Pragmatik Anlush (201011) Metriko qroi Askseic Omda A' 1.

'Estw

(X, )

qroc me

nrma.

Dexte ti h nrma enai

rtia sunrthsh kai ikanopoie

thn anisthta

x y
gia kje

xy

x, y X

2.

'Estw

(a) (b)

(X, ) |(x, z ) (y, z )| (x, y ) x, y, z X |(x, y ) (z, w)| (x, z ) + (y, w) x, y, z, w X

metrikc qroc. Dexte ti: gia kje . gia kje

3.

Sto

jewrome th sunrthsh

: RR R
enai

me

(a, b) =

|a b|

Apodexte ti o

(R, )

enai metrikc

qroc. Geniktera, dexte ti: an

(X, )

qroc me nrma

kai an jewrsoume thn

d:X X R

me

d(x, y ) =
tte o

xy ,

x, y X,

(X, d)

enai

metrikc qroc.

4. 5.
X
.

'Estw

(X, d)

metrikc qroc.

Dexte ti oi sunartseic

1 = min{d, 1} 2 =
,

d 1+d

kai

d = d (0 < < 1)

enai

metrikc sto

An An

d1 , d 2 d
h

enai metrikc sto snolo

enai metrik sto

, enai h

X d2

exetste an oi metrik sto

d1 + d2 max{d1 , d2 } min{d1 , d2 }
, , ?

enai metrikc sto

6.
(a)

'Estw

(b) An

(g) An

(X, d) diam(A) = 0 ABX A, B X

metrikc qroc.

Apodexte tic akloujec idithtec thc diamtrou:

an kai

mno

tte

A= A diam(A) diam(B )
an to . anisthta

enai

monosnolo (dhlad,

A = {x}

gia kpoio

xX

).

tte isqei h

diam(A B ) min{diam(A), diam(B )} max{diam(A), diam(B )} diam(A B ).

Isqei h anisthta

diam(A B ) diam(A) + diam(B )

gia kje zeugri uposunlwn

A, B

tou

(d) An

(An )

enai mia akolouja uposunlwn tou monosnolo (qei to

me

diam(An ) 0

kajc

, dexte ti to

n=1

An

enai to pol

pol na stoiqeo).

7.
kai

Dexte

ti na ste

uposnolo

tou

metriko

qrou

(X, )

enai

fragmno

an

kai

mnon

an

uprqoun

x0 X

r>0
'Estw

(a, x0 ) r

gia kje

aA

8. A1 , . . . , Ak A2 Ak

fragmna

mh

ken

uposnola

tou

metriko

qrou

(X, )

Dexte

ti

to

snolo

A1

enai epshc fragmno.

Omda B' 9.
(a) 'Estw ti h epshc

metrik sto

(b)

Apodexte

thn upoprosjetikthta thc

f : [0, ) [0, ) f upoprosjetik X f d f : [0, ) R+ f

enai , tte kai h enai ti an : kolh sunrthsh.

axousa dhl.

metrik sto

f (0) = 0 f (x + y ) f (x) + f (y ) X
sunrthsh me . kajemi ap tic

kai gia

kje

f (x) > 0 x, y 0
gia idithtec

kje .

x>0

Upojtoume an h

Dexte

ti:

enai

tte

akloujec

enai

ikan

na

exasfalsei

(i) (ii)

enai

H sunrthsh

f (x) x ,

x>0

enai fjnousa.

(g) Qrhsimopointac ta (a)

kai (b) dexte ti oi

sunartseic thc ' Askhshc

4 enai metrikc.

10.

Anisthta H older gia sunartseic

p, q > 1
kai

) 'Estw

(dhl.

1 p

1 q

f, g : [0, 1] R
1 1/p

suneqec sunartseic kai

p, q

suzugec ekjtec

=1

).

Dexte

ti

1/q

|f (t)g (t)| dt
0 0

|f (t)|p dt
0

|g (t)|q dt

11.

Dexte ti o

qroc

(C ([0, 1]),

p)

me

1/p

f
enai qroc me nrma.

=
0

|f (x)|p dx

12.

Jewrome me

arijmn,

S m < + k k
ton qro .

lwn

twn

akoloujin

pragmatikn

arijmn. an

Orzoume

apstash

ston

wc exc:

(mk ) x = (x(n)) y = (y (n)) S

'Estw ,

akolouja

jetikn

, jtoume

d(x, y ) =
n=1
Dexte ti o

mn

|x(n) y (n)| . 1 + |x(n) y (n)|

th dimetr tou.

(S , d)
to

enai metrikc qroc, kai

upologste

13.
enai

'Estw

snolo

twn to

poluwnmwn , to

na polunumo ap

yoc

me

pragmatikoc enai to

suntelestc.

An

p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn

tou

h(p) = max{|ai | : i = 0, 1, . . . , n}.

(a) Dexte ti o

enai

grammikc

qroc

me

tic

prxeic

kat

shmeo

kai

sunrthsh

h:PR

enai

nrma

ston

(b) Dexte ti h

sunrthsh

:PR

, me

(p) = |a0 | + |a1 | + + |an |

enai nrma ston

(g) Dexte

ti

P h(p) (p) (n + 1)h(p)

. to qro

gia kje

polunumo

bajmo to

pol

14.

Jewrome

(P , h)
me

thc

prohgomenhc

skhshc

kai

ton

(c00 ,

).

Apodexte

ti

sunrthsh

f : (P , h) (c00 ,

p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn f (p) := a = (a0 , a1 , . . . , an , 0, 0, . . .)

enai isomorfismc grammikn qrwn pou diathre tic apostseic. tic sqseic Dhlad, h

enai 1-1, ep kai ikanopopoie

1.

f (p + q ) = f (p) + f (q ) f (p) = f (p) f (p)

2.

3.

= h(p)
kai

gia kje

p, q P

Omda G' 15.

Stajeropoiome nan prto arijm

kai

jewrome

to

snolo

jtoume

p(n, m)

th megalterh dnamh

tou

pou diaire ton

Z |n m|

twn

akerawn.

An

m, n Z

me

m=n

, dhlad an

m=n

, tte

p(m, n) = max{k 0 : m n mod pk }.

Orzoume

p : Z Z R

me

p (m, n) =
Dexte ti h

2p(m,n) , m = n 0, m=n
enai fragmnoc metrikc qroc.

enai metrik sto

kai o

(Z, p )

16.

'Estw

= A (0, +)

Apodexte

ti

uprqei metrikc qroc

(X, )

ste

A = {(x, y ) : x, y X, x = y }.

17.

Jewrome touc

(a) Dexte

ti:

an

(b) Dexte ti:

an

(g)

Na

breje

akolouja

lgia,

c0

periqei gnsia thn

(d) Na

breje akolouja

1p c0 1p<q p q 1p< p c0 x = (xn ) 0 { p : 1 p < } x = (xn ) x / 1 x p

qrouc

p,

kai

tte

kai ti o

egkleismc enai gnsioc.

tte

kai ti o

egkleismc enai gnsioc.

pou

sugklnei

sto

all .

den

ankei

se

kannan

p,

1p<

Me

lla

nwsh

ste

all

gia kje

p>1

18.

kboc tou Hilbert H

ti h

enai h sullog lwn twn akoloujin

x = (x(n))

me

|x(n)| 1

gia kje

nN

(a) Dexte

d(x, y ) =
n=1
orzei metrik sto

2n |x(n) y (n)|

(b) An

x, y H

kai

H kN
.

, jtoume

Mk = max{|x(1) y (1)|, . . . , |x(k ) y (k )|} 2k Mk d(x, y ) 2k+1 + Mk .

Dexte

ti

19.

Jewrome th monadiaa Eukledeia sfara do shmewn .

(x, y ) o x, y
kai ta

x, y S
ti:

m1

na enai h kurt gwna tte

S m1 = {x Rm : x xoy 2

= 1}

ston

Rm

Orzoume {apstash}

sto eppedo pou orzetai ap thn arq twn axnwn

Dexte

an

(x, y ) =

xy
kai sumpernate ti

= 2 sin

2 (x, y ) x y
Enai h

(x, y ),

x, y S m1 .

metrik sthn

S m1