xi Hc Cng Ngh thng Tin V Truyn thng

--------------------

N TT NGHIP
Mn: Ti:

Tn Nhit

Gio vin hng dn: Sinh vin thc hin:

Thi Nguyn , thng 5 nm 2011

PHN I: L THUYT C S A . VI IU KHIN 8051

AT89S52

AT89C51

I. TNG QUT: 1. Gii thiu chung: MCS-51 l h vi iu khin ca hng Intel. Vi mch tng qut ca h MCS-51 l chip 8051. Chip 8051 c mt s c trng c bn sau: B nh chng trnh bn trong: 4 KB (ROM). B nh d liu bn trong: 128 byte (RAM). B nh chng trnh bn ngoi: 64 KB (ROM). B nh d liu bn ngoi: 64 KB (RAM). 4 port xut nhp (I/O port) 8 bit. 2 b nh thi 16 bit. Mch giao tip ni tip. B x l bit (thao tc trn cc bit ring l). 210 v tr nh c nh a ch, mi v tr 1 bit. Nhn / Chia trong 4 s. Ngoi ra, trong h MCS-51 cn c mt s chip vi iu khin khc c cu trc tng ng nh

2. Cc phin bn ca chip vi iu khin 8051: 2.1 B vi iu khin 8031: 8031 l mt phin bn khc ca h 8051. Chip ny thng c coi l 8051 khng c ROM trn chip. c th dng c chip ny cn phi b sung thm ROM ngoi cha chng trnh cn thit cho 8031. 8051 c chng trnh c cha ROM trn chip b gii hn n 4KB, cn ROM ngoi ca 8031 th c th ln n 64KB. Tuy nhin, c th truy cp ht b nh ROM ngoi th cn dng thm hai cng (Port 0 v Port 2) , do vy ch cn li c hai cng (Port 1 v Port 3) s dng. Nhm khc phc vn ny, chng ta c th b sung thm cng vo/ra cho 8031.

2.2 B vi iu khin 8052: 8052 l mt phin bn ca h 8051. 8052 c tt c cc thng s k thut ca 8051, ngoi ra cn c thm 128 byte RAM, 4KB ROM v mt b nh thi na. Nh vy, 8052 c tng cng 256 byte RAM, 8KB ROM v ba b nh thi. c tnh k thut ROM trn chip(KB) RAM trn chip(byte) B nh thi Chn vo/ra Cng ni tip Ngun ngt 8031 0 128 2 32 1 5 8051 4 128 2 32 1 5 8052 8 256 3 32 1 6

Nh bng thng s trn ta thy 8051 l mt trng hp ring ca 8052. Mi chng trnh vit cho 8051 u c th chy c trn 8052 nhng iu nguc li c th l khng ng. 2.3 B vi iu khin 8751: Chip 8751 ch c 4KB b nh UV-EPROM trn chip. s dng chip ny cn phi c thit b lp trnh PROM v thit b xo UV-EPROM. Do ROM trn chip ca 8751 l UV-EPROM, nn cn phi mt khong 20 pht xo 8751 truc khi c lp trnh. V y l qu trnh mt nhiu thi gian nn nhiu nh sn xut cho ra phin bn Flash ROM v UV-RAM. 2.4 B vi iu khin AT8951 ca Atmel Corporation: AT8951 l phin bn 8051 c ROM trn chip l b nh Flash. Phin bn ny rt thch hp cho cc ng dng nhanh v b nh Flash c th c xa trong vi giy. D nhin l dng AT8951 cn phi c thit b lp trnh PROM h tr b nh Flash nhng khng cn n thit b xa ROM v b nh Flash c xa bng thit b lp trnh PROM. tin s dng, hin nay hng Atmel ang nghin cu mt phin bn ca AT8951 c th c lp trnh qua cng COM ca my tnh PC v Nh vy s khng cn n thit b lp trnh PROM.

K hiu AT89C51 AT89LV51 AT89C1051 AT89C2051

AT89C52 AT89LV52

ROM 4KB 4KB 1KB 2KB 8KB 8KB

RAM 128 128 64 128 256 256

I/O 32 32 15 15 32 32

Timer 2 2 1 2 3 3

Ngt 5 5 3 5 6 6

Vcc 5V 3V 3V 3V 5V 3V

S chn IC 40 40 20 20 40 40

2.5 B vi iu khin DS5000 ca Dallas Semiconductor: Mt phin bn ph bin khc na ca 8051 l DS5000 ca hng Dallas Semiconductor. B nh ROM trn chip ca DS5000 l NV-RAM. DS5000 c kh nng np chng trnh vo ROM trn chip trong khi n vn trong h thng m khng cn phi ly ra. Cch thc hin l dng qua cng COM ca my tnh PC. y l im mnh c a chung,Ngoi ra NV-RAM cn c nhiu u vit l cho php thay i ni dung RAM theo tng byte m khng phi xa ht trc khi lp trnh nh b nh EPROM.

K hiu
DS5000-8 DS5000-32

ROM 8KB 32KB

RAM 128 128

I/O 32 32

Timer 2 2

Ngt 6 6

Vcc 5V 5V

S chn IC 40 40

DS5000T-8 8KB 128 32 2 6 5V 40 DS5000T-32 32KB 128 32 2 6 5V 40 y l mt phin bn ci tin s dng CPU l b vi iu khin 80C51 vi nhiu tnh nng vut tri: dung lng ROM/RAM trn chip rt ln, 3 Timer 16 bit + 1 Watch-dog Timer, 2 thanh ghi DPTR, 8 ngun ngt, PWM (Pulse Width Modulator), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) v c bit l b nh chng trnh trn chip c tnh nng ISP (In-System Programming) v IAP (In-Application Programming),

II. CC CHN CA CHIP 8051: 1. S khi v chc nng cc khi ca chip 8051:
S KHI CA CHIP 8051

thng. \, INT1\), t b nh thi (Timer 0, Timer 1) v t cng ni tip (Serial port), ln lut ua cc tn hiu ngt ny n CPU x l. khi trong chip trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca h thng. - RAM (Random Access Mem dng song song gia trong v ngoi chip thng qua cc port P0, P1, P2, P3. trong v ngoi chip thng qua cc chn TxD, RxD. nh thi gian hoc m s kin (m xung) thng qua cc chn T0, T1. thng tin trn h thng bus. i vi nhau.

2. S chn v chc nng cc chn ca chip 8051: S CHN CHIP 8051

2.1. Port 0: - Port 0 (P0.0 P0.7) c s chn t 32 39. - Port 0 c hai chc nng: Port xut nhp d liu (P0.0 Bus a ch byte thp v bus d liu a hp (AD0 ngoi. Lu : Khi Port 0 ng vai tr l port xut nhp d liu th phi s dng cc in tr ko ln bn ngoi. - ch mc nh (khi reset) th cc chn Port 0 (P0.0 - P0.7) c cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn Port 0 lm port nhp d liu th cn phi lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port (vn ny c trnh by phn k tip). - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th Port 0 ng vai tr l ng vo ca d liu (D0 D7). 2.2. Port 1: - Port 1 (P1.0 P1.7) c s chn t 1 8. - Port 1 c mt chc nng: s dng b nh ngoi. - ch mc nh (khi reset) th cc chn Port 1 (P1.0 P1.7) c cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn Port 1 lm port nhp d liu th cn phi lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port (vn ny c trnh by phn k tip). - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th Port 1 ng vai tr l ng vo ca a ch byte thp (A0 A7).

2.3. Port 2: - Port 2 (P2.0 P2.7) c s chn t 21 28. - Port 2 c hai chc nng: Port xut nhp d liu (P2.0 Bus a ch byte cao (A8 - ch mc nh (khi reset) th cc chn Port 2 (P2.0 P2.7) c cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn Port 2 lm port nhp d liu th cn phi lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port (vn ny c trnh by phn k tip). - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th Port 2 ng vai tr l ng vo ca a ch byte cao (A8 A11) v cc tn hiu iu khin. 2.4. Port 3: - Port 3 (P3.0 P3.7) c s chn t 10 17. - Port 3 c hai chc nng: Port xut nhp d liu (P3.0 - ch mc nh (khi reset) th cc chn Port 3 (P3.0 P3.7) c cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn Port 3 lm port nhp d liu th cn phi lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port (vn ny c trnh by phn k tip). - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th Port 3 ng vai tr l ng vo ca cc tn hiu iu khin (xem sch H vi iu khin 8051 trang 333-352). - Chc nng ca cc chn Port 3:

Bit
P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7

Tn
RxD TxD INT0\ INT1\ T0 T1 WR\ RD\

a ch bit
B0H B1H B2H B3H B4H B5H B6H B7H

Chc nng
Chn nhn d liu ca port ni tip. Chn pht d liu ca port ni tip. Ng vo ngt ngoi 0. Ng vo ngt ngoi 1. Ng vo ca b nh thi/m 0. Ng vo ca b nh thi/m 1. iu khin ghi vo RAM ngoi. iu khin c t RAM ngoi.

2.5. Chn PSEN\: - PSEN (Program Store Enable): cho php b nh chng trnh, chn s 29. - Chc nng: L tn hiu cho php truy xut (c) b nh chng trnh (ROM) ngoi. L tn hiu xut, tch cc mc thp. PSEN\ gian CPU tm - np lnh t ROM ngoi. PSEN\ - Khi s dng b nh chng trnh bn ngoi, chn PSEN\ thng c ni vi chn OE\ ca ROM ngoi cho php CPU c m lnh t ROM ngoi. 2.6. Chn ALE: - ALE (Address Latch Enable): cho php cht a ch, chn s 30. - Chc nng: L tn hiu cho php cht a ch thc hin vic gii a hp cho bus a ch

byte thp v bus d liu a hp (AD0 AD7). L tn hiu xut, tch cc mc cao. - AD7 ng vai tr l bus D0 - D7. - AD7 ng vai tr l bus A0 - A7. - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th chn ALE ng vai tr l ng vo ca xung lp trnh (PGM\). Lu : fALE=fOSC/6 (MHz): tn s xung ti chn ALE. f (MHz): tn s dao ng trn chip (tn s thch anh). - Khi lnh ly d liu t RAM ngoi (MOVX) c thc hin th mt xung ALE b b qua. 2.7. Chn EA\: - EA (External Access): truy xut ngoi, chn s 31. - Chc nng: L tn hiu cho php truy xut (s dng) b nh chng trnh (ROM) ngoi. L tn hiu nhp, tch cc mc thp. EA\ EA\ dng chng trnh ca ROM trong. - Khi lp trnh cho ROM trong chip th chn EA ng vai tr l ng vo ca in p lp trnh(Vpp = 12V 12,5V cho h 89xx; 21V cho h 80xx, 87xx). Lu : Chn EA\ phi c ni ln Vcc (nu s dng chng trnh ca ROM trong) hoc ni xung GND (nu s dng chng trnh ca ROM ngoi), khng bao gi c php b trng chn ny. 2.8. Chn XTAL1, XTAL2: - XTAL (Crystal): tinh th thch anh, chn s 18-19. - Chc nng: Dng ni vi thch anh hoc mch dao ng to xung clock bn ngoi, cung cp tn hiu xung clock cho chip hot ng. Lu : fTYP=12MHz

fTYP (MHz): tn s danh nh.

2.9. Chn RST: - RST (Reset): thit lp li, chn s 9. - Chc nng: L tn hiu cho php thit lp (t) li trng thi ban u cho h thng. L tn hiu nhp, tch cc mc cao. i ban u.

tRESET(s):thi gian reset. TMACHINE(s):chu k my.

Lu : tReset2TMachine

TMachine=12/fOSC.

fOSC=(MHz):tn s thch anh.

2.10. Chn Vcc, GND: - Vcc, GND: ngun cp in, chn s 40 v 20. - Chc nng: Cung cp ngun in cho chip 8051 hot ng.

III. CU TRC CC PORT XUT NHP CHIP 8051: Kh nng fanout (s lung ti u ra) ca cc tng chn port chip 8051 l: Port 0: 8 ti TTL.

Port 1: 4 ti TTL. Port 2: 4 ti TTL. Port 3: 4 ti TTL.

Lu : ngui s dng cn thm vo in tr ko ln bn ngoi (xem Hnh III.1).

 ch mc nh (khi reset) th tt c cc chn ca cc port (P0 P3) uc cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn port ca chip 8015 lm port nhp d liu th ta cn phi uc lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit (cc chn) ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port (vn ny uc trnh by phn k tip). Cc chn trong cng mt port khng nht thit phi c cng kiu cu hnh (port xut hoc port nhp). Ngha l trong cng mt port c th c chn dng nhp d liu, c th c chn dng xut d liu. iu ny l ty thuc vo nhu cu v mc ch ca ngui lp trnh. Qu trnh ghi chn port (xut d liu ra chn port).

Hnh III.3 Thao tc ghi chn port. Qu trnh c chn port (nhp d liu t chn port).

Hnh III.2 Thao tc c chn port. Qu trnh c b cht (kim tra d liu ti chn port).

Hnh III.2 Thao tc c b cht. Lu : Vic c d liu ca bt k mt port no c th cho ta hai gi tr khc nhau ty thuc vo lnh m ta s dng c d liu t port (xem thm trong phn tp lnh). Xy ra hin tng khng mong mun ny l do qu trnh c d liu ca chip 8051 gm hai qu trnh khc nhau: qu trnh c chn port v qu trnh c b cht. Qu trnh c chn port: Khi ta s dng cc lnh MOV, ADD, D liu nhn uc sau khi thc hin qu trnh c l d liu hin ti cc chn port. Qu trnh c b cht: Khi ta s dng cc lnh ANL, ORL, XRL, CPL, INC, DEC, DJNZ, JBC, CLR bit, SETB bit, MOV bit. D liu nhn c sau khi thc hin qu trnh c l d liu hin ti cc b cht (l cc d liu c ghi ra port ti thi im truc bi qu trnh ghi chn port), ch khng phi l d liu hin ti cc chn port. Cho nn, nu ti thi im thc hin qu trnh c m d liu ti cc chn port c b thay i i chng na th d liu c v cng khng c cp nht.

IV. T CHC B NH CA CHIP 8051:

-

khng gian b nh ring cho d liu v chng trnh.

- T chc b nh ca chip 8051:

Khng gian b nh trong chip 8051

RAM

SFR (SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER: Thanh ghi chc nng c bit).

B nh d liu trn chip 8051

1. B nh trong:

1.1. B nh chng trnh (ROM): - Dng lu tr chng trnh iu khin cho chip 8051 hot ng. - Chip 8051 c 4 KB ROM trong, a ch truy xut: 000H FFFH. 1.2. B nh d liu (RAM): - Dng lu tr cc d liu v tham s. - Chip 8051 c 128 byte RAM trong, a ch truy xut: 00H 7FH. - RAM trong ca chip 8051 c chia ra: RAM a chc nng:

Lu : Nu trong chng trnh khng s dng cc bit trong vng RAM nh a ch bit ny, ta c th s dng vng nh 20H 2FH cho cc mc ch khc ca ta. Ngc li, ta phi vit chng trnh cn thn khi s dng vng nh 20H 2FH v nu s sut ta c th ghi d liu ln cc bit c s dng. V d: Vit lnh lm cho 8 bit trong nh c a ch 20H thuc RAM ni c gi tr l 1 (xt trung hp a ch byte v a ch bit).

Cc dy thanh ghi: gin v ngn gn.

Bng s liu dui y minh ha a ch ca cc nh trong mt dy v cc k hiu thanh ghi R0 R7 c gn cho tng nh trong dy tch cc.

Lu : ch mc nh th dy thanh ghi tch cc (ang c s dng) l dy 0 v cc thanh ghi trong dy ln lt c tn l R0 - R7. C th thay i dy tch cc bng cch thay i cc bit chn dy thanh ghi RS1 v RS0 trong thanh ghi PSW (xem phn thanh ghi PSW). Nu chng trnh ca ta ch s dng dy thanh ghi u tin (dy 0) th ta c th s dng vng nh 08H 1FH cho cc mc ch khc ca ta. Nhng nu trong chng trnh c s dng cc dy thanh ghi (dy 1, 2 hoc 3) th phi rt cn thn khi s dng vng nh t 1FH tr xung v nu s sut ta c th ghi d liu ln cc thanh ghi R0 R7 ca ta. V d 1: Quan h gia k hiu thanh ghi R4 vi cc nh c a ch tng ng trong dy thanh ghi tch cc? Nu dy 0 tch cc: Thanh ghi R4<-> nh 04H RAM ni.

Nu dy 1 tch cc: Thanh ghi R4<-> nh 0CH RAM ni. Nu dy 2 tch cc: Thanh ghi R4<-> nh 14H RAM ni. Nu dy 3 tch cc: Thanh ghi R4<-> nh 1CH RAM ni. V d 2: Khi chip 8051 thc hin lnh MOV R4, #1AH th gi tr 1AH s c np vo trong nh c a ch l bao nhiu thuc RAM ni. Xt tng ng cho tng trng hp dy thanh ghi tch cc l Dy 0 v Dy 3?

1.3.Thanh ghi chc nng c bit:

Lu : Khng c php c hay ghi d liu vo cc a ch SFR m n cha c ng k (ngha l cc a ch SFR cha c t tn). V vic c hay ghi d liu vo cc ni ny c th lm pht sinh nhng hot ng khng mong mun v c th l nguyn nhn lm cho chng trnh ca ta khng tng thch vi cc phin bn sau ca chip MCS-51 (c th cc phin bn cc a ch SFR ny c s dng cho mt vi mc ch khc). Ch c truy xut cc SFR bng kiu nh a ch trc tip (tuyt i khng s dng kiu nh a ch gin tip trong trung hp ny). V d: Cho bit truc (R0)=90H. Vit lnh dng xut (ghi) gi tr 5AH ra Port1 nh sau . S dng kiu nh a ch trc tip: MOV P1, #5AH hoc MOV 90H, #5AH S dng kiu nh a ch gin tip: MOV @R0, #5AH -> SAI -> iu ny khng hp l i vi chip 8051 v phng php nh a ch gin tip nhu trn ch s dng cho vng nh RAM ni. Trong khi RAM ni ca chip 8051 ch c 128 byte (00H 7FH), cho nn khi thc hin lnh ny n s tr v kt qu khng xc nh. (Lu : nu ta dng phin bn chip 8052 th s trnh c iu ny). 1.3.1. Thanh ghi A:

1.3.2 Thanh ghi B:

- Php nhn 2 s 8 bit khng du -> kt qu l s 16 bit. -> cha vo thanh ghi B. -> cha vo thanh ghi A. - Php chia 2 s 8 bit -> thng s v s d l s 8 bit. Thng s -> cha vo thanh ghi A. S d -> cha vo thanh ghi B. V d: Thc hin php tnh 12H x 2AH. Hi (A)=?, (B)=?

V d: Thc hin php tnh A6H : 21H. Hi (A)=?, (B)=?

V d: Thc hin php tnh FDH : 0CH. Hi (A)=?, (B)=?

1.3.3. Thanh ghi t PSW:

- C CY (Carry Flag): c nh bo c nh/mun ti bit 7. CY = 0: nu khng c nh t bit 7 hoc khng c mun cho bit 7. CY = 1: nu c nh t bit 7 hoc c mun cho bit 7. - C AC (Auxiliary Carry): c nh ph bo c nh/mun ti bit 3. AC = 0: nu khng c nh t bit 3 hoc khng c mun cho bit 3. AC = 1: nu c nh t bit 3 hoc c mun cho bit 3. - C F0 (Flag 0): c zero c nhiu mc ch dnh cho cc ng dng khc nhau ca ngui lp trnh (d tr cho cc phin bn chip trong tng lai). - Bit RS0, RS1 (Register Select): bit chn dy thanh ghi cho php xc nh dy thanh ghi tch cc (hay dy thanh ghi m cc thanh ghi c tn l R0-R7).

- C OV (Overflow): c trn bo kt qu tnh ton ca php ton s hc (php ton c du) c nm trong khong t -128 n +127 hay khng. OV = 0: nu OV = 1: nu kt qu < -128 hoc kt qu > +127. Ni cch khc l: i vi php cng th OV=1 nu c nh t bit 7 nhng khng c nh t bit 6 hoc nu c nh t bit 6 nhng khng c nh t bit 7. i vi php tr th OV=1 nu c mn cho bit 7 nhng khng c mn cho bit 6 hoc nu c mn bit 6 nhng khng c mn bit 7.

Biu din ton hng 8bit c du Bng lit k cc s 8bit c du - C P (Parity): c chn l bo s ch s 1 trong thanh ghi A l s chn hay s l (trong chip 8051 s dng ch parity chn). P = 0: nu s ch s 1 trong thanh ghi A l s chn (parity chn). P = 1: nu s ch s 1 trong thanh ghi A l s l (parity chn).

V d: Minh ha cch 8051 biu din s -5. Gii: Cc buc thc hin: B1: 0000 0101 Biu din s 5 dng nh phn 8 bit. B2: 1111 1010 Ly b 1. B3: 1111 1011 Ly b 2. Vy s FBH l biu din s c du dng b 2 ca s -5. V d: Minh ha cch 8051 biu din s -34H. Cc bc thc hin: B1: 0011 0100 Biu din s 34H dng nh phn 8 bit. B2: 1100 1011 Ly b 1. B3: 1100 1100 Ly b 2. Vy s CCH l biu din s c du dng b 2 ca s -34H. V d: Minh ha cch 8051 biu din s -128. Cc buc thc hin: B1: 1000 0000 Biu din s -128 dng nh phn 8 bit. B2: 0111 1111 Ly b 1. B3: 1000 0000 Ly b 2. Vy s 80H l biu din s c du dng b 2 ca s -128. V d: Minh ha trng thi hot ng ca cc c CY, AC, OV v P khi thc hin php cng/tr s hc hai gi tr vi nhau. Cc k hiu:

C nh (CY): Minh ha hot ng ca c CY trong trng hp CY = 1:

Xt c CY trong hai trng hp 7AH+28H v 9AH-5DH:

Xt c CY trong hai trung hp 95H+86H v 00H-A6H:

C nh ph (AC): Minh ha hot ng ca c AC trong trng hp AC = 1

Xt c AC trong hai trng hp 92H+28H v 4AH-E3H:

Xt c AC trong hai trng hp 7AH+59H v 97H-5DH

C trn (OV): Minh ha hot ng ca c trong trng hp OV= 1

Xt c OV trong cc trng hp B3H+25H, BBH-96H v 4BH-F3H:

Xt c OV trong cc trng hp 53H+45H, 82H+BAH, 9AH-3EH v 66H-DAH

C Parity (P): Xt c P trong cc trng hp (A)=45H, (A)=E7H, (A)=00H:

V d: Xc nh ni dung cc nh thuc RAM ni ca on chng trnh sau:

V d: Xc nh ni dung cc nh thc RAM ni ca on chng trnh sau:

1.3.4

Thanh ghi SP:

- Ngn xp l vng nh dng lu tr tm thi cc d liu. - i vi chip 8051 th vng nh uc dng lm ngn xp c gi trong RAM ni. - s dng ngn xp th ta phi khi ng thanh ghi SP (ngha l np gi tr cho thanh ghi SP) vng nh ca ngn xp c a ch bt u: (SP)+1 v a ch kt thc: 7FH. - Nu khng khi ng SPvng nh ca ngn xp c a ch bt u: 08H v a ch kt thc: 7FH (ch mc nh). Lu : Trong trng hp khng khi ng SP (ch mc nh) th dy thanh ghi 1 (v c th l dy 2 v dy 3) s khng cn hp l v khi vng nh ny uc s dng lm ngn xp. iu ny c nghia l nu ta s dng cc dy thanh ghi ny v lu tr d liu vo th c kh nng s b mt do tc ng ct d liu vo ngn xp ca cc lnh (PUSH, ACALL, LCALL, ).

V d: Hy cho bit tm a ch ca vng nh ngn xp trong hai trung hp sau: (SP)=5FH v (SP)=49H. Theo qui nh th vng nh ca ngn xp c a ch bt u: (SP)+1 v a ch kt thc: 7FH. Trung hp (SP)=5FH: tm a ch ca vng nh ngn xp l 60H - 7FH. Trung hp (SP)=49H: tm a ch ca vng nh ngn xp l 4AH - 7FH.

V d: Hy cho bit gi tr cn phi np cho thanh ghi SP vng nh ngn xp c tm a ch trong hai trng hp sau: 62H 7FH v 50H 7FH. Theo qui nh th vng nh ca ngn xp c a ch bt u: (SP)+1 v a ch kt thc: 7FH. Trung hp 62H 7FH: gi tr cn np cho thanh ghi SP l 61H. Trung hp 50H 7FH: gi tr cn np cho thanh ghi SP l 4FH. V d: Minh ha vng nh ngn xp trong trung hp khng khi ng SP (ch mc nh) v c khi ng SP (vi (SP) = 3FH). Nu ngui s dng khng khi ng thanh ghi SP (ch mc nh) th: (xem hnh bn dui, pha tri)

Nu ngui s dng mun vng nh ngn xp (ch ty nh) c tm a ch l 40H7FH th: (xem hnh bn trn, pha phi) 1.3.5. Thanh ghi DPTR:

V d: Khi ta mun truy xut (ghi/c) d liu t mt nh thuc RAM ngoi c a ch l 0123H th ta phi lm sao np uc gi tr 0123H vo thanh ghi DPTR v sau thc hin lnh truy xut MOVX (xem gii thch lnh trong Chng 3: Tp lnh ca 8051.). (DPTR) = 0123H (DPH) = 01H v (DPL) = 23H V d: Khi ta mun truy xut (c) byte m t mt nh thuc ROM trong c a ch l 0ABCH th ta phi lm sao np uc gi tr 0ABCH vo thanh ghi DPTR v sau thc hin lnh truy xut MOVC (xem gii thch lnh trong Chng 3: Tp lnh ca 8051.). (DPTR) = 0ABCH (DPH) = 0AH v (DPL) = BCH

1.3.6. Thanh ghi port xut nhp:

Lu : Trong trung hp phn cng c s dng ROM hoc RAM bn ngoi th ta khng th s dng Port 0 v Port 2 xut nhp d liu. V khi chip 8051 s s dng hai port ny xc nh a ch v d liu cho b nh ngoi. Khi , ta ch c th s dng Port 1 v Port 3 xut nhp d liu. ch mc nh (khi reset) th tt c cc chn ca cc port (P0 P3) uc cu hnh l port xut d liu. Mun cc chn port ca chip 8015 lm port nhp d liu th ta cn phi uc lp trnh li, bng cch ghi mc logic cao (mc 1) n tt c cc bit (cc chn) ca port truc khi bt u nhp d liu t port. V d 1: Hot ng xut (ghi) v nhp (c) d liu ti cc chn port (Port 0) ca chip 8051 (xem hnh minh ha bn dui). Hnh pha tri: Minh ha trng thi hot ng ca port khi thc hin lnh xut (ghi) d liu ra Port 0 ca chip 8051. Hnh pha phi: Minh ha trng thi hot ng ca port khi thc hin lnh nhp (c) d liu t Port 0 ca chip 8051.

V d 2: on chng trnh dui y s cu hnh cho Port 0 lm port nhp (c) d liu. Sau lin tc c d liu t port ny v gi d liu n Port 1: MOV P0, #0FFH ; Cu hnh P0 lm port nhp bng ;cch ghi 1 vo tt c cc bit. BACK: MOV A, P0 ;c d liu t P0. MOV P1, A ;Gi d liu ra P1. SJMP BACK ;Lp li. V d 3: on chng trnh dui y s thc hin cc thao tc sau . Gi mt xung mc cao ti P1.3. SETB P1.2 ;Cu hnh P1.2 lm ng vo. JNB P1.2, $ ;Kim tra lin tc nu P1.2 = 0. MOV P0, #45H ; Xut gi tr 45H ra P0.

SETB P1.3 CLR P1.3

;ua P1.3 ln cao ri ua P1.3 ;xung thp to xung.

1.3.7. Thanh ghi port ni tip:

1.3.8. Thanh ghi nh thi:

1.3.9. Thanh ghi ngt:

1.3.10 . Thanh ghi iu khin ngun:

- Bit SMOD (Serial Mode) cho php tang gp i tc truyn d liu ni tip (tc baud) khi SMOD = 1. - Bit GF1, GF0 (General Function) cho php ngui lp trnh dng vi mc ch ring (d tr cho cc phin bn chip trong tng lai). - Bit PD (Power Down) dng qui nh ch ngun gim. - Bit IDL (Idle) dng qui nh ch nghi.

H thng phi phc hi Vcc = 5V truc khi thot khi ch ngun gim.

2. B nh ngoi :
- Chip 8051 cho ta kh nng m rng: Khng gian b nh chng trnh ln n 64 KB. Khng gian b nh d liu ln n 64 KB. - Khi s dng b nh ngoi: Port 0 bus a ch byte thp v bus d liu a hp (AD0-AD7). Port 2 bus a ch byte cao (A8-A15). Port 3cc tn hiu iu khin (WR\, RD\). - S khc nhau gia a hp v khng a hp bus a ch v bus d liu:

Nhm lm gim s lng chn a ra ngoi chip gim kch thc ca chip 2.1 Kt ni v truy xut b nh chng trnh ngoi:

Gin thi gian chu k np lnh b nh ngoi

2.2 Kt ni v truy xut b nh d liu ngoi:

Truy xut b nh d liu bn trong

2.3. Gii m a ch: Nu ta trng hp ROM v RAM c kt hp t nhiu b nh c dung lng nh hoc c hai giao tip vi chip 8051 th ta cn phi gii m a ch. Vic gii m a ch ny cung cn cho hu ht cc b vi x l . V d: nu cc ROM v RAM c dung lung 8KB c s dng th tm a ch m chip 8051 qun l (0000H FFFFH) cn phi uc gii m thnh tng on 8 KB chip c th chn tng IC nh trn cc gii hn 8KB tng ng: IC1: 0000H 1FFFH, IC2: 2000H 3FFFH, IC chuyn dng cho vic to tn hiu gii m l 74HC138, cc ng ra ca IC ny ln lut uc ni vi cc ng vo chn chip CS\ tng ng ca cc IC nh cho php cc IC nh hot ng (ti mt thi im ch c mt IC nh uc php hot ng). Cn lu l do cc ung cho php IC nh hot ng ring l cho tng

loi (PSEN\ cho b nh chng trnh, RD\ v WR\ cho b nh d liu) nn 8051 c th qun l khng gian nh ln n 64KB cho ROM v 64KB cho RAM.

2.4. Cc khng gian nh chng trnh v d liu gi nhau:

RAM 1: ng vai tr l b nh d liu. RAM 2: ng vai tr l b nh chng trnh + b nh du liu. Chn RST = 0 Chip 8051 hot ng bnh thung. Chn RST = 1 Chip 8051 uc reset. Lu : hon tt qu trnh reset th chn RST phi mc cao ti thiu l 2 chu k my v sau chuyn xung mc thp. Ni dung ca RAM trong chip khng b nh hung bi hot ng reset. Sau khi reset, vic thc thi chng trnh lun lun bt u vi tr u tin trong b nh chng trnh: a ch 0000H. Trng thi ca cc thanh ghi sau khi reset h thng: B m chng trnh (PC) 0000H Thanh ghi A 00H Thanh ghi B 00H Thanh ghi PSW 00H Thanh ghi SP 07H Thanh ghi DPTR 0000H Port 0 Port 3 FFH Thanh ghi IP xxx00000B Thanh ghi IE 0xx00000B Cc thanh ghi nh thi 00H Thanh ghi SCON 00H Thanh ghi SBUF 00H Thanh ghi PCON (HMOS) 0xxxxxxxB Thanh ghi PCON (CMOS) 0xxx0000B

B. GII THIU CHUNG V ADC

1. S khi B chuyn i tng t sang s ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) ly mc in th vo tng t sau mt thi gian s sinh ra m u ra dng s biu din u vo tng t. Tin trnh bin i A/D thng phc tp v mt nhiu thi gian hn tin trnh chuyn i D/A. Do c nhiu phng php khc nhau chuyn i t tng t sang s. Hnh v 5.16 l s khi ca mt lp ADC n gin.

Hot ng c bn ca lp ADC thuc loi ny nh sau: Xung lnh START khi ng s hot ng ca h thng. Xung Clock quyt nh b iu khin lin tc chnh sa s nh phn lu trong thanh ghi. S nh phn trong thanh ghi c DAC chuyn i thnh mc in th tng t VAX. B so snh so snh VAX vi u vo trng t VA. Nu VAX < VA u ra ca b so snh ln mc cao. Nu VAX > VA t nht bng mt khong VT (in th ngng), u dra ca b so snh s xung mc thp v ngng tin trnh bin i s nh phn thanh ghi. Ti thi im ny VAX xp x VA. gi dtr nh phn thanh ghi l i lng s tng ng VAX v cng l i lng s tng ng VA, trong gii hn phn gii v chnh xc ca h thng. Logic iu khin kch hot tn hiu ECO khi chu k chuyn i kt thc. Tin trnh ny c th c nhiu thay di i vi mt s loi ADC khc, ch yu l s khc nhau cch thc b iu khin sa i s nh phn trong thanh ghi.

1.2 Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca ADC

phn gii phn gi ca mt ADC biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu s u ra. S lng bit nhiu sai s lng t cng nh, chnh xc cng cao. Di ng, in tr u vo. Mc logic ca tn hiu s u ra v kh nng chu ti (ni vo u vo). chnh xc tng i Nu l tng ha th tt c cc im chuyn iphi nm trn mt ng thng. chnh xc tng i l sai ds ca cc im chuyn i thc t so vi c tuyn chuyn i l tng. Ngoi ra cn yu cu ADC khng b mt bit trong ton b phm vi cng tc. Tc chuyn i Tc chuyn i c xc nh thi gian bi thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt ln chuyn i A/D. Thi gian ny tnh t khi xut hin tn hiu iu khin chuyn i n khi tn hiu s u ra n nh. H s nhit H s nhit l bin thin tng i tn hiu s u ra khi nhit bin i 10C trong phm vi nhit cng tc cho ph p vi iu kin mc tng t u vo khng i. T s ph thuc cng sut Gi s in p tng t u vo khng i, nu ngun cung cp cho ADC bin thin m nh hng n tn hiu s u ra cng ln th t s ph thuc ngun cng ln. Cng sut tiu hao.

1.3 Cc bc chuyn i AD Qu trnh chuyn i A/D nhn chung c thc hin qua 4 bc c bn, l: ly mu; nh mu; lng t ha v m ha. Cc bc lun lun kt hp vi nhau trong mt qu trnh thng nht. 1.3.1 nh l ly mu i vi tn hiu tng t VI th tn hiu ly mu VS sau qu trnh ly mu c th khi phc tr li VI mt cch trung thc nu iu kin sau y tha mn: fS 2fImax Trong fS : tn s ly mu (10)

fImax : l gii hn trn ca gii tn s tng t Hnh 5.17 biu din cch ly mu tn hiu tng t u vo. Nu biu thc (10) c tha mn th ta c th dng b t lc thng thp khi phc VI t VS. V mi ln chuyn i in p ly mu thnh tn hiu s tng ng u cn c mt thi gian nht nh nn phi nh mu trong mt khong thi gian cn thit sau mi ln ly mu. in p tng t u vo c thc hin chuyn i A/D trn thc t l gi tr VI i din, gi tr ny l kt qu ca mi ln ly mu.

1.3.2 Lng t ha v m ha Tn hiu s khng nhng ri rc trong thi gian m cn khng lin tc trong bin i gi tr. Mt gi tr bt k ca tn hiu s u phi biu th bng bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v no , gi tr ny l nh nht c chn. Ngha l nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu th phi bt in p ly mu ha thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v. Qu trnh ny gi l lng t ha. n v c chn theo qui nh ny gi l n v lng t, k hiu D. Nh vy gi tr bit 1 ca LSB tn hiu s bng D. Vic dng m nh phn biu th gi tr tn hiu s l m ha. M nh phn c c sau qu trnh trn chnh l tn hiu u ra ca chuyn i A/D. 1.3.3 Mch ly mu v nh mu Khi ni trc tip in th tng t vi u vo ca ADC, tin trnh bin i c th b tc ng ngc nu in th tng t thay i trong tin trnh bin i. Ta c th ci thin tnh n nh ca tin trnh chuyn i bng cch s dng mch ly mu v nh mu ghi nh in th tng t khng i trong khi chu k chuyn i din ra. Hnh 5.18 l mt s ca mch ly mu v nh mu.

Khi u vo iu khin = 1 lc ny chuyn mch ng mch ch ly mu Khi u vo iu khin = 0 lc ny chuyn mch h mch ch gi mu Chuyn mch c ng mt thi gian di t Ch np n gi tr dng in ca tn hiu tng t. V d nu chuyn mch c ng ti thi im t0 th u ra A1 s np nhanh t Ch ln n in th tng t V0. khi chuyn mch m th t Ch s duy tr in th ny u ra ca A2 cung cp mc in th ny cho ADC. B khuch i m A2 t tr khng cao ti u vo nhm khng x in th t mt cch ng k trong thi gian chuyn i ca ADC do ADC ch yu s nhn c in th DC vo, tc l V0. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng vi mch LF198 (hnh 5.19) l mch S/H tch hp c thi gian thu nhn d liu tiu biu l 4ms ng vi Ch = 1000pF, v 20ms ng vi Ch = 0.01mF. Tn hiu my tnh sau s m chuyn mch cho php Ch duy tr gi tr ca n v cung cp mc in th tng t tng i n nh ti u ra A2.

2.1 ADC dng sng bc thang 2.1.1 s khi Phin bn n gin nht ca lp ADC hnh 5.16 s dng b m nh phn lm thanh ghi v cho php xung nhp y b m tng mi mt bc, cho n khi VAX > VA. y gi l ADC sng dng bc thang, v dng sng ti VAX c tng bc i ln. Ngi ta cn gi l ADC loi b m. Hnh 5.20 l s biu din mt ADC dng sng bc thang.

Cc thnh phn ca DAC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 gm: mt b m, mt DAC, mt b so snh tng t, mt cng NAND 3 ng vo iu khin. u ra ca b so snh dng lm tn hiu kt thc chuyn i). 2.1.2 Hot ng ca b ADC dng sng bc thang Gi s VA, tc mc in th cn chuyn i l dng th tin trnh hot ng din ra nh sau: Xung Khi ng c a vo Reset b m v 0. Mc cao ca xung Khi ng cm khng cho xung nhp i qua cng AND vo b m. Nu u ca DAC ton bit 0 th u ra ca DAC s l VAX = 0V. V VA>VAX nn u ra b so snh mc cao. Khi xung Khi ng v thp th cng AND cho php xung nhp i qua cng ny v vo b m. Khi gi tr b m tng ln th u ra DAC l VAX s tng mi ln mi bc, nh minh ha hnh 5.20. s ln (End Of Conversion

Tin trnh c tip tc cho n khi VAX ln n bc vt qu VA mt khong b so snh

VT. Ti thi im ny ng ra ca

v thp v cm khng cho xung nhp i vo b m nn b m s ngng m. chuyn t trng thi cao xung thp v ni dung ca b m l

Tin trnh chuyn i hon tt khi tn hiu biu th dng s ca in p tng t vo VA.

B m s duy tr gi tr s cho n khi no xung Khi ng k tip vo bt u tin trnh chuyn i mi. 2.1.3 phn gii v chnh xc ca ADC dng sng bc thang Trong ADC dng sng bc thang c nhiu yu t nh hng n sai s ca qu trnh chuyn i nh: kch c bc thang, tc phn gii ca DAC ci trong n v nh nht. Nu gim kch c bc thang ta c th hn ch bt sai s nhng lun c khong cch chnh lch gia i lng thc t v v gi tr gn cho n. y gi l sai s lng t. Cng nh trong DAC, chnh xc khng nh hng n phn gii nhng li ty thuc vo chnh xc ca linh kin trong mch nh: b so snh, in tr chnh xc v chuyn mch dng ca DAC, ngun in quy chiu,Mc sai s = 0.01% gi tr cc i (y thang) cho bit kt qu ra t ADC c th sai bit mt khong nh th, do cc linh kin khng l tng. V d 1 Gi s ADC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 c cc thng s sau y: tn s xung nhp = 1Mz; VT = 0.1mV; DAC c u ra cc i = 10.23V v u vo 10 bit. Hy xc nh: a. Gi tr s tng ng cho VA = 3.728V b. Thi gian chuyn i c. phn gii ca b chuyn i ny Bi gii: a. DAC c u vo 10 bit v u ra cc i = 10.23V nn ta tnh c tng s bc thang c th c l: 210 1 = 1023 Suy ra kch c bc thang l:

Da trn thng s trn ta thy VAX tng theo tng bc 10mV khi b m m ln t 0. v VA = 3.728, VT = 0.1mV nn VAX phi t t 3.728 tr ln trc khi b so snh chuyn sang trng thi mc thp. Nh vy phi c s bc:

khi cui tin trnh chuyn i, b m duy tr s nh phn tng ng 37310, tc 0101110101. y cng chnh l gi tr s tng ng ca VA = 3.728V do ADC ny to nn. b. Mun hon tt qu trnh chuyn i th i hi dng sng dbc thang phi ln 373 bc, c ngha 373 xung nhp p o vi tc 1 xung trn 1ms, cho nn tng thi gian chuyn i l 373ms. c. phn gii ca ADC ny bng vi kch thc bc thang ca DAC tc l 10mV. Nu tnh theo t l phn trm l

2.1.3 Thi gian chuyn i Thi gian chuyn i l khong thi gian gia im cui ca xung khi ng n thi im kch hot u ra ca . B m bt u m t 0 ln cho n khi VAX vt qu VA, ti thi im xung mc thp

kt thc tin trnh chuyn i. Nh vy gi tr ca thi gian chuyn i tC ph thuc vo VA. Thi gian chuyn i cc i xy ra khi VA nm ngay di bc thang cao nht. Sao cho VAX phi tin ln bc cui cng kch hot .

Vi b chuyn i N bit, ta c: tC(max) = (2N 1) chu k xung nhp ADC hnh 5.20 s c thi gian chuyn i cc i tC(max) = (210 1)x1ms = 1023ms i khi thi gian chuyn i trung bnh c quy nh bng thi gian chuyn i cc i. Vi b chuyn i dng sng bc thang, ta c:

Nhc im ca ADC dng sng bc thang l thi gian chuyn i tng gp i vi tng bit thm vo b m. Do vy ADC loi ny khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng i hi phi lin tc chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t thay i nhanh thnh tn hiu s. Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng tc chm th bn cht tng i n gin ca ADC dng sng bc thang l mt u im so vi cc loi ADC khc.

2.2 ADC lin tip - xp x B chuyn i lin tip - xp x ( Successive Approximation Convetr-SAC) l mt trong nhng loi ADC thng dng nht. SAC c s phc tp hn nhiu so vi ADC dng sng bc thang. Ngoi ra SAC cn c gi tr tC c nh, khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca u vo tng t. Hnh 5.21 l mt cu hnh c bn ca SAC, tng t cu hnh ca ADC dng sng bc thang. Tuy nhin SAC khng s dng b m cung cp u vo cho DAC m thay vo l thanh ghi. Logic iu khin sa i ni dung lu trn thanh ghi theo tng bit mt cho n khi d liu thanh ghi bin thnh gi tr s tng ng vi u vo tng t VA trong phm vi phn gii ca b chuyn i.

Hot ng ca ADC lin tip xp x nh sau: Mch ADC hot ng theo lu hnh 5.22.

Chng ta c th gii thch hot ng ca ADC ny bng cch da vo lu . V d 2 SAC 8 bit c phn gii l 20mV. Vi u vo tng t l 2.17V, hy tnh u ra s tng ng. Gii S bc ca SAC:

Nh vy bc th 108 s c VAX = 2,16V, bc 109 c VAX = 2.18V. SAC lun sinh u ra VAX cui cng ti bc thang bn di VA. Do vy, trng hp VA = 2.17, u ra s s l 10810 = 011011002. Thi gian chuyn i SAC hnh 5.22, logic iu khin m tng bit trn thanh ghi, gn 1 cho n, quyt nh c cn duy tr chng ti mc 1 hay khng ri chuyn sang bit k tip. Thi gian x l mi bit ko di mt chu k xung nhp, ngha l tng thi gian chuyn i ca SAC N bit s l N chu k xung nhp. Ta c: tC cho SAC = N x1 chu k xung nhp thi gian chuyn i ny lun nh nhau bt chp gi tr ca VA. iu ny l o logic iu khin phi x l mi bit d xem c cn n mc 1 hay khng. V d 3 So snh thi gian chuyn i ca ADC 10 bit c dng sng bc thang v SAC 10 bit. Gi thit c hai u p dng tn s xung nhp 500kHz. Gii Vi ADC dng sng bc thang, thi gian cc i s l: (2N 1) x (1 chu k xung nhp) = 1023 x 2ms = 2046ms

Vi SAC, thi gian chuyn i lun bng 10 chu k xung nhp tc l 10 x 2ms = 20ms Vy vi SAC th thi gian chuyn i nhanh gp 100 ln ADC dng sng bc thang.

2.3 ADC nhanh B chuyn i nhanh (flash converter) l ADC tc cao nht hin nay c mt trn th trng, nhng s mch phc tp hn cc loi khc. V d mt ADC nhanh 6 bit i hi 63 b so snh tng t, cn ADC nhanh 8 bit th con s ny ln n 255, 10 bit th ln n 1023. Nh vy s lng b so snh qu ln gii hn kch c ca ADC nhanh.

Hnh 5.23 l s ca mt ADC nhanh ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 3 bit. Kch thc bc thang l 1V. B chia in th thit lp mc quy chiu cho tng b so snh c c 7 mc ng vi 1V ( trng s ca LSB ), 2V, 3V, 7V (y thang). u vo tng t VA c ni n u vo cn li ca tng b so snh. Vi VA < 1V th tt c u ra ca b so snh u ln mc cao. Vi VA > 1V th t mt u ra tr ln s xung mc thp. u ra ca b so snh c a vo b m ho u tin tch cc mc thp, sinh u ra ng vi u ra c s th t cao nht mc thp ca b so snh. L lun tng t ta s c c bng gi tr nh bng 5.4 Bng 5.4 Bng s tht ca ADC nhanh 3 bit hnh 5.23

ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 1V v u vo tng t phi thay i mi ln 1V mi c th a u ra s ln bc k tip. Mun c phn gii tinh hn th phi tng tng s mc in th vo (ngha l s dng nhiu in tr chia th hn) v tng s b so snh. Ni chung ADC nhanh N bit th cn 2N 1 b so snh, 2N in tr, v logic m ho cn thit. Thi gian chuyn i B chuyn i nhanh khng cn thit tn hiu xung nhp v tin trnh ny xy ra lin tc. Khi gi tr u vo thay i th u ra ca b so snh s thay i lm cho ng ra ca b m ha thay i theo. Nh vy thi gian chuyn i l thi gian cn thit xut hin mt u ra s mi p li mt thay i VA. Thi gian chuyn i ch ph thuc vo khong tr do truyn ca b so snh v b m ha. V vy m ADC nhanh c thi gian chuyn i v cng ngn.

C . Cc linh kin c bn v s ca chng trong mch

1. 89C51

Chc nng: L vi iu khin chnh ca mch. 8 KB EPROM bn trong. 256 Byte RAM ni. 4 Port xut /nhp I/O 8 bt. 3 b nh thi 16 bit Watch dog timer Cc c im khc ging AT89C51

+ T ha :

Khi cm in th ngay lp tc phng c vo chn RST, v khi ng li ton b h thng. Khi ang chy th ngn dng vo RST.
3. Thch anh

Chc nng: L ngun to xung nhp dao ng clock n nh (12 MHz) cho dao ng ca 8051. + T gm Chc nng: Lc nhiu cho dao ng thch anh. 2 t gm 22pF s c ni mt u vi chn ca thch anh, u cn li u ra mass.

4 in tr :

+ m chn RST, h dng vo chn RST. + Phn cc tranzitor.

5, TranzitorMosfet IRF540 :

Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) l mt Transistor c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit. Mosfet thng c cng sut ln hn rt nhiu so vi BJT. i vi tn hiu 1 chiu th n coi nh l 1 kha ng m. Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hp cho khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu. . Cu to ca Mosfet Khc vi BJT, Mosfet c cu trc bn dn cho php iu khin bng in p vi dng in iu khin cc nh.

Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng

Trong : G l cc iu khin c cch l hon ton vi cu trc bn dn cn li bi lp in mi cc mng nhng c cch in cc ln dioxit-silic (Sio2). Hai cc cn li l cc gc (S) v cc mng (D). Cc mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS ) Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh. K hiu

Qua ta thy Mosfet ny c chn tng ng vi Transitor + Chn G tng ng vi B + Chn D tng ng vi chn C + Chn S tng ng vi E MOSFET c hai loi:

N-MOSFET: ch hot ng khi ngun in Input (Gate) l zero, cc electron bn trong vn tin hnh hot ng cho n khi b nh hng bi ngun in Input. P-MOSFET: cc electron s b cut-off cho n khi gia tng ngun in th vo ng Input (Gate) Thng thng cht bn dn c chn l silc nhng c mt s hng vn sn xut cc vi mch bn dn t hn hp ca silc v germani (SiGe), v d nh hng IBM. Ngoi silc v germani cn c mt s cht bn dn khc nh gali asenua c c tnh in tt hn nhng li khng th to nn cc lp oxide ph hp nn khng th dng ch to cc transistor MOSFET. P-MOSFET:

Hot ng ca MOSFET

Mt ct ngang ca mt tranzito NMOS Hot ng ca MOSFET c th c chia thnh ba ch khc nhau ty thuc vo in p trn cc u cui. Vi transistor NMOSFET th ba ch l: + Ch cut-off hay sub-threshold (Ch di ngng ti hn). + Triode hay vng tuyn tnh. + Bo ho. Trong cc mch s th cc tranzito ch hot ng trong ch cut-off v triode. Ch bo ha ch yu c dng trong cc ng dng mch tng t.

6. ADC loi 804 Cc b chuyn i ADC thuc trong nhng thit b c s dng rng ri nht thu d liu. Cc my tnh s s dng cc gi tr nh phn, nhng trong th gii vt l th mi i lng dng tng t(lin tc). Nhit p sut (kh hoc cht lng), m v vn tc v mt s t trong nhng i lng vt l ca th gii thc ti m ta gp hng ngy. Mt i lng vt l c chuyn i v dng in hoc in apqua mt thit b c gi l cc b bin i. cc b bin i cng c th c coi nh cc b cm bin. Mc d ch c cc b cm bin nhit, tc , p sut, nh sng v nhiu i lng t nhin khc.nhng chng u cho ra cc tn hiu dng dng in hoc in p dng lin tc. Do vy, ta cn mt b chuyn i tng t s sao cho b vi iu khin c th c c chng. Mt chip ADC c s dng rng ri l ADC 804. 2. Chip ADC 804: Chip ADC 804 l b chuyn i tng t s trong h cc lot ADC 800 t hang National Semiconductor. N cng c nhiu hang khc sn xut, n lm vic vi +5v v c phn

gii l 8 bt. Ngoi phn gii th thi gian chuyn i cng l mt yu t quan trng khc khi nh gi mt b ADC. Thi gian chuyn i c nh ngha nh l thi gian m b ADC cn chuyn mt u vo tng t thnh mt s nh phn. Trong ADC 804 thi gian chuyn i thay i ph thuc vo tn s ng h c cp ti chn CLK v CLK IN nhng khng th nhanh hn 110s. Cc chn ca ADC 804 c m t nh sau: a). Chn chn chp: L mt u vo tch cc mc thp c s dng kch hot chp ADC 804. truy cp ADC 804 th chn ny phi mc thp. b). Chn (c): y l mt tn hiu u vo c tch cc mc thp. Cc b ADC chuyn i u vo tng t thnh s nh phn tng ng vi n v gi no trong mt thanh ghi trong. c s dng nhn d liu c chuyn i u ra ca ADC 804. Khi CS = 0 nu mt xung cao xung thp c p n chn th u ra s 8 bt c hin din cc chn d liu D0 D7. Chn cng c coi nh cho php u ra. c) Chn ghi (thc ra tn chnh xc l Bt u chuyn i). y l chn u vo tch cc mc thp c dng bo cho ADC 804 bt u qu trnh chuyn i. Nu CS = 0 khi to ra xung cao xung thp th b ADC 804 bt u chuyn i gi tr u vo tng t Vin v s nh phn 8 bt. Lng thi gian cn thit chuyn i thay i ph thuc vo tn s a n chn CLK IN v CLK R. Khi vic chuyn i d liu c hon tt th chn INTR c p xung thp bi ADC 804. d) Chn CLK IN v CLK R: Chn CLK IN l mt chn u vo c ni ti mt ngun ng h ngoi khi ng h ngoi c s dng to ra thi gian. Tuy nhin ADC 804 cng c mt my to xung ng h. s dng my to xung ng h trong(cng cn c gi l my to ng h ring ) ca 804 th cc chn CLK IN v CLK R c ni ti mt t in v mt in tr nh ch ra trn hnh 12.5. Trong trng hp ny tn s ng h c xc nh bng biu thc :

Gi tr tiu biu ca cc i lng trn R = 10k v C = 150pF v tn s nhn c l f = 606kHz v thi gian chuyn i s mt l 110s.

Kim tra ADC 804 ch chy t do e) Chn ngt (ngt hay gi chnh xc hn l kt thc chuyn i). y l chn u ra tch cc mc thp. Bnh thng n trng thi cao v khi vic chuyn i hon tt th n xung thp bo cho CPU bit l d liu c chuyn i sn sng ly i. Sau khi xung thp, ta t CS = 0 v gi xung cao 0 xung thp ti chn ly d liu ra ca 804. f) Chn Vin (+) v Vin(-). y l cc u vo tng t vi sai m Vin = Vin (+) - Vin(-). Thng thng Vin(-) c ni xung t v Vin(+) c dng nh u vo tng t c chuyn i v dng s . g) Chn Vcc. y l chn ngun ni + 5v, n cng c dng nh in p tham chiu khi u vo Vref/2(chn 9) h. h) Chn Vref/2 Chn 9 l mt in p u vo c dng cho in p tham chiu. Nu chn ny h th in p u vo tng t cho ADC 804 nm trong di 0 n +5V. Chn Vref/2 c dng thc thi cc in p u vo khc ngoi di 0 n +5V Bng in p Vref/2 lin h vi di Vin

Ghi ch: - Khi h th o c khong 2,5 V - Kch thc bc ( phn di) l s thay i nh nht m ADC c th phn bit c. i) Cc chn d liu D0 D7 Cc chn d liu D0 D7 (D7 l bt cao nht MBS v D0 l bt thp nht LSB) l cc chn u ra d liu s. y l nhng chn c m ba trng thi v d liu c chuyn i ch c truy cp khi chn CS=0 v chn b a xung thp. tnh in p u ra ta c th s dng cng thc sau:

Vi l u ra d liu s(dng thp phn). l in p u vo tng t v phn di l s thay i nh nht c tnh nh l (2 x ) chia cho 256 i vi ADC 8 bt. k) Chn t tng t v chn t s.

y l nhng chn u vo cp t chung cho c tn hiu s v tng t. t tng t c ni ti t ca chn tng t, cn t s c ni ti t ca chn . L do m ta phi c hai t l cch ly tn hiu tng t t cc in p k sinh to ra vic chuyn mch s c chnh xc. Trong phn trnh by ca chng ta th cc chn ny c ni chung vi mt t. Tuy nhin, trong thc t thu o d liu cc chn t ny c ni tch bit. T nhng iu trn ta kt lun rng cc bc cn phi thc hin khi chuyn i d liu bi ADC 804 l: - Bt CS=0 v gi mt xung thp ln cao ti chn bt u chuyn i. - Duy tr hin th chn . Nu xung thp th vic chuyn i c hon tt v ta c th sang bc k tip. Nu cao tip tc thm d cho n khi n xung thp. - Sau khi chn xung thp, ta bt CS=0 v gi mt xung cao - xung - thp n chn ly d liu ra khi chp ADC 804. Phn chia thi gian cho qu trnh ny c trnh by trn hnh sau.

Phn chia thi gian c v ghi ca ADC 804 . Kim tra ADC 804 Chng ta c th kim tra ADC 804 bng cch s dng s mch trn hnh thit lp ny c gi l ch kim tra chy t do v c nh sn xut khuyn co nn s dng. Hnh trn trnh by mt bin tr c dng cp mt in p tng t t 0 n 5V ti chn u vo. Vin (+) ca ADC 804 cc u ra nh phn c hin th trn cc n LED ca bng hun luyn s. Cn phi lu rng trong ch kim tra chy t do th u vo CS c ni ti t v u vo WR c ni ti u ra INTR. Tuy nhin theo ti liu ca hng National Semiconductor nt WR v INTR phi c tm thi a xung thp k sau chu trnh cp ngun bo m hot ng.

Hnh: Ni ghp ADC 804 vi ngun ng h ring.

Hnh : Ni ghp ADC 804 vi ng h t XTAL2 ca 8051 Trn hnh trn ta c th thy rng tn hiu ng h i vo ADC 804 l t tn s thch anh ca 8051. V tn s ny qu cao nn ta s dng hai mch lt Rlip Flop kiu D (74LS74) chia tn s ny cho 4. Mt mch lt chia tn s cho 2 nu ta ni u ti u vo D. i vi tn s cao hn th ta cn s dng nhiu mch Flip Plop hn. Phi ghp vi mt cm bin nhit ca 8051 Cc b bin i chuyn i cc i lng vt l v d nhh cng nh sng, nhit , lu tc v tc thnh cc tn hiu in ph thuc vo b bin i m u ra c th l dng tn hiu in p, dng, tr khng, hay dung khng. Nhit c bin i thnh v cc tn hiu in d dng mt b bin i gi l b cm bin nhit, mt b cm bin nhit p ng s thay i nhit bng cch thay i tr khng nhng p ng ca n khng tuyn tnh. Tr khng ca b cm bin nhit theo nhit

Hng dn chn cc loi cm bin h LM34

Hng dn chn cc loi cm bin h LM35

7, Bin tr

8. LM 35

c ch to t vt liu bn dn, o nhit nm trong di t -55 n +150 C. Bn cht n l mt con diode n p. c tch hp c kh nhiu th bn trong: Mch n p, mch nh dng cho Diode, mch b ZERO. LM35 c mch b nn 0 C in p ra l 0V.C 1 th p tng ln 10mv.

9.Led 7 thanh 4

10. cng tc reset

11. Qut

12. LM324

S chn: Nu cho vo cng (+) (cng 3, 5, 10, 12) mt in p ln hn in p cng (-) (cng 2, 6, 9, 13) th cng ra (cng 1, 7, 8, 14) s l mc dng, ngc li l mc 0. Nh cp ngun cho Opamp 2 cng 4 v 11.

PHN II : Nguyn l hot ng

1.Mch nguyn l

2. Nguyn l hot ng
Nhit thit b c nhn bit qua IC LM35. u ra ca IC LM35 s thay i 10mV tng ng vi s thay i 1oC ca thit b. in p u ra ca LM35 s c a qua 2 chn u vo ca LM324 thc hin khuch i ra 2 mc in p ring bit. a. Phn ADC: in p u ra ca LM35 a vo chn s 3 ca LM324 khuch i ln 2 ln a vo chn s 6 ca ADC0804. L do phi nhn 2 in p v trong mch, ADC0804 c iu chnh sao cho c thay i u vo 20mV th u ra s thay i 1 bit. ADC0804 s thc hin chhuyn i t tn hiu in tng t sang tn hiu s 8 bit a vo cng P1 ca VK 89C52. VK s thc hin ly d liu t cng P1: u tin 89C52 s to 1 xung ra chn P3.6 vo chn WR(3) iu khin ADC thc hin chuyn i t d liu tng t ra s. Sau khi ADC chuyn i xong, chn INTR(5) ca ADC s v mc 0 a v chn P3.7 bo hiu chuyn i thnh cng. Khi 89C52 nhn c tn hiu bo chuyn i t tng t sang s thnh cng, VK s a mc 0 ra chn P3.5 co chn RD(2) ca ADC thng bo vic nhn d liu, sau a 8 bit d liu t cng P1 vo thanh ghi A. Sau VK thc hin vic chuyn i t d liu hexa 8 bit sang m BCD v chuyn i t BCD sang m LED 7 thanh. Cui cng, VK s thc hin chng trnh hin th ra LED 7 on, hin th nhit ca thit b. b. Phn iu khin qut:

in p ca LM35 c a vo chn s 5 ca LM324 khuch i 20 ln dng phn cc cho transistor IRF540. Vy ng vi s thay i nhit ca thit b 1oC th VG thay i 200mV. Cc D ca IRF540 c mc trc tip ln ngun 18V, cc S c mc vo qut tn nhit. Khi nhit tng, in p phn cc ti cc G tng, dn n dn ca transistor tng, in p i vo qut tng khin qut tng tc quay. Ngc li khi nhit thit b gim th qut s quay chm. V nu thit b c nhit di 30oC th qut s ngng quay do in p cc G ca IRF540 qu nh khin in p UDS nh, khng in p qut quay.

3. .S v chc nng tng khi trong mch a. Khi x l trung tm

89C52 s thc hin chc nng iu khin ADC0804 chuyn i t tng t sang s, nhn d liu, x l v hin th ra LED 7 thanh.

b.Khi hin th Hin th nhit ca cm bin

C .Khi cm bin

D .Khi khuch i

U8:C
V in
3 1 2 LM324

V out

R2

11

R1

Mch khuch i khng o c mch hi tip m in p t vo u vo o, cn tn hiu cn khuch i c a vo u vo khng o. Ta c:

Mt khc ta c V2=V3, m V3=Vin V vy

H s khuch i ca mch:

T ta c:
( )

Nh vy qua mch ny, in p u ra ca LM35 s c khuch i ln 2 ln a vo ADC0804 v khuch i 20 ln phn cc cho IRF540.

E .Khi ng c

F .Khi bin i

ADC0804 nhn in p tng t c x2 ca LM35 t LM324. Chn Vref/2 ca ADC0804 c phn p 2.5V khi u vo tng t thay i 20mV th u ra s s thay i 1 bit. Hot ng ca ADC c iu khin bng VK 89C52

G .Khi reset

Khi c tc ng vo phm bm RESET th vi iu khin s chy li chng trnh t ban u

4. Mch thc t

PHN III : Chng trnh iu khin bi ton 1. S khi:

Cm bin nhit qua LM35

Khi hin th

Khi tn nhit

Khi hin th
Cm bin nhit qua LM35

Khuch i 2 ln qua LM324

Chng trnh iu khin ca AT89C52

ORG 00H
Chuyn i t Analog sang Digital

To xung ra P3.6

s
P3.7 = 1 CLR P3.5

MOV A,P1

Chuyn t Hex sang BCD

Chuyn t BCD sang m led 7 thanh

Hin th nhit o c ln LED 7 thanh

2. Chng trnh iu khin:

ORG 0000H CLR C TD: LCALL CDOI LCALL HEX_BCD LCALL BCD_7DOAN LCALL HIENTHI SJMP TD CDOI: CLR P3.6 SETB P3.6 HERE: JNB P3.7,HERE CLR P3.5 MOV A,P1 RET HEX_BCD: MOV B,#10 DIV AB MOV 10H,B MOV 11H,A MOV A,#30 SUBB A,P1 JZ VE JC VE CLR P3.0 RET VE: SETB P3.0 RET

BCD_7DOAN: MOV DPTR,#900H MOV A,10H MOVC A,@A + DPTR MOV 22H,A MOV A,11H MOVC A,@A + DPTR MOV 23H,A MOV 21H,#09CH MOV 20H,#0C6H RET HIENTHI: MOV R6,#20 LAP2: MOV R5,#100 LAP1: MOV R0,#23H MOV A,#0FEH DJNZ R5,LAP1 DJNZ R6,LAP2 MOV R7,#04 HT: MOV P0,@R0 MOV P2,A LCALL DELAY MOV P2,#0FFH DEC R0 RL A DJNZ R7,HT RET

DELAY: MOV 7FH,#100 DJNZ 7FH,$ RET ORG 900H DB 0C0H,0F9H,0A4H,0B0H,99H,92H,82H,0F8H,80H,90H END

PHN V: KT LUN
Qua n ny gip em c nhng kin thc v thc t ch khng cn n gin l l thuyt na. Qua y, em cng hi vng rng, em cng nh tt c cc bn khc s pht huy hn na kh nng thc t ca bn thn qua nhng gi l thuyt trn lp. Cm n thy gip em, em c th hon thnh tt ti ny. Tuy rt c gng hon thnh bi tp mt cch tt nht nhng cng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em mong nhn c s quan tm, gp v gip ca cc thy c v cc bn ti ny hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n v chc tt c cc bn thnh cng

TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Din n in t Vit Nam http:// dientuvietnam.net. [2] Http://Google.com.vn

Nhn xt ca gio vin

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