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U

Electrical
Machine

Electrical
System

Mechanical
System

Motoring mode: P(elec)

Generating mode:

P(mech)
P(Elect)

P(mech)

Fig :1 Electrical machine as an energy converter

(a)

(b)

Fig: 2 Structure of machines

external field B

F
L
F

F
i

(a)

substract
(b)

add

Resultant
(c)

Figure: 3. Electric force on a current crrying conductor in a magnetic field.

B (into the paper)

u
u
(b)

B into the paper

(a)
Figure: 4 Conductor moving in a magnetic field

Rotor
Fr

Fsr

Fr

sr

Fs

Fs

sr
Stator
(b)

(a)

Fig 5: Simplified 2 pole machine and vector diagram of mmf waves.

brushes
quadrature axis
field coil
Ra

If
N

field coil

Armature coils

Fig: 6. Schematic representation of a dc machine

direct axis
V
f

Armature

= 0

Cb

b1

B( q )

b2

Ca
1

e
12 2

(a)

(b)

eab
0

q
(c)

E12

e12
0

(d)

Fig: 7 Voltage rectification by commutators and brushes

(a)DC machine with commutator segments
(b)Flux density distribution in air gap (c)Singleturn machine

b
f

B1

B2

B1

B2

f
a

(a)

2
(b)

B1

B2

2
(c)

Fig: 8 Current reversal in a turn by commutators and brushes.

Ia

Ia

Ra

Ra

Ra

Rf

If
Va

Va

Va

Vf

Te

Tl

(b)

(a)

(c)

Fig 9:Equivalent circuit of DC machine.

Ia
IF

VF +

Eb
Ra

Fa
+

Va

90

AA

Fs

Fig 10 Separately Exicited DC Motor

slope=

Ra
(K)

Speed

Torque
Fig.11 T characteristics of Separately
Excited DC Motor

IF
VF +

Ia
A
Z

Eb
Ra

ZZ

Va

AA

Fig.12 (a) Schematic diagram for armature

Speed

voltage control

rated

V1 V2 V3
Field Control
(V1 , 2 ) 1 2
(V1 , 1 )
(V1 , ) V1 = Vrated
(V2 , )
(V3 , )

Armature
Control

Torque
Fig.12(b) T
characteristics for armature & field control

T,P,I,,Va

Te Ia ,

Ia

Te,

Va ,P

rated

Fig.12(c) Variation of various quantities with speed

IF
V +
F

Ia
A
Z

Ra
ZZ

Eb

Va = Vrated = V
1

AA

Fig. 12(d) Schematic diagram for field control

+
2V
Vav = m

Vm

Vmsin wt
+
POWER

Vav =Vm (1+cos)

Vm

ELECTRONIC

Vmsin wt

CONTROLLER

+ 2

Fig.13 Output voltage waveform of Power Electronic controller

230 V
1 A.C

POWER
ELECTRONIC
CONTROLLER

+
A

M
AA

Z
+A

ZZ

AA
Z

I
+ G
A
+
G V VG

ZZ

POWER
ELECTRONIC
CONTROLLER

Fig.14 Circuit diagram for speed control of Separately Excited DC Motor

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