10.

Seminar

Energy Methods, FEM

Class of 2013

Topic

FEM: triangular CST-elements

09.01.2014

Access

Merging of elements to complete system

2.1

equilibrium at nodes in general

for each element resulting nodal forces

0

F e = Ke v e F e

0
F (i)
F (i)
v (i)

F (j) = Ke v (j)
F (j)

0
F (k)
v (k)
F (k)
0

0
F (i)
v (i)
F1 (i)

, v (i) = 1
and F (i) = 01
with F (i) =
F2 (i)
v2 (i)
F2 (i)
and anticlockwise numbering of nodes i, j, k for element el
equilibrium at node i under consideration of all elements at node i

 

 



















 


external single loads P1 (i), P2 (i) must be in equilibrium with nodal forces of all elements at
node i:
P (i)

 el
F (i) = 0
e

el
l

e
P1 (i)
F1 (i)
0
and F (i) =
with P (i) =

and 0 =
el
P2 (i)
0
F2 (i)

2.2

equilibrium for example

equilibrium for given wall

y, v2

P (1)

P (2)

P (3)

P (4)

1l

F (1)

1l
2l

F (2) + F (2)

2l


F (3)

1l
2l
F (4) + F (4)

element

F (1)

F (2)

F (4)

1l(no traction

K (1, 1)


= K (2, 1)

K (4, 1)

element

F (2)

F (3)

F (4)

2l

system of equations

1
1

x, v1

P/4

and body forces)

K (1, 2) K (1, 4)

k11 (i, j) k12 (i, j)

k21 (i, j) k22 (i, j)

1l
F (1)

v (1)

K (2, 2) K (2, 4) v (2)

v (4)
K (4, 2) K (4, 4)

1l
2l

F (2) + F (2)
=

2l


F (3)

1l
2l
F (4) + F (4)

3
2

= K (3, 2) K (3, 3) K (3, 4)

K (4, 2) K (4, 3) K (4, 4)

whereas K (i, j) =

P (1)

P (2)

P (3)

P (4)

K (2, 2) K (2, 3) K (2, 4)

v (2)

v (3)

v (4)

= Ke1 v e1 = F e1

= Ke2 v e2 = F e2

and i related to force and j related to displacement

1l

1l

K (1, 1)
K (1, 2)
0
K (1, 4)

P (1)

1l
1l
2l
2l
1l
2l

K (2, 1) K (2, 2) + K (2, 2) K (2, 3) K (2, 4) + K (2, 4)

P (2)
=

2l
2l
2l

P (3)

K (3, 2)
K (3, 3)
K (3, 4)
0

P (4)

1l
1l
2l
2l
1l
2l
K (4, 1) K (4, 2) + K (4, 2) K (4, 3) K (4, 4) + K (4, 4)

P =

v (1)

[88]

[8]

Consideration of boundary conditions

load
P1 (1) =

P
,
4

rest 0

displacement
v2 (1) = v2 (2) = v1 (3) = v2 (3) = v1 (4) = v2 (4) = 0
delete rows and columns in equation system
starting with v (3) = v (4) = 0

1l
1l
1l

K (1, 1)
K
(1,
2)
0
K
(1,
4)

P (1)

1l
1l
2l
2l
1l
2l

P (2) K (2, 1) K (2, 2) + K (2, 2) K (2, 3) K (2, 4) + K (2, 4)

2l
2l
2l
P (3)

K (3, 2)
K (3, 3)
K (3, 4)
0

P (4)

1l
1l
2l
2l
1l
2l
K (4, 1) K (4, 2) + K (4, 2) K (4, 3) K (4, 4) + K (4, 4)

1l
1l

K (1, 1)
K (1, 2)
P (1)

1l
1l
2l
P (2)
K (2, 1) K (2, 2) + K (2, 2)

v (1)

v (2)

v (2)

v (3)

v (4)

K v

[8]

1l

v (1)

v (2)

v (3)

v (4)

 split in directions 1 and 2

1l

k11 (1, 1)

P (1)
1

1l

P2 (1) k21 (1, 1)

1l
P1 (2)

k11 (2, 1)

P2 (2)

1l
k21 (2, 1)

1l

P (1)
k11 (1, 1)
1
=

1l
P1 (2)
k11 (2, 1)

and considering v2 (1) = v2 (2) = 0

1l

1l

k11 (1, 2)

v1 (1)

v1 (2)

P BC = KBC v BC
v BC = KBC 1 P BC

Computation of displacements

system data
E

t
P

=
=
=
=

2 107 kN/m2
0.3
0.1 m
1000 kN

element stiness matrix

Ke = BT D B t Ae
with

yjk

yki

l
l
l

1
1
1


k22 (1, 1)
k21 (1, 2)
k22 (1, 2)

1l
1l
2l
1l
2l

k12 (2, 1) k11 (2, 2) + k11 (2, 2) k12 (2, 2) + k12 (2, 2)

1l
1l
2l
1l
2l
k22 (2, 1) k21 (2, 2) + k21 (2, 2) k22 (2, 2) + k22 (2, 2)

k11 (1, 2)
v1 (1)

1l
2l
v1 (2)
k11 (2, 2) + k11 (2, 2)
k12 (1, 1)

nal equation system

1l
1l
P
k (1, 1)
k11 (1, 2)
11
4 =

1l
1l
2l
0
k11 (2, 1) k11 (2, 2) + k11 (2, 2)

1l

yij

B = 0 xkj 0 xik 0 xji

xkj yjk xik yki xji yij

2 Ae

where yjk = yj yk etc.

4

k12 (1, 2)

v1 (1)

v2 (1)

v1 (2)

v2 (2)

 material matrix

1
0
E

D=
0
1
1 2
1
0 0
2

=
1 2

0.3

0.3

0.35

element 1l



xi = 0 m
yi = 0 m
yj = 0 m
xj = 2 m
yk = 1.5 m
xk = 0 m

1.5
0
1.5 0 0 0

B= 0
2
0
0 0 2 m
2Ae

2 1.5 0 1.5 2 0









multiplication BT D B

E
m

2
1 4A2e1

0.3

-1.5

1.5

0.3

-2

0.35

-2

-1.5

1.5

-1.5

-2

-1.5

-0.45

-0.7

-2

-1.5

...

...

...

1.5

1.5

0.45

1.5

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

3.65

2.25

k11 (1,1)

k11 (1,2)

K (1, 1)

K (1, 2)

K (1, 4)

K (2, 1)

K (2, 2)

K (2, 4)

K (4, 1)

K (4, 2)

K (4, 4)

2.25

2.25

k11 (2,2)

k11 (2,1)

element 2l
yi = 0 m
xi = 2 m
yj = 1.5 m
xj = 2 m
yk = 1.5 m
xk = 0 m

0
0 1.5 0 1.5 0

B = 0 2 0
2
0
0

2 0
2 1.5
0
1.5





m
2Ae






multiplication BT D B

m
E

2
1 4A2e2

0.3

-1.5

1.5

0.3

-2

0.35

-2

-1.5

1.5

-2

-0.7

-0

...

...

...

1.5

...

...

...

1.5

...

...

...

-1.5

...

...

...

-1.5

...

...

...

1.4

k11 (2,2)

K (2, 2)

K (2, 3)

K (2, 4)

K (3, 2)

K (3, 3)

K (3, 4)

K (4, 2)

K (4, 3)

K (4, 4)

complete system

KBC =

3.65
2.25

2
2
0 0
E
m

E m t

t
+
1 2 4Ae1
1 2 4Ae2
2.25
0 1.4

2.25

with Ae1 = Ae2 = Ae =

3.65

1
2

2 m 1.5 m = 1.5 m2

2.25

7
2
m2
2 10 kN/m
0.1 m
0.91
1.5 4 m2
2.25 2.25 + 1.4

3.65 2.25
3.66 105 kN
=
m
2.25 3.65

KBC =

load

P BC =

250
0

kN

displacement

v BC = KBC 1 P BC =

3.018
1.861

104 m =

0.302
0.186

mm