

|b| 2

bn = 0

gia kje

n no )

kai

b bn 1 1 |b bn | |b bn | = < =2 . | b | bn b bbn b2 |b| 2

'Es tw tra

> 0.

Epilgontac

n1

s te

n1 no

kai

bn | < 2 |b b2

gia kje gia kje

n n1 n n1 .

(uprqei ttoio

n1

efson

bn b)

qoume

1 bn

1 b

<

Dexame loipn ti h akolouja (3), h akolouja

n (a ) bn nno

( b1 )nno n

sugklnei s to

sugklnei s to

a . b

1 . Epomnwc, ap to b

Shmewsh

To ants trofo thc Prtashc den isqei. Antiparadegmata:

an =

(1)

bn = (1) an < bn

n+1

Paratrhsh 3.7

An

An mwc

gia kje

an a, bn b kai an bn gia kje n tte a b. n den petai ti a < b all mnon ti a b. no

ste

Prtash 3.8

'Estw ti uprqei kai

An

limn an = a

limn cn = a, > 0.
Brec

tte to rio

an bn cn gia kje n no . limn bn uprqei kai limn bn = a.

Apdeixh

'Es tw

n1 N

s te

gia kje Brec

n n1 n n2

na isqei

a < an < a + . a < cn < a + .

(3)

n2 N

s te gia kje na isqei (4)

Tte gia kje kajc kai h

n max{no , n1 , n2 } isqoun an bn cn kai sunepc

(3)

oi do teleutaec anisthtec

a < an b n c n < a +
ra akolouja

(4)

|bn a| < gia kje n max{no , n1 , n2 }, (bn ) sugklnei, kai mlis ta s to a. 2 |bn | cn
gia kje

prgma pou deqnei ti h

Gia pardeigma, an

bn n 10.

0. 'Etsi apodeiknetai p.q. ti 100 n3

n N kai cn 0, tte (|bn | 0 ra) 1 1 0, efson n 0 kai 100 n tan n3

' Askhsh 3.9

1 lim = 0. n

> 0. Ja brw no s te 1 < , isodnama (afo no > 0) no 1 1 2 < , dhlad no > 2 . Uprqei ttoio no efson to N den enai nw no 2 fragmno . Gia kje n no qw
Apdeixh

'Es tw

1 1 < . no n
Prtash 3.10

2
(2)

(1) An

a > 0, lim a1/n = 1,

n

lim n1/n = 1.
n

a1/n 1 gia kje n N, opte o arijmc bn = a 1 enai mh arnhtikc. 'Eqw a = (1 + bn )n 1 + nbn ap to diwnumik anptugma thn anisthta Bernoulli, ra, gia kje n 1,
Apdeixh

(1) 'Es tw prta

a 1.

Tte

1/n

0 bn
all An

a1 , n

a1 n

0,
tte

ra

bn 0

ap thn Prtash 3.8.

a<1

1 a

>1

kai ra

1 a1/n

1 1/n = (a ) 1.

(2) Gia

n > 2

qw

n1/n > 1,

opte

dn n1/n 1 > 0.

Ap to diwnumik

anptugma qw

n = (1 + dn )n = 1 + ndn +
ra

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1) 2 dn + . . . + dn dn n 2 2

n1 2 dn 2

kai sunepc

0 < dn
All

2 . n1 dn 0. 2

2 n1

ap thn ' Askhsh 3.9, ra

Ac jumhjome ti mia sunrthsh

axousa

an gia kje

akolouja enai mia

f : X R me pedo orismo X R lgetai x, y X me x < y isqei f (x) f (y ). Afo mia sunrthsh me pedo orismo to N, h akolouja (an ) ja
no
enai to

2 Mlis ta

to elqis to katllhlo

[ 1 2] + 1

, all

den qei shmasa.

an am gia kje n, m N me n < m. Aut bebawc sunepgetai ti an an+1 gia kje n N. All kai ants trofa, an isqei h sqsh an an+1 gia kje n N, tte h (an ) enai axousa. Prgmati, gia 3 kje n N kai k N qoume an an+k . Epomnwc an n, m N kai n < m, jtontac k = m n, qoume an an+k = am . Sunoyzoume:
enai axousa an
Paratrhsh 3.11

Mia akolouja

(an )

pragmatikn arijmn enai:

axousa

an

an an+1
an

gia kje

n N.
gia kje

gnhswc axousa fjnousa

an

an < an+1
gia kje

n N.

an an+1
an

n N.
gia kje

gnhswc fjnousa montonh

an > an+1

n N.

an enai axousa fjnousa. an enai gnhswc axousa gnhswc fjnousa.

gnhswc montonh

Paratrhse ti mia stajer akolouja enai axousa kai fjnousa.

Jerhma 3.12

Kje montonh kai fragmnh akolouja pragmatikn arijmn sugklnei. An h

(an )

enai axousa kai nw fragmnh tte

en an enai fjnousa kai ktw fragmnh tte

limn an = sup{an : n N}, limn an = inf {an : n N}.

mia sugklnousa ako-

Paratrhsh

To ants trofo den isqei en gnei:

louja (enai bebawc fragmnh (Prtash 3.5) all) den enai anagkas tik montonh: pardeigma h

(1)n n

Apdeixh Jewrmatoc

Ac upojsoume ti h

fragmnh (h llh perptwsh apodeiknetai

(an ) enai fjnousa kai ktw moia). To snolo A = {an :

Epomnwc ap thn idithta thc

n N}
3 Aut
an

enai mh ken kai ktw fragmno.

plhrthtac

to

qei mgis to ktw frgma (

inmum),
ton

s tw

a.
n+j
qoume

apodeiknetai me epagwg s to tte, efarmzontac pli

Gia

k=1
.

h anisthta isqei ex upojsewc, kai gia fusik arijm

an an+j an+j an+j +1

4 gia
thn

thn

upjesh

kai sunepc

an an+j an+j +1
meso prism thc

akrbeia, ap na

'Es tw

> 0. Afo o arijmc a + den enai ktw frgma tou A, uprqei kpoio ano A s te ano < a + . All h (an ) enai fjnousa, epomnwc gia kje n no qoume an ano , ra an < a + . Ap thn llh meri, to a enai ktw frgma tou A, ra an a > a gia kje n.
Dexame ti gia kje

> 0

uprqei

no

s te gia kje

a < a n < a + .

Sunepc

an a.

n no

na isqei

A R mh ken kai fragmno. Uprqei tte mia axousa akolouja (an ) me an A gia kje n ste an sup A kai mia fjnousa akolouja (bn ) me bn A gia kje n ste bn inf A.
' Askhsh 3.13

'Estw

' Askhsh 3.14

Kje

xR

enai rio miac akoloujac rhtn (kai miac ako-

loujac arrtwn).

Mlista, uprqei mia gnhswc axousa kai mia gnhswc

fjnousa akolouja rhtn pou na sugklnei sto

x. 1 + an .
H

Pardeigma 3.15

ston arijm

1+ 5 = 2

'Estw

a1 = 1

kai

an+1 =

(an )

sugklnei

(th qrus tom).

Apdeixh

Ja dexoume, qrhsimopointac epagwg, ti h ti gia kje

(an )

enai kal

n isqei 1 + an 0), axousa kai fragmnh. n isqei an 1 (ra 1 + an 0) kai an+1 an . 1 + 1 > 1 = a1 . 'Es tw tra m N. An am+1 am Parathrome ti a2 = kai am 1, qoume am+1 1 kai
orismnh (dhl. Deqnoume prta ti gia kje

am+2 =

1 + am+1

1 + am = am+1

kai to epagwgik bma apodeqjhke. Ja dexoume tra ti

a1 = 1.

All, gia

an 2 gia kje m N,

kje

n.

H anisthta isqei gia

n = 1,

afo

am 2 am+1 =
ra h anisthta isqei gia kje

1 + am

1+22

n. (an )
sugklnei se kpoion arijm

Ap to Jerhma 3.12 petai tra ti h

a.

Efson

1 an 2

gia kje

ja qoume

1 a 2.

Pc mwc

ja prosdiorsoume thn tim tou

an+1 =

1 + an :

epeid

a? Qrhsimopoiome thn anadromik sqsh limn an+1 = a (Paratrhsh 3.3 (iii)), petai ti
n n

a2 = lim a2 n+1 = lim(1 + an ) = 1 + a

kai sunepc llh rza

1 5 thc exswshc den ikanopoie thn anisthta 2

An

a2 a 1 = 0,

prgma pou sunepgetai ti

a = 1+2 a 1.

, giat h

Prtash 3.16

0 < a < 1,

tte

lim an = 0.
n
enai (gnhswc) fjnousa kai ktw

Prth

apdeixh

H akolouja

(an )

fragmnh ap to

0.

Ap to Jerhma 3.12, uprqei to rio

b = lim an .
n

Efson

an > 0 gia kje n, qoume b 0.

Paratrhse ti oi akoloujec

(an ) kai (an+1 )

qoun to dio rio (Paratrhsh 3.3

(iii)).
n

Sunepc

ba = (lim an )a = lim an+1 = lim an = b

n n
All

b(1 a) = 0.

a = 1,

ra

b = 0.
Efson

Deterh

apdeixh

1 a

> 1,

qoume

1 a

anisthta opte

Bernoulli

to diwnumik anptugma qoume ti

1 d > 0. Ap thn (1 + d)n 1 + nd

0 an =
kai ra

1 1 0 n (1 + d) 1 + nd

an 0

ap thn Prtash 3.8.

' Askhsh 3.17

'Estw

an

gia kje

an 0 gia kje n. An uprqei (0, 1) ste n N, tte to rio lim an uprqei kai enai 0.
n

Apdeixh

Efson

0 < < 1,

to rio

lim n
n

uprqei kai enai

0.

All

0 an n
ra, efson

gia kje

n N, 0.

n 0,
no N

to rio

lim an
n

uprqei kai enai

5 'Opwc

fanetai ap thn apdeixh, arke h anisthta na ikanopoietai {telik}, na uprqei s te

dhlad kpoio

an

gia kje

n no

10

Paratrhsh 3.18

Den

arke

na isqei h anisthta

an < 1
all h

gia kje

n.

Enai krsimo na mpore na breje frgma

degmatoc qrin an sugklnei s to

an =

1/n , tte

gnsia mikrtero ap

an < 1

gia kje

n N,

1. Para(an ) den

(Prtash 3.10).

Lmma 3.19

qei

(i) 'Estw akolouja (an ) kai [0, 1). Upojtoume ti uprk N ste |an+1 | |an | gia kje n k . Tte to rio lim an uprqei
n

kai enai

0.
kai h akolouja uprqei kai enai

(ii)

An

arijm

an = 0 gia kje n N < 1, tte to rio limn an

Jtw

|an+1 | |a n |

sugklnei snan

0.

Apdeixh (i)

Prpei na

bn = |an |. dexw ti to lim bn

n 2

uprqei kai enai kai epagwgik gia kje kai ra

0.

'Eqoume

bk+1 bk , bk+2 bk+1 bk

0 b k + n b k n
All efson

n N. lim bn = lim bn+k = 0.

n n

0<<1
Afo

qoume

n 0

' Allh apdeixh:

bn+1 bn bn

gia kje

n k,

fjnousa epomnwc sugklnei, s tw s to kje

b 0.

'Omwc,

(bn ) enai telik afo bn+1 bn gia

h

nk

qoume

0 b = lim bn+1 lim bn = b

n n
ra

b(1 ) 0.

Efson

b0

kai

1 > 0,

petai ti

b = 0. < 1.
Epilgw

(ii)

'Es tw ti h akolouja

|an+1 | |a n |

sugklnei snan arijm

+1 < < 1 (uprqei ttoio giat < 1). Afo bn uprqei k bn bn+1 s te < gia kje n k . 'Epetai ap to (i) ti to rio limn bn uprqei bn kai enai 0. 2

s te

Paratrhsh 3.20

Kai ed oi upojseic

ron en gnei na paraleifjon. Gia pardeigma an gia kje

0 < 1, 0 < 1 den mpo1 an = 1+ n tte |an+1 | < |an | limn nk an = 0.

all h

(an )
An

den sugklnei s to

0.
tte

Prtash 3.21

0<a<1

kai

kZ
11

Apdeixh

Jtontac

x n = n k an

qoume

|xn+1 | (n + 1)k an+1 = = |xn | n k an

Efson

1 1+ n

a a. 2

a < 1,

to apotlesma petai ap to Lmma.

Prtash 3.22

H akolouja

1 n ) sugklnei snan arijm (an ) pou an = (1+ n

me

2 < e < 3.
Isqurismc 1

Prth apdeixh.

(an )

enai axousa, dhl.

an+1 an

gia kje

n:

Qrhsimopoi thn anisthta arijmhtiko msou - gewmetriko msou

x1 + x2 + . . . + xn+1 n+1
gia touc jetikoc arijmoc

n+1

x1 x2 . . . xn+1

x1 = x2 = . . . = xn = 1 +
opte qw

1 n

kai

xn+1 = 1

1 n(1 + n )+1 n+1

dhlad

n+1

1 1+ n 1 1+ n
n

.1

1 1+ n+1
prokptei h epijumht anisthta

n+1

. n +1,

Uynontac kai ta do mlh thc anisthtac autc (pou enai jetik) s thn

1 1+ n+1
Isqurismc 2

n+1

1 1+ n

. 2 < an < 3
gia kje

(an )

enai fragmnh, kai mlis ta

n 2:

12

'Eqoume

a1 = 2, a2 =
n

3 2 2

9 4

>2

kai gia kje

n 2,

ap to diwnumik

anptugma

an = 1 +
k=1 n

n(n 1)(n 2) . . . (n k + 1) 1 k! nk 1n 1 2 k1 1 (1 )(1 ) . . . (1 )<1+ . k! n n n n k ! k=1

ra, tan

=1+
k=1

All

k ! = 1.2.3 . . . k ,

k 2,
n

tte

k ! 1.2.2 . . . 2 = 2k1
n

opte

an < 1 +
k=1

1 1 1+ . k 1 k! 2 k=1

'Omwc pwc enai gnws t to jroisma twn rwn gewmetrikc prodou enai

1 2k1

=1+

k=1

1 21 1 1 1 1 n + 2 + . . . + n1 = 1 = 2 n1 < 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 n.

kai sunepc

an < 3

gia kje

'Epetai tra ap to Jerhma 3.12 ti h

9 lim an tte efson 4

den mporome amswc

(an ) sugklnei, kai an jsoume e = an < 3 gia kje n 2 qoume 2 < 9 e 3, all 4 na sumpernoume ti e < 3. n 4,
n

Mporome mwc na beltisoume thn prosggish wc exc: an

an < 1 +
k=1

1 =1+ k! 2+

1 1 1 1+ + + 2 2.3 k=4 k !
1 1 1 3 + + 2 2 6 1 1 2n 1 2

1 1 1 2+ + + k 2 6 k=4 2 1 11 1 1 1 + + =2+ 2 6 4 12

<2+

ra

e2+

11 12

< 3.
'Es tw

Deterh apdeixh Isqurismc

1 n+1 bn = (1 + n ) .

(an )

enai axousa kai h

(bn )

enai fjnousa.

13

Apdeixh Isqurismo:

Gia

n 2,

qoume

(1 +

1 n ) n1

n n , opte n1

1 n ) = an = (1 + n

n+1 n , n

bn1 =

1 n ) (1 + n an = 1 n = bn1 (1 + n1 )

n+1 n 1 1 2 n

n1 n
n Ber

n2 1 n2

> 1n

1 1 n1 =1 = 2 n n n

pou qrhsimopohsa thn anisthta

Bernoulli.
n

Epomnwc

an > bn1

n1 n

= =

n n1 n n1

n1 n = 1+ 1 n1
n1

n1

= an1 .

ra h

(an )

enai axousa. Epshc

bn1 = an
opte

n2 n2 1

1 1+ 2 n 1 n+1 n

>
n

1 1+ 2 n n+1 n

Ber

> 1+n

1 1 n+1 = 1+ = 2 n n n
n+1

bn1 > an
ra h

n+1 n

n+1 n

= bn

(bn )

enai fjnousa. Endeiktik, oi prtoi roi enai:

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

= = = = =

(1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +

1 1 ) 1 1 2 ) 2 1 3 ) 3 1 4 ) 4 1 5 ) 5

= = = =

9 4 64 27 625 256 7776 3125

=2 = 2.25 2.3704 2.4414 2.4883

bn an

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

= = = = =

(1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +

1 2 ) 1 1 3 ) 2 1 4 ) 3 1 5 ) 4 1 6 ) 5

= = = =

27 8 256 81 3125 1024 46656 15625

=4 = 3.375 3.1605 3.0518 2.986

'Epetai tra ap to Jerhma 3.12 ti kai oi do akoloujec sugklnoun. Mlis ta epeid to phlko qoun to dio rio, Tloc, gia

= 1+

1 sugklnei s to 1, oi do akoloujec ja n

e.

n > 5,

ra

9 6 46656 = a2 < an < bn < b5 = = <3 4 5 15625 2 < an e bn < 3 . 2

14

Paratrhsh 3.23

Oi anisthtec

1 1+ n

<e<

1 1+ n

n+1

pou apodexame epitrpoun thn prosggish tou arijmo

tou

dpote epijumht akrbeia, arke na proume arket meglo

Euler n.

me opoia-

' Askhsh 3.24

An h akolouja

(an )

sugklnei sto

tte kai h akolouja

(bn )

twn mswn rwn

bn =
sugklnei epshc sto

a1 + a2 + . . . + an n

a.

Isqei to antstrofo?

Lsh

Ac upojsoume prta ti

s te

|an | <

tan

n no .

'Es tw

an 0. 'Es tw n > no . 'Eqoume

> 0.

Uprqei

no N

|bn | =

a1 + a2 + . . . + ano ano +1 + ano +2 + . . . + an + n n |a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |ano | |ano +1 | + |ano +2 | + . . . + |an | + n n |a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |ano | n 2 + . < n n n .
Sunepc uprqei

All o arijmhtc tou prtou klsmatoc den exarttai ap to klsma aut tenei s to 0 kajc kje

n, ra to n1 > no s te gia

n n1

na qoume

|a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |ano | < , n 2

kai tte

|bn | <
Dexame loipn ti

bn 0 = limn an . an a
arke na exetsoume thn mhdenik kai na parathrsoume ti

Gia thn genik perptwsh pou akolouja

an an a

a1 + a2 + . . . + an a1 + a2 + . . . + an = a n n
15

opte, afo oi msoi roi thc roi thc

(an )

ja tenoun s to

(an ) tenoun s to 0 ap ta prohgomena, oi msoi a.

To ants trofo den isqei en gnei. An gia pardeigma jewrsoume thn ako-

(an ) me an = 1 tan n perittc kai an = 1 tan n rtioc, enai faner ti h (an ) den sugklnei, en oi msoi roi thc moizoun na tenoun {s th msh}.
louja Kai pragmatik,

a1 + a2 + . . . + a2n1 = 1
ra

kai

a1 + a2 + . . . + a2n = 0

a1 + a2 + . . . + am 1 m m
gia kje s to

m,

epomnwc h akolouja twn mswn riwn sugklnei, kai mlis ta

0.
an

Prtash 3.25 (Arq twn kibwtismnwn dias thmtwn)

I1

I2 . . . In . . .
nN In

enai mia fjnousa akolouja kleistn kai fragmnwn

diasthmtwn, tte uprqei na shmeo pou ankei se la ta

In

(dhlad h tom

den enai ken). An mlista ta mkh touc tenoun sto

0, tte uprqei

na kai monadik shmeo pou ankei se la ta

In .

In = [xn , yn ] tte, efson In+1 In , qoume xn xn+1 yn+1 yn , opte h (xn ) enai axousa kai h (yn ) enai fjnousa. Epshc h (xn ) enai nw fragmnh (ap kje ro thc (yn )) kai h (yn ) enai ktw fragmnh (ap kje ro thc (xn )). An x = sup{xm : m N} kai y = inf {ym : m N}
Apdeixh

An

ap to Jerhma 3.12 petai ti kai oi do akoloujec ja sugklnoun, kai mlis ta Kje

lim xn = x
n

kai

lim yn = y .
n

Afo

xn yn

gia kje

qoume

x y.

a [x, y ] ikanopoie a x xn gia kje n, kai omowc a yn gia kje n, dhlad a [xn , yn ] gia kje n. Dexame loipn ti h tom nN In den enai ken. Mlis ta kje b R pou ankei se la ta In ikanopoie xn b yn gia kje n kai sunepc x b y , dhlad b [x, y ]. Epomnwc nN In = [x, y ].
An epiplon qoume

yn xn 0,

tte

x = y

kai kat sunpeia h tom

nN In

= [x, y ]

enai monosnolo.

16