Bai Tap Vo Co Nguyen Duc Van

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bV 8;i s'o 'xit %m (;i t;o "' 3uXi 'xit cgn cc 'xit %] :hc :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2M 'V 8!nh 'xit t"ong d`y ta %m Bn %U th'y >i nh thB noM @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1nM bV G'i t"g c9' %U t"ong cc phn ng s'u 1y c2 giXng nh'u :h?ngM $m)&(3 n$%U $m)&($ n U$ n$%&( N1V xnn$%U xnU$ n %$ N$V 'V 8;i s'o :hi cho %&( tc dng vfi 4Jt hoKc &"o3 (;i t;o "' m)&( $P &"&($ 3 :h?ng phi ( m)&(3 P&"&(3M bV Gfi 'xit %F"P %U phn ng c2 t#ng t_ nh thB :h?ngM 'V 8"ong cc 3uXi '(i h'(og)nu' 3uXi no c2 thL phn ng Tc vfi m)&(3 L t;o nQn m)&($M bV &ho :Bt (un v= t!nh :hR c9' cc h'(og)nhid"icM 'V GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho %$4+* Kc tc dng vfi hsn hTp &'m$P 4i+$. ng dng c9' phn ngM bV NBu th'y &'m$ bjng &'&($ phn ng c2 xy "' nh thB :h?ng M 'V %`y gii th!ch t;i s'o %m chy Tc phWp _ng t"ong cc bCnh bjng nh_'. bV 0hn ng xy "' c2 :hc nh'u :h?ng :hi cho th9y tinh tc dng vfi %m v vfi %&(M 'V 8;i s'o t!nh :hR c9' cc hid"o h'(og)nu' tSng (Qn ta %m Bn %UM bV 8;i s'o cc dung d[ch 'xit F"o3hi"ic v 'xit Uodhi"ic :h?ng thL L t"ong :h?ng :h!M %`y viBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho +xi tc dng vfi dung d[ch 'xit h'(og)nhi"ic. 'V 8;i s'o hid"oh'(og)nu' (;i t'n "t 3;nh t"ong nfcM bV hi cho hid"o c(o"u' t'n t"ong nfc c2 hiYn tTng gCM 8;i s'o dung d[ch (;i c2 t!nh 'xitM %id"o c(o"u' (ung c2 phi ( 'xit :h?ngM 'V 8"ong phgng th! nghiY3P hid"o c(o"u' Tc i=u chB bjng cch noM bV NBu dlng dung d[ch %$4+* (o`ng v N'&( (o`ng c2 t;o "' %&( M cV 0h#ng php t"Qn c2 thL dlng L i=u chB %F" v %U Tc :h?ngM 'V 8"ong c?ng nghiYpP 'xit %&( Tc i=u chB bjng ph#ng php noM bV 0h#ng php 2 d_' t"Qn nhcng nguyQn tJc noM cV &2 thL vn dng ph#ng php 2 cho cc 'xit h'(og)n hi"ic :hc Tc :h?ngM -! doM 8"Cnh by ph#ng php i=u chB 'xit %mP %F"P %U. 0h#ng php 2 d_' t"Qn nhcng c# sk (! (un noM %`y t"Cnh by nhcng hiLu biBt c9' 3Cnh v= cc h'(og)nu' ion\ 'V Nhcng nguyQn tX no t;o "' cc h'(og)nu' ionM bV Ic Z (iQn :Bt Uon t"ong cc h'(og)nu' 2M 8!nh cht c9' cc h'(og)nu' Uon . 'V Nhcng nguyQn tX no hCnh thnh cc h'(og)nu' cZng h2' t"[M bV DKc t!nh c9' (o;i hTp cht 2M
6<. 4o snh t!nh b=nP t!nh oxi h2' c9' cc oxit &( $+P &(+$P &($+5P &($+6M 8;i s'o cc oxit 2 :h?ng thL i=u chB Tc bjng ph#ng php t>ng hTpM 61. &u t"Oc ph1n tR c9' cc oxit &($+P &(+$P &($+6 'V 8"ong cc oxit 2 oxit no c2 t!nh thun taM (! doM bV Fjng nhcng phn ng no c2 thL chng 3inh Tc "jng cc oxit c9' &(o =u ( cc 7nhi"itM GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ngM 6$. %`y t"Cnh by 3Zt vi Kc iL3 c9' cc oxit c9' h'(og)nM 63. GiBt cc c?ng thc cc 'xit ch' +xi c9' cc h'(og)n. 8Qn gei cc 'xit v 3uXi t#ng ngM 6*. 'V NQu nhn xWt v= t!nh b=nP t!nh 'xitP t!nh oxi h2' c9' cc 'xit hipoh'(og)n#. bV 8"ong cc 'xit 2 'xit no c2 nhi=u ng dng t"ong th_c tB. 6,. 'V Nfc &(o ( gCM Nfc 'v)n ( gCM &(o"u' v?i ( gCM &c cht 2 Tc dlng (3 gCM bV hi cho &+$ du' dung d[ch nfc 'v)n hoKc dung d[ch &'N+&(V$ c2 hiYn tTng gC xy "'M @ii th!ch. 65. 'V 8;i s'o nfc &(oP nfc 'v)nP &(o"u' v?i c2 tc dng ty 3uM bV 8a cc cht b'n pu\ &'&+3 P N'&( P bjng nhcngphn ng no i=u chB Tc &(o"u' v?iM GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 66. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho dung d[ch nfc &(o tc dng vfi dung d[ch N'+%P dung d[ch UP dung d[ch N't"i 8hiosun{'t. 68. 'V &ho cc %'(og)n &($ P F"$ P U$ tc dng vfi nfcP vfi dung d[ch +% c2 nhcng ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng no xy "'. bV hi cho &($ tc dng vfi dung d[ch +% (o`ng s'u 2 un n2ng dung d[ch ta ta (Qn 6<<<& ngii t' thu Tc cht gCM GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 69. %'i cht &'+&($ v N&'+&(V$ i=u chB bjng cch noM &2 thL ta nhcng nguyQn (iYu t_ nhiQn noM &hOng giXng v :hc nh'u k chs noM @ei tQn cc cht 2M 8<. 'V &ho 3Zt !t 'xit F"o3hid"ic vo nfc 'v)n c2phn ng gC xy "'M bV NBu un n2ng nfc 'v)n cho Bn :hi :h? va' hBt nfc s'u 2 cho thQ3 'xit %F" thC phn ng c2 :hc :h?ngM 81. &ho $ cKp phn ng\ 'V &($ n $ F" h F"$ n $ &( $ &(+3 n F"$ h $ F"+3 n &($ bV &($ n $ U h U$ n $ &( $ &(+3 n U$ h $ U+3 n &($ 8"ong tang cKpP v'i t"g c9' cc %'(og)n c2 31u thubn gC vfi nh'u :h?ngM @ii th!ch. 8$. &ho :h! &(o tc dng vfi dung d[ch +% (o`ng nguZiP vfi dung d[ch +% Kc n2ng. %ui ty (Y thL t!ch :h! &(o phi dlng t"ong c $ t"/ ing hTp L thu Tc (Tng &( bjng nh'uM 83. 'P &ho nhn xWt v= s_ biBn thiQn t!nh 'xit t"ong d`y %&(+ A %F"+ A %U+.
8*. 8,.
85. 86. 88. 89. 91. 9$.
93. 9*.
bP &ho 3Zt !t 'xit &(ohid"ic vo nfc 'v)n (o`ng c2 hiYn tTng gC xy "'M 8h'y %&( bjng %$4+* (o`ng h'y %F" c2 :hc :h?ngM 4o snh t!nh b=nP t!nh 'xitP t!nh oxi h2' c9' cc oxi 'xit %&(+ P %&(+$ P %&(+3 P %&(+* . @ii th!ch v= s_ biBn thiQn cc t!nh cht. GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng\ 1P In+$ n %&( $P In+* n %&( 3P &'N+%V$ n &($ &'N+&(V$ n *P &'+&($ n &+$ ,P %&(+3 n %&( 5P 7g n %&(+3 7g&(+3 n 6P m) n %&(+3 8P %&(+3 n m)4+* %$4+* n 9P &($+, n %$+ 1<P%&(+* n 0$+, 4o snh t!nh 'xitP t!nh b=nP t!nh oxi h2' c9' cc 'xit h'(og)nic. -y v! d 3inh he'. Fjng ph#ng php no c2 thL tch Tc %&(+ "' :hui hsn hTp vfi %&(M Fjng cch no c2 thL i=u chB Tc %&(+ ta %&(M 8a '(ic(o"u' bjng ph#ng php no c2 thL i=u chB Tc '(ic(o"'tM 8a &(+3 bjng ph#ng php no c2 thL i=u chB Tc &(+*. 4H thu Tc sn ph3 no :hi cho &(+3 tc dng vfi\ 'V %&( bV %$4+* Kc cV %$4+* (o`ng dV '(i p)su({'t )V 7xit ox'(ic {V %sn hTp gE3 'xit ox'(ic v %$4+* (o`ng. -3 thB no tch Tc cc cht "' :hui hsn hTp\ 'V &(+3 v N'&(+3 bV 7gm v 7g&(. DZ t'n c9' &(+3 v &(+* t"ong nfc c2 gi t"[ s'u\ to <P< 1< 1, $< $<P, $, 3< &(+3 NtV 3P$ *P8 / 5P8 / / 9P$ &(+* NtV <P6 1P1 1P* / 1P6 $P$ / to *< ,< 5< 6< 8< 9< 1<< &(+3 NtV 1$P6 15P, $<P5 $*P, $8P* 3$P3 35P< &(+* NtV / ,P1 / 1<P9 / / 18P$
GH E th[ Z t'n c9' h'i cht t"Qn th)o nhiYt Z. 9,. 'V &2 thL i=u chB 'xit p)iodic ta 3uXi F'% 3U+5 Tc :h?ng M bV 8;i s'o %,U+5d dng t;o "' 3uXi 'xit M cV 8;i s'o t"ong tt c cc h'(og)n thC chy c2 Uot ( t;o "' 'xit ' chcM 95. %`y t"Cnh by vi nhn xWt v= cc hTp cht gic' cc h'(og)n. 8!nh cht c# bn c9' chOngM 96. 'V 8;i s'o sX nguyQn tR m(o (iQn :Bt vfi cc h'(og)n :hc tSng dpn ta &(o Bn UotM bV 8;i s'o Uot :h?ng t;o "' hTp cht vfi &(o t#ng t_ hTp cht Um6M cV 8;i s'o chy sX n t"ong hTp cht ]n NhTp cht gic' cc h'(og)nV ( nhcng sX (. 9'3:i 98. 'V 8"Cnh by Kc iL3 v= cu t"Oc nguyQn tR c9' cc nguyQn tX thuZc nh23 GU 'M Nbn :!nh nguyQn tRP cu t"Oc )()ct"onP nSng (Tng Uon h2'P i (_c )()ct"onV. bV 8a nhcng nhn xWt 2 h`y cho biBt t"ong h'i :huynh hfng phn ng Noxi h2' A :hRV thC :huynh hfng no ( ch9 yBuM 99. 'V 8;i s'o 3c oxi h2' Kc t"ng c9' +xi ( /$ 3Kc dl +xi k nh23 GU 'M bV +xi c2 :h nSng thL hiYn 3c oxi h2' d#ng :h?ngM -y dbn chng L 3inh he'. 1<<. %`y t"Cnh by cu t"Oc ph1n tR +xi th)o du'n iL3 c9' ph#ng php (iQn :Bt h2' t"[ v ph#ng php obit'n ph1n tR. @ii th!ch t!nh thun ta c9' ph1n tR +xi . 1<1. %`y x1y d_ng gin E cc 3c nSng (Tng gpn Ong th)o thuyBt obit'n ph1n tR c9' ph1n tR v cc Uon ph1n tR s'u 1y\+ $nP +$P +$/P +$$/. 8"ong cc t"ing hTp t"Qn t"ing hTp no c2 t!nh thun taM 1<$. 8"Cnh by cu t"Oc c9' cc Uon +$nP +$/P +$$/ . 8"ong nhcng hTp cht no c2 ch' cc ion 2M 1<3. hong cch gic' cc h;t nh1n nguyQn tR +xi +/+ t"ong cc ion ph1n tR +xi c2 gi t"[ s'u\ +$n +$ +$// +$$//. d 3 ; 3 N7oV 1P1$3 1P$<6 1P39 1P*9 %`y gii th!ch s_ tSng Z di (iQn :Bt t"ong d`y t"Qn. 1<*. Fn :!nh Uon c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 GU ' v cc h'(og)n c2 gi t"[ s'u\ +$/ 4$/ 4)$/ 8)$/ "N7oV 1P*< 1P8* 1P98 $P$1 m/ &(/ F"/ U/
"N7oV 1P35 1P81 1P9, $P15 %`y gii th!ch t;i s'o 7nion c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 GU' (;i c2 :!ch th/ fc (fn h#n so vfi cc 7nion ng )()ct"on c9' cc h'(og)n t#ng ng. 1<,. 'V &c Eng v[ c9' +xiM &u t"Oc nguyQn tR c9' cc Eng v[ 2M 8"ong cc Eng v[ 2 c2 nhcng Eng v[ no b=nM bV %3 (Tng c9' cc Eng v[ b=n t"ong :h! duyLnM cV %`y t!nh nguyQn tR (Tng c9' +xi th)o #n v[ +xi v #n v[ &'cbon. 1<5. 'V Nhcng #n cht no :h?ng c2 :h nSng phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi oxiM bV 8;i s'o oxi ( nguyQn tX ho;t Zng 3;nh h#n &(oP nhng k i=u :iYn thing (;i tu "' :W3 ho;t Zng h#nM 1<6. &ho oxi tc dng vfi hid"oP photphoP c'cbonP nit#P c'cbon oxitP (u hu.nh ioxit. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng. @hi "v cc i=u :iYn xy "' phn ng. ng dng th_c tB c9' cc phn ng 2. 1<8. NQu hiYn tTng v gii th!ch hiYn tTng :hi Xt chy c'cbonP (u hu.nhP phXt phoP sJt t"ong bCnh _ng oxi nguyQn chtM GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng. NBu Xt chy cc cht t"Qn t"ong :h?ng :h! thC c2 :hc gC :h?ngM 8;i s'oM 1<9. %`y t"Cnh by nhn xWt chung v= t#ng tc c9' oxi vfi cc nguyQn tX :hc. 11<. 'V NguyQn tJc i=u chB oxi t"ong phgng th! nghiY3 . bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng i=u chB oxi ta &(+ 3P In+* bjng ph#ng php nhYt ph1n. 111. 'V %`y gii th!ch c# chB du t"Cnh t;o "' oxi bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n. bV 8;i s'o :h?ng thL thu Tc oxi :hi iYn ph1n nfc nguyQn chtM cV &2 thL thu Tc oxi :hi iYn ph1n cc dung d[ch $4+*P &(P N+3P +%P %N+3 :h?ngM 11$. 8"ong c?ng nghiYp oxi Tc i=u chB bjng ph#ng php noM NguyQn tJc chung c9' ph#ng php 2. 113. 8"Cnh by cu t;o ph1n tR owon. 11*. 'V 4o snh t!nh cht h2' hec c9' oxi v owon. bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng gic' oxi v owon vfi 7gP 0b4P U. &2 nhn xWt gC du' cc phn ng 2M 11,. +won c2 thL tEn t;i t"ong :h?ng :h! c2 ch' 3Zt (Tng (fn cc :h! 4+$P &+$P %mP N%3 Tc :h?ngM 115. 'V &ch nhn "' owon. bV @iy hE tinh bZt t3 ft dung d[ch UP :hi gKp owon ta 3u t"Jng chuyLn thnh 3u x'nh )n. @ii th!ch hiYn tTng v viBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng . 116. Fjng ph#ng php no c2 thL nhn "' Tc owon c2 t"ong hsn hTp vfi h#i hid"o p)oxitM 118. &c ph#ng php i=u chB owonM
119. &2 thL dlng nhcng cht no dfi 1y L (3 'not :hi i=u chB owon bjng ph#ng php dung d[ch 'xit sun{u"icM Nth'n chCP p('tinP b;c vngV. 1$<. 'V DKc iL3 v= cu t;o ph1n tR c9' %$+ v %$+$M bV Nhcng t!nh cht g1y "' ta nhcng Kc iL3 2M 1$1. 'V 8;i s'o %$+ v %$+$ k i=u :iYn thing ( nhcng cht (ungP c2 nhiYt Z s?i c'oM bV 8;i s'o h'i cht 2 (;i c2 thL t"Zn (bn vfi nh'u th)o bt :C ty (Y noM 1$$. 'V 8;i s'o :hi un n2ng chy nfc c2 hiYn tTng co thL t!chM bV 8;i s'o k p sut thingP nfc c2 :hXi (Tng "iQng (fn nht k *<&M 1$3. 'V 0)hid"o( ( gCM bV 8;i s'o dung d[ch (o`ng %$+$ (;i b=n h#n dung d[ch 3 Kc M cV 8;i s'o :hi un n2ng hoKc chiBu sng dung d[ch %$+$ (;i b[ ph1n h9y 3;nhM 1$*. 'V 8hing dlng nhcng cht no L c chB du t"Cnh ph1n h9y hid"o p)oxitM bV Nhcng cht no thOc y nh'nh du t"Cnh ph1n h9y % $+$M cV ng dng c9' hid"o p)oxitM 1$,. 'V Nhcng bjng chng no chng tu "jng hid"o p)oxit ( 'xit yBuM bV 4o snh bn cht (iQn :Bt t"ong cc hTp cht\ %$+$P N'$+$ P m$+$ P F'+$ 1$5. 'V z_' vo c# sk no L n2i "jng %$+$ va' c2 t!nh 'xit va' c2 t!nh :hRM 8"ong h'i :h nSng 2 :h nSng no ( ch9 yBuM bV &2 cc phn ng no hid"o p)oxit Eng thii thL hiYn c h'i t!nh cht 2 :h?ngM 1$6. 8"ong 3?i t"ing no hid"o p)oxit thL hiYn t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#nM 1$8. 'V 8"ong h'i cht +3 v %$+$ cht no c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#nM NQu dbn chngM bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho %$+$ tc dng vfi dung d[ch UP dung d[ch In+* t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xitP dung d[ch N't"i c"o3it t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3. 8"ong 3si t"ing hTp %$+$ thL hiYn t!nh cht gCM 1$9. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V IgU$ n %$+$ n %$4+* $V N'$+$ n U n %$4+* 3V %$+$ n %$4+* $&"+6 n *V &'+&($ n %$+$ +$ n ,V N'$4)+$ n %$+$ 5V &"&(3 n %$+$ n N'+% N'$&"+* n 6V N'$+$ n m)N+%V$ n %$+ 8V %gNN+3V$ n %$+$ n N'+% 9V m) n %$+$ 1<V 7s$43 n %$+$ n N%*+% NN%3V37s+* n
13<. 'V 8"ong phgng th! nghiY3P %id"o p)oxit Tc i=u chB bjng cch noM bV 8;i s'o :hi cho N'$+$ tc dng vfi %$+ c2 ch' +$ thot "' nhng :hi cho F'+$ tc dng vfi %$4+* (o`ng thC :h?ng c2 hiYn tTng 2M cV @ii th!ch c# chB c9' du t"Cnh iYn ph1n dung d[ch % $4+* ,<t L t;o "' %$+$ M 131. 'V Nhcng cht no c2 :h nSng hp th h#i nfcM bV NguyQn tJc (3 :h? cc cht "Jn v cht :h!M cV 8"ong cc cht s'u 1y cht no hp th nfc 3;nh h#n\ &'&($P %$4+* KcP +% "Jn si(ic'g)nP 0$+,M z_' t"")n c# sk no L dbn Bn :Bt (un. <' =u hu>nh Phn nhm ?+l+n *@8 @+8 A+8 P6/ 13$. 'V 8;i s'o -u hu.nhP 4)()nP 8)(u (;i c2 :h nSng xut hiYn cc 3c oxi h2' n* v n5M bV 8;i s'o t";ng thi d#ng 5 ( Kc t"ng h#n Xi vfi (u hu.nh so vfi s)()n v t)(uM 133. 8;i s'o nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' (u hu.nh (;i "t c'o so vfi nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' +xiM 13*. DZ nhft NV c9' (u hu.nh n2ng chy ph thuZc vo nhiYt Z c2 gi t"[ s'u\ < t& t<& t<& 118P3 <P11*, 1,9P$ <P115 $13P, ,6$ 1$,P6 <P1<31 155P1 $$, $$1P6 *,< 13$P6 <P<88* 16<P6 *91 $31P, 315 1*<P6 <P<665 16$P* ,69 $,$P9 1*5 1*1P* <P<6,5 18<P, 855 $,3P5 139 1*$P, <P<6** 185P9 9$, $8<P1 ,, 1,1P, <P<5$$ 191P5 9$< 3<,P8 $3 1,6P3 <P<56$ 195P< 8,6 NZ nhft Tc o bjng #n v[ po'w#\ :! hiYu ( pV 'V GH gin E ph thuZc (g vo nhiYt Z. 8a 2 xc [nh t;i nhYt Z no :hi (u hu.nh n2ng chy c2 Z nhft c'o nhtM bV %`y gii th!ch s_ th'y >i Z nhft c9' 4 n2ng chyM 13,. 'V 8;i s'o k nhiYt Z thingP (u hu.nh c2 t!nh t"# v= ph#ng diYn h2' hecP nhng :hi un n2ng (;i tu "' :h ho;t ZngM bV 8"ong i=u :iYn no (u hu.nh thL hiYn t!nh oxi h2'P t!nh :hRM cV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng :hi cho (u hu.nh tc dng vfi cc cht s'u\ m$P &($P +$P 0P N'+%P &(+3P %$4+* KcP %N+3 KcP %N+3 (o`ng. 135. 'V z_' vo nhcng bjng chng no L chng 3inh "jng cc #n cht m$P +$P &($P 4 th)o chi=u ta m Bn 4 t"ong d`y t"Qn t!nh oxi h2'
gi3M bV Nhcng cht 2 c2 :h nSng t#ng tc t"_c tiBp vfi nh'u :h?ngM 136. 'V DKc iL3 v= cu t;o c9' ph1n tR %$4M bV 8;i s'o g2c h2' t"[ %4% h 9$<P nhng g2c %+% h 1<,<M cV 8;i s'o k i=u :iYn thing %$4 ( 3Zt cht :h! nhng %$+ (;i ( cht (ungM dV 8;i s'o :h! %$4 !t t'n t"ong nfc nhng t'n nhi=u t"ong dung 3?i hcu c#M 138. 'V 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' %$4 M bV 8;i s'o dung d[ch nfc c9' %$4 L (1u t"ong :h?ng :h! (;i b[ vn cM cV 8;i s'o t"ong t_ nhiQn c2 nhi=u nguEn t;o "' % $4 nhng (;i :h?ng c2 hiYn tTng t!ch t :h! 2 t"ong :h?ng :h!M 139. GiBt ph#ng t"inh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V %$4 nm)&(3 $V %$4 n $&"+6 n %$4+* 3V %$4 n $In+* n %$4+* *V %$4 n F"$ n %$+ ,V %$4 n U$ 1*<. viBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V %$4 n 0bN&%3&++V$ $V N'$4 nIn4+* 3V &u4+* n %$4 *V %$4 n 4+$ n N'+% N'$4$+3 ,V m)4$ n +$ 1*1. 'V %`y t"Cnh by nhcng hiLu biBt c9' 3Cnh v= cc hTp cht sun{u' Ncc (o;i sun{u' P Z t'nP 3pu sJcP :h nSng th9y ph1nVM bV 8"ong cc sun{u' :i3 (o;i s'u 1yP sun{u' no b[ th9y ph1nM 8"/ ing hTp no c2 thL i=u chB bjng phn ng t"'o >i t"ong dung d[ch nfc\ 7($43 r &"$43 r N'$4 r xn4 r 0b4 r -'$43 cV %`y gii th!ch t;i s'o 3Zt sX sun{u' :L t"Qn (;i :h?ng b[ th9y ph1n. 1*$. 'V 8"ong phgng th! nghiY3 :h! %$4 Tc i=u chB bjng cch noM bV NguyQn tJc chung L di=u chB cc sun{u' :i3 (o;iM zbn chng 1*3. 'V Nhcng Kc iL3 v= cu t;o ph1n tR c9' 4+ $. bV &u t;o c9' Uon 4+3$/M 4o snh vfi cu t;o c9' ph1n tR 4+$ c2 gC :hc :h?ngM 1**. 'V &1n bjng c9' dung d[ch :h! sun{u"# t"ong nfc sH chuyLn d[ch nh thB no :hi cho thQ3 N'+% hoKc %$4+* (o`ng vo dung d[ch 2M bV 8"ong i=u :iYn no t;o "' cc 3uXi hid"osun{itP cc 3uXi sun{it.
1*,. 'V 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' 4+$ v c9' cc 3uXi sun{itM bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng c9' 4+$ vfi cc cht %UP %$4P &+P %$P &. 8a 2 cho nhn xWt v= t!nh :hR c9' 4+$ so vfi cc cht :L t"QnM 1*5. 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho dung d[ch 4+$ tc dng vfi IgP U$P %&(+3P %&(+3P %$4. 8"ong 3si t"ing hTp dung d[ch 4+$ thL hiYn t!nh cht gCM bV Fjng ph#ng php no nhn "' :h! 4+$ M 1*6. 'V NguyQn tJc i=u chB 4+$ t"ong phgng th! nghiY3 v t"ong c?ng nghiYp ` i=u chB :h! 4+$ bjng nhcng cch noM bV ng dng c9' 4+$M 1*8. 'V &u t;o ph1n tR c9' 4+3M bV8;i s'o 4+3 (;i d dng t"lng hTp h2' t;o "' cc po(i3)M cV 8;i s'o 4+3 (;i t#ng tc 3`nh (iYt vfi %$+M ng dng c9' phn ng . 1*9. 'V +()u3 ( gCM 8!nh cht c9' o()u3M bV 8!nh cht (! h2' c9' %$4+* M 8;i s'o :hi ph' (o`ng %$4+* KcP ngii t' phi cho ta ta tang giet 'xit 2 vo %$+ 3 :h?ng Tc (3 ngTc (;iM cV 8;i s'o L i=u chB cc 'xit :hc ngii t' thing dlng %$4+* tc dng vfi 3uXi c9' cc 'xit 2M 1,<. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho\ 'V %$4+* (o`ng tc dng vfi IgP &"P m). bV %$4+* KcP n2ng tc dng vfi &P &uP m)$+3P m)3+*P %UP %$4. @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1nM 1,1. 8"Cnh by Kc iL3 cu t;oP Z b=nP tQn gei c9' cc 'xit ch' oxi c9' (u hu.nhM 1,$. 'V 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' cc 'xit ch' oxi c9' (u hu.nhM bV 8;i s'o 'xit p)oxi3onosun{u"ic (;i ( 'xit 3Zt nc 3Kc dl c2 $ nguyQn tR hid"oM cV 8;i s'o cc 'xit %$4$+3P %$4$+*P %$4$+5P %$43+5 =u ( cc 'xit :h?ng b=n M 1,3. 'V 8"ong cc 3uXi c9' cc 'xit ch' oxi c9' (u hu.nh 3uXi no c2 t!nh oxi h2' P c2 t!nh :hRM bV 8"Cnh by nguyQn nh1n g1y "' t!nh oxi h2' v t!nh :hR c9' cc 'xit t#ng ngM cV4_ :hc nh'u gic' cc ion 4$+3$/P 4+3$/P 4+*$/M 1,*. 8!nh cht c9' cc 3uXi sun{'tMNt!nh t'nP :h nSng :Bt tinhP :h nSng t;o hi"'tP :h nSng nhiYt ph1nP :h nSng t;o phnV bV 8"ong i=u :iYn no 3uXi sun{'t thL hiYn t!nh oxi h2'M 1,,. u t"Cnh no c2 thL xy "' :hi tiBp tc un n2ng cc cht s'u 1y t"ong :h?ng :h!M 'V m)4+* bV NN%*V$4+*.m)4+*.5%$+ cV N'$4+*.1<%$+ dV m)4+*.6%$+ )V N'%4+*
gV %sn hTp %4+* v 7($+3 NBu un n2ng t"ong :h! duyLn Nit# c2 :hc :h?ngM 1,5. 'V &c ph#ng php i=u chB 3uXi sun{'t :i3 (o;iM bV &2 thL vn dng nhcng ph#ng php no L i=u chB cc 3uXi s'u 1y\ N'$4+*P &'4+*P IgN%4+*V$P &u4+*P 7g$4+*P GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 1,6. 'V Fjng cc phn ng t"'o >i c2 thL i=u chB cc cht s'u 1y Tc :h?ngM 1V Di=u chB F'4+* ta F'4+3P ta &'4+*M $V Di=u chB F'&+3 ta F'4+*M bV Fjng cch no c2 thL i=u chB %$4 ta &'4+*M 1,8. 'V &2 thL i=u chB 3uXi m) NUUV p)sun{'t Tc :h?ngM 8;i s'oM bV %`y nQu 3Zt ph#ng php i=u chB 4+$ ta xn4+*. 1,9. &2 thL nung '(i hid"osun{'t t"ong chWn bjng sJt Tc :h?ngM &2 nhcng phn ng no xy "' t"ong du t"Cnh 2M 15<. 'V 8"ong $ 3uXi F'4+* v F'4+3P 3uXi no d t'n t"ong 'xit M bV &2 thL hg' t'n &'4+* t"ong 'xit Tc :h?ngM cV IuXn tch N'$4+* "' :hui hsn hTp vfi 7g$4+* thC (3 thB noM 151. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V xn n %$4+*Kc $V %g n %$4+*Kc 3V xn n %$4$+6 %$4 n *V &($ n N'$4$+3 n %$+ ,V U$ n N'$4$+3 5V 7( n N'$4$+3 n %&( %$4 n 15$. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V NN%*V$4$+3 n In4+* n %$+ %In+* n $V $4$+* n $&"$+6 n %$4+* 3V $43+5 n +3 n %$+ *V N'$4*+5 n In+* n %$4+* ,V N'$4,+5 n +3 n %$+ 5V NN%*V$43+5 n $&"$+6 n %$4+* 153. 'V Di=u chB %$4+* 8"ong c?ng nghiYpM NguyQn tJc chung c9' ph#ng phpM bV Nhcng yBu tX no ` nh hkng Bn c1n bjng t;o "' 4+3 :hi oxi h2' 4+$ c9' :h?ng :h!M cV 8"ong du t"Cnh hp th nfc c9' 4+3 8;i s'o phi dlng %$4+* KcM &2 thL th'y thB %$4+* Kc bjng nfc Tc :h?ngM 15*. 'V &2 thL i=u chB 'xit 8iosun{u"ic bjng ph#ng php cho %$4+* (o`ng tc dng vfi 3uXi N'$4$+3 Tc :h?ngM -! doM bV 8"ong th_c tB ` i=u chB 'xit 2 bjng cch noM 15,. 'V Nhcng 3uXi s'u 1y thuZc 'xit no\ N'%4P N'%4+3P $4+3P Ig4+*P $4$+6P $4$+8. &u t;o ph1n tR v tQn gei cc 3uXi 2M
bV &u t;o ph1n tR v tQn gei cc 3uXi s'u 1y\ N'$4$+3P $4+,P N'$4,P N'$4,+5P N'$4*+5 P $4$+*P N'$43+5. nhcng 'xit ng vfi 3uXi 2M 155. 'V -u hu.nh ` t;o "' nhcng hTp cht no c2 ch' cc h'(og)nM bV 4_ :hc nh'u v= cu t;o c9' cc 3uXi 8iony( h'(og)nu' 4+] $ v sun{u"y( h'(og)nu' 4+$]$M 156. 'V &2 hiYn tTng gC xy "' :hi cho sun{u"y( c(o"u' tc dng vfi dung d[ch F'"i c(o"u' (o`ngM bV &2 phn ng h2' hec no xy "' :hi cho sun{u"y( c(o"u' tc dng vfi dung d[ch In+*M 158. 'V k i=u :iYn thingP ph1n tR (u hu.nhP s)()nP t)(u v po(oni tEn t;i k d;ng noM bV 8"ong i=u :iYn no tEn t;i d;ng ph1n tR $ nguyQn tRM cV NQu nhn xWt v= Z b=n c9' cc ph1n tR $ nguyQn tR t"ong d`y ta oxi Bn t)(uM 159. 'V @ii th!ch t;i s'o g2c h2' t"[ %]% ta oxi Bn t)(u (;i gi3M bV Nhn xWt v= Z b=n c9' cc hTp cht %$] ta oxi Bn po(oniM @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. 16<. 'V &ho nhn xWt v= s_ th'y >i nhiYt Z s?i ta %$ Bn %$8)M @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. bV @ii th!ch s_ th'y t!nh 'xit t"ong d`y 2M cV 8!nh :hR th'y >i nh thB noM FiBt "jng thB iYn c_c c9' chOng c2 gi t"[\ %$+ %$4 %$4) %$8) < n ~ N] n $% n $) h %$]V von n1P$3 n<P16 /<P*< /<P6$ nhng t;i s'o chOng c2 :h nSng tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch nfcM 161. 8!nh 'xit t"ong d`y 4)+$ A 8)+$ A 0o+$ th'y >i nh thB noM -y dbn chng L 3inh he'. 16$. 'V 4o snh t!nh 'xit t!nh oxi h2' :hR c9' % $4+3P %$4)+3 v %$8)+3M bV 8C3 dbn chng L chng 3inh "jng %$4)+* c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#n 'xit %$4+*M cV 8;i s'o 8)(u (;i t;o "' 'xit 8)(u"ic %58)+5 nhng (u hu.nh v 4)()n :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2M 163. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V %$4)+3 n %&(+3 $V %$4)+* n %&( 3V %$4)+3 n In+* n +% *V N'$4)+* n 4+$ n %$+ ,V N'$4)+3 n &($ n %$+ 5V 7g$4)+3 n F"$ n %$+ 16*. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng\ 1V 4) n %N+3 n %$+ $V 8) n %N+3
3V 4)+$ n N'$4$+3 n %$+ *V 4)+3 n U/ n %$+ ,V 4+&($ n m)
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B' ,it ; Ph6tph6 *, ; P/ 16,. 'V %`y nQu cc Kc iL3 v= cu t"Oc nguyQn tR c9' nguyQn tX nh23G'M bV 8a nhcng Kc iL3 2 h`y cho biBt s_ biBn >i t!nh cht h2' hec c9' cc nguyQn tX t"ong nh23M 165. 'V DKc iL3 cu t"Oc )()ct"on c9' ph1n tR N$M bV Nit# ( 3Zt nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;i Nvfi Z iYn 13 ( 3P<*V nh/ ng t;i s'o k i=u :iYn thing (;i :W3 ho;t Zng Nt"# v= 3Kt h2' hecV cV 8"ong $ :huynh hfng phn ng Noxi h2' v :hRV c9' Nit# thC :huynh hfng no ( ch9 yBuM 166. %`y t"Cnh by nhcng nhn xWt :hi dut v= t#ng tc c9' cc nguyQn tX vfi Nit#M 168. 'V 8"ong phgng th! nghiY3 Nit# Tc i=u chB bjng nhcng ph/ #ng php noM bV NguyQn tJc chung L i=u chB Nit# t"ong c?ng nghiYpM 169. 'V 8"ong phgng th! nghiY3 bjng cch no L thu Tc Nit# ta :h?ng :h!M bV %`y = xut 3Zt ph#ng php #n gin L c2 thL xc [nh Tc ty (Y thL t!ch c9' Nit# t"ong :h! duyLnM 18<. 'V &ho 3Zt (uEng :h?ng :h! c2 ch' cc hTp cht\ h#i nfcP %$4P &+$ du' cc dung d[ch N'+% KcP %$4+*Kc. 4'u :hi hTp cht ` b[ hp th hBt thu Tc 3Zt hsn hTp :h! 7. 4o snh t!nh cht (! h2' c9' cc :h! t"ong hsn hTp 7M bV &ho hsn hTp :h! 2 tiBp xOc vfi vu bo Ig dP chy k 5<<<& thu / Tc 3Zt hsn hTp cht "Jn F. &ho hsn hTp F vo nfc c2 sn ph3 gC t;o thnhM GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng c2 thL xy "' t"ong ton bZ du t"Cnh t"Qn. 181. 'V &u t;o c9' ph1n tR N%3M Ncu t"Oc )()ct"on hCnh d;ng cc obit'n ('i h2' sp3 c9' nguyQn tR N t"ong ph1n tR N%3P c?ng thc cu t;oV bV 8a cu t;o gii th!ch nguyQn nh1n g1y "' cc Kc t!nh (!P h2' c9' N%3M 18$. 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' N%3. 8"ong cc phn ng 3 N%3 c2 thL th'3 gi' thC phn ng (o;i no d xy "' nhtM 183. 'V 8;i s'o N%3 :h?ng phn ng vfi cc b'w#M bV 8"ong cc cht s'u 1y cht no c2 :h nSng (3 :h? Tc :h! N%3\ %$4+* KcP &'&($ :h'nP 0$+,P +% "Jn. 18*. 'V %`y gii th!ch 8;i s'o N%3 d dng phn ng vfi nhi=u hTp cht v? c# c2 ch' %id"oM %m v %$+ c2 t!nh cht 2 :h?ngM bV N%3 v %$+ =u c2 obit'( ('i h2' sp3 v =u c2 cc )()ct"on t_
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@ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. bV 8;i s'o Z dbn iYn c9' N' (;i (fn h#n so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hcM 'V @ii th!ch 8;i s'o k t";ng thi h#i cc ph1n tR :i3 (o;i :i=3 (;i gE3 $ nguyQn tRM NguyQn nh1n g1y "' 3pu ngen (R' c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3M 'V 0h#ng php iYn ph1n L i=u chB cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. &# sk (! (un c9' ph#ng php 2 bV &2 thL dlng ph#ng php h2' hec N:h?ng dlng ph#ng php iYn ph1nV L i=u chB cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 ta cc hTp cht c9' chOng Tc :h?ngM 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng xy "' t"Qn b= 3Kt iYn c_c :hi iYn ph1n N'+% n2ng chy hoKc N'+% n2ng chy. bV G'i t"g c9' N'm v &( :hi iYn ph1n N'&( n2ng chy L i=u chB N' :i3 (o;iM 'V &c :i3 (o;i :i=3 c2 phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi cc cht s'u 1y :h?ng\ N$ r +$r &($r %$r &r 4i bV FiBt "jng t"ong (uyYn :i3 thing dlng -iti L :hR du vBt &'cbon t"ong cc hTp cht :i3 (o;i. &2 thL dlng N' hoKc L th'y thB cho -i Tc :h?ngM 0h#ng php bo dun cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 v c# sk :ho' hec c9' ph/ #ng php 2M 'V 8!nh cht hid"u' c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3M Fjng dbn chng no L chng tu "jng (iQn :Bt t"ongN'% c2 bn cht ionM bV G= t!nh chtP N'% giXng vfi cht no h#n\ %&( h'y N'&(M GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng\ 1V -i% n N$ $V N'% n &($ 3V N'% n +$ *V -i% n %$+ 'V %`y t"Cnh by nhn xWt v= t#ng tc c9' oxi vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. bV Fjng ph#ng php c2 thL i=u chB Tc cc oxit -i$+r N'$+r $+M cV GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng th)o s# E s'u\ N' N'$+$ N'$+ N'$&+3 'V &u t;o c9' ph1n tR N't"i p)oxit NN'$+$V '(i sup)oxitN +$Vr ûbidi owonitN^b+3VM bV 8;i s'o cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 d dng t;o "' cc p)oxit. 8;i s'o -i (;i :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2M 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng th9y ph1n N'$+$ v cho biBt 8;i s'o phn ng 2 (;i xy "' th)o 3Zt chi=u 3Kc dl v= bn cht ( thun ngh[chM bV N'$+$ v hsn hTp N'$+$ n +$ Tc dlng t"ong cc bCnh (Kn L (3 nguEn cung cp +xi. ng dng 2 ` d_' t"Qn c# sk (! (un noM
3$3. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng\ 1V N'$+$ n U n %$4+* $V N'$+$ n m)N+%V$ n %$+ 3V N'$+$ n In+* n %$4+* *V N'$+$ n nfc &(o 3$*. Di=u chB hid"oxit c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n. &# sk (! (un c9' ph#ng phpM &2 thL dlng (o;i 3uXi no (3 cht iYn ph1n t"ong ph#ng php 2M 3$,. %`y t"Cnh by cc du t"Cnh xy "' t"Qn b= 3Kt iYn c_c :hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch N'&( L thu Tc N'+%. 8a dung d[ch N'+% thu Tc k c'tot (3 thB no L t;o "' N'+% "JnM 3$5. 'V 8a N'&( Fjng ph#ng php no thu Tc N'+% :hi :h?ng dlng ph/ #ng php iYn ph1nM bV zung d[ch U cho thQ3 vi giet dung d[ch hE tinh bZt v vi giet dung d[ch ph)no(t'()inP :hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch c2 hiYn tTng gC xy "'M 3$6. 'V 8!nh cht c9' cc hid"oxit :i3 (o;i :i=3. 8;i s'o gei ( :i=3 Sn d' bV 8"ong h'i hid"oxit +% v &s+%P hid"oxit no c2 t!nh b'w# 3;nh h#nM @ii th!ch. cV 8;i s'o t"ong cc hid"oxit :i3 (o;i :i=3 chy c2 -i+% ( c2 :h nSng nhiYt ph1n t;o "' oxit -i$+M 3$8. DL i=u chB N'&( tinh :hiBt ngii t' cho %&( du' dung d[ch bò hg' 3uXi Sn. @ii th!ch c# sk (! (un c9' ph#ng php 2. 3$9. %`y sJp xBp th)o th t_ tSng dpn v= nhiYt Z n2ng chy cc 3uXi s'u 1y\ N'&(r N'Ur N'mr N'F" @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n s_ th'y >i 2. 33<. 'V &2 thL i=u chB $4+* bjng ph#ng php cho '(i tc dng vfi %$4+* Tc :h?ngM bV &2 hiYn tTng gC xy "' :hi cho cc dung d[ch s'u 1y tc dng vfi dung d[ch 3 Kc -i$4+*\ N'mr N'30+*r N'$&+3r &%3&++N'r N'&(M 331. 'V 8"ong cc 3uXi :i3 (o;i :i=3 s'u 1y 3uXi no sH b[ th9y ph1n\ &%3&++-ir -i&(r N'N+$r N'&(+*r F"r $&+3M GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng 3? t du t"Cnh th9y ph1n cc 3uXi 2. bV 8"ong cc 3uXi s'u 1y 3uXi no b[ th9y ph1n 3;nh h#n\ N'$&+3r N'$4+3r N'&NM @ii th!ch. 33$. 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi th9y ph1n N'$&+3 G N'%&+3v cho biBt t"ong t"ing hTp no dung d[ch c2 t!nh :i=3 3;nh h#nM bV DL bo dun N'%&+3 ttinh :hiBt :hui b[ ph1n h9y ngii t' ` _ng t"ong chWn bjng F;c Kt t"ong bCnh :!nP bò hg' :h! &+ $ vfi p sut p h $ / 3 't3. 0h#ng php 2 d_' t"Qn c# sk noM 333. NZi dung c9' ph#ng php 4o(v'y i=u chB N'$&+3 ta N'&( v &+$. &# sk :ho' hec c9' ph#ng php. GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng.
33*. 'V 8a N'$4+* c2 nhcng ph#ng php no i=u chB Tc N'$&+3M bV &2 thL dung ph#ng php t#ng t_ ph#ng php i=u chB xo' L i=u chB $&+3 Tc :h?ngM 33,. 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng i=u chB N'N+3 ta N'$4+* v i=u chB N'$4+* ta &%3&++N'. bV Fjng phn ng no thu Tc $4+* ta $4+3M Di=u chB N' ta N'$&+3M 335. 4_ :hc nh'u v= t!nh cht c9' :i3 (o;i -i v c9' cc hTp cht c9' -i NoxitP hid"oxitP cc 3uXiV so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hc. NQu dbn chng L 3inh he'. 336. zung d[ch bò hg' N'$&+3 t"ong nfc c2 gi t"[ s'u\ t<& < 1< $< 3< *< ,< 5< 6< tN'$&+3 5P6 11P$ 16P8 $9 33P$ 3$P$ 31P6 31P* 'V GH E th[ ph thuZc Z t'n vo nhiYt Z. bV N'$&+3 hg' t'n c_c ;i k nhiYt Z noM cV 8a dung d[ch bò hg' k 5<<&P N'$&+3 sH k t";ng thi no :hi th'y >i nhiYt ZM &&' Him l6Ii HiKm thL *B+8 Mg8 Ca8 @"8 Ba/ 'V DKc iL3 v= cu t;o nguyQn tR c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>M 4o snh vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. bV NQu nhn xWt v= s_ th'y >i nSng (Tng ion h2'P thB iYn c_cP bn :!nh nguyQn tRP bn :!nh ion c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>. 'V GH E th[ s_ ph thuZc cc hjng sX vt (! NnhiYt Z n2ng chyP nhiYt Z s?iP :hXi (Tng "iQng g}c33P Z dbn iYnV vo sX th t_ nguyQn tR c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>. bV NQu nhn xWt s_ biBn thiQn cc Kc t!nh 2 t"ong d`y ta F) Bn F'. 4o snh vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. 'V 8;i s'o vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 thB ion h2' th $ (fn h#n thB ion h2' th nht NU$ U1V nhng (;i t;o "' d;ng ion I$n d dng h#n d;ng InM bV 8hB ion h2' c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (fn h#n thB ion h2' c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 nhng t;i s'o thB iYn c_c (;i t#ng #ngM @ii th!ch t;i s'o :i3 (o;i :i=3 d t;o "' d;ng ph1n tR I $ k t";ng thi h#iP nhng :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (;i :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2M 'V 8;i s'o cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 Z cng (fn h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3M bV 8;i s'o nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (;i biBn >i :h?ng =u nh :i3 (o;i :i=3M 8;i s'o cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 Z dbn iYn c'o 3Kc dl vlng nSng (Tng ns Nvlng h2' t"[V t"ong tinh thL ` Tc (p pyM 8hB iYn c_c c9' F) c'o h#n Nd#ng h#nV so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> :hc nhng thB iYn c_c c9' -i (;i thp h#n N13 h#nV so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hc. 8h_c tB 2 c2 31u thubn gC vfi nh'u :h?ngM
338.
339.
3*<.
3*1. 3*$.
3*3. 3**.
3*,. 8C3 dbn chng Nv= t!nh cht c9' #n chtv hTp chtV L chng 3inh "jng -i c2 t!nh cht giXng :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>P F) c2 t!nh cht giXng 7(. 3*5. 'V 8"ong cc cht s'u 1yP F) c2 :h nSng phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi cht no\ +$ P %$ P N$ P 4 P &($M GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. bV 8;i s'o F) :h?ng c2 :h nSng t;o "' cc p)oxitM 3*6. GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho F) tc dng vfi nfc v cc dung d[ch\ 'V zung d[ch %&( Kc v (o`ng. bV zung d[ch %$4+* Kc v (o`ng. cV zung d[ch %N+3 Kc v (o`ng. dV zung d[ch %30+*. )V zung d[ch +%. 3*8. 'V GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng i=u chB F)+ v F)N+%V$. bV Fjng nhcng phn ng h2' hec chng 3inh "jng F)+ v F)N+%V $ =u ( nhcng hTp cht (ng t!nh. 3*9. 'V hi Xt chy :h?ng hon ton 3Zt 3nh Ig t"ong :h?ng :h!P s'u 2 cho sn ph3 t'n vo nfc thu Tc hsn hTp cht "Jn v 3Zt hsn hTp :h!. 8hnh phpn cc hsn hTp 2 gE3 c2 nhcng cht gCM bV &2 thL Xt chy Ig t"ong nhcng :h! no :hi :h?ng c2 oxiM 3,<. 'V 8;i s'o :hi Ig chy pht "' nh sng ch2i giu ti' tR ngo;iP nhng :hi Xt cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 hoKc :i=3 th> (;i :h?ng c2 hiYn tTng 2M bV 8;i s'o :h?ng thL dlng nfc L dp tJt 3 chy IgM 3,1. 'V hi i=u chB Ig Nbjng ph#ng php iYn ph1nV t;i s'o phi dlng :h! %$ L ph9 b= 3Kt cht iYn ph1nM &2 thL th'y %$ bjng :h! N$ Tc :h?ngM bV Ngoi ph#ng php iYn ph1n c2 thL dlng ph#ng php no L i=u chB IgM 3,$. Ig t#ng tc vfi cc cht s'u 1y nh thB no\ %$+ P %&( P %$4+* P %N+3 P &%3&++% P N'+%M 3,3. 'V &2 thL dlng N%*+% L i=u chB IgN+%V$ :h?ngM bV 8;i s'o :h?ng c2 :Bt t9' IgN+%V$ tch "' :hi cho vo dung d[ch 3uXi Ig&($ 3Zt dung d[ch c2 ch' N%*+% v N%*&(M @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. 3,*. 'V%iYn tTng sH xy "' nh thB no :hi cho IgN+%V$ tc dng vfi cc cht\ %&( P +% P N%*&( P &(M bV IgN+%V$ hg' t'n t"ong cht no tXt h#n\ %&( h'y N%*&(M GC s'oM 3,,. 'V 4H c2 hiYn tTng gC :hi cho dung d[ch Ig&($ tc dng vfi xod' n2ngMP tc dng vfi dung d[ch %&+3M bV &2 thL hg' t'n Ig&+ 3 bjng cch no nBu :h?ng cpn dlng 'xitM cV -3 thB no c2 thL tch Tc cc cht "' :hui hsn hTp gE3 Ig&($ v F)&($M
3,5. 'V &c :i3 (o;i &' P 4" P F' ` tc dng vfi cc cht s'u 1y nh thB no\ %$P N$ P +$ P %$+M 8!nh cht c9' sn ph3 phn ngM bV 4o snh cc phn ng t"Qn vfi cc phn ng c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3. 3,6. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng\ 1. &'%$ n %$+ $. &'%$ n +$ 3. F'%$ n &+$ & n 3,8. 'V 0h#ng php i=u chB F'+$M bV 8a F'm$ bjng cch no c2 thL i=u chB Tc F'+$M cV GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng\ 1. F'+$ n %&( NKcV $. F'+$ n %&(N(o`ngV 3. F'+$ n U n %&( *. F'+$ n 7gN+3 ,. In+$Nn2ngV 8"ong 3si t"ing hTp t"Qn F'+$ thL hiYn t!nh cht gCM 3,9. 'V GiYc i=u chB hid"oxit cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> N&' P 4"P F'V d_' t"Qn nguyQn tJc noM NguyQn tJc 2 c2 thL vn dng cho F)N+%V $ v IgN+%V$ :h?ngM bV 8;i s'o t"ong th_c tB ngii t' :h?ng i=u chB hid"oxit :i3 (o;i :i=3 th)o ph#ng php i=u chB hid"oxit :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> v ngTc (;iM 35<. 'V @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n v= s_ biBn thiQn t!nh cht hid"oxit t"ong d`y ta F)N+%V$ Bn F'N+%V$M bV 8;i s'o hid"oxit cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 thL b[ nhiYt ph1n L t;o "' oxit t#ng ng nhng hid"oxit cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 (;i :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2M 351. @ii th!ch v= s_ th'y >i Z b=n nhiYt c9' cc 3uXi 4un{'t t"ong d`y ta F)4+* Bn F'4+*. 35$. 8;i s'o cc 3uXi 4un{'t :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (;i c2 Z t'n gi3 ta &' $n Bn F'$n nhng 3uXi m(o"u' c9' cc :i3 (o;i 2 (;i c2 Z t'n tSngM 353. Gfi clng 3Zt :i3 (o;i N&'$n P 4"$n hoKc F'$nV t;i s'o 3uXi m(o"u' c2 Z t'n (fn h#n Z t'n c9' 3uXi c'cbon'tM 35*. 'V z_' vo thuyBt c_c h2' ion h`y gii th!ch du t"Cnh nhiYt ph1n &'&+3. bV &1n bjng phn ng nhiYt ph1n &'&+3 chuyLn d[ch t"ong i=u :iYn noM ngh' th_c tB c9' cc i=u :iYn 2M 35,. 4o snh Z b=n nhiYt c9' cc 3uXi c'cbon't :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> v gii th!ch. 355. 8;i s'o :hi cho :h! &+ du' dung d[ch F'&($ hoKc F'NN+3V$ :h?ng t;o "' :Bt t9' nhng :hi cho &+$ tc dng vfi n#c F'"it (;i c2 F'&+3 t;o thnhM Nau th'y dung d[ch nfc F'"it bjng dung d[ch F'"i 'x)t't c2 :Bt t9' :h?ngM 356. Bt t9' no sH xut hiYn t"fc nBu cho vo dung d[ch c2 ch' ion &'$n v F'$n clng nEng Z tang giet dung d[ch NN%*V$4+*M
358. @ii th!ch t;i s'o :hi thQ3 3Zt (Tng nhu dung d[ch '(i dic"o3't vo dung d[ch c2 ch' &'&($ v F'&($ c2 (Tng bjng nh'u thC chy c2 :Bt t9' 3uXi F'"iM 359. &c 3uXi :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> :hi :Bt tinh sH t;o "' d;ng hid"'t tinh thLP cgn cc 3uXi :i3 (o;i :i=3 !t c2 :h nSng 2. @ii th!ch. 36<. 'V 8h;ch c'o ( gCM ng dng c9' th;ch c'oM&# sk :ho' hec c9' ng dng 2. bV 8a th;ch c'o bjng nhcng ph#ng php no thu Tc &' :i3 (o;iM 361. 'V Nfc cng ( gCM NguyQn tJc chung :hR t!nh cng c9' nfcM bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho cc cht s'u 1y :hR t!nh cng c9' nfc\ &'N+%V$ P N'+% P N'$&+3 P N'30+*. cV @ii th!ch du t"Cnh sR dng nh_' t"'o >i ion NionitV L (3 3=3 nfc cng. &0' nhm 36$. 'V %`y nhn xWt v= Kc iL3 cu t;o nguyQn tR c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 UUU'. bV 4o snh vfi cu t;o c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 v :i=3 th>. 363. Nhn xWt v= s_ th'y >i bn :!nh nguyQn tRP thB ion h2' c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 UUU'M @ii th!ch s_ th'y >i bt thing 2 t"ong d`y ta 7( Bn 8( t"Qn c# sk cu t"Oc )()ct"on c9' nguyQn tR. 36*. NhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23UUU' c2 gi t"[ s'u\ F 7( @' Un 8( < 8nc N &V\ $<3< 55< 3< 1,5 3<3 < 8s N &V\ 393< $*,< $$*< $<,< 1*6< NhiYt Z s?i gi3 (iQn tc nhng nhiYt Z n2ng chy th'y >i bt th/ ing. @ii th!ch t;i s'o nhiYt Z n2ng chy "t c'o k Fo nhng (;i :h thp k @'(i. 'V @ii th!ch s_ :hc nh'u ng :L v= t!nh cht c9' $ nguyQn tX F v 7(. bV 0hn ng xy "' NhoKc :h?ng xy "'V nh thB no :hi cho Fo tc dng vfi %$+ P %&( P %N+3 P %$4+*M GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng ta 2 "Ot "' :Bt (un v= t!nh cht c9' Fo. 8hnh phpn h2' hec c9' cc hTp cht Fo"u'P Fo"'nP Fo"'tP p)bo"'tP 3uXi Fo"y(. -y Gz. I? t cu t;o c9' ph1n tR Fm3. 8;i s'o n2i "jng t"ong ph1n tR Foh'(og)nu' c2 c# chB cho/ nhnM 'V &?ng thc cu t;o c9' ibo"'n. @ii th!ch cu t;o c9' cht 2 vfi du'n iL3 (iQn :Bt 3 t13.
36,.
365. 366. 368.
bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng th9y ph1n ibo"'n. &# chBphn ng th9y ph1n 2 c2 giXng phn ng th9y ph1n c9' 3uXi :h?ngM 369. 'V 8hu Tc cht gC :hi cho 'nhid"it bo"ic hg' t'n t"ong nfcM bV FiBt "jng 'nhid"it bo"ic c2 thL i=u chB Tc k t";ng thi v? [nh hCnhP t";ng thi v? [nh hCnh cng Kc cho cc hTp cht :hc c9' Fo. %`y gii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. 'V 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' 'xit octobo"ic. bV 0h1n tR %3F+3 c2 3 nguyQn tR hid"o nhng t;i s'o (;i ( 'xit 3Zt (pn 'xitM &2 thL gii th!ch i=u 2 nh t"ing hTp c9' 'xit %30+3 :h?ngM cV Nhcng cht no Tc t;o "' :hi nung n2ng ta ta 'xit octobo"icM GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 'V Ic oxi h2' c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 UUU'M bV 8;i s'o nh?3 d t;o "' ion 7(3n 3Kc dl t>ng nSng (Tng ion h2' th nhtP th h'iP th b' ( "t (fnM GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho tc dng vfi (u hu.nhP c'cbonP nit#P h'(og)nP phot phoP si(ic. 'V Nh?3 tc dng vfi cc dung d[ch cc cht s'u 1y nh thB no\ 1. N'$&+3 3. &u&($ $. %g&($ *. %N+3 (o`ng bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh cc p s'u\ 1. 7( n &"$+6$/ n %n $. 7( n In+*/ n %n 38*. 'V NguyQn tJc i=u chB nh?3 bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n. bV 8;i s'o :h?ng thL i=u chB nh?3 ta dung d[ch 3uXi nh?3 t'n t"ong nfc bjng cch iYn ph1nM 38,. 'V NguyQn tJc i=u chB 7($+3 P 7(N+%V3 . NguyQn tJc 2 c2 thL vn dng L i=u chB oxitP hid"oxit c9' nhcng :i3 (o;i noM bV &2 thL vn dng nguyQn tJc 2 L i=u chB oxit v hid"oxit c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 v :i=3 th> :h?ngM
38<.
381.
38$. 383.
385.
'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng i=u chB 7($+3 hoKc 7($N4+*V3 ta phn 7(/N%*n v ta nh?3 nit"'t. bV NgTc (;iP ta 7($+3 (3 thB no thu Tc 7($N4+*V3. 18%$+M 386. 'V &o"undu3 ( gCM ng dng c9' co"undu3M bV &o"undu3 c2 thL t'n Tc t"ong cc cht s'u 1y :h?ngM %$+ P %&( P N'+% P N'$&+3 P $4$+6 nBu c2P phn ng sH xy "' t"ong i=u :i=n noM cV 7(u3og)n ( gCM ng dng c9' 7(u3og)nM
388.
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bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng chng 3inh t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh c9' 0b3+*. *<9. 'V 8"ong h'i t!nh cht 'xit v b'w# c9' 0bN+%V$ thC t!nh cht no t"Zi h#nM biBt "jng 3uXi 0bNN+3V$ th9y ph1n :W3 h#n $0b+$. bV 0h#ng php i=u chB cc hid"oxit @)N+%V$P 4nN+%V$P 0bN+%V$. 'V 8;i s'o :hi i=u chB 4n&($ bjng cch cho 4n tc dng vfi %&( (;i phi cho 'xit dM bV 8;i s'o du t"Cnh 2 (;i t;o "' 4n&($ 3 :h?ng phi ( 4n&(*M cV 4n ph3 no Tc t;o thnh :hi cho 4n&($ tc dng vfi %g&($r m)&(3M 'V0bU$ ( cht !t t'n t"ong nfc nhng t;i s'o d t'n t"ong dung d[ch UM bV 8;i s'o nhiYt Z n2ng chy c9' 4n&($ c'o h#n 4n&(*M &1n bjng s'u 1y sH chuyLn d[ch nh thB no t"ong dung d[ch%&( \ 0b&+3 0b$n n &+3$/ 0b&"+* 0b$n n &"+*$/ ta 2 cho biBt h'i 3uXi 2 3uXi no d t'n t"ong %&(M GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V 4n&(* n4n $V 4n&($ n +$ 3V 0b+$ n %&( *V 0b3+* n U n %$4+* 0b4+* n ,V 0b3+* n In4+* n %N+3 %In+* n 5V 4n n %$4)+* N(o`ngV 6V 0b n %$4)+* NKcV &2 thL tEn t;i Eng thii t"ong dung d[chcc cht s'u 1y :h?ngM 1V 4nNN+3V$ v m)&(3 $V 4n&($ v &u 3V 0bNN+3V$ v &d *V 4n&($ v m)N&(+*V3 ,V 0bNN+3V$ v m)&($ *1,. 'V &2 phn ng xy "' :h?ng :hi cho 4n4 tc dng vfi dung d[ch 0bNN+3V$M 0b4 tc dng vfi dung d[ch4n&($ bV Fjng phn ng no c2 thL tch Tc 4n4 "' :hui hsn hTp vfi 0b4M 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng i=u chB 73oni st'n't ta 4n&($. hi 'xit h2' dung d[chc2 ch' '3oni st'n't c2 hiYn tTng gC M
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vfi $4$+6P +%. &c phn ng 2 chng 3inh t!nh cht gC c9' &"$+3M *,6. 'V %`y chng 3inh "jng &"N+%V3 c2 t!nh (ng t!nh nh 7(N+%V3. bV IZt dung d[ch c2 ch' Eng thii '(i &"o3it v '(i 7(u3in't. 8a dung d[ch 2 bjng cch no c2 thL tch Tc\ &"N+%V3 v' 7(N+%V3. *,8. zung d[ch 3uXi &"3n c2 Kc iL3 ( 3u sJc th'y >i. @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n v cho biBt nhcng yBu tX no ` g1y "' hiYn tTng 2M 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho dung d[ch $&"$+6 bò hg' tc dng vfi dung d[ch %$4+* Kc L thu Tc &"+3. -3 thB no L tch Tc &"+3M bV 8!nh cht c9' &"+3M 'V %sn hTp 4un{oc"o3it ( gCM ng dng . bV 0h#ng php i=u chB hsn hTp 4un{oc"o3icM 8a 'nhid"it c"o3ic (3 thB no L di=u chB Tc\ 1V $&"$+6 $V $&"+* 3V &"$+3 GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi un n2ng hsn hTp &"+ 3 vfi m)N+%V$ v :hi ph' (o`ng hsn hTp 2 vo nfc. 'V &c ion &"$+6$/ v &"+*$/ b=n t"ong 3?i t"ing noM @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. bV hi cho +% vo dung d[ch 3uXi &"3nPP &"+*$/ v &"$+6$/ c2 hiYn tTng gC xy "'M @ii th!ch. 'V 8a N'$&"+* bjng cch no thu Tc N'$&"$+6.$%$+M bV Fjng cch no c2 thL\ 1V 8a phn &"o3 i=u chB &"+3M $V 8a &"$+3 i=u chB &"+3M 3V 8a &"o3 :i3 (o;i i=u chB $&"$+6M FiBt "jng thB iYn c_c chun c9' &"$+6$/}&"3n t"ong 3?i t"/ ing 'xit ( n1P35G v thB iYn c_c chun c9' &( $}$&(/ ( n1P35GP nh/ ng t;i s'o t"ong phgng th! nghiY3 ngii t' c2 thL dlng $&"$+6 tc dng vfi %&( L i=u chB &(oM u iL3 c9' ph#ng php 2M 'V &2 thL dlng cht no L oxi h2' dung d[ch 3uXi &" 3n t;o thnh dung d[ch Dic"o3'tM -y v! d v viBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. bV Fjng ph#ng php no L i=u chB &"o3y( &(o"u' ta '(i &"o3'tM
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%iYn tTng gC xy "' :hi cho\ 1V zung d[ch $&"$+6 tc dng vfi dung d[ch 7gN+3M $Vzung d[ch $&"$+6 tc dng vfi dung d[ch F'N+%V$ 3V zung d[ch %$4+* (o`ng tc dng vfi F'&"+*M GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 'V Di=u chB F'"i Dic"o3't. bV 8a &"$+3 i=u chB 73oni Dic"o3't. NQu "v ph#ng php v viBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. u t"Cnh no nQu "' s'u 1y c2 thL xy "' t"ong 3?i t"/ ing 'xit nBu '(i Dic"o3't ( cht oxi h2'\ 1V $F"/ F"$ $V $&(/ &($ 3V $%$+ %$+$ n $%n *V %$4 4 ,V %g$$n $%g$n 5V &u &u$n 6V In$n In+*/ GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V N'$&"$+6 n U n %$4+* $V $&"$+6 n %$4 n %$4+* 3V $&"+* n %$4 n %$+ *V $&"$+6 n 4+$ n %$4+* ,V %$&"+* n m)4+* n %$4+* 5V &"$N4+*V3 n $m)N&NV5 n +% GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V &"+3 n %$+$ n %$4+* $V &"F"3 n %$+$ n N'+% 3V &"+3 n %U *V &"$N4+*V3 n F"$ n N'+% ,V &"$+3 n 3m)N&NV5 n +% 5V &"$N4+*V3 n In+* n +% 'V &u t;o c9' nguyQn tR I'ng'n. 4o snh vfi cu t;o nguyQn tR &(o. bV 8a nhcng Kc iL3 v= cu t;o nguyQn tR h`y so snh t!nh cht h2' hec c9' cc #n cht v hTp cht c9' chOng. 'V &c 3c oxi h2' c2 thL c2 c9' I'ng'nM Ic no b=n nht bV GiBt c?ng thc ph1n tR v nQu t!nh cht h2' hec c# bn c9' cc oxit v hid"oxit c9' I'ng'n ng vfi cc 3c oxi h2' 2.
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'V 8!nh cht h2' hec c9' I'ng'nM bV 4_ biBn >i t!nh cht h2' hec ta In Bn ^)M cV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho I'ng'nP 8)cn)xi v ^)ni tc dng vfi cc cht s'u\ 1V %&( (o`ng v Kc. $V %$4+* (o`ng. 3V %$4+* Kc. *V %N+3 Kc. 'V Ngii t' c2 thL i=u chB I'ng'n bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n dung d[ch In4+*. %ui c2 nhcng du t"Cnh no ` xy "' t"Qn b= 3Kt iYn c_c :hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch 2M bV Ngoi ph#ng php iYn ph1n c2 thL dlng ph#ng php no L i=u chB I'ng'nM 'V 8a In+ bjng ph#ng php no c2 thL thu Tc InN+%V$ biBt "jng In+ :h?ng t'n t"ong nfcM bV Fjng phn ng no chng 3inh "jng InN+%V $ c2 t!nh :hRM GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V In4+* n &(+3 n +%Nn2ng chyV $V In4+* n 0b+$ n %N+3 3V In4+* n F"$ n N'+% *V InF"$ n %$+$ n +% ,V 3Nso* n &'+&($ n N'+% I? t c?ng thc cu t;o c9' In&(3.*%$+ biBt "jng hTp cht 2 c2 cu hCnh t3 3Kt t"ong 2 * ph1n tR nfc cng th'3 gi' hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt. 'V In+$ ( cht oxi h2' 3;nh nhng :hi tc dng vfi cht oxi h2' 3;nh h#n thC In+$ thL hiYn t!nh :hR. 8C3 dbn chng L 3inh he' cho :Bt (un 2. bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V In+$ n %&( $V In+$ n N'+% Kc 3V In+$ n %$4+* 'V 8a In+$ bjng phn ng no c2 thL thu Tc\ In&($P 3n+*P In$+6M bV 8a In+$ i=u chB F'NIn+*V$. GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 'V &c ion In+*$/ v In+*/ b=n t"ong 3?i t"ing noM @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n. bV 8hQ3 ta ta tang giet dung dich N'+% cho Bn 3?i t"ing :i=3 vo 3Zt dung d[ch In+* s'u 2 cho thQ3 tang giet %$4+* (o`ng cho
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bV 4Jt c2 b[ Sn 3gn :h?ng :hi L t"ong :h?ng :h! c2 ch' 4+ $P %$P &+$M *91. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho cc oxit\ m)+P m)$+3P m)3+* tc dng vfi cc cht s'u\ 1V %&( (o`ngM $V %$4+* (o`ng v Kc n2ngM 3V %N+3 Kc n2ngM 'V %`y gii th!ch s_ hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR hTp cht m)N&+V,. bV 0h#ng php i=u chB v ng dng c9' m)N&+V, 'V 8"ong dung d[ch nfcP ion m)$n c2 t!nh :hR 3;nh nht ( t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3r ion m)3n c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh nht t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit. %`y (y v! d L 3inh he'. bV &2 phn ng xy "' :h?ng :hi cho dung d[ch m)&(3 tc dng vfi dung d[ch F"P UM @ii th!ch. 'V 8"ong h'i cht *m)N&NV5 v m)4+* cht no c2 t!nh :hR 3;nh h#nM 8;i s'oM bV FiBt "jng m) c2 thL t'n t"ong dung d[ch &N L t;o thnh *m)N&NV5. @ii th!ch nguyQn nh1n v viBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng.
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'V %'i cht *m)N&NV5v 3m)N&NV5 cht no c2 t!nh oxi h2'M &ht no c2 t!nh :hRM bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho 3m)N&NV5 tc dng vfi %$+$ t"ong 3?i t"ing +%. cV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho *m)N&NV5 tc dng vfi %$+$ t"ong dung d[ch %&(. *95. &2 thL tEn t;i Eng thii t"ong dung d[ch cc ion s'u 1y :h?ngM 1V m)$n v 4n$n. $V m)3n v 4n$n. 3V m)$n v In+*/. *V m)3n v In+*/. ,V m)$n v &"$+6$/. 5V m)3n v &"$+6$/ *96. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u\ 1V m)N4+*V3 n N'$4+3 n %$+ $V m)4+* n %N+3 n %$4+* 3V m)4+* n %N+3 *V m)4+* n In+* n %$4+* ,V m)&(3 n N'$&+3 n %$+ *98. 'V GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho *m)N&NV5 tc dng vfi dung d[ch m)$N4+*V3. bV GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng :hi cho 3m)N&NV5 tc dng vfi dung
d[ch m)4+*. NQu "v s_ th'y >i 3u sJc t"ong c h'i t"ing hTp. *99. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u 1y dfi d;ng ion\ 1V m)4+* n $&"$+6 n %$4+* $V m)4+* n %&(+3 n %$4+* %&( n 3V m)4+* n F"+3 n %$4+* *V *m)N&NV5 n In+* n %$4+* ,V *m)N&NV5 n %$+$ n %$4+* ,<<. GiBt ph#ng t"Cnh c9' cc phn ng s'u dfi d;ng ph1n tR\ 1V m)3n n %$4 $V m)3n n U/ 3V m)3n n 4$+3/ *V m)3n n 4+3$/ n %$+ ,V m)$n n F"$ n %n Phn II Hng !n t"# l$i &' (h) t" &'a/ k (fp ngoi clng c9' nguyQn tR :h! t"# gE3 cc obit'n ns v npP tt c cc )()ct"on =u ` ghWp ?i. / !ch thfc nguyQn tR tSng dpn Nta %) Bn 7" tSng nh'nhr ta 7" Bn " tSng ch3V / NSng (Tng ion h2' c'o v gi3 dpn Nta %) Bn 7" gi3 nh'nhr ta 7" Bn " gi3 ch3V / NSng (Tng ion h2' c'o g1y "' t!nh t"# v= 3Kt h2' hec nQn nhCn chung cc :h! t"# !t c2 :h nSng phn ngP nht ( :h! t"# nho. b/ 8a %) Bn ^nP nSng (Tng ion h2' gi3 nQn :h nSng phn ng tSngP nht ( " v ]) =u c2 ho;t t!nh h2' hec c'o. &c hTp cht c9' " v ]) =u ( cc cht oxi h2' 3;nhP chOng c2 :h nSng t;o "' cc hTp cht ng vfi cc 3c oxi h2' n$r n*r n5r n8. %Tp cht ng vfi 3c oxi h2' c'o c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh v c2 t!nh 'xitP chng h;n dung d[ch 'xit %*])+5. 0' &c nguyQn tR :h! t"# t#ng tc vfi nh'u ch9 yBu do (_c :huBch tnP 3Zt thnh phpn du'n t"eng t"ong (_cG'n d)" ''(sP ta %) Bn ^n bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSngP :h nSng b[ c_c h2' c9' cc :h! t"# tSngP dbn Bn nSng (Tng t#ng tc :huBch tn tSng do 2 cc cht cng :h2 n2ng chy. 4' hi :!ch thfc nguyQn tR tSng thC tc dng chJn iYn t!ch h;t nh1n c9' cc (fp )()ct"on sH tSng (QnP do 2 )()ct"on k (fp vu ngoi clng c9' nhcng nguyQn tR c2 :!ch thfc (fn h#n d dng tch "' :hui nguyQn tRP vC thB ion h2' gi3. <'a/ %`y d_' vo s_ hCnh thnh cc )()ct"on Zc th1n :hi :!ch th!ch nguyQn tR L chuyLn )()ct"on ta t";ng thi ghWp ?i s'ng t";ng thi Zc th1n L gii t!ch :h nSng hCnh thnh cc 3c oxi h2' :hc nh'u. G! d\ @ii th!ch s_ hCnh thnh 3c oxi h2' n$ c9' ]) nh s'u\
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Gfi %) :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2. b/ &c )()ct"on Zc th1n k t";ng thi c'o nQn :h?ng b=nP d dng t"k v= t";ng thi c2 nSng (Tng thp b'n puP do 2 g1y "' t!nh oxi h2' k bc oxi h2' c'o. c/ zo nSng (Tng ion h2' gi3 ta %) Bn ^n nQn cc :h! t"# c2 :h nSng t#ng Xi d dng t;o "' cc hTp cht c2 h2' t"[ c'o. -iQn :Bt t"ong cc hTp cht 2 =u ( (iQn :Bt cZng h2' t"[. / &c hTp cht c9' :h! t"# =u !t b=nP d b[ ph1n h9yP c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh. G! d chOng oxi hop dTc iodu' thnh iodP owon thnh oxi. B' &c hid"'t c9' :h! t"# d;ng ].5%$+ ( nhcng hTp cht b'o. &c hid"'t 2 Tc hCnh thnh k nhiYt Z thp v k p sut c'o :hi bò hg' :h! t"#. 8"ong tinh thL nfc c2 nhcng :hong t"Xng Tc hCnh thnh:hi cc ph1n tR nfc (iQn :Bt vfi nh'u bjng (iQn :Bt %id"oP k p sut c'o cc nguyQn tR :h! t"# ` th13 nhp vo cc :hong t"Xng 2P cc nguyQn tR :h! t"# t/ #ng tc vfi cc ph1n tR nfc nhi c2 (_c :huBch tnP (_c ny :h?ng 9 L hCnh thnh hTp cht phc N3Zt (o;i hTp cht h2' hecVP do 2 cc hTp cht c9' :h! t"# :h?ng phi ( (o;i hTp cht h2' hec th_c s_. %) v N) :h?ng c2 :h nSng hCnh thnh nhcng hTp cht t#ng t_P vC %) v N) c2 :!ch thfc bW nQn d dng :huBch tn "' :hui tinh thL nfc . D' Gfi %) v N) :h?ng c2 :h nSng hCnh thnh hTp cht. 7" v " !t Tc nghiQn cu hoKc c2 t;o "' 3Zt !t hTp cht nhng :W3 b=n. &h9 yBu ( ]) t;o "' nhi=u hTp cht vfi cc nguyQn tX c2 Z 13 iYn c'o nh m(oP +xiP &(oP Kc biYt vfi m(o v +xi. &hng h;n cc hTp cht m(o"u' c9' ]) nh ])m$P ])m*P ])m5 hoKc ])+3 =u !t b=n v c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh\ $ U n ])m$ U$ n ]) n $ m 8N%3 n 3])m$ 3]) n 5N%*m n N$ * U n ])m* ]) n $U$ n * m ])+3 n 5 U n 5%&( ]) n 3U$ n 5 &( n 3%$+ 7xit 0'x)nic %*])+5 Tc biBt k t"ong dung d[chP cc 3uXi c9' n2 =u c2 thL tch "' k d;ng tinh thL nh\ F'$])+5 P *])+5.9%$+ P N'*])+5.5%$+ P N'*])+5.8%$+. 8"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit chOng thL hiYn t!nh oxi h2' 3;nhP chng h;n oxi h2' &"$n Bn &"$+6$/ r &(+3/ Bn &(+*/ r In$n Bn In+*/ r F"/ Bn F"+3/ E' IuXn hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt gic' h'i nguyQn tc) L t;o "' ph1n tR h'i nguyQn tR thC phi t;o "' h'i )()ct"on :h?ng ghWp ?iP i=u 2 gi hui nSng (Tng :h (fn vC vy :h?ng thL hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt gic' h'i ph1n tR ])non.
F' NSng (Tng (iQn :Bt ]) A &( bW h#n so vfi ]) A mP nSng (#ng 2 Tc t;o "' s'u :hi :!ch th!ch nguyQn tR ]) :h?ng 9 L bl (;i nSng (Tng dlng L :!ch th!ch nguyQn tR. &J' DZ b=n vfi nhiYt tSng do Z b=n (iQn :Bt tSng. &&' z_' vo Kc t!ch oxi h2' c9' cc ])non m(o"u' L viBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng. 0' hi "6 &0'a/ NQu Kc iL3 cu t;o h;t nh1n NsX p"otonP sX n#t"onV nguyQn tR cc Eng v[ c9' %id"o. G! d vfi 8"iti N:! hiYu ( 8V c2 1) /P 1pnP $n<. c/ GC thL t!ch bW nQn c2 Z :huBch tn (fn. &4' z_' vo ty :hXi L xc [nh &2 thL chuyLn Tc bjng cch Op cXc th h'i :h?ng ch' %id"o (Qn cXc th nht c2 ch' %id"o. &<' GC ph1n tR %id"o c2 Z b=n (fn. NSng (Tng ph1n (i %$ $% ( % h 1<3 :c'(}3o( nQn k nhiYt Z thing :W3 ho;t ZngP chy ho;t Zng k nhiYt Z c'o. bV &hy c2 m(o v 3Zt sX :i3 (o;i chuyLn tiBp nKng ( c2 :h nSng phn ng t"_c tiBp k nhiYt Z phgng. &D' Fjng ph#ng php h2' (ung ph1n o;n. &E'c/ GC :h?ng cpn cung cp nSng (Tng L chuyQn %id"o ph1n tR thnh nguyQn tR. G! d\ %$ n m)&(3 m)&($ n %&( N:h?ng xy "'V Nxn n %&(V n m)&(3 m)&($ n %&( Nd dngV. 0J' z_' vo nguyQn tJc iQn ph1n cc cht t"ong dung d[ch nfcP s'u 2 viBt s# E iYn ph1n sH dbn Bn :Bt (un cpn thiBt. &hng h;nP :hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch &u4+*P chy thu Tc DEng :i3 (o;i v +xiP :h?ng thu Tc %id"o. 0&'b/ Nhcng :h! :h?ng c2 :h nSng t;o vfi +xi c9' :h?ng :h! t;o thnh hsn hTp :h! n> =u c2 thL t!ch t"c t"ong bCnh ch' :h!. 04' h! %id"o Tc t;o "' cgn (bn h#i nfc v %id"o c(o"u'P cpn cho hsn hTp 2 du' dung d[ch :i=3 v s'u 2 du' dung d[ch c2 :h nSng hp th nfc. 09' 8"ong thnh phpn cc hTp cht h2' hec %id"o chy tEn t;i k d;ng ion % c2 t"ong cc %id"u' c9' cc :i3 (o;i 3;nh NN'%P &'%$V.
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z;nh ion %n :h?ng tEn t;i t"ong cc hTp cht h2' hec vC bn cht (iQn :Bt t"ong cc hTp cht 2 ( (iQn :Bt cZng h2' t"[ Nv! d %&(r %mV. 8"ong dung d[ch :h?ng c2 d;ng ion %n 3 chy c2 d;ng %3+n Uon %n th_c s_ chy tEn t;i t"ong 3?i t"ing :h! :hi ph2ng iYn du' :h! %id"o bjng cc ti' ion h2' nh chng h;n. 0<' GC %id"o ( 3Zt cht :h?ng ph1n c_c nQn !t hg' t'n t"ong dung 3?i ph1n c_c. 0D' 8#ng tc gic' cc ph1n tR %id"o vfi nh'u ( t#ng tc :huBch tn. 8#ng tc t"ong :i3 (o;i :i=3 ( t#ng tc :i3 (o;i. zo 2 s_ b'y h#i c9' cc :i3 (o;i gi hui 3Zt nSng (Tng L thJng t#ng tc gic' cc nguyQn tR. 8"i (;i s_ b'y h#i c9' %d"o xy "' :hi Zng nSng c9' ph1n tR %id"o 9 L thJng (_c t#ng tc :huBch tnP do 2 k nhiYt Z thing %id"o ( 3Zt cht :h!. 0F' hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch cc %id"u' ion t"ong 3uXi %'(og)nu' :i3 (o;i :i=3 n2ng chyP thu Tc hid"o k c_c 13. Fn th1n cc %id"u' :i3 (o;i :i=3 hoKc :i=3 th> b[ th9y ph1n "t 3;nh\ N'% n %$+ N'+% n %$ 4J'a/ &c :i3 (o;i :i=3 v :i=3 th> hCnh thnh "' cc %id"u' ion. &c nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;i hoKc nR' :i3 (o;i t;o "' %id"u' cZng h2' t"[\ -i N' ^b &s m" Ig &' 4" F' ^' & 4i @) 4n 0b N 0 7s 4b Fi + 4 4) 8) 0o m &( F" U 7t
To ra Hidrua ion To ra Hidrua cng ha tr b/ &c hid"u' ion ( cc 3uXiP :Bt tinh th)o d;ng (p ph#ng hoKc t ph#ngP (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR ( (iQn :Bt ion. &c %d"u' cZng h2' t"[ ch9 yBu ( nhcng cht k d;ng :h! Nd b'y h#iVr :hi t'n t"ong nfc phpn (fn t;o "' 'xitr (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR ( (iQn :Bt c?ng h2' t"[.
4&' z_' vo nhcng Kc iL3 c9' hTp cht ion nh cht "Jn tinh thLP nhiYt Z n2ng chy c'oP:hi n2ng chy thC dbn iYnP :hi iYn ph1n thC thu Tc :h! %$ k 13 c_c L dbn Bn :Bt (un. 40' zo s_ chuyLn 3t Z iYn t!ch v= ph!' m(o nQn ` (3 gi3 (_c y gic' h'i ion m(o"u'.
44' 8a t"i du' phi Nth)o chu :CVP t!nh :hR tSngP t!nh 'xit tSngP t!nh b=n gi3. DZ b=n nhiYt ph thuZc vo nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt % A ]P ph thuZc vo Z iYn 13 v :!ch thfc nguyQn tR c9' ]. hi h'i nguyQn tX c2 Z iYn 13 t#ng #ngP nguyQn tX no nKng h#n cho %] c2 Z b=n nhiYt :W3 h#n. 49' &2 thL gii th!ch nh s'u\ hi t'n vo nfc c2 c1n bjng s'u\ %n/1]/ n %3+n %n] n %$+ %nn1]n n +%/ iYn (i 'xit iYn (i b'w# &1n bjng chuyLn d[ch v= ph!' no ph thuZc vo t"ing (_c c9' ion t"ung t13 ]n/ v +$/ Nngh' ( ph thuZc vo iYn t!ch v bn :!nhV. Gfi %mP c1n bjng sH chuyLn d[ch v= ph!' iYn (i 'xitP do t"ing (_c $/ c9' + (fn h#n t"ing (_c c9' m/ Nbn :!nh c9' +$/ ( 1P35 r bn :!nh c9' m/ ( 1P33r vC iYn t!ch c9' +$/ (fn h#n m/V do 2 %n chuyLn v= ph!' +$/. Gfi N%3P c1n bjng sH chuyLn d[ch th)o hfng iYn (i b'w#P do t"ing (_c c9' N3/ (fn h#n +$/ Nt"ing (_c ph thuZc c bn :!nh v iYn t!chr bn :!nh c9' N3/ ( 1P*6V. 4' Hal6g+n 4B' huynh hfng oxi h2' ( ch9 yBu vC t"ong nguyQn tR c2 3Zt )()ct"on ch' ghWp ?i k obit'( np nQn d dng :Bt hTp thQ3 1 )()ct"on. 8a m(o Bn UodP nSng (Tng ion h2' gi3 nQn :h nSng nhing )()ct"on tSngP do 2 Bn Uod c2 :h nSng t;o "' ion Un Nt"ong cc hTp cht nh U&(P UN&%3&++V3V. 4D'a/ Ic oxi h2' Kc t"ng c9' cc %'(og)n Nt"a m(oV ( n1P n3P n,P n6. @ii th!ch cc 3c 2 bjng s_ :!ch Zng )()ct"on chuyLn ta obit'( ns v np s'ng nd. b/ GC 3si nguyQn tR chy c2 3Zt )()ct"on :h?ng ghWp ?i k obit'( npP h'i )()ct"on :h?ng ghWp ?i k h'i nguyQn tR ghWp (;i vfi nh'u t;o thnh ph1n tR h'i nguyQn tR. 4E' 8"ong nguyQn tR c9' cc %'(og)n c2 3Zt )()ct"on :h?ng ghWp ?iP nQn t"a m(oP chOng =u c2 :h nSng t;o "' 3c oxi h2' n1 :hi chOng (iQn :Bt vfi 3Zt nguyQn tX :hc c2 Z 13 iYn 3;nh h#n Nv! d vfi +xiV NguyQn tR c9' &(o NhoKc F"o3P UodV cgn c2 nhcng obit'( ch' Tc (p pyP do 2 c2 thL xy "' cc du t"Cnh :!ch Zng )()ct"on nh s'u\
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Bt du t;o "' 3P ,P 6 )()ct"on :h?ng ghWp ?i ng vfi cc t";ng thi h2' t"[ 3P ,P 6 c9' %'(og)n. u t"Cnh :!ch Zng 2 xy "' dfi nh hkng c9' nhcng nguyQn tR c2 Z iYn 13 3;nh h#n. -fp ngoi clng c9' nguyQn tR m(o :h?ng c2 obit'( dP 3uXn t;o "' t";ng thi h2' t"[ (fn h#n 1 k m(oP phi :!ch Zng )()ct"on ta obit'( $p s'ng (fp th 3P :h?ng c2 nguyQn tX no c2 Z iYn 13 (fn h#n m(o L cung cp nSng (Tng 9 th_c hiYn du t"Cnh :!ch Zng t"QnP do 2 vfi m(o :h?ng thL xut hiYn 3c oxi h2' d#ng v chy c2 thL c2 h2' t"[ 3Zt. Ngoi "' cng cpn chO "jng nBu t"ong nguyQn tRP chng h;n c2 , )()ct"on :h?ng cKp ?i th'3 gi' hCnh thnh * (iQn :BtP t"ong nguyQn tR cgn (;i 3Zt )()ct"on :h?ng cKp ?iP i=u 2 g1y "' :h nSng phn ng "t 3;nh c9' ph1n tR Tc t;o "'P nQn chOng ( nhcng hTp cht :W3 b=n. &hng h;n &(+$ ( hTp cht c2 sX ( )()ct"on.
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- hTp cht ch' bò hg' h2' t"[P do 2 c2 :huynh hfng :Bt hTp hoKc nhing 3Zt )()ct"on\ &(+$ n ) h &(+$/ &(+$ / ) h &(+$n ch9 yBu ( :huynh hfng th nht Ni (_c ~()ct"on c9' &(+$ ( 3P*3 )GVr &(+$ "t :h?ng b=nP d ph1n hu n>P c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh. 4F' 0h#ng php +bit'n ph1n tR ` 3? t cu hCnh )()ct"on c9' cc ph1n tR h'(og)n nh s'u\ Ngh' ( h'i nguyQn tR h'(og)n (iQn :Bt vfi nh'u bjng 3Zt (iQn :Bt (z). Ngoi (iQn :Bt P t"ong ph1n tR &($P F"$P U$ cgn c2 3Zt phpn (iQn :Bt t;o "' bki s_ x)n ph9 c9' cc obit'n d. 8"ong ph1n tR m(oP (iQn :Bt chy Tc hCnh thnh do 3Zt (o;t cc )()ct"on h2' t"[P :h?ng c2 :h nSng hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt nh t"Qn vC :h?ng c2 cc obit'n d.
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-iQn :Bt Tc hCnh thnh 2 ( (iQn :Bt "cho nhn t;o "' do cKp )()ct"on t_ do c9' 3Zt nguyQn tR v obit'n d cgn bu t"Xng c9' nguyQn tR :hcr c2 thL 3? t th)o s# E s'u\
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4_ hCnh thnh cc (iQn :Bt 2 ` (3 cho ph1n tR cc h'(og)n b=n "v "Yt. m(o :h?ng c2 :h nSng t;o "' (iQn :Bt nQn ph1n tR m(o c2 nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt bW h#n so vfi &(o. 8a &(o Bn Uot do bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSngP Z di (iQn :Bt tSng\ m$ &($ F"$ U$ z] A] NV 1P*$ $P<< $P$9 $P16 nQn nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt gi3. 9J' 8"ong ph1n tR h'i nguyQn tR c9' cc h'(og)nP Z b=n nhiYt c9' ph1n tR (iQn du'n Bn nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt ]/] t"ong ph1n tR\ ])3 cch gii th!ch k bi 39. 9&' NhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' cc h'(og)n tSng. 8!nh cht 2 ph thuZc vo t#ng tc :huBch tn gic' cc ph1n tR. k t";ng thi (ung v "JnP cc ph1n tR h'(og)n t#ng tc vfi nh'u bjng (_c G'n d)" ''(s. GC ph1n tR cc h'(og)n :h?ng c2 c_c nQn t#ng tc 2 ph thuZc vo t#ng tc :huBch tnP nSng (Tng t#ng tc ny cng (fn :hi Z ph1n c_c c9' ph1n tR cng (fn. GC :h nSng b[ c_c h2' c9' cc ph1n tR ph thuZc vo bn :!nh nguyQn tRP nQn ta m Bn UP bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSngP Z ph1n c_c tSng do 2 t#ng tc :huBch tn tSng (3 cho nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c9' cc h'(og)n tSng. 90'a/ &c cht c2 xu hfng t'n nhi=u t"ong cht (ung giXng vfi chOng. &c h'(og)n ( nhcng cht :h?ng c_c nQn !t t'n t"ong dung 3?i c2 c_c Nv! d\ %$+V v t'n nhi=u t"ong dung 3?i :h?ng c_c. b/ 8"ing hTp Uot t'n nhi=u t"ong dung d[ch U vC t;o "' Uon U 3/ th)o phn ng\ U$ n U/ h U3/ 94' ])3 cch gii th!ch k bi sX 5. 99' 4o snh\ NSng (Tng (iQn :Bt ]$ N c'(}3o(V i (_c )()ct"on ] n ) ]/ N c'(}nguyQn tR gV m$ 36 69 &($ ,9 83
NSng (Tng hi"'t h2' c9' ]/ N c'(}3o(V 8hB tiQu chun ~<x$}$x/ NGonV
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8' thy "jng nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt v i (_c )()ct"on c9' m(o bW h#n &(or nSng (Tng hid"'t (fn v thB tiQu chun c9' m(o (fn h#n &(o. a/ IKc dl c2 i (_c )()ct"on thp h#n Nc2 t!nh oxi h2' :W3 h#nV nh/ ng nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1 tR m(o thp h#n do 2 :h nSng phn ng c9' m(o c'o h#n &(o. b/ u t"Cnh chuyLn ]$ $]/ k t"ong dung d[ch ph thuZc vo cc yBu tX s'u\ / NSng (Tng ph1n (i ph1n tR thnh nguyQn tRNnSng (Tng (iQn :BtV. / i (_c )()ct"on L biBn nguyQn tR thnh ] /. / NSng (Tng hi"'t h2' c9' 'nion ]/. Gfi m(oP 3Kc dl nSng (Tng ph1n (i ph1n tR thnh nguyQn tR v i (_c )()ct"on bW h#n &(oP nhng nSng (Tng hi"'t h2' c9' Uon m/ (;i (fn h#n nhi=u so vfi Uon &(/ P do 2 t"ong dung d[ch nfcP m(o c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#n &(o. 9<' ])3 bi sX 35 9B' z_' vo i=u :iYn phn ng v nhiYt t;o thnh c9' phn ng :hi cho %$ phn ng vfi h'(og)n L chng 3inh. 9D'a/ &c h'(og)n tc dng vfi %$+ th)o cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng s'u\ $m$ n $%$+ *%m n +$ &($ n %$+ %&( n %&(+ h *P$.1<* F"$ n %$+ %F" n %F"+ h 6P$.1</* U$ n %$+ %U n %U+ h $P1.1< /13 h nSng phn ng ta m(o Bn Uot gi3. b/ 4o snh thB oxi h2'/:hR chun L xc [nh\ +$ n *%n N1</6 ion/g}(V n *) h $%$+ ~<hn<P81G m$ n $) h $m/ ~<h n$P85 G &($ n $) h $&(/ ~<h n1P35G F"$ n $) h $F"/ ~ <h n1P<6G U$ n $) h $U/ ~<h n<P,3G &hng h;n vfi t"ing hTp m(o\ $m$ n $%$+ h *%m n +$ ~<h$P<5G Nh vy m(o ` phn ng 3;nh vfi nfc. Gfi &(o v F"o3 th_c tB gi hui nSng (Tng ho;t h2' c'or vfi Uot :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2. 9E'a/ Gfi cc :i3 (o;i c2 nhi=u 3c oxi h2' thC cc hTp cht ng vfi 3c oxi h2' =u c2 t!nh :hRP t"ong :hi 2 cc h'(og)n (;i ( cht oxi h2' 3;nh.
b/ hi cht "Jn t#ng tc vfi cht :h!P :h nSng phn ng ph thuZc vo cu t"Oc c9' cht "Jn Tc t;o "'. NBu sn ph3 t;o "' b3 chJc vo b= 3Kt cht "Jn t#ng tc thC n2 sH ngSn cn phn ng tiBp din. -! (un 2 sH gii th!ch t"ing hTp nQu t"ong bi tp. 9F'b/ 4o snh thB diYn c_c L xc [nh t"t t_ c9' cc phn ng v ta 2 3? t hiYn tTng. <&'b/ GC "jng thB iYn c_c c9' m(o "t (fn nQn :h?ng thL i=u chB m(o bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n dung d[ch nfc c2 ch' Uon m(o"u'P 3 phi iYn ph1n 3Zt hsn hTp n2ng chy gE3 m v %m. ])3 tiBp cch t" (ii k bi tp *8. <0' 4o snh thB iYn c_c chun L t" (ii th)o hfng\ a/ m(o c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#n In+ *. b/ In+* c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh h#n F"$ v U$ nQn c2 thL oxi h2' F"$ v U$ t;o "' F"+3/ v U+3/. c/ &2 thL th'y In+* bjng In+$ hoKc $&"$+6 nhng phi dlng %&( Kc v phi un n2ng dlng thB iYn c_c t#ng #ng nh'u. N~<&($}$&(/h1P35Gr ~<&"$+6$/}&"3n t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit ( 1P35GV. <4' 8a %m Bn %&(\ NhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i gi3. 8a %&( Bn %U nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i tSng. &c hid"o h'(og)nu' t#ng tc vfi nh'u bjng (_c t#ng tc gic' cc ph1n tR gE3 (_c [nh hfngP (_c :huBch tn v (_c c3 ng. Nhng nSng (/ Tng t#ng tc c3 ng thing "t bW so vfi nSng (Tng t#ng tc [nh hfng v t/ #ng tc :huBch tnP do 2 nh hkng c9' t#ng tc c3 ng Bn nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c2 thL bu du'. NSng (Tng t#ng tc [nh hfng gi3 ta %m Bn %U do Z ph1n c_c c9' ph1n tR gi3. NSng (Tng t#ng tc :huBch tn tSng (Qn t"ong d`y do s_ tSng bn :!nh nguyQn tR c9' cc h'(og)n v s_ gi3 Z ph1n c_c c9' (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR. 8a %m Bn %&(P nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i gi3 do gic' cc ph1n tR %m pht sinh Tc (iQn :Bt %id"oP Eng thii nSng (Tng t>ng dut c9' t#ng tc gic' cc ph1n tR gi3 do t#ng tc [nh hfng gi3. 8a %&( Bn %U nSng (Tng t#ng tc :huBch tn chiB3 u thB so vfi t/ #ng tc [nh hfng vC vy nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i tSng. <9' DZ di (iQn :Bt %]P nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt v Z b=n Xi vfi nhiYt t"ong d`y ta %m Bn %U c2 cc gi t"[ s'u\ %m %&( %F" %U DZ di (iQn :Bt %] NV 1P<$ 1P$8 1P*1 1P5 < NSng (Tng (iQn :Bt %] N c'(}3o(V 13, 1<3 86 61 < 0h1n h9y k 1<<< & NtV h?n <P<1* <P, 33
g 8"ong d`y 2P Z b=n Xi vfi nhiYt gi3 do Z di (iQn :Bt tSng v nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt gi3. DZ b=n Xi vfi nhiYt chy ph thuZc vo nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt c9' ph1n tRP cgn nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i (;i ph thuZc vo nSng (Tng t#ng tc gic' cc ph1n tR. <<'a/ %sn hTp ng ph! h'y hsn hTp Eng s?i ( nhcng hsn hTp s?i k nhiYt Z :h?ng >i v :h?ng th'y >i thnh phpn c9' hsn hTp k p sut :h?ng >i. &ht nguyQn cht cng c2 Kc t!nh nh thBP nhng vfi hsn hTp Eng s?i thC :hi p sut th'y >i :h?ng nhcng nhiYt Z s?i 3 c thnh phpn c9' hsn hTp cng th'y >i th)o. G! d %id"o &(o"u' t;o thnh vfi nfc 3Zt hsn hTp Eng s?i k 11<<& dfi p sut thing v ch' $<P$t %&(. hi th'y >i p sutP thnh phpn c9' %&( t"ong hsn hTp cng th'y >i\ p sut N33%gV 1,< ,<< 65< 1<<< $,<< 8hnh phpn %&( NtV $$P, $<P9 $<P$ 19P6 18P< &c hid"o h'(og)nu' :hc cng t;o nQn cc hsn hTp Eng s?i c2 thnh phpn v nhiYt Z s?i xc [nh. Gfi %m s?i k 1$<<& thnh phpn %m 3,P*tr vfi %F" hsn hTp s?i k 1$5<&P thnh phpn %F" *6trvfi %U hsn hTp s?i k 1$6 <&P thnh phpn %U ,6t c/ GC c2 Z t'n (fn t"ong nfc nQn cc hid"o &(o"u' bXc :h2i t"ong :h?ng :h!. hi un n2ng dung d[ch %&( Kc (fn h#n $<t thC pu tiQn :h! %id"o &(o"u' bXc "'P cgn nBu dung d[ch dfi $<t thC t"fc hBt h#i nfc thot "' v nEng Z 'xit tSng. 8"ong c h'i t"ing hTp 2P :hi h3 (Tng c9' %&( t"ong 'xit ;t Bn $<P$t Nk 65< 33%gV thC thu Tc hsn hTp Eng s?i i=u 2 gii th!ch hiYn tTng bXc :h2i c9' dung d[ch %&( Kc. <B' &2 thL xc [nh nh'nh h3 (Tng t c9' %&( t"ong dung d[ch bjng cch nh1n h'i con sX s'u du phy Nc9' :hXi (Tng "iQng c9' dung d[chV vfi $. NgTc (;i nBu biBt thnh phpn t c9' %&( t"ong dung d[ch c2 thL t!nh gpn Ong :hXi (Tng "iQng c9' dung d[ch 2. a/ G! d\ zung d[ch c2 :hXi (Tng "iQng ( 1P<$, g}c33P h3 (Tng %&( (\ $P,.$h ,tP dung d[ch c2 :hXi (Tng "iQng ( 1P19, g}c33P h3 (Tng %&( ( 19P,.$ h 39 t. b/ zung d[ch 3$P, t thC :hXi (Tng "iQng (\ 3$P,\$h 15P$, suy "' dh 1P15$ g}c33. <D'a/ IZt phpn vC nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt %m "t (fnP 3Zt phpn :hc vC :hi hg' t'n t"ong nfc xy "' du t"Cnh Uon h2' t;o "' %3+n v m/P s'u 2 Uon m/ (;i t#ng tc vfi ph1n tR %m t; "' Uon phc %m$/\ %m n %$+ %3+n n m/ %m n m/ %m$/
%oKc k d;ng t>ng dut\ $%m n %$+ %3+n n %m$/ zo 3Zt phpn ph1n tR %m (iQn :Bt t;o "' %m $/ nQn h3 (Tng t#ng Xi c9' Uon %3+n :h?ng (fnP vC vy dung d[ch 'xit m(ohid"ic c2 t!nh 'xit yBu N h 6.1</*V. b/ GC nguyQn nh1n t"Qn nQn t"ong dung d[ch 'xit m(ohid"ic c2 cc Uon d;ng %$m3/P %3m*/P %*m,/. hi t"ung hg' t;o "' cc 3uXi 'xit nh %m$ N8nch $39<&Vr %$m3 N8nch 5$<&Vr %3m* N8nch5<<&Vr %*m, N8nch 63<&V. <E'a/ DZ iYn (i c9' cc dung d[ch 'xit h'(og)n hid"ic %] <P1N. %m %&( %F" %U NtV 9 9$P5 93P, 9, Z 3;nh c9' 'xit tSng ta %m Bn %U do Z di (iQn :Bt tSng Nx)3 bi sX ,*V. 7xit m(ohid"ic ( 3Zt 'xit yBu Nx)3 bi ,6V bV G'i t"g c9' %U t"ong h'i phn ng 2 :hc nh'u. <F' z_' vo thB iYn c_c L gii th!ch. BJ'a/ &hy c2 U ( c2 thL phn ng Tc vfi m)&(3 Nd_' vo thB iYn c_c L gii th!chV. B&'a/ 7xit 4un{u"ic tc dng vfi &'nxi m(o"u' t;o "' 'xit m(ohid"icP ( 'xit duy nht tc dng Tc vfi 4i(ic ioxit. 4i+$ n *%m h $%$+n 4im* 4'u 2 si(ic t)t"'{(o"u' tc dng vfi %m d t;o "' 'xit %)cx' {(osi(ixic %$4im3 t'n t"ong nfc\ 4im* n $%m h %$4im3 7xit &(ohid"ic :h?ng c2 :h nSng Sn 3gn Tc th9y tinh. B0'b/ 8"ong c h'i t"ing hTp sn ph3 t;o "' =u nh nh'u\ N'$+.&'+.54i+$ n 1*%$m$ N'$4im5 n &'4im5 n *4im* n 1* %$+. 8uy nhiQn :hi th9y tinh b[ dung d[ch 'xit m(ohi"ic Sn 3gn thC sn ph3 phn ng sH chuyLn vo dung d[ch v b= 3Kt b[ Sn 3gn sH t"k nQn t"ong suXt. B4'a/ GC Z b=n Xi vfi nhiYt gi3P nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt gi3 nQn t!nh :hR c9' cc hid"o h'(og)nu' tSng Nk t";ng thi :h! cng nh k t";ng thi t'n t"ong dung d[chV Nx)3 bi tp ,*V. b/ hi tc dng vfi +xi\ %m n +$\ :h?ng c2 phn ngr %m hon ton :h?ng thL hiYn t!nh :hR. %&( n +$ \ t"ong dung d[ch :h?ng xy "' phn ngP nhng k t";ng thi :h! thC xy "' phn ng thun ngh[ch\
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%&( chy thL hiYn t!nh :hR :hi tc dng vfi cht oxi h2' 3;nh. %F" v %U =u ( nhcng cht :hR 3;nhP dung d[ch c9' chOng vXn ( t"ong suXt v :h?ng 3uP nhng L (1u t"ong :h?ng :h! dung d[ch sH vng dpn do t;o "' cc h'(og)n t_ do\ *%F" n +$ N V $%$+ n $F"$ *%U n +$ N V $%$+ n $U$ 8"ing hTp %U dung d[ch nhuX3 3u vng nh'nh h#n so vfi dung d[ch %F". B9'a/ GC cc hid"o h'(og)nu' =u ( nhcng hTp cht c2 c_c nQn t'n "t 3;nh t"ong dung 3?i c2 c_c. b/ hi t'n t"ong nfcP dung d[ch c2 t!nh 'xit vC t;o "' vfi nfc ion hid"oxoni %3+n. k t";ng thi (ung chOng :h?ng phi ( 'xit. B<'a/ Di=u chB hid"o c(o"u' bjng cch cho N'&( tc dng vfi % $4+* Kc\ N'&( n %$4+* N'%4+* n %&( N'&( n N'%4+* N'$4+* n %&( 0hn ng th nht xy "' k 3c Z ng :L ng'y k nhiYt Z thing v :hi un n2ng Bn $,<<& thC th_c tB xy "' hon ton. 0hn ng th h'i xy "' k nhiYt Z c'o h#n :hon *<</,<<<&. b/ hi dlng %$4+* (o`ng v N'&( (o`ng phn ng sH :h?ng t;o "' hid"oc(o"u' vC phpn (fn c1n bjng sH chuyLn d[ch v= ph!' t;o "' % $4+* !t ph1n (i h#n %&(. Nhng nBu dlng dung d[ch N'&( 3 Kc v %$4+*Kc thC :hi un n2ngP c1n bjng c2 thL chuyLn d[ch s'ng phi vC %&( d b'y h#i h#n. c/ 0h#ng php t"Qn c2 thL dlng L i=u chB %m nhng :h?ng thL vn dng cho %F" v %U vC chOng =u ( cht :hR 3;nh\ $%F" n %$4+* F"$ n 4+$ n $%$+ 8%U n %$4+* *U$ n %$4 n *%$+ BB'a/ Ngoi ph#ng php t"Qn Nbi tp 5,V hiYn n'y t"ong c?ng nghiYp ch9 yBu dlng ph#ng php t>ng hTp L i=u chB hid"o c(o"u'P s'u 2 cho hp th nfc t;o "' 'xit &(ohid"ic\ %$ n&($ $%&( %h / ** c'(}3o( b/ 0h#ng php 2 d_' t"Qn c# sk phn ng d1y chuy=n. 0hn ng t"Qn xy "' "t ch3 k nhiYt Z thingP nhng :hi un n2ng 3;nh hoKc c2 ti' (R' iYnP hoKc chiBu bSng ti' tR ngo;i thC phn ng xy "' 3`nh (iYt. 8"fc hBt nhi nSng (Tng h c9' ti' tR ngo;i (hoKc Xt n2ng), ph1n tR &(o ph1n (i thnh nguyQn tR s'u 2 cc nguyQn tR ny tc dng vfi ph1n tR %id"o t;o thnh %&( v nguyQn tR %id"o. NguyQn tR %id"o ny (;i tc dng vfi ph1n tR &($ t;o thnh %&( v nguyQn tR &(o
&($ n h &( n &( N:!ch th!ch b'n puV &( n %$ %&( n % % n &($ %&( n &( &( n %$ %&( n % zo 2 t;o "' 3Zt d`y phn ng :B tiBp nh'u v c 3Zt ph1n tR :!ch th!ch b'n pu c2 thL t;o "' hng t"S3 ngn ph1n tR %&( :hc. c/ 0h#ng php 2 :h?ng thL vn dng L i=u chB cc 'xit h'(og)n hid"ic :hc Tcr vfi %m phn ng xy "' du 3`nh (iYtr vfi %F" v %U cho hiYu sut thp. Di=u 2 c2 thL thy "v :hi so snh nhiYt hCnh thnh % c9' cc hid"o h'(og)nu'\ %m %&( %F" %U %N c'(}3o(V /1$8 /** /$* n1$. BE'a/ %'(og)nu' ion ( nhcng h'(og)n c2 3;ng (fi tinh thL b'o gE3 cc ion. &c :i3 (o;i :i=3\ N'P P ^bP&s &c :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>\ IgP &'P 4"P F'. -'nt'nP 3Zt sX -'nt'noit v 7ctinoit t;o "' cc h'(og)nu' d;ng ion. Ngoi "' 3Zt sX :i3 (o;i c2 nhi=u 3c oxi h2' cng t;o "' cc h'(og)nu' ion k 3c oxi h2' thp c9' :i3 (o;i. b/ Ic Z ion t"ong (iQn :Bt c9' cc hTp cht 2 th'y >i tly th)o bn t!nh c9' :i3 (o;i v c9' cc h'(og)n. G! d\ i3 (o;i c2 3c oxi h2' :hc nh'u thC h'(og)nu' thp c2 bn t!nh ion c'o h#n h'(og)nu' c'or chng h;n 0b&($ ( hTp cht ionP 0b&(* ( hTp cht cZng h2' t"[. Gfi clng 3Zt :i3 (o;i thC 3c Z ion c9' (iQn :Bt gi3 dpn ta m(o"u' Bn Uodu'. &hng h;n 7(m3 ( hTp cht ion nhng 7(U3 ( hTp cht cZng h2' t"[. BF' %'(og)nu' ion c2 nhcng t!nh cht ch9 yBu s'u\ nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i c'or 3c Z ion t"ong ph1n tR cng (fn thC nhiYt Z n2ng chy cng c'o. zbn iYn :hi n2ng chy v :hi t'n t"ong nfc. D' sX t'n t"ong nfc t;o "' cc ion hid"'t h2'. hi cc h'(og)nu' =u ( ion thC Z t'n tSng ta {(o"u' Bn iodu' Ndo nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi gi3 :hi bn :!nh ion h'(og)nu' tSngV. &hng h;n h'(og)nu' c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3P :i=3 th> v cc cht -'nt'noit Ncc {(o"u' c9' cc -'nt'noit th_c tB :h?ng t'nV. DJ'a/ Nhcng h'(g)nu' cZng h2' t"[ ( nhcng h'(og)nu' c2 3;ng (fi ph1n tR. -_c t#ng tc gic' cc ph1n tR t"ong tinh thL ( (_c G'n d)" ''(s. &c nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;iP cc :i3 (o;i k 3c oxi h2' c'o t;o "' cc h'(og)nu' cZng h2' t"[. b/ &c h'(og)nu' cZng h2' t"[ c2 3Zt sX Kc t!nh s'u\ n2i chung =u d b'y h#ir t'n t"ong dung 3?i :h?ng c_cr :h?ng dbn iYn :hi n2ng chy cng nh :hi t'n t"ong dung 3?i :h?ng c_cP d dng b[ th9y ph1n t;o "' 'xit h'(og)n hid"ic. &hng h;n\
Fi&(3 n 3%$+ FiN+%V3 n 3%&(. D&' 8h)o d`y &($+P &(+$P &($+5P &($+6 t!nh b=n tSngP t!nh oxi h2' gi3. GC c2 Z iYn 13 gpn t#ng #ng nQn :h?ng thL i=u chB bjng ph#ng php t>ng hTp t"_c tiBp ta &(o v +xi 3 phi i=u chB bjng ph/ #ng php gin tiBp. D0'a/ 8"ong cc oxit c9' &(o thC &(+$ c2 t!nh thun ta vC t"ong ph1n tR c2 3Zt )()ct"on ch' ghWp ?i Nx)3 bi tp 38V. b/ Fjng phn ng cho tc dng vfi nfc t;o "' 'xit hoKc phn ng vfi dung d[ch :i=3 t;o "' 3uXi L 3inh he' cc oxit 2 ( cc 'nhid"it. &($+ ( 'nhid"it c9' 'xit hipoc(o"#. &(+$ ( 'nhid"it hsn t;p c9' 'xit hipoc(o"# %&(+$ v 'xit c(o"ic %&(+3. &($+5 ( 'nhid"it hsn t;p c9' 'xit c(o"ic v 'xit p)c(o"ic %&(+ *. &($+6 ( 'nhid"it c9' 'xit p)c(o"ic. &hng h;n cc phn ng\ &($+ n $ +% $ & (+ n %$+ $&(+$ n $ +% &(+$ n &(+3 n %$+ &($+5 n %$+ %&(+3 n %&(+* &($+6 n %$+ $%&(+*. D4' D` biBt Tc cc oxit s'u 1y\ m &( F" U +m$ &($+ F"$+ U$+* +$m$ &(+$ F"3+3NhoKcV U*+9 +3m$ &($+5 F"+3 +*m$ &($+6 F"+$ U$+, m(o c2 Z iYn 13 (fn h#n oxi nQn cc oxit c9' {(o c2 thL coi ( cc {(o"u' c9' oxiP t"ong 2 chy c2 +m$ ( tEn t;i k nhiYt Z phgng. N2i chung =u ( nhcng hTp cht :h?ng b=n d b[ ph1n h9yP d n>P nQn =u c2 :h nSng phn ng. F=n h#n c ( U $+, P cht "Jn t"JngP Bn 3<<<& :h?ng b[ ph1n h9yP i=u chB bjng cch :hR nfc c9' 'xit Uodic k $<<<&. U$+* Tc coi ( 3uXi Uody( Uod't U+NU+V3P cgn U*+9 ( 3uXi Uod't c9' Uod h2' t"[ b' UNU+3V3. D9'&c h'(og)n ` t;o "' cc 'xit ch' oxi nh s'u\ 8Qn gei m &( F" U 7xit %m+ %&(+ %F"+ %U+ hipoh'(og)n# 7xit h'(og)n# %&(+$ 7xit h'(og)nic %&(+3 %F"+3 %U+3 7xit p)h'(og)nic %&(+* %U+*r%3U+,r %,U+5r %*U$+9
t"a 'xit hipo{(o"#P nhcng 'xit :hc c9' {(o ch' i=u chB Tc. &c 'xit b"o3#P 'xit p)b"o3icP 'xit iod# ch' i=u chB Tc. 7xit p)iodic c2 :h nSng tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch dfi d;ng cc ion hid"'t h2' :hc nh'uP chng h;n nh ion %$U+,/ NU+*/.%$+Vr %*U+5/ NU+/ / * .$%$+VP ... 'xit 3)t' p)iodic %U+ * ( d;ng #n gin nht c9' (o;i 'xit p)iodic Tc i=u chB ta 'xit p'"' p)iodic %,U+5P bjng cch :hR %$+ hon ton k 1<<< t"ong ch1n :h?ng. 7xit 3)wo p)iodic %3U+, tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch Ncng cgn gei ( 'xit 3)t'iodicP p'"' iodicV. D<'a/ 8h)o d`y %m+P %&(+P %F"+P %U+P t!nh b=n gi3P t!nh 'xit gi3P t!nh oxi h2' gi3. %m+\ c2 :h nSng tch "' k t";ng thi t_ doP k nhiYt Z thp ( cht "Jn 3u t"JngP nhiYt Z n2ng chy ( / 116<&. F' 'xit cgn (;i =u !t b=n chy tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch (o`ng :h?ng tch "' Tc k t";ng thi t_ do. %jng sX iYn (i 'xit c9' %&(+ ( 3P*.1</8r c9' %F"+ ( $.1</9 v %U+ ( $P<.1</11. thB tiQu chun ng vfi du t"Cnh\ $%]+ n $%n n $) ]$ n $%$+ gi3 Nvfi &(oP ~< h 1P53Gr vfi F"o3P ~<h1P,9Gr vfi Uod ~<h1P*,GV . DB'a/ Nfc &(o ( dung d[ch &(o hg' t'n t"ong nfc 3 thnh phpn ch9 yBu ( 'xit &(ohid"ic %&( v 'xit hipoc(o"# %&(+r nfc 'v)n ( dung d[ch t"ong nfc c9' N't"i &(o"u' v N't"i hipoc(o"itr c(o"u' v?i ( cht bZt 3u t"Jng 3 thnh phpn ch9 yBu ( &'nxi c(o"u' hipoc(o"it &'+&( $. bV hi cho :h! &+$ du' dung d[ch nfc 'v)n hoKc dung d[ch &'nxi hipoc(o"it c2 cc phn ng s'u 1y\ &+$ n %$+ n N'&(+ N'%&+3 n %&(+ &+$ n %$+ n &'N+&(V$ &'&+3 n $%&(+. DD'a/ zo tc dng c9' &+$ t"ong :h?ng :h! P t;o thnh %&(+. 7xit hipoc(o"# d dng b[ ph1n h9y t;o "' %&( v oxi do 2 c2 :h nSng ty 3u. bV 8a &'nxi c'cbon't i=u chB &'nxi hid"oxitP ta N't"i c(o"u' i=u chB "' &(oP s'u 2 i=u chB &(o"u' v?i. DE' &(o tc dng vfi U t;o "' U$ cho dung d[ch 3u n1uP s'u 2 &(o d tc dng vfi U$ t;o "' U+3/ (3 cho dung d[ch 3t 3u. &($ n $N'+% N'&( n N'&(+ n %$+ &($ n $ U U$ n $ &( ,&($ n U$ n 5%$+ $%U+3 n 1<%&( DF'a/ &c %'(og)n tc dng vfi %$+ Nx)3 bi *6V. hi cho cc %'(og)n tc dng vfi dung d[ch :i=3P phn ng t;o "' %ipoh'(og)nit N]+ /VP nhng t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3 cc %ipoh'(og)nit b[ ph1n h9y th)o phn ng\ 3]+/ $]/ n ]+3/
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%&(+ n %n n $) &(/ n %$+ ~<hn1P,G &($ n $) $&(/ ~<hn1P35G hi 'xit h2' nfc 'v)n bjng %$4+* (o`ngP t"ong dung d[ch sH tEn t;i c1n bjng\ &($ n %$+ %&(+ n %n n &(/ vC nEng Z %n tSng nQn c1n bjng chuyLn s'ng t"i t;o "' :h! &(o. %&(+ t"ong nfc 'v)n ` Tc oxi h2' bjng %F" sH oxi h2' ion F"/ thnh b"o3't F"+3/. E<' 8h)o d`y %&(+P %&(+$P %&(+3P %&(+*\ a/ 8!nh b=n tSng\ %&(+ v %&(+$ chy tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch (o`ngr %&(+3 tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch dfi ,<tr %&(+* tch "' dfi d;ng tinh :hiBt. DZ b=n tSng do Z di c9' (iQn :Bt &( / + gi3\ %&(+ %&(+$ %&(+3 %&(+* dN&(/+V 1P6 1P5* 1P,6 1P*, b/ 8!nh oxi h2' gi3 do Z b=n tSng t"ong d`y &(+ /P &(+$/P &(+3/P &(+*/ nQn t!nh oxi h2' c9' 'xit v c9' 3uXi gi3. c/ 8!nh 'xit tSng\ %&(+ ( 'xit yBu N h$P*.1</3Vr %&(+$ ( 'xit t"ung bCnh N h1P1.1</$Vr %&(+3 ( 'xit 3;nhr %&(+* ( 'xit 3;nh nht t"ong tt c cc 'xit. DZ 3;nh c9' cc 'xit ph thuZc v :h nSng tch p"oton % n :hui ph1n tRP ngh' ( ph thuZc vo Z b=n c9' (iQn :Bt + / %. hi sX nguyQn tR +xi N:h?ng nj3 t"ong nh23 hid"oxy(V tSng thC Z b=n t"ong nh23 +% gi3P do 2 :h nSng tch p"oton %n tSng. EB' 3V *V ,V 5V 6V 8V *%$+$ 9V 1<V &($+, n %$+ %&(+3 n %&(+* $%&(+* n 0$+, &($+6 n $%0+3 $&'N+%V$ n $&($ &'N+&(V$ n &'&($ n $%$+ &'+&($ n &+$ &'&($ n &'&+3 n &($+ %&(+3 n ,%&( 3&($ n 3%$+ 57g n 5%&(+3 ,7g&(+3 n 7g&( n 3%$+ 5m) n 18%&(+3 ,m)N&(+3V3 n m)&(3 n 9%$+ %&(+3 n 5m)4+* n 3%$4+* %&( n 3m)$N4+*V3 n
ED' 8h)o d`y %&(+3 / %F"+3 / %U+3 t!nh b=n tSngP t!nh 'xit gi3P t!nh oxi h2' gi3. 'xit &(o"ic %&(+3 v 'xit F"o3ic %F"+3 chy tEn t;i t"ong dung d[chP nEng Z t"Qn ,<t b[ ph1n h9y. 3%&(+3 %&(+* n $&(+$ n %$+ *%F"+3 +$ n *F"+$ n $%$+ 7xit iodic %U+3 c2 thL tch "' d;ng tinh thL :h?ng 3u b=n Bn < $,< t;o "' U$+,. & 3 'xit =u c2 t!nh oxi h2' 3;nhP chng h;n t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit chOng c2 :h nSng gi3 h2' t"[ t;o "' cc h'(og)nu'\
&(+3/ n 5%n n 5) &(/ n 3%$+ ~<hn1P*,G F"+3/ n 5%n n 5) F"/ n 3%$+ ~<hn1P**G U+3/ n 5%n n 5) U/ n 3%$+ ~<h1P<9G ta 2 t' thy t!nh oxi h2' gi3 ta %&(+3 Bn %U+3. EE' &2 thL bjng cch s'u\ cho &'&+3 tc dng vfi hsn hTp gE3 %&( v %&(+. 7xit &(ohid"ic tc dng vfi &'&+3P cgn %&(+ :h?ng phn ng. zung d[ch cgn (;i ch' %&(+P &'$n v &(/. &hng ct hsn hTpP %&(+ ph1n h9y th)o s# E\ $%&(+ $&($+ n %$+. &ho &($+ hg' t'n t"ong nfc thu Tc dung d[ch %&(+. EF' &ho hsn hTp gE3 hid"o c(o"u' v :h?ng :h! un n2ng k *,< <& c2 cht xOc tc. %sn hTp :h! thu Tc gE3 &(o v hid"o c(o"u' cho t'n vo nfcP t;o "' dung d[ch gE3 'xit c(ohid"ic v 'xit hipoc(o"#. 8ch %&(+ "' :hui hsn hTp nh bi 88. FJ' &2 thL i=u chB bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n dung d[ch &(. 8"ong du' t"Cnh iYn ph1nP k &'tot t;o "' 3?i t"ing :i=3\ $%$+ n $) %$ n $+%/. k 'not t;o "' &(o\ $&(/ / $) &($ nBu du t"Cnh iYn ph1n :h?ng c2 3ng ngSn cch $ iYn c_c thC dung d[ch k &'tot v 7ot t"Zn (bn vfi nh'u sinh "' phn ng\ &($ n $ +% &(+ n &( n %$+. t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3P ion &(+/ b[ ph1n h9y th)o phn ng\ 3&(+/ $&(/ n &(+3/ :Bt du thu Tc :'(i c(o"'t &(+3 tch "' k d;ng tinh thL vC Z t'n c9' &(+3 bW NZ t'n c9' &(+3 k $<<& ( 5P8tV. F&' &2 thL i=u chB bjng ph#ng php nhiYt ph1n :'(i c(o"'t thu / Tc hsn hTp gE3 &(+* v &(. 4'u 2 tch $ cht bjng ph#ng php :Bt tinh ph1n o;n Nd_' vo Z t'n :hc nh'uV. &2 thL i=u chB bjng ph#ng php iYn ph1n dung d[ch &(+3. u t"Cnh iYn ph1n xy "' th)o ph#ng t"Cnh\ Qi[n phn &(+3 n %$+ %$Nc'totV n &(+* N'notV. &(+3 n 5 %&( &( n 3&($ n 3%$+ 3 &(+3 n 3%$4+* 3 %4+* n %&(+* n $&(+$ n %$+ $ &(+3 n %$4+* $4+* n $%&(+3 $ &(+3 n $4$+3 $ $4+* n +$ n $&(+$ $ &(+3 n %$&$+* $&+3 n &+$ n $&(+$ n %$+ $ &(+3 n %$4+* n %$&$+* $4+* n $&(+$ n $&+$ n $%$+ F0' F4'z_' vo Z t'n :hc nh'u c9' cc 3uXi t"ong hsn hTp.
F<'a/ hi thQ3 3Zt (Tng t#ng ng %$4+* c2 thL :Bt t9' hBt F'$n c2 t"ong dung d[ch nfc c9' F'%3U+5. 7xit 0)ioic cgn (;i t"ong dung d[ch. F'%3U+5 n %$4+* F'4+* n %,U+5 b/ 7xit 0'"'p)iodic %,U+5 ( 'xit yBu so vfi 'xit %&(+*. &c hj sX iYn (i cc nc (iQn tiBp =u "t bW N 1h3.1</$r 3h3.1</13V do 2 Uon U+5,/ c2 "t !t t"ong dung d[ch.&h!nh i=u 2 gii th!ch nguyQn nh1n hCnh thnh cc 3uXi 'xit. c/ 0h thuZc vo sX phXi t"! c9' nguyQn tR t"ung t13. 4X nguyQn tR oxi (iQn :Bt vfi nguyQn tR t"ung t13 c9' ph1n tR 'xit bjng sX phXi t"! c9' nguyQn tR 2. 4X phXi t"! cng (fn nBu bn :!nh c9' nguyQn tR t"ung t13 cng (fn. 4X phXi t"! c_c ;i t"ong 'xit ch' Uod ( bjng 5. FB' 8"ong nhcng i=u :iYn :hc nh'uP cc h'(og)n t#ng tc vfi nh'u t;o "' cc hTp cht gic' cc h'(og)n ]n P t"ong 2 n ( sX phXi t"! N( nhcng sX ( 1P3P,P6VP U ( cc h'(og)n nho c2 Z iYn 13 (fn h#n. Ngii t' ` biBt Tc nhcng hTp cht s'u\ ] ]3 ], ]6 &(m &(m3 N&(m,V F"m F"m3 F"m, NUmV Um3 Um, Um6 U&( U&(3 UF" zo c2 3Zt sX ch|n nguyQn tR h'(og)nP vfi cc )()ct"on ho t"[ ` ghWp ?i hoKc k d;ng cKp )()ct"on t_ do nQn hTp cht gic' cc h'(og)n =u c2 t!nh ngh[ch ta. 8!nh cht (! h2' c9' chOng =u ( t!nh cht t"ung gi'n gic' h'i h'(og)n c2 t"ong thnh phpn c9' chOngP 3Kc dl cc hTp cht 2 =u ph1n c_c. 8t c cc hTp cht gic' cc h'(og)n =u ( cht oxi h2' 3'nhP =u b[ th9y ph1nP t"ong dung d[ch :i=3 t;o "' cc h'(og)nu' c9' h'(og)n c2 :!ch thfc nhu h#n v 7nion ch' oxi c9' h'(og)n c2 :!ch thfc (fn h#n. G! d\ Um, n 5 +% , m n U+3 n 3%$+ ]n ( nhcng cht ho;t Zng 3;nh h#n so vfi cc h'(og)n t;o "' chOngP vC "jng nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt ]/ bW h#n nSng (Tng (iQn :Bt ]/] v /. k tfng h#iP chOng ( hTp cht cZng h2' t"[P nhng k tfng (ung chOng t_ Uon h2'P v! d\ $U&( Un n U&($/ $U&(3 U&($n n U&(*/ $F"m3 *F"m$/ n F"m*/ $Um3 Um*n n Um5/ zo 2P chOng c2 Z dbn iYn "iQng :h c'o v ( nhcng dung 3?i ion h2' tXt Xi vfi nhi=u cht.
FD'a/ zo nSng (Tng :!ch th!ch nguyQn tR cpn thiBt L hCnh thnh cc )()ct"on :h?ng cKp ?i gi3 dpn ta &(o Bn Uodr Eng thii th)o chi=u ta &(o Bn iod bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSng nQn sX nguyQn tR m(o c2 thL ph1n bX Tc nhi=u h#n xung du'ng nguyQn tR c2 :!ch thfc (fn h#n. b/ @ii th!ch nh c1u 96'. c/ GC 3c oxi h2' Kc t"ng c9' cc h'(og)n ( sX (. &hy sX n ch!nh ( sX )()ct"on Zc th1n Tc t;o "' :hi hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt. 9' 3:i FE' NguyQn tR cc nguyQn tX thuZc nh23 ny =u c2 5 )()ct"on h2' t"[ vfi cu hCnh ns$p*P gpn vfi cu hCnh b=n c9' :h! t"#. zo 2 cc nguyQn tX nh23 GU' Nt"a 8) v 0oV d dng :Bt hTp thQ3 )()ct"on c9' cc :i3 (o;i 3;nh L t;o "' hTp cht ionP g1y nQn t!nh cht c# bn ( t!nh oxi h2'. 8a + Bn 0oP :h nSng :Bt hTp thQ3 )()ct"on gi3P Eng thii :h nSng nhing )()ct"on tSngP Bn 8) v 0o ` t;o "' cc &'tionP 0o Tc x)3 nh ( :i3 (o;i iLn hCnhP chng h;n 0o t'n Tc t"ong dung d[ch 'xit %&(. 0o n $%&( 0o&($ n %$ &gn 4) v 8) :h?ng tc dng. 4) v 8) tc dng vfi % $4+* Kc hoKc %N+3 t#ng t_ nh (u hu.nhP cgn 0o thC t;o "' 3uXi\ 0o n 8%N+3 0oNN+3V* n *N+$ n *%$+ FF'a/ NguyQn tR oxi c2 cu hCnh 1s$$s$$p*P t"ong nguyQn tR c2 $ )()ct"on Zc th1nP g1y "' t";ng thi h2' t"[ $ c9' nguyQn tR.
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IuXn xut hiYn h2' t"[ (fn h#n $ cpn phi chuyLn )()ct"on ta 3c $p (Qn 3c 3s L t;o "' * )()ct"on :h?ng cKp ?iP i=u 2 :h?ng thL th_c hiYn Tc vC gi hui 3Zt nSng (Tng :h (fn. b/ +xi c2 :h nSng xut hiYn 3c oxi h2' d#ng t"ong cc hTp cht m$+n Nnh1P$P3P*V do oxi c2 Z 13 iYn bW h#n m(o. G! d\ m $+P m$+$ &JJ' 8h)o du'n iL3 c9' ph#ng php (iQn :Bt h2' t"[ thC ph1n tR oxi Tc hCnh thnh bjng s_ ghWp ?i c9' cc )()ct"on Zc th1n k h'i nguyQn tR oxi vfi nh'u t;o "' ph1n tR +$ ng vfi s# E\
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Ngh' ( t"ong ph1n tR c2 3Zt (iQn :Bt :WpP ph1n tR :h?ng cgn )()ct"on Zc th1n. 8h)o ph#ng php +bit'n ph1n tR thC ph1n tR oxi c2 cu hCnh )()ct"on nh s'u\ + .$s$.$p* n + .$s$.$p* +$
$ * $ lk $ $ lk lk $s $s $ px $ pyP z $ pyP z
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Gfi cu hCnh 2P ph1n tR oxi cgn d * )()ct"on t;o (iQn :Bt. &c obit'( phn (iQn :Bt c2 :h nSng nhn tXi ' ( * )()ct"onP nhng chy 3fi c2 $p $ )()ct"onP chOng =u c2 spin song song nh'u phl hTp vfi duy tJc Hund. 4# E cc 3c nSng (Tng c9' ph1n tR oxi th)o thuyBt obit'( ph1n tR\

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lk $ px
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` cho t' thy t"ong ph1n tR +$ c2 $ )()ct"on Zc th1n ch' ghWp ?i. &u hCnh 2 phl hTp vfi s# E cu t;o ph1n tR oxi nh s'u\ hoKc ngh' ( t"ong ph1n tR oxi c2 3Zt (iQn :Bt bo 3 bjng 1 cKp
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$ p V v $ (iQn :Bt Kc biYtP 3si (iQn :Bt c2 3 )()ct"on t"ong 2 c2 $ )()ct"on (iQn :Bt N 2 p V v 3Zt )()ct"on phn
)()ct"on c2 spin Xi song Nobit'(
(iQn :Bt N $ V. Nhcng nguyQn tRP ion h'y ph1n tR c2 t!nh thun ta Nc2 3o3)n ta vnh cRuV bJt buZc phi c2 !t nht 3Zt )()ct"on Zc th1n. 0h1n tR +$ c2 t!nh thun taP nh vy phi c2 )()ct"on Zc th1n t"ong ph1n tR. Di=u 2 :h?ng thL gii th!ch Tc bjng thuyBt (iQn :Bt h2' t"[ 3 Tc chng 3inh bjng du'n iL3 c9' thuyBt obit'( ph1n tR. &J&' 0hl hTp vfi nhcng dc :iYn du'ng ph>P cc +bit'n ph1n tR c9' ph1n tR h'i nguyQn tR c2 cc 3c nSng (Tng Tc ph1n bX th)o t"t t_ s'u\
lk < < lk < lk < lk = lk < = < 1 $ px $ py $ pz $ py $ pz $ px 8"on s 1s $s < $s
g 2 cc :! hiYu\ / 1:\ chy cc obit'n (iQn :Bt / \ chy cc obit'n phn (iQn :Bt Nhng :hi nSng (Tng gic' cc nguyQn tR $s v $p t"Zn (bn vfi nh'u 3Zt phpn no L t;o "' cc obit'n ph1n tR 2s v 2pxP cc obit'n 2 sH t#ng tc y nh'u v do 2 cc obit'n ph1n tR h#n so vfi obit'n thL ph1n bX nh s'u\
lk lk $ py v $ px c2 nSng (Tng c'o
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.. .. . O: :O . :
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ion +$/ c2 t"ong sup)oxit c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hi cho oxi tc dng t"_c tiBp vfi cc :i3 (o;i 2P chng h;n + $P ^b+$.
hi :Bt hTp thQ3 $ )()ct"on v obit'n *, ph1n tR oxi chuyLn thnh ion p)oxit +$$/ \
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2
ion +$$/ c2 t"ong cc hTp cht nh\ F'+$P %$+$ &J4' DZ di (iQn :Bt tSng do s_ tSng c9' cc obit'n phn :iQn :Bt. &2 thL d_' vo Z b=n (iQn :Bt L gii th!ch. DZ bZi (iQn :Bt t"ong ph#ng php obit'n ph1n tR Tc xc [nh th)o sX )()ct"on c2 t"Qn obit'n (iQn :Bt v sX )()ct"on c2 t"Qn obit'n phn (iQn :Bt\ DZ bZi (iQn :Bt h
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Nh vy sX )()ct"on t"Qn obit'n phn (iQn :Bt tSng thC Z bZi (iQn :Bt gi3P do 2 :hong cch gic' cc nguyQn tR tSng. 8h)o d`y t"QnP Z bZi gic sH (\ $P, r $ r 1P, r 1. &J9' zo iYn t!ch h;t nh1n nguyQn tR c9' cc nguyQn tX nh23 GU' bW h#n 3Zt #n v[. &J<'c/ IuXn tinh (uyYn nguyQn tR c9' nguyQn tX th)o #n v[ c'cbon thC (y nguyQn tR (Tng th)o #n v[ c Nt!nh bjng #n v[ oxiV nh1n vfi <P99995. G! d vfi oxi\ 15.<P99995 h 1,P999* .v.& &JB'a/ &c h'(og)nP cc :h! t"#P 3Zt sX :i3 (o;i du nh\ 7gP 0tP 7u :h?ng phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi oxi. b/ hong cch gic' h'i nguyQn tR t"ong ph1n tR + $ ( 1P$1 P bW h#n Z di c9' (iQn :Bt #n + / + ( 1P*8 P do d2 ph1n tR +$ "t b=n. 8"ong ph1n tR +$ c2 3Zt (iQn :Bt v h'i (iQn :Bt b' )()ct"on . 8"ong ph1n tR &(o chy c2 3Zt (iQn :Bt P ngoi "' cgn c2 3Zt (iQn :Bt do s_ x)n ph9 bki cc )()ct"on d. zo 2 nSng (Tng (Qn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR oxi ( 118 c'(}3o(P cgn vfi &(o ( ,9 c'(}3o(. k $<<<<& ph1n tR oxi ph1n (i thnh nguyQn tRP (Oc 2 oxi sH thL hiYn t!nh h2' hec 3;nh h#n &(o. &JF' +xi t;o "' nhcng hTp cht oxi vfi ;i ' sX cc nguyQn tX hoKc t"_c tiBp hoKc gin tiBp. Nhcng hTp cht 3 t"ong 2 nguyQn tR oxi (iQn :Bt vfi nguyQn tR c9' nguyQn tX :hc v :h?ng (iQn :Bt gic' cc nguyQn tR oxi vfi nh'u gei ( cc oxit thing N^$U+V. &gn nhcng oxit 3 t"ong ph1n tR cc nguyQn tR oxi (iQn :Bt vfi nh'u gei ( cc p)oxit N^$U+$V.
z_' vo t!nh cht h2' hecP ngii t' chi' thnh oxit 'xitP oxit b'w# v oxit (ng t!nh. Nhcng oxit c9' 3Zt sX nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;iP :h?ng c2 t!nh 'xit cng nh t!nh b'w# Tc gei ( cc oxit t"#. Nhcng oxit t'n t"ong nfc gei ( cc oxit 'xit NN$+,P 4+$P 4+3P &+$P &($+6 v.vVr c2 oxit tuy :h?ng t'n t"ong nfc nhng (;i t'n t"ong dung d[ch :i=3 cng gei ( oxit 'xit. G! d\ 4b$+3 n $N'+% n ,%$+ $N'4bN+%V5 +xit b'w# :hi tc dng vfi nfc t;o "' b'w# N-i$+P N'$+P &'+P F'+V. IZt sX oxit tuy :h?ng t'n t"ong nfc nhng t'n t"ong dung d[ch 'xit (o`ng cng ( oxit b'w#. G! d\ Ni+ n $%&( Ni&($ n %$+ Ig+ n %$4+* Ig4+* n %$+ +xit (ng t!nh va' t'n t"ong 'xit va' t'n t"ong dung d[ch :i=3 N7($+3P xn+P &"$+3V &c oxit :h?ng t'n t"ong nfcP t"ong 'xitP t"ong dung d[ch :i=3 Tc gei ( oxit t"# NN$+P &oV &c oxit c'o Tc t;o bki N'P IgP 7(P 4iP 0P 4 v &(r th)o chi=u tSng 3c oxi h2' c9' cc nguyQn tX 2 t"ong d`y thC t!nh cht c9' oxit sH chuyLn ta oxit b'w# N'$+ Bn oxit 'xit &($+6. Nhcng nguyQn tX c2 nhi=u 3c oxi h2' P :hi t;o "' cc oxit thC k 3c oxi h2' thpP oxit c2 t!nh b'w#P k 3c oxi h2' c'oP oxit c2 t!nh 'xit. G! dP t"ong d`y\ In+ In$+3 In+$ In$+6 ta t"i s'ng phi t!nh 'xit tSngP t!nh b'w# gi3 NIn+ c2 t!nh b'w#P In$+6 c2 t!nh 'xitV. -iQn :Bt h2' hec t"ong cc oxit biBn >i ta thupn tOy ion Nt"ong oxit c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3P :i=3 th>V Bn thupn tOy cZng h2' t"[ Nt"ong oxit c9' cc h'(og)nV. 4_ hCnh thnh ion +$/ ta oxi ph1n tR v s'u 2 L hCnh thnh cc oxit cpn tiQu tXn 3Zt nSng (Tng :h (fnP nQn s_ hCnh thnh oxit ion sH gKp :h2 :hSnP nhng nhi c2 nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi c9' cc oxit 2 (;i "t c'oP nQn t"ong th_c tB c2 nhi=u oxit thupn tOy ion v "t b=n. k nhcng oxit 3 nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi :h?ng 9 (fn L c2 thL ion h2' hon ton nguyQn tR :i3 (o;iP thC (iQn :Bt t"ong oxit c2 3c Z c?ng h2' t"[ ng :L P v! d F)+P F$+3 v.v Uon +$/ chy tEn t;i t"ong tinh thL c9' cc oxit ionP nhng :h?ng thL tEn t;i t"ong dung d[ch vC d dng b[ th9y ph1n\ +$/ n %$+ $+%/ GC vy cc oxit ion nh oxit :i3 (o;i :i=3P :i=3 th> :hi t'n t"ong nfc t;o "' 3?i t"ing :i=3. Ngoi cc oxit :L t"QnP cgn c2 cc 0)oxit nh N'$+$P F'+$P 4n+$ v cc oxit hsn hTp nh 0b$+3P 0b3+*P In3+*P m)3+* &c p)oxit :h?ng phi ( cc oxit th_c s_ 3 ( 3uXi c9' %$+$P :hi cho cc p)oxit tc dng vfi 'xit thC clng vfi 3uXi cgn t;o "' % $+$P nhng nh23 / + / + / :h?ng b=n nQn thing thu Tc +$. G! d\ $N' / + / + / N' n $%$4+* $N'$4+* n $%$+ n +$
N])3 thQ3 bi 3$1P 3$$V. &c oxit hsn hTp N?i :hi cgn gei ( cc oxit :WpV Tc x)3 nh ( cc 3uXi N])3 bi *<8V. G! d 0b$+3 h 0b0b+3 N3uXi 0b NUUV c9' %$0b+3VP In3+* h In$In+* N3uXi In NUUV c9' 'xit %*In+*VP m)3+* h m)Nm)+$V$ N3uXi m) NUUV c9' %m)+$V. 8"ong ph1n tR c9' 'xit (o;i ny c2 cc nguyQn tR c9' clng 3Zt nguyQn tX nhng c2 3c oxi h2' :hc nh'u. &&4'0h1n tR +won :h?ng c2 cu t;o vgng :!n 3 c2 cu t;o d;ng g2c vfi g2c +++h115P,< Ngpn vfi g2c k t13 c9' t'3 gic =uVP ph1n tR c2 c_c t!nh vfi h<P,$. 8"ong ph1n tR +3P nguyQn tR oxi t"ung t13 k t";ng $ thi ('i h2' sp Nnhi cc obit'n $sP $p]P $pV. %'i obit'n ('i h2' sp$ c9' nguyQn tR t"ung t13 t;o thnh h'i (iQn :Bt vfi h'i nguyQn tR oxi cgn (;i. +bit'n sp$ th b' ch' cKp )()ct"on t_ do. +bit'n $px c9' nguyQn tR oxi t"ung t13 thng g2c vfi 3Kt phng ph1n tR t;o thnh (iQn :Bt :h?ng [nh v[ vfi cc obit'n $px c9' h'i nguyQn tR oxi cgn (;i. bV Nh vy t";ng thi c2 thL c2 c9' ph1n tR owon ng vfi cu hCnh s'u\ N1kV* h N1kV$ n NV$ 823 (;i t"ong ph1n tR owon c2 h'i (iQn :Bt v 3Zt (iQn :Bt :h?ng [nh chs. &&9'a/ +won ( cht :h?ng b=nP d b[ ph1n h9y do c2 ho;t t!nh oxi h2' c'o h#n nhi=u so vfi oxi. +xi c2 thL tc dng vfi nhi=u chtP nhng c2 nhi=u t"ing hTp xy "' k nhiYt Z c'o v phi c2 cht xOc tc. 8"i (;i owon c2 thL oxi h2' Tc nhi=u #n cht !t ho;t Zng nh 7gP %g ng'y k nhiYt Z thing. b/ 7g n +$ h?ng $7g n +3 7g$+ n +$ 8c dng vfi 0b4\ +$ :h?ng thL oxi h2' 0b4 L t;o "' 0b4+ *P t"i (;i vfi +3\ 0b4 n $+3 0b4+* n +$ 8c dng vfi dung d[ch U\ 4o snh thB iYn c_c c9' +$ v +3 t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit v b'w#\ +3 n $%n n $) +$ n %$+ ~<hn$P<6G +3 n %$+ n $) +$ n $+%/ ~<hn1P$*G +$ n *%n n *) $%$+ ~<hn1P$3G U$ n $) $U/ ~<hn<P,*G +$ n $%$+ n *) *+%/ ~<hn<P*<G Nh vy +$ chy c2 thL oxi h2' Tc U/ t;o "' U$ t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xitP cgn +3 c2 :h nSng oxi h2' U/ t;o "' U$ :h?ng nhcng t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit 3 c t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3\ $ U n +3 n %$+ U$ n $ +% n +$ &&<' h! 4+$ n N%3 =u c2 t!nh :hR nQn b[ owon oxi h2'.
&&B' a/ &2 thL nhn "' owon bjng ph#ng php s'u\ +won (3 )n ( b;c h# n2ng @iy du. u c2 t3 dung d[ch U sH h2' x'nh :hi tiBp xOc vfi + 3. &2 thL nhn "' bjng dung d[ch U ta :h?ng 3u t;o "' 3u vngn1u :hi cho +3 i du' dung d[ch 2. b/ hi cho +3 tiBp xOc vfi giy hE tinh bZt t3 ft dung d[ch U sH t;o "' U$ ( x'nh hE tinh bZt. &&D' zlng giy t3 dung d[ch In&( $P :hi c2 3Kt owonP giy ny h2' n1uP hid"o p)oxit :h?ng tc dng vfi giy 2. &&E' &2 thL i=u chB bjng ph#ng php ph2ng iYn Q3 du' :h! oxi :h?\ +$ n hv $+ + n + $ +3 / &2 thL un n2ng nho '3oni p)sun{'t vfi 'xit Nit"ic 3 Kc 5,t 3NN%*V$4$+3 n 3%$+ 5N%*%4+* n +3 / &2 thL cho %$4+* Kc tc dng vfi F'+$\ 3F'+$ n 3%$4+* 3F'4+* n 3%$+ n +3 / &2 thL iYn ph1n dung d[ch %$4+* ,<t. &&F' &hy c2 thL dlng c_c 0('tin hoKc vng (3 7not. &0J' 0h1n tR %$+ c2 cu t;o ng vfi s_ ('i h2' sp3 c9' nguyQn tR oxi. t"ong ph1n tR %$+P h'i obit'n('i h2' sp3 c9' nguyQn tR oxi x)n ph9 vfi obit'n 1s c9' nguyQn tR hid"o hCnh thnh $ (iQn :Bt + / %. $ obit'n ('i h2' sp3 cgn (;i k dfi d;ng $ cKp )()ct"on t_ do. 8"ong ph1n tR % $+P c2 8 )()ct"on h2' t"[ ph1n bX th)o cc obit'n ph1n tR ng vfi cu hCnh s'u\
lk s $ $ $ $ lk $ px $ pz $ py
8"ong 2 c2 * )()ct"on t;o "' $ (iQn :Bt v * )()ct"on :h?ng th'3 gi' (iQn :Bt z v y. DKc iL3 cu t"Oc ph1n tR c9' %$+ v %$+$ ( t!nh :h?ng Xi xng nQn c2 c_c t!nh (fn v do 2 =u ( nhcng dung 3?i ion h2' hBt.
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1,48 A
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950
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1V :hR ion :i3 (o;i ta cc oxit bjng cc cht :hR nh &P %$P 4iP &+ k nhiYt Z c'o. $V hR ion :i3 (o;i ta cc hTp cht bjng 3Zt :i3 (o;i :hc k nhiYt Z c'o Nph#ng php nhiYt :i3V. 3V Dy :i3 (o;i "' :hui dung d[ch 3uXi. *V DiYn ph1n 3uXi n2ng chy. ,V DiYn ph1n dung d[ch 3uXi t"ong nfc. 5V nhiYt ph1n cc hTp cht v? c#. 4JJ' DL xc [nh chi=u c9' phn ng c2 thL t!nh @ c9' phn ng. @p h @<Ni N " V n @<%$+ N:V / @<Ni+ N " V n @<%$ N:V h h< n N/,*P5V / N/,<P5V n < h / * c'( h'y h / 15P6$ un. @< do 2 du t"Cnh :hR Ni+ c2 thL xy "'. &2 thL t!nh @< c9' phn ng ta ph#ng t"Cnh\ @< h %< / 84< %p h %<Ni N " V n %<%$+ N:V / %<Ni+ N " V n %<%$ N:V h h< n N/,6P8V / N/ ,6P3V n < h /<P, c'( Nh'y h /$P<9 unV. 40 h 4<Ni N " V n 4<%$+ N:V / 4<Ni+ N " V n 4<%$ N:V h N6P1 n *,P1V / N9P1 n 31P$V h 11P9 #n v[ )nt"opi. @p h / <P, / $63 N11P9}1<<<V h /3P6, :c'(}3o(. Gy @<P do 2 du t"Cnh c2 thL xy "'. 4J&' &ch gii nh bi 3<<. 4J0'a/ zlng cc c'cbon (3 cht :hR L i=u chB cc :i3 (o;i 3u nKng nh xnP 4nP 0bP &u hi 3 i (_c c9' oxi vfi :i3 (o;i bW h#n so vfi c'cbonr cng :h?ng thL dlng c'cbon (3 cht :h :hi :i3 (o;i d dng t;o "' hTp cht c'cbu' :i3 (o;i nh F)P &"P In 4J4'b/ 1V / 388P* c'(r 3V / 1$6P8 c'(r ,V / $8<P9 c'(r $V / $85 c'(r *V / 5<8P1 c'(
4J9'b/ &2 b' ph#ng php nhiYt ph1n h9y cc cht v? c# L i=u chB :i3 (o;i\ 1V NhiYt ph1n cc hTp cht c'cbony( $V NhiYt ph1n cc hTp cht iotu' :i3 (o;ir 3V Dun n2ng :i3 (o;i t"ong ch1n :h?ng bjng (g iYn cc t;p cht sH b'y h#i cgn (;i :i3 (o;i. &J' (im l6Ii HiKm 4JE' b/ 4o snh nSng (Tng ion h2' c9' hid"o v c9' cc :i3 (o;i :=3. 8a 2 "Ot "' :Bt (un v= :h nSng :hR c9' cc nguyQn tX 2M Uon %n c2 :h nSng hid"'t h2' t;o "' %3+n P cgn cc ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2.
%id"o c2 :h nSng :Bt hTp )()ct"on L t;o "' cc hTp cht hid"u' vfi :i3 (o;i 3;nhr Eng thii hid"o d dng t;o "' (iQn :Bt cZng h2' t"[ c2 c_c hoKc :h?ng c2 c_c. 4&J' &c hjng sX vt (! =u c2 iL3 bt thing k -i. 4&&'a/ GC ion -in c2 bn :!nh bW h#n cc ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hcP nQn (iQn :Bt b=n h#n vfi cc ph1n tR nfc hid"'t h2'P do 2 ion -in c2 nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' (fn h#nP t;o i=u :iYn cho s_ chuyLn d[ch c1n bjng -i -in n ) v= ph!' phi. b/ &c :i3 (o;i :i=3 gic )()ct"on h2' t"[ c9' 3Cnh :h yBuP do 2 (iQn :Bt :i3 (o;i t"ong 3;ng (fi c9' cc :i3 (o;i 2 ( (iQn :Bt yBuP vC vy cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 3=3 d cJt. / NhiYt Z n2ng chy ph thuZc 3;nh vo nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi tinh thL. hi chuyLn ta -i Bn &sP bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSngP do 2 ` (3 gi3 t#ng tc gic' cc nguyQn tRP ch!nh i=u 2 ` (3 gi3 nhiYt Z n2ng chy c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. &pn chO ( cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 =u c2 cu t"Oc tinh thL giXng nh'u. 4&0'a/ NBu (y Z dbn iYn c9' %g ( #n v[ thC Z dbn iYn c9' -i ( 11r N' ( $1r c9' ( 1*r c9' ^b ( 8 v &s ( ,. 8uy nhiQn vfi 7g ( ,9P c9' &u ( ,5P9P c9' 7u ( 39P5r i=u 2 :h?ng c2 ngh' ( cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 ho;t Zng :W3 h#n &uP 7gP 7u. GC "jng Z dbn iYn ph thuZc vo sX nguyQn tR :i3 (o;i t"ong 3;ng tinh thLP n2i cch :hc ph thuZc vo sX nguyQn tR c2 t"ong 1c33 :i3 (o;i k t";ng thi "JnP chOng t' c2 thL t!nh Tc sX nguyQn tR :i3 (o;i t"ong 3Zt c33 k t";ng thi "JnP v! d nh\ hXi (Tng 3Zt nguyQn tR -i h 4X nguyQn tR -i t"ong 3Zt 4o vfi 7g\ hXi (Tng 3Zt nguyQn tR 7g h 4X nguyQn tR 7g t"ong 1c33
1<8 h 5P<$.1<$3 1<P38$ h 16P9.1<$3 6 h 1P15.1</$3 g. 5P<$.1<$3 <P,3 c33\ h 1P15.1<$3 h *P,.1<$$
nguyQn tR -i
16P9.1</$3 g. h ,P8.1<$$ nguyQn tR 7g.
Nh vy t"ong 1c33 :i3 (o;i k t";ng thi "JnP sX nguyQn tR 7g (fn h#n sX nguyQn tR -i. b/ &ng t#ng t_ nh thB c2 thL gii th!ch nguyQn nh1n :i3 (o;i N' c2 Z dbn iYn c'o h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hc. 4&4'a/ k t";ng thi h#i ph1n tR c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 gE3 $ nguyQn tR I$. &hOng c2 thL Tc hCnh thnh do t;o "' (iQn :Bt cZng h2' t"[ ta )()ct"on ns Ncc obit'n nguyQn tR ns ch' Tc ghWp ?iV. b/ hi b[ :!ch th!ch cc )()ct"on tiBp thu nSng (Tng v chuyLn "' cc obit'n x' nh1n h#nP cc obit'n cng x' nh1n c2 nSng (Tng cng (fnP vC vy cc )()ct"on 2 d chuyLn v= cc obit'n gpn nh1n h#nP t"ong du
t"Cnh ny pht "' cc bc x; :hc nh'u t"ong vlng nhCn thy c9' du'ng ph>P do 2 c2 3u sJc :hc nh'u. 4&9'b/ c2 thL dlng phn ng h2' hec th)o ph#ng php nhiYt :i3 L :hR cc ion :i3 (o;i :i=3P v! d\ &( Nn2ng chyV n N' n N'&( $^b&( n &' $^b n &'&($ $&s&( n &' $&s n &'&($ &c phn ng 2 =u th_c hiYn t"ong ch1n :h?ng.
6<<< 6<<<
4&<'b/ DiYn ph1n hsn hTp n2ng chy gE3 N'&( n $,t N'm n 1$t &( thu Tc N' :i3 (o;i. %sn hTp N'm n &( hoKc cc 3uXi :hc nh &'&($ (3 gi3 nhiYt Z n2ng chy c9' cht iYn ph1n ta 8<< <& NN'&(V xuXng ,<< / 5<<<&. 4&B'a/ 8t c =u phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi :i3 (o;i :i=3P t"a t"ing hTp vfi c'cbon v si(ic thC chy c2 -iti 3fi phn ng t"_c tiBp Tc. N' v :h?ng phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi c'cbonP do 2 :h?ng thL th'y thB cho -i Tc. 4&D' &c :i3 (o;i :i=3 Tc bo dun t"ong dpu hu' :h'n v t"ung t!nhP k chs :!nr :h?ng cho tiBp xOc vfi 'xitP vfi % $+P vfi hTp cht c2 ch' &(o nh &&(*P vfi &+$ "Jn. 4&E'a/ 8hB iYn c_c c9' du t"Cnh %$ n $) $%/ ( /$P$,G do 2 cc hid"u' :i3 (o;i :i=3 ( cht :hR 3;nh. &c hid"u' :i3 (o;i :i=3 c2 bn cht ion c2 t!nh dbn iYn :hi n2ng chy v n2ng chy k nhiYt Z c'o. b/ G= t!nh cht N'% giXng vfi %&( h#n N'&(. 4&F' a/ -iN+3. N'$+P $+ i=u chB bjng ph#ng php un n2ng p)oxit hoKc hid"oxit vfi :i3 (o;i :i=3 t#ng ng. G! d\ $N'+% n $N' $N'$+ n $%$ +$ n 3 $ $+ 40&'b/ u t"Cnh t;o "' p)oxit hoKc 4up)oxit d h'y :h2 ph thuZc vo :!ch thfc v nSng (Tng ion h2' c9' cc :i3 (o;i. GC i (_c )()ct"on c9' ph1n tR oxi t#ng Xi bW h <P86)G Ni (_c )()ct"on c9' nguyQn tR oxi ( 1P*5)GV nQn :h?ng c2 :h nSng :Bt hTp )()ct"on c9' cc :i3 (o;i. $-i% n 3N$ $-iN3 n %$
40J'b/ -i$+ i=u chB bjng ph#ng php ph1n h9y -i+%P -i$&+3 h'y
Gfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 c2 thB ion h2' bW h#n v :!ch thfc (fn h#n so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :hcP do 2 c2 thL )()ct"on h2' t"[ c9' 3Cnh cho ph1n tR oxi. &hng h;n N'$+$. NguyQn nh1n 2 ` g1y "' :h nSng chuyLn $ )()ct"on h2' t"[ c9' $ nguyQn tR N' cho ph1n tR oxi L t;o "' ion + $$/ hCnh thnh ph1n tR ion N'$+$. Gfi -i :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2 vC thB ion h2' c9' -i :h c'oP :!ch thfc (;i bW nQn ph1n tR +$ :h?ng thL hOt )()ct"on c9' -i v= ph!' 3Cnh. 400'a/ 0hn ng th9y ph1n N'$+$\ N'$+$ n $%$+ $N'+% n %$+$ ( phn ng thun ngh[ch N%$+$ ( 3Zt 'xit vfi hjng sX iYn (i 1 h $P,.1</1$V nhng du t"Cnh th9y ph1n t;o "' 3?i t"ing :i=3 nQn %$+$ b[ ph1n h9y do 2 c1n bjng chuyLn th)o chi=u thun. b/ z_' vo phn ng ti sinh +$ :hi N'$+$ hoKc hsn hTp N'$+$ n +$ tc dng vfi &+$ L gii th!ch. N&hO Bn thL t!ch +$ Tc ti sinh so vfi thL t!ch &+$ th'3 gi' vo phn ng V. 40B'a/ &ho tc dng vfi 7g$+ t"ong dung d[ch nfc. b/ GiBt cc ph#ng t"Cnh phn ng xy "' t"Qn b= 3Kt iYn c_c :hi iYn ph1n dung d[ch UP s'u 2 xWt cc sn ph3 Tc t;o "' ` tc dng vfi cc thuXc thR nh thB noP sH thy Tc hiYn tTng th'y >i v= 3u sJc c9' dung d[ch k $ iYn c_c. 40D'b/ 8inh thL +% cng nh tinh thL &s+% ( tinh thL ion. hi hg' t'n t"ong nfcP cc tinh thL 2 chuyLn thnh ionP vfi Z iYn (i th_c ( bjng #n v[. 8uy nhiQn Z iYn (i biLu :iBn c9' $ cht 2 :h?ng nh nh'u vC ion n t#ng tc vfi ion +%/ 3;nh h#n &sn. c/ -i+% d b[ nhiYt ph1n t;o "' -i$+ cgn cc hid"oxit c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hc :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2 vC ion -in chy c2 $ )()ct"on v :!ch thfc bW nQn d hOt nguyQn tR oxi ta +%/ v= ph!' 3Cnh. &gn cc ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hc c2 8 )()ct"on (fp ngoi clngP :!ch thfc (;i (fn nQn :h nSng t"Qn "t :h2 xy "'. 40E' z_' vo s_ chuyLn d[ch c1n bjng t'n c9' N'&( L gii th!ch. 40F' NhiYt Z n2ng chy ta N'm Bn N'U gi3. 8inh thL c9' chOng =u ( tinh thL ion nQn c2 Z n2ng chy c'o nhng bn :!nh ion c9' cc h'(og)nu' tSngP do 2 3c Z ion c9' (iQn :Bt gi3P vC vy nhiYt Z n2ng chy gi3. 44J'b/ z_' vo Z t'n c9' sn ph3 phn ng L t" (ii. 44&'b/ z_' vo hjng sX iYn (i c9' cc 'xit Tc t;o "' t"ong du t"Cnh th9y ph1n L gii th!ch.
440'a/ 8!nh p% c9' dung d[ch N'$&+3 v N'%&+3 sH dbn Bn :Bt (un dung d[ch N'$&+3 c2 t!nh :i=3 (fn h#n. b/ GC "jng phn ng N'$&+3 n &+$ n %$+ $N'%&+3 c2 bn cht thun ngh[ch. u t"Cnh ph1n h9y N'%&+3 xy "' :hi un n2ngP nhng k nhiYt Z thing Nv ng'y c t"ong dung d[ch V ` c2 s_ ph1n h9y ch3P v g1y "' 3Zt p sut no 2 c9' &+$ t"Qn b= 3Kt cht "Jn. 449'a/ &2 thL c2 nhcng ph#ng php s'u\ 1V N'$4+* n *& n &'&+3 N'$&+3 n &'4 n *&+ $V N'$4+* n F'&($ F'4+* n $N'&( N'&( n &+$ n N%3 n %$+ N'%&+3 n N%*&( 3VN'$4+* n F'N+%V$ F'4+* n $N'+% $N'+% n &+$ N'$&+3 n %$+ bV %&+3 d t'n t"ong nfc. 44<'a/ N'$4+* n F'N+%V$ F'4+* n $N'+% N'+% n %N+3 N'N+3 n %$+ $N'&%3&++ n %$4+* $&%3&++% n N'$4+* Dun n2ng dung d[ch cho &%3&++% b'y h#iP c1n bjng sH chuyLn s'ng phiP thu Tc N'$4+*. 44D'b/ 8'n c_c ;i k 3*<&. c/ 8a dung d[ch bò hg' k ,<<&\ hi tSng nhiYt Z Bn 6<<&\ N'$&+3 tch "' 3Zt phpn k t";ng thi "Jn v dung d[ch bò hg' N'$&+3. hi h; nhiYt Z xuXng *<<&\ N'$&+3 k t";ng thi t'n t"ong dung d[ch vC ch' bò hg'. %; nhiYt Z xuXng 3<<&\ dung d[ch bò hg' ch' :hong 3$t N'$&+3. %; nhiYt Z xuXng $<<&\ tinh thL N'$&+3 tch "' k t";ng thi "Jn v dung d[ch bò hg' ch' 16P8tN'$&+3. &&' (im l6Ii HiKm thL 44E'a/ D=u ( cc nguyQn tX he sP nhng cc obit'n nguyQn tR ns k cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> ` Tc (p py. b/ FiBn >i =u ta &' Bn F'r nSng (Tng ion h2' c'o v c'o nht k F)r thB iYn c_c c9' &'P 4"P F' gpn t#ng #ng. k F) c2 gi t"[ c'o h#n nhi=u so vfi cc nguyQn tX cgn (;iP t"ong :hi 2 k -i (;i c2 gi t"[ thp h#n nhi=u so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 c2n (;i. 44F'b/ NhiYt Z n2ng chyP nhiYt Z s?iP :hXi (Tng "iQng =u c'o v c'o h#n :i3 (o;i :i=3. NhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i biBn >i :h?ng =u nh t"ong :i3 (o;i :i=3r Z dbn iYn c'o.
49J'a/ IKc dl nSng (Tng ion h2' U$ U1 nhng nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c9' ion I :h c'oP bl cho nSng (Tng ion h2' c'oP do 2 :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> d 3t $ )()ct"on L t;o "' ion I$n. b/ IKc dl nSng (Tng ion h2' c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (fn h#n :i3 (o;i :i=3P nhng nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c9' ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (fn h#n nhi=u so vfi :i3 (o;i :i=3 nQn c1n bjng I I$n n $) d dng b[ chuyLn d[ch. GC vy thB iYn c_c c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 gi t"[ t#ng #ng vfi :i3 (o;i :i=3.
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49&' IuXn t;o "' ph1n tR $ nguyQn tR I$ P cc nguyQn tR :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> phi thing xuyQn k t";ng thi :!ch th!ch s$ sp. 8uy nhiQn nSng (Tng Tc t;o "' :hi hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt gic' $ nguyQn tR :h?ng 9 bl (;i cho nSng (Tng cpn cung cp L g1y "' t";ng thi :!ch th!chP vC vy cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> :h?ng t;o "' ph1n tR I$. 490'a/ 8"ong :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 (iQn :Bt :i3 (o;i 3;nh h#n t"ong :i3 (o;i :i=3 nQn :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 Z cng (fn h#n. b/ 8nc v 8?i ph thuZc vo cu t"Oc c9' 3;ng tinh thL. GC tinh thL c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> :h?ng cu t;o clng 3Zt 3;ng tinh thL nQn nSng (/ Tng 3;ng (fi :hc nh'u. zo 2 nhiYt Z n2ng chy v nhiYt Z s?i th'y >i :h?ng =u nh t"ong he :i3 (o;i :i=3. 494' 8"ong cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> vlng h2' t"[ ns ` Tc (p py nQn s_ :!ch th!ch )()ct"on ta vlng 2 (Qn vlng t_ do :h2 th_c hiYn. &2 thL gii th!ch "jng t"ong tinh thL :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>P nSng (Tng cc vlng nsP np Tc x)n ph9 vo nh'u. N2i cch :hc $ )()ct"on ns c2 nSng (Tng nj3 t"ong vlng :h "Zng ch' 9 )()ct"on L t;o "' cht cch iYnP do 2 cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> c2 t!nh dbn iYn :h c'o. 499' Gfi -i c2 nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c'o h#n nhi=u so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 :hcP bl (;i cho nSng (Tng ion h2' nQn -i c2 thB iYn c_c thp h#n nhi=u so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. 8"i (;iP F)"i 3Kc dl c2 nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c'o nhng :h?ng thL bl (;i nSng (Tng ion h2' c'o v nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi c'o c9' F)"iP vC vy F)"i c2 thB iYn c_c c'o h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> :hc. 49B' ])3 bi 3$1. 49F' a/ u t"Cnh Xt chy ngoi Ig+ cgn t;o "' Ig 3N$ . b/ I'giQ c2 thL Xt chy t"ong &($P &+$P 4+$. 4<J'a/ h nSng chy c9' Ig :hc vfi cc :i3 (o;i :hc ( do nhiYt t;o thnh c9' Ig+ :h (fn\ $Ig n +$ $Ig+ % h /1*5 c'(}3o(
&h!nh nhiYt (Tng 2 ` Xt n2ng 3;nh cc h;t Ig+ Tc t;o nQnP (3 pht "' nh sng ch2i. b/ hi Ig chy :h?ng thL dp tJt bjng nfc hoKc bjng &+$P 4i+$P vC :hi Xt n2ng Ig =u c2 :h nSng phn ng vfi %$+P &+$P 4i+$. 4<&'a/ %$ :h?ng c2 :h nSng phn ng t"_c tiBp vfi IgP nhng oxi v nit# thC phn ng d dngP do 2 phi dlng %$ (3 bpu :h! t"#. 4<4'a/ h?ng dlng N%*+% L :Bt t9' ion Ig$n thnh IgN+%V$ vC c2 phn ng thun ngh[ch. &hng h;n\ Ig&($ n $N%*+% IgN+%V$ n $N%*&( b/ zo nh hkng c9' ion Eng d;ng N%*n nQn (3 gi3 du t"Cnh iYn (i c9' N%*+%P vC vy nEng Z ion +%/ :h?ng 9 L ;t Bn t!ch sX t'n c9' IgN+%V$. 4<9'b/ %g' t'n t"ong N%*&( :W3 h#nP vC N%*+% c2 Z iYn (i (fn h#n %$+. 4<<'b/ &2 thL hg' t'n Ig&+3 bjng dung d[ch 3 Kc NN%*V$&+3 cV cho hsn hTp tc dng vfi dung d[ch :i=3 d. 4<D' 1V $V 3V &'%$ n $%$+ &'N+%V$ n $%$ &'%$ n +$ &'+ n %$+ F'%$ n &+$ & n F'N+%V$
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gi3P Z hg' t'n c9' 3uXi tSngr nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c9' c'tion gi3P Z hg' t'n gi3. 8a &'4+* BnF'4+*\ yBu tX nh hkng ch!nh Bn Z t'n ( nSng (Tng hid"'t h2'. 8a &'$n Bn F'$n nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' gi3 Nta 366 c'(}3o( k &'$n Bn 3<8 c'(}3o( k F'$nV nQn Z t'n gi3. 8a &'m$ Bn F'm$\ yBu tX duyBt [nh Bn Z t'n ( nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi. 8a &'m$ Bn F'm$ nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi gi3 Nta 5$* c'(}3o( k &'m$ Bn ,55 c'(}3o( k F'm$V nQn Z t'n tSng. 4B4' G! d Z t'n c9' F'm$ ( 8P3.1</3 3o(}( k $,<&r cgn Z t'n c9' F'&+3 ( 1P1.1</* 3o(}( k clng nhiYt Z. Bu tX duyBt [nh Bn Z t'n c9' chOng ( nSng (Tng 3;ng (fi. NSng (Tng 3;ng (fi c9' F'm$ N,55 c'(}3o(V bW h#n c9' F'&+3 N5$, c'(}3o(V nQn Z t'n c9' F'm$ (fn h#n Z t'n c9' F'&+3. 4B9'a/ hi ph1n h9y nhiYt cc 3uXi c'cbon't xy "' s_ tch nguyQn tR oxi "' :hui nguyQn tR t"ung t13 c9' 'nion v s'u 2 ( :Bt hTp nguyQn tR oxi vo c'tion. u t"Cnh 2 g1y "' s_ chuyLn d[ch 3t Z iYn t!ch c9' )()ct"on v (3 biBn d;ng 'tion do iYn t"ing c9' c'tionP ngh' ( cc 'nion b[ cc c'tion ph1n c_c. Bt du ( &'&+3 b[ nhiYt ph1n t;o "' &'+ v &+$. 8a F)&+3 Bn F'&+3P tc dng ph1n c_c c9' c'tion gi3 nQn :h nSng b[ nhiYt ph1n gi3 NIg&+ 3 b[ nhiYt ph1n k 5<<<& nhng F'&+3 b[ nhiYt ph1n k 135<<&V. b/ hi p sut gi3 v nhiYt Z tSngP c1n bjng chuyLn s'ng phi. 8h>i :h! &+$ Ncho p gi3VEng thii tSn nhiYt Z L cho hiYu sut nung v?i tSng. hi nhiYt Z gi3 &'+ :Bt hTp vfi &+$ t;o "' &'&+3 Ndu t"Cnh v?i sXng h2' c'cbon'tV . 4BD' 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' cc cht :h?ng t'n t;o "' t"ong dung d[ch. 4BF' NSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c9' ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> (fn h#n ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 nQn d t;o "' cc hid"'t tinh thL. 4DJ'b/ Nung th;ch c'o k 1*<<<& t;o "' &'+P s'u 2 chuyLn &'+ thnh &'&($. DiYn ph1n 3uXi &'&($ n2ng chy thu Tc &' :i3 (o;i. &0' ,hm 4D0' -fp )()ct"on th $ :L ta ngoi vo k cc nguyQn tX nh23 ny =u c2 sX )()ct"on :hc nh'u. Gfi 7( c2 (fp 3d cgn t"Xngr @'P Un nj3 ng'y s'u cc nguyQn tX he d vfi (fp th $ c2 18 )()ct"onr 8'(i :h?ng nhcng nj3 s'u cc nguyQn tX he d 3 cgn nj3 s'u cc nguyQn tX he {P (fp )()ct"on th $ :L ta ngoi vo cng c2 18). 823 (;i @'P UnP 8( =u ( cc nguyQn tX s'u chuyLn tiBpP t!nh cht c9' cc nguyQn tX ny g1y "' bki cu t"Oc 2.
4D4' Fn :!nh nguyQt tR tSng Zt ngZt ta F Bn 7(P s'u 2 gi3 3Zt !t :hi chuyLn ta 7( Bn @' v ta @' (;i tSng. 8hB ion h2' th'y >i :h?ng =uP gi3 3;nh ta F Bn 7( v s'u 2 tSng :h?ng ng :L. 8a 7( Bn @' c2 s_ th'y >i 2 ( do nh hkng c9' hiYn tTng co d N@' ng s'u cc nguyQn tX he dV. &ng vyP ngoi nh hkng c9' s_ co dP s_ co { cng c2 nh hkng 3;nhP nQn ta Un Bn 8( :!ch thfc nguyQn tR tSng (Qn :h?ng ng :L. 4D9' 8inh thL Fo c2 cu t;o Kc :h!t. N2 b'o gE3 nhcng hCnh h'i chc 3Kt F1$ Nc 1$ nguyQn tR F t;o "' 3Zt tB bo tinh thL h'i chc 3KtV. -iQn :Bt gic' cc nguyQn tR Fo ( (iQn :Bt cZng h2' t"[P do 2 Fo "t :h2 n2ng chy. 8"i (;iP tinh thL @'(i c2 3;ng (fi ph1n tRP t;i 3Jt 3;ng (fi ( cc ph1n tR @'$P vC vy @'(i c2 nhiYt Z n2ng chy thpP nhng nhiYt Z b'y h#i (;i c'o ( do :hi s?i ph1n tR @'$ phi ph1n h9y thnh @' nguyQn tR. 4D<'a/ Fo ( nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;i nhng Nh?3 ( 3Zt :i3 (o;i ho;t Zng. zo s_ biBn >i Zt ngZt v= :!ch thfc nguyQn tR ta <P83 k Fo Bn 1P$5 k Nh?3 v do nSng (Tng hid"'t h2' c9' ion 7(3n "t (fn N1$<< c'(}3o(VP vC vy :huynh hfng t;o thnh ion 7(3n d dng h#n. 4DB' Fo"u' ( hTp cht c9' F vfi :i3 (o;i. &c bo"u' :i3 (o;i thing c2 c?ng thc ph1n tR v cu t;o :h?ng phl hTp vfi du'n iL3 h2' t"[ bCnh thingP c2 thnh phpn v cu t"Oc phc t;pP chng h;n cc bo"u' c9' Niobi\ Nb$FP Nb*F$P NbFP Nb3F* %Tp cht c9' Fo vfi hid"o gei chung ( cc bo"'nP v! d\ F $%5P F*%1< Fo"'t ( 3uXi c9' 'xit bo"icP chng h;n nh bo"'c / 3Zt (o;i bo"'t ng vfi c?ng thcN'$F*+6.1<%$+. &c bo"'t thing c2 cu t"Oc phc t;p v# d;ng po(i3). IuXi 2 c2 thL ng vfi 'xit t)t"'bo"ic N 1h$.1</* v $h$.1</3V vfi c?ng thc s'u\ O O 7 O 7 7 OH HO 7 O O IuXi bo"y( ( 3Zt (o;i 3uXi b'w# t"ong 2 ch' gXc bo"y( F+ n Nh2' t"[ 3ZtV t#ng t_ ti'ny(P wi"cony(. G! d NF+V0+3 ( 3uXi c9' 'xit 3)t'photpho"ic hoKc bo"y( 's)n't NF+V7s+3. Nhcng hTp cht ny thing b[ th9y ph1n hon ton t"ong nfc. G! d\ F+0+3 n %$+ %F+$ n %0+3 Nh vyP c2 thL x)3 cc 3uXi Fo"y( ( sn ph3 c9' 'xit bo"ic k d;ng b'w# FN+%V3 t#ng tc vfi 'xit t#ng ngP 3Kc dl t!nh b'w# c9' %$F+3 k 3c Z :h?ng ng :L.
4DD' 0h1n tR Fm3 c2 d;ng t'3 gic =u. 8"ong ph1n tR 2 nguyQn tR F u t";ng thi ('i h2' sp$ b' obit'( ('i h2' ny t;o nQn (iQn :Bt vfi 3 obit'( $p c9' 3 nguyQn tR m(o. IZt obit'( t"Xng cgn (;i c9' F vu?ng g2c vfi cc obit'( ('i h2' t;o nQn (iQn :Bt vfi 3Zt obit'( $p :hc c2 cKp )()ct"on t_ do c9' 3Zt t"ong 3 nguyQn tR m(o. 4DE'a/ k (fp vu ngoi clng c9' nguyQn tR F t"ong ph1n tR F% 3 c2 3 cKp )()ct"on v 3Zt obit'( t_ doP vC vy nguyQn tR F c2 t!nh cht nhnP ngh' ( c2 :huynh hfng :Bt hTp 3Zt cKp )()ct"on. hi :h?ng c2 ph1n tR (; c2 ch' cKp )()ct"on t_ doP thC s_ (p py obit'( cgn t"Xng c9' nguyQn tR F chy c2 thL ;t Tc :hi h'i ph1n tR F%3 :Bt hTp vfi nh'u t;o "' F$%5P t"ong 2 c2 3Zt cKp )()ct"on c9' ph1n tR F% 3 nyKt vo obit'( t_ do c9' nguyQn tR F t"ong ph1n tR F%3 :i'P :Bt du t;o "' (iQn :Bt 3 t13. 8"ong ph1n tR F$%5P nguyQn tR F k t";ng thi ('i h2' sp3 N('i h2' t diYnV. %'i obit'( ('i h2' sp3 t;o (iQn :Bt h'i t13 vfi h'i nguyQn tR %P ngh' ( (iQn :Bt Tc hCnh thnh do s_ ghWp chung cKp )()ct"on c9' $ nguyQn tR. &Kp )()ct"on cgn (;i t;o "' do obit'( ('i h2' th b' v obit'( 1s c9' nguyQn tR % Tc Kt vo obit'( cgn t"Xng c9' nguyQn tR F bQn c;nh t;o "' (iQn :Bt b' t13 F / % / FP ngh' ( hCnh thnh h'i (iQn :Bt nhng chy c2 3Zt cKp )()ct"on.
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c/ 7(&(3 k t";ng thi "Jn c2 cu t;o ionP cgn k t";ng thi n2ng chy c2 phpn chuyLn s'ng d;ng hTp cht ph1n tR. 4F&' @'(i tc dng vfi 'xit t#ng t_ 7(. 8'(i t'n t"ong %N+3 Kc n2ng t;o "' hTp cht 8(3nP %N+3 (o`ng oxi h2' t'(i Bn t";ng thi h2' t"[ U. 8'(i tc dng vfi %&( t;o "' 8(&(. @' t'n t"ong dung d[ch :i=3 t#ng t_ nh?3\ $@' n $N'+% n5%$+ $N'@'N+%V* n 3%$ &gn Un v 8( :h?ng phn ng vfi dung d[ch :i=3. 4F0' k @'N+%V3 chc b'w# v chc 'xit thL hiYn vfi 3c Z gpn nh nh'ur k UnN+%V3 t!nh b'w# t"Zi h#n t!nh 'xitr cgn k 8(N+%V 3 thL hiYn chc 'xit "t yBu. 4F4' IuXi :i3 (o;i yBu h#n d b[ th9y ph1n h#n. &lng 3Zt :i3 (o;iP ion :i3 (o;i vfi 3c oxi h2' c'o h#n d b[ th9y ph1n h#n. 4F9'a/ GC bn :!nh c9' ion 8(n t#ng t_ bn :!nh cc ion :i3 (o;i :i=3 N Tl h1P**; ! h1P33V nQn d :Bt tinh t;o phn. b/ 8!nh cht :hR ( ch9 yBu. &c hTp cht @'NUVP UnNUV =u ( cht :hR 3;nh. 8(NUV c2 t!nh :hR :W3 h#nP chy chuyLn thnh 8(NUUUV :hi tc dng vfi cht oxi h2' 3;nh. Nh vy hTp cht 8(3n !t b=n h#nP cgn hTp cht 8( cZng (;i b=n h#n.
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&4'P+cmani ; thiNc ; chO 4F<'b/ GC t>ng nSng (Tng ion h2' :h c'o nQn :h?ng thL hCnh thnh cc ion *n v i (_c )()ct"on c9' cc nguyQn tR 2 :h?ng 9 L t;o "' cc ion */. Fn cht (iQn :Bt t"ong cc hTp cht ( cZng h2' t"[. 4FB'a/ &ng nh cc nguyQn tX :hc thuZc he pP t"ong ph1n nh23 @) :hi sX th t_ nguyQn tR tSng (QnP thC cc obit'n d v { c2 nh hkng (fn Bn viYc hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt h2' hec. N2i cch :hcP :hi chuyLn ta @) Bn 0b t!nh t"# c9' cc )()ct"on ns$ tSng (QnP v'i t"g th'3 gi' vo viYc hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt c9' cc )()ct"on ns$ gi3 xuXngP vC vy t"ong d`y 2 :huynh hfng cho 3c oxi h2' n* gi3 xuXngP v :huynh hfng t;o "' 3c oxi h2' n$ tSng (Qn. G!d\ 0b+$ ( cht oxi h2' 3;nhP nhng t!nh oxi h2' c9' @)+$P 4n+$ ( :h?ng Kc t"ngr @)&($P 4n&($ ( cht :h 3;nhP @)&($ phn ng ng'y tc :hJc vfi &(oP 4n&($ phn ng nh'nh k nhiYt Z thingP nhng 0b&($ :h?ng phn ng vfi &(o k nhiYt Z 2. 4FD'a/ i3 c#ng v si(ic c2 cu t"Oc tinh thL t#ng t_ nh'uP 3si nguyQn tR (iQn :Bt c?ng h2' t"[ vfi * nguyQn tR :hc b'o du'nhP :iLu t
diYn =uP vC vy chOng =u ( nhcng cht :h2 n2ng chyr tuy nhiQn :hong cch &/ & t"ong :i3 c#ng ( 1P,*, P cgn 4i / 4i ( $P3* Eng thii (iQn :Bt &/ & c2 Z b=n (fn h#n nhi=u so vfi (iQn :Bt 4i / 4i. b/ 8a 4i Bn 0bP :iLu (iQn :Bt h2' hec biBn >i ta cZng h2' t"[ Bn (iQn :Bt :i3 (o;iP do 2 8nc gi3. 4FE'a/ 8inh thL @) c2 cu t"Oc :iLu :i3 c#ng nQn cngr 4nP 0b c2 :iLu (iQn :Bt :i3 (o;i t"ong tinh thL nQn 3=3. b/ 4o snh bn :!nh nguyQn tR v cu t"Oc c9' tB bo nguyQn tX tinh thL 4iP @) v 0b sH dbn Bn :Bt (un 4i v @) hg' t'n :h?ng h;n chB vo nh'uP cc nguyQn tR c2 thL th'y thB cho nh'u t"ong 3;ng (fi tinh thL. 4FF'a/ @)c3'ni :h?ng t'n t"ong %&( v %$4+* (o`ng nhng t'n t"ong %$4+* Kc v %N+3 t;o "' 'xit g)c3'nic %$@)+3 Nx@)+$.y%$+V. G! d\ @) n *%N+3 %$@)+3.%$+ n *N+$ 8hiBc t'n Tc t"ong %&( v %$4+* (o`ng. 8"ong %N+3 (o`ng t;o "' 4nNN+3V$P nhng t"ong %N+3 Kc t;o "' 'xit st'nic\ 4n n *%$4+* NKcV 4nN4+*V$ n $4+$ n *%$+ 34n n 8%N+3 N(o`ngV 34nNN+3V$ n *N+ n *%$+ 4n n *%N+3 NKcV %$4n+3.%$+ n *N+$ n $%$+ Nx4n+$.y%$+V bV GC c2 phn ng t;o "' cht t'n\ 0b&($ n $%&( %$0b&(* 0b4+* n %$4+* 0bN%4+*V$ 9JJ'a/ DZ b=n c9' 7%* gi3 xuXng ta & Bn 0b do :huynh hfng ('i h2' sp3 c9' 7 gi3 dpn ta 4i Bn 0b. 9J&' 8"ong ph1n tR &+$ c2 (iQn :Bt Np / pV ( 3Zt t"ong nhcng (iQn :Bt b=n. 0h1n tR &+$ t#ng tc vfi nh'u bjng (_c G'n d)" ''(s ( (_c :h yBur cgn si(ic :h?ng t;o "' (iQn :Bt :Wp nh t"ong ph1n tR &+$r 4i+$ c2 cu t;o 3 chi=u t"ong 2 si(ic v oxi c2 sX ph1n tR ( * v $ t#ng ng. NSng (Tng (iQn :Bt 4i / + :h (fn v do 2 tinh thL "t b=n c2 nhiYt Z n2ng chy c'o N])3 thQ3 bi $5<V. &hC dioxit d b[ nhiYt ph1n :hi un n2ng 3t dpn oxi biBn thnh cc oxit thp h#n\ 0b+$ 0b$+3 0b3+* 0b+ Nn1u )nV NGng uV Nu n1uV NvngV 4_ ph1n h9y 2 c2 thL gii th!ch 3Zt cch th? s# ( do Kc t!nh oxi h2' 3;nh c9' c'tion 0b*n Xi vfi 'nion +$/P 3Kc dl (iQn :Bt t"ong ph1n tR c2 Kc t!nh cZng h2' t"[. 8uy vy cch gii th!ch 2 cng chng 3inh Tc :huynh hfng t>ng dut chuyLn v= t";ng thi h2' t"[ UU tSng (Qn ta @) Bn 0b.
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nhi 2 xy "' du t"Cnh t'n c9' 0b&+3. 8"i (;i 0b&"+* ( 3uXi c9' 'xit 3;nhP nQn c1n bjng t'n\ 0b&"+* 0b$n n &"+*$/ :h?ng chuyLn d[ch. 9&4' 1V 4n&(* n $xn $xn&($ n 4n $V $4n&($ n +$ 4n+$ n 4n&(* 3V 0b+$ n *%&( 0b&($ n &($ n $%$+ *V $ U n 0b3+ n *%$4+*30b4+* n U$ n $4+* n *%$+ ,V $In4+* n ,0b3+* n $5%N+3 $%In+* n n 130bNN+3V$ n $0b4+* n 1$%$+ 5V 4n n%$4)+* N(o`ngV 4n4)+* n %$ 6V 0b n $%$4+* NKcV 0b4)+* n 4)+$ n $%$+ 9&<'a/ 4o snh t!nh sX t'n c9' 4n4 v 0b4. b/ 4n4 c2 :h nSng b[ '3oni po(isun{u' oxi h2' Bn disun{u'P s'u 2 disun{u' t'n t"ong '3onisun{u' t;o "' '3oni tiost'n't t'n. 0b4 :h?ng c2 :h nSng 2. 4n4 n NN%*V$4$ 4n4$ n NN%*V$4 4n4$ n NN%*V$4 NN%*V$4n43 9&B'a/ 4n&($ n %$4 4n4 n $%&( 4n4 n NN%*V$4$ NN%*V$4n43 4n43$/ n $%n 4n4$ n%$4 b/ Gng gi ( 4n4$ t'n Tc t"ong :i=3 v t"ong 'xit\ 4n4$ n 15%N+3 NKcV %$4n+3 n $%$4+* n 15N+$ n ,%$+ 4n4$ n 5 +% $ $4n4$ n $4nN+%V5 N:'(i tiost'nitV b/ 0b4 v 4n4 :h?ng t'n t"ong nhcng dung d[ch 'xit (o`ngP t'n t"ong dung d[ch %N+3 v %&( 3 Kc &9' 1Rng ; BIc ; ^ng 9&D'a/ &uP 7gP 7u ( hcng nguyQn tX thuZc he d gpn cuXi clng t"ong cc chu :C t#ng ng. zng (H cu t"Oc )()ct"on h'i (fp ngoi clng c9' cc nguyQn tX ny phi ( Nn / 1Vd9ns$ Nn ng vfi sX th t_ c9' chu :.V. 8uy nhiQn k (fp Nn / 1Vd ` gpn hon thnhP nQn viYc chuyLn 1 )()ct"on k (fp ns $ s'ng (fp Nn / 1Vd sH thun (Ti h#n v= 3Kt nSng (Tng. GC vyP cu t"Oc cc (fp )()ct"on ngoi clng c9' 3 nguyQn tX &uP 7gP 7u sH ( Nn /1Vd 1<ns1. b/ NSng (Tng ion h2' th nht N)GV v i (_c )()ct"on N)GV nh s'u\ &u 7g 7u < n NSng (Tng ion h2' ] ] N)GV 6P63 6P,6 9P$$ i (_c )()ct"on N)GV $P* $P, $P1 NSng (Tng ion h2' gi3 ta &u Bn 7g v s'u 2 tSng (Qn Bn 7u. i (_c )()ct"on tSng ta &u Bn 7g v s'u 2 gi3.
4o vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 thC nSng (Tng ion h2' c9' &uP 7gP 7u c'o h#nr nhng i (_c )()ct"on thC (;i c'o h#n "t nhi=u so vfi :i3 (o;i :i=3 v (fn h#n c oxiP (u hu.nh v 3Zt sX nguyQn tX :h?ng :i3 (o;i :hc nh NP 0 c/ zo c2 3Zt )()ct"on ns1 k (fp ngoi clng nQn c2 :h nSng hCnh thnh ph1n tR h'i nguyQn tR nh cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 N&u$P 7g$P 7u$V. 8uy nhiQn nSng (Tng ph1n (i t#ng Xi (fn so vfi ph1n tR c9' :i3 (o;i :i=3 t"ong clng chu :C. 0h1n tR I$ c9' cc :i3 (o;i ny b=n h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 ( do c2 h'i (iQn :Bt b> xung Tc hCnh thnh do c# chB cho g1y nQn Ncc cKp )()ct"on d t_ do v cc obit'( cgn t"XngV. 9&E' Gfi &u v 7g thC 3Kc dl ph1n (fp d Tc i=n py 9 nhi 3Zt )()ct"on s k (fp ngoi clng nhuyLn vo nhng cu t"Oc ch' phi ` b=n hon tonP do 2 nguyQn tR c2 thL b[ :!ch th!ch chuyLn thnh t";ng thi Nn/1Vd9s1p1P :Bt du t;o "' b' )()ct"on :h?ng cKp ?iP v nh vy c2 3Zt hoKc h'i )()ct"on d th'3 gi' vo du t"Cnh hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt h2' hec\
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zo 2 cc nguyQn tX ph1n nh23 Eng ng vfi cc 3_c oxi h2' n1P n$P n3. Gfi vng thC t";ng thi oxi h2' n3 ( Kc t"ngP k 1y c $ )()ct"on d =u th'3 gi' vo du t"Cnh hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt. Gfi Eng thC t";ng thi Kc t"ng ( n$r cgn vfi b;c ( n1. 8!nh b=n c9' t"'ng thi n1 k b;c ( do cu hCnh *d1< c2 t!nh b=n t#ng Xi (fnP vC "jng cu hCnh 2 ` Tc hCnh thnh ta nguyQn tX ng t"fc b;c ( p'('di N0dV\ *d1<,s<. &ng ta cu t"Oc 2 chOng t' hiLu Tc t;i s'o nSng (Tng ion h2' c9' 7g (;i bW h#n c9' &u. 9&F'a/ bn :!nh nguyQn tR c9' nguyQn tX nh23 Eng bW h#n nhi=u so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3P do 2 (fp 18 ) k st (fp ngoi clngP vC vy cc nguyQn tX ny c2 thB ion h2' c'o h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3r i=u 2 ` gii th!ch nguyQn nh1n v s_ :hc nh'u v= t!nh ch1t c9' cc :i3 (o;i nh23 Eng so vfi cc :i3 (o;i :i=3. 900'a/ 7g v 7u :h?ng b[ +xi oxi h2' vC sn ph3 phn ng :h?ng b=nr k i=u :iYn thing cc oxi 2 :h?ng Tc t;o "'P cgn k nhiYt Z c'o thC b[ ph1n h9y. b/ +xi nguyQn tR c2 ho;t t!nh h2' hec (fn h#n oxi ph1n tRP c2 :h nSng phn ng vfi b;c k ng'y nhiYt Z thingP t;o "' t"Qn b= 3Kt 3Zt (fp oxi 7g$+ hoKc 7g+. 904'a/ IKc dl hTp cht &u NUUV b=n h#n hTp cht &uNUVP chng h;n du t"Cnh ph1n h9y &um$ v &u&($ thnh &um v &u&( v h'(og)n k nhiYt
Z c'oP nhng do t!nh :hR 3;nh c9' ion U/ nQn &uU$ b[ ph1n h9y ng'y k i=u :iYn thing do 2 c2 phn ng\ $&u4+* n * U $&uU n U$ n $ $4+* b/ u t"Cnh :Bt hTp nguyQn tR h'(og)n vo ph1n tR &u] N] ( h'(og)n V chy c2 thL xy "' s'u :hi :!ch th!ch nguyQn tR Eng 3d 1<*s1 3d9*s1p1. Gfi Uot c2 i (_c )()ct"on bW h#n v bn :!nh (fn h#n so vfi cc h'(og)n cgn (;iP do 2 :hi t;o thnh (iQn :Bt &u / U nSng (Tng Tc gii ph2ng "' bW h#n so vfi s_ t;o thnh (iQn :Bt t#ng t_ vfi nguyQn tR h'(og)n :hcP nSng (Tng 2 :h?ng 9 L g1y "' t";ng thi :!ch th!ch t"Qn. 90<' 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' &uN+%V$P &u4 v hjng sX :h?ng b=n c9' ion phc &uNN%3V*$n L t" (ii\ N8!ch sX t'n c9' &uN+%V$ \ h ,.1</$<r c9' &u4\ h 5P3.1</35r hjng sX :h?ng b=n c9' phc &uNN%3V*$n ng vfi du t"Cnh\ &uNN%3V*$n &u$n n *N%3 ( h 9P33.1</13 V. 90D' 4o snh hjng sX :h?ng b=n c9' ion phc\&uNN% 3V*$n &u$n n *N%3 h 9P33.1</13 v t!ch sX t'n c9' &u&N ( 3P$.1</$<. '(i xi'nu' ( cht :hR 3;nhP c2 thL :hR Tc &u$n thnh &u&N v N&NV$. 90E'a/ FiBt "jng :hi nhOng 3Zt thnh :i3 (o;i vo nfc thC t"Qn b= 3Kt thnh :i3 (o;i 2 c2 3Zt (Tng ion :i3 (o;i no 2 t#ng ng vfi v[ t"! :i3 (o;i t"ong d`y th t_ iYn thB. &1n bjng &u n %n &un n % sH chuyLn d[ch v= bQn phi :hi c2 (/ Tng d ion &N/ t;o "' ion phc &uN&NV$/ P nEng Z ion &un nj3 t"ong c1n bjng vfi :i3 (o;i sH (fn h#n so vfi c1n bjng iYn (i c9' ion phc &uN&NV $/ P do 2 &u c2 thL t'n Tc t"ong dung d[ch &N th)o phn ng\ $&u n * &N n $%$+ $ &uN&NV$ n $ +% n %$ Gfi 7g v 7u ng bQn phi &u t"ong d`y th t_ iYn thB nQn nEng Z ion :i3 (o;i 7gn v 7un chuyLn ta :i3 (o;i vo dung d[ch bW h#n so vfi c1n bjng iYn (i c9' cc ion phc 7gN&NV$/ v 7uN&nV$/ P do 2 :h?ng c2 :h nSng t'n t"ong dung d[ch &N. b/ 8uy nhiQn :hi c2 3Kt cht oxi h2'P chng h;n oxi c9' :h?ng :h!P thC c1n bjng I n %n In n % sH chuyLn d[ch s'ng phi do du t"Cnh oxi h2' hid"oP vC vy 7g v 7u t'n t"ong &N :hi c2 3Kt cht oxi h2'\ *7g n 8 &N n $%$+ n +$ * 7gN&NV$ n * +% Gfi 7u cng c2 phn ng t#ng t_. 90F'a/ 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' %gU N8P3.1</16V v hjng sX :h?ng b=n c9' 7gNN%3V$n N,P89.1</8V v c9' 7gN&NV$/ N1P<.1</$1V. b/ DZ t'n gi3 do t!ch sX t'n ta 7g&( Bn 7gU gi3. 94J' &2 cc du t"Cnh\ 7gNN%3V$n 7gn n $N%3
%N+3 %n n N+3/ N%3 n %n N%*n 8"ong dung d[ch c2 ion &(/ do s_ iYn (i cpu ngo;i\ 7gNN%3V$&( 7gNN%3V$/ n &(/ Nhi du t"Cnh t;o "' ion N%*n P nQn ` (3 tSng du t"Cnh iYn (i ion phcP v nEng Z ion 7gn sH 9 L ;t Bn t!ch sX t'n\ 7gn n &(/ 7g&( 94&'a/ 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' 7g&( v 7gU. b/ 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' 7g&"+* v 7g&(. 944'a/ 4+$ sH :hR &uF"$ t;o "' &uF" N8!ch sX t'n c9' &uF" ( ,P3.1< V th)o ph#ng t"Cnh\ $&uF"$ n 4+$ n $%$+ %$4+* n $%F" n&uF" b/ 8a &u4+* chuyLn thnh &uF"$P chng h;n th)o phn ng\ &u4+* n F'F"$ F'4+* n &uF"$ 4'u 2 cho :h! 4+$ i du' dung d[ch nfc (ec c2 ch' &uF"$P phn ng xy "' nh t"Qn.
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949'a/ &c h'(og)nu' I] :h?ng t'n t"ong nfc v 'xit nhng t'n t"ong dung d[ch 3 Kc c9' cc 'xit h'(og)n hid"ic h'y cc dung d[ch h'(og)nu' t;o "' cc phc cht t'n\ 7gU n U 7gU$ b/ GC c2 :h nSng t;o "' phc cht t'n c2 hjng sX :h?ng b=n bW\ 7gF" n $N'$4$+3 N'37gN4$+3V$ n N'F" %jng sX :h?ng b=n c9' phc 7gN4$+3V$3/ ( 3P,.1</1*. c/ 8;o "' :Bt t9' 7g$4. N8!ch sX t'n c9' 7g$4 ( 5P3.1</,<V. 94<' 7uN+%V3 t'n t"ong N'+% P %N+3 v %&( t;o "' cc phc cht\ 7uN+%V3 n N'+% N'7uN+%V* 7uN+%V3 n *%N+3 %7uNN+3V* n 3%$+ 7uN+%V3 n *%&( %7u&(* n 3%$+ &<' (Sm ; ca imi ; thTU ngn 94B'a/ &2 (fp Nn / 1Vd hon ton b=n vcng vfi 1< )()ct"on. b/ &c :i3 (o;i xnP &dP %g c2 bn :!nh bW h#n cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th> clng chu :CP nQn :hi hCnh thnh (iQn :Bt gic' cc nguyQn tR k t";ng thi :!ch th!chP nSng (Tng Tc gii ph2ng "' (fn h#n so vfi du t"Cnh t#ng t_ c9' cc :i3 (o;i :i=3 th>P nQn cc ph1n tR xn$P &d$P %g$ c2 :h nSng tEn t;i. 94D'a/ zo t!nh b=n Kc biYt c9' cu hCnh 5s$ nQn thB ion h2' c9' th9y ng1n "t c'o vC vy thB tiQu chun c'o.
94E'a/ &hy c2 :H3 tc dng vfi dung d[ch :i=3. H3 v c'di3i t'n Tc t"ong dung d[ch %&( v %$4+* (o`ngP th9y ng1n :h?ng phn ng. &c :i3 (o;i 2 =u phn ng vfi cc dung d[ch %N+3 Kc hoKc (o`ng v =u t'n d dng. îQng th9y ng1n :hi phn ng vfi %N+ 3 Kc thu Tc %gNN+3V$. %g n *%N+3 %gNN+3V$ n $N+$ n $%$+ G vfi %N+3 (o`ng :hi %g d sH thu Tc %g$NN+3V$\ 5%g n 8%N+3 3%g$NN+3V$ n $N+ n *%$+ 94F'a/ GC b= 3Kt c2 ph9 3Zt (fp oxit :h?ng t'n t"ong nfc nQn :H3 :h?ng y Tc %$ "' :hui nfc. b/ &ho thQ3 &u4+* vo dung d[ch L t;o "' cKp pin @'nv'ni\ &u / xnP :h! %$ sH thot "' nh'nh h#n. 99J'a/ 8"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3P t!nh :hR c9' :i3 (o;i :H3 thL hiYn 3;nh h#nP vC :hi c2 3Kt ion +%/ t"Qn b= 3Kt c9' :H3 sH 3t (fp bo vY N8hB iYn c_c c9' :H3 t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit ( / <P65GP nhng t"ong 3?i t"/ ing :i=3 ( / 1P$$GV. b/ zung d[ch n2ng xn&($ b[ th9y ph1n t;o "' 3?i t"ing 'xitP nQn c2 :h nSng (3 t'n xn :i3 (o;i. c/ 1V xn n $N'+% n $%$+ %$ n N'$xnN+%V* $V xn n *N%*+% %$ n xnNN%3V*N+%V$ n $%$+ 3V xn n $N%*&( n $%$+ xn&($ n %$ n $N%*+% 99&'a/ Nhcng :i3 (o;i 3 nhiYt t;o thnh c9' oxit :i3 (o;i 2 phi (fn h#n nhiYt t;o thnh c9' &+$. b/ &2 thL bjng cch un n2ng hsn hTpP %g+ sH b[ ph1n h9y\ $%g+ $%g n +$ %g' t'n oxit :H3 v c'di3i cgn (;i t"ong 'xit %&(. &ho :h! % $4 i du' dung d[chP &d4 sH :Bt t9'P cgn (;i 3uXi :H3 t"ong dung d[ch. 8a dung d[ch 3uXi :3 cho :Bt t9' k d;ng hid"oxitP nung :Bt t9' t;o "' xn+. 8a %g chuyLn thnh %g+ v ta &d4 tC3 cch chuyLn thnh &d+ N&d4 :h?ng t'n t"ong 'xit (o`ngV. 994'a/ hi cho dung d[ch cc 3uXi :H3 v c'di3i tc dng vfi :i=3 3;nh. &c hid"oxit xnN+%V$P &dN+%V$ sH thot "' dfi d;ng :Bt t9' t"Jng. %gN+%V$ sH b[ ph1n h9y ng'y :hi 3fi Tc t;o thnh\ %gNN+3V$ n $ +% %g+ n $ N+3 n %$+ do 2 :hi cho 3uXi th9y ng1n tc dng vfi dung d[ch :i=3 3;nh sH sinh "' th9y ng1n oxit 3u vng. %g+ :h?ng t'n t"ong :i=3 d. %id"oxit xnN+%V$ t'n t"ong :i=3 d cgn &dN+%V$ :h2 t'n. b/ 8!nh 'xit gi3 %gN+%V$ hpu nh :h?ng c2 t!nh 'xit. c2 thL gii th!ch do du t"Cnh t;o phc\ IN+%V$ n +%/ IN+%V3/ IN+%V$ n $+%/ IN+%V*$/
Uon %g$n c2 bn :!nh (fn h#n ion xn$n do 2 :Bt hTp vfi phXi tR +%/ yBu h#n so vfi ion xn$n. GC thBP ion phc %gN+%V*$/ c2 Z b=n bW h#n so vfi ion phc xnN+%V*$/ nQn t"ong th_c tB :h?ng t;o "' t"ong dung d[ch ng'y c :hi nEng Z ion +%/ :h (fn. 999'a/ hi hg' t'n N't"i winc't t"ong nfc xy "' cc du t"Cnh s'u\ N'$xnN+%V* $N'n n xnN+%V*$/ xnN+%V*$/ xnN+%V3/ n +%/ xnN+%V3/ xnN+%V$ n +%/ c1n bjng sH chuyLn d[ch 3;nh v= bQn phi do nEng Z ion +% / :h bW. &c ph1n tR %$+ (3 nhiY3 v th'y thB cc phXi tR +%/ t"ong cpu nZi c9' phc cht. 99<' 4o snh t!ch sX t'n c9' xn&+3 v xn4. 99B' &2 thL (y 3uXi 0bNN+3V$ v xn4+*. 99D'a/ &2 phn ng t"'o >i t;o "' %g&($ ( cht iYn (i :W3. b/ %g c2 Z iYn 13 t#ng Xi (fn nQn (iQn :Bt t"ong cc hTp cht 2 c2 bn cht cZng h2' t"[ k 3c Z :h (fn. 99E'a/ IZt t"ong nhcng nguyQn nh1n g1y "' :h nSng t;o phc ( do bn :!nh bW c9' cc :i3 (o;i ph1n nh23 :H3P nhi vy cc phXi tR c2 :h nSng (iQn :Bt b=n vfi cc ion :i3 (o;i 2. b/ 8h9y ng1n tc dng vfi Uod ng'y k nhiYt Z thing. Gfi dung d[ch U$ n U t;o "' ion phc %gU*$/\ %g n U$ n $ U $%gU* &B' C"6m ; Mangan ; @Wt 9<J'a/ -fp Nn / 1Vd ch' hon chynhr bn :!nh nguyQn tR tSng ta &"o3 Bn Io(ibd)nP nhng gpn nh :h?ng >i :hi chuyLn ta Io(ibd)n Bn von{"'3 do c2 hiYn t#ng co ('nt'nit. 8hB ion h2' tSng vC cc (fp vu )()ct"on c9' nguyQn tR b[ co (;i Kc biYt 3;nh :hi chuyLn ta Io Bn . GC nhcng (! do 2 nQn Io v c2 t!nh cht h2' hec giXng nh'u h#n so vfi c"o3. 9<&'b/ 4o snh thB iYn c_c chun\ ~<&"$n}&" v ~<&"3n}&" 9<0'a/ &2 t!nh :hR 3;nhP ng'y t"ong dung d[ch :hi :h?ng c2 cht oxi h2' cng b[ nfc ph1n h9y dpn\ $&"&($ n $%$+ $&"N+%V&($ n %$ b/ 8"nh hiYn tTng oxi c9' :h?ng :h! oxi h2' &"&($. 9<4'a/ &hy thL hiYn t!nh b'w#\ t'n t"ong 'xit.
b/ *&"&($ n $%$+ n +$ *&"N+%V&($ c/ 8"ong 3?i t"ing 'xitP oxi c9' :h?ng :h! oxi h2' &"&($\ *&"N%$+V5$n n +$ n *%n *&"N%$+V53n n $%$+ 9<9' k 3c oxi h2' c'oP cu hCnh )()ct"on c9' 45n v &"5n t#ng t_ nh'uP do 2 hTp cht c2 ch' 45n v &"5n c2 t!nh cht t#ng t_ nh'u. 9<B'a/ NN%*V$&"$+6 &"$+3 n N$ n *%$+ %g' t'n hsn hTp t"ong nfc thu Tc &"$+3. b/ &"$+3 n 3 $4$+6 &"$N4+*V3 n 3 $4+* &"$+3 n $ +% $ &"+$ n %$+ chng 3inh t!nh (ng t!nh c9' &"$+3 tinh thL.
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9<D'b/ &2 thL bjng cch s'u\ cho hsn hTp &"+$ v 7(+$ th9y ph1n t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xitP s'u 2 cho 'xit d chuyLn thnh 3uXi &"3n v 7(3n. &ho thQ3 cht oxi h2'P chng h;n %&(+ oxi h2' &" 3n thnh &"$+6$/. &ho thQ3 :i=3 sH c2 7(N+%V3 xut hiYn. zung d[ch cgn (;i c2 ch' hsn hTp &"+*$/ v &"$+6$/P ta dung d[ch ny chuyLn thnh 3uXi &"3n s'u 2 t;o "' &"N+%V3. 9<E' Iu sJc c9' dung d[ch th'y >i th)o sX (Tng phXi tR %$+ t"ong cpu nZi. G! d\ &"N%$+V5&(3\ x'nh t!3 &"N%$+V,&(&($\ x'nh sng &"N%$+V*&($&(\ x'nh tXi 4X phXi tR 2 ph thuZc vo cc yBu tX nhiYt ZP nEng ZP p% c9' dung d[ch (3 cho thnh phpn c9' phc th'y >i. 9BJ'b/ Di=u chB hsn hTp sun{oc"o3ic bjng cch hg' t'n 8, g'3 &"+3 t'n t"ong 1$<3( %$+ n ,<<3( %$4+* 98tr hoKc dung d[ch ,t Nth)o t"eng (TngV $&"$+6 t"ong %$4+* 98t. 9B&' &ho &"+3 hg' t'n t"ong dung d[ch (o`ng +% t;o "' $&"+*P s'u 2 'xit h2' dung d[ch $&"+* t;o "' $&"$+6. &ho dung d[ch $&"$+6 tc dng vfi cht :hR t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit t;o "' &"$N4+*V3 s'u 2 chuyLn thnh &"N+%V3P nhiYt ph1n &"N+%V3 t;o "' &"$+3. 9B0' $&"+3 n 5m)N+%V$ &"$+3 n 3m)$+3 n 5%$+ &"+3 n 3m)N+%V$ n 3%$+ &"N+%V3 n 3m)N+%V3 9B4'a/ @ic' &"+*$/ v &"$+6$/ c2 tEn t'i c1n bjng s'u 1y t"ong dung d[ch\ $&"+*$/ n $%n &"$+6$/ n %$+ 8a 2 t' thy ion &"$+6$/ tEn t;i t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xitr ion &"+*$/ tEn t;i t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3.
b/ hi cho +% vo dung d[ch 3uXi &"3n t;o "' :Bt t9' :)oP x'nh x3P :Bt t9' t'n t"ong :i=3 d. hi cho +% vo dung d[ch $&"$+6 c1n bjng t"Qn sH chuyLn s'ng t"iP dung d[ch sH chuyLn ta vng d' c'3 s'ng vng. 9B9'b/ zlng cht oxi h2' chng h;n &'+&($ hoKc %&(+P oxi h2' 3uXi &"3n t;o thnh &"$+6$/ s'u 2 chuyLn thnh &"+3. G! d\ &"$N4+*V3 n 3%&(+ n *%$+ %$&"$+6 n 3%&( n 3%$4+* ta $&"$+6 i=u chB &"+3\ $&"$+6 n %$4+* NKcV &"+3 n $4+* n %$+ 9B<' hi un n2ng thB iYn c_c sH th'y >i. GC vy :hi cho %&( Kc tc dng vfi tinh thL $&"$+6 v un n2ng sH c2 :h! &(o thot "'P nBu ngang un phn ng sH dang (;i. 0hn ng ny dlng L i=u chB 3Zt (Tng nhu :h! &(oP :hi ngang un :h! &(o sH :h?ng thot "' nc'. $&"$+6 n 1*%&( $ &( n $&"&(3 n &($ n 6%$+ 9BB'a/ zlng nhcng cht c2 thB tiQu chun (fn h#n thB tiQu chun c9' &"$+6/$}&"3n. b/ 8a $&"+* chuyLn thnh $&"+6P s'u 2 cho tc dng vfi %$4+* Kc t;o "' &"+3. &ho &"+3 tinh thL tc dng vfi :h! %&( t;o "' c"o3y(c(o"u'. %oKc cho %$4+* Kc tc dng t"_c tiBp (Qn $&"+* thu Tc &"+3P s'u 2 cho tc dng vfi :h! %&(\ &"+3 n $%&( &"+$&($ n %$+ 9BD' z_' v s_ chuyLn d[ch c1n bjng\ &"$+6$/ n %$+ $%n n $&"+*$/ L gii th!ch hiYn tTngP Eng thii so snh t!ch sX t'n c9' 7g$&"$+6r 7g$&"+*r F'&"+*. 1V 8;o "' :Bt t9' u n1u 7g$&"+*. $V 8;o "' :Qt t9' vng F'&"+* 3V 8;o "' :Bt t9' F'4+*. &hO "jng %$&"+* ( 3Zt 'xit 3;nh N 1h$.1</1r $h3.1</6V nhng yBu h#n %$4+*P F'&"+* c2 t!ch sX t'n ( 1P$.1</1<. GC vy t"ong dung d[ch c2 c1n bjng\ F'&"+* F'$n n &"+*$/ t"ong dung d[ch %$4+*P c1n bjng t"Qn chuyLn s'ng phi do du t"Cnh t;o thnh &"$+6$/P t"ong dung d[ch c2 ch' ion F'$n sH hCnh thnh :Bt t9' F'4+*. 9BE'b/ &2 thL bjng cch\ &"$+3 n 3 $4$+6 &"$N4+*V3 n 3 $4+* tiBp tc oxi h2' &"$N4+*V3 t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3 :hi c2 3Kt ion N%*n.
9BF' 1V &"$+6$/ n 1*%n n 5F"/ $&"3n n 3F"$ n 6%$+ $V 0hi c2 i=u :iYn 3V h?ng *V &"$+6$/ n 8%n n 3%$4 $&"3n n 34 n 6%$+ ,V &"$+6$/ n 1*%n n 3%g$$n $&"3n n 5%g$nn 6%$+ 5V &"$+6$/ n 1*%n n 3&u $&"3n n 3&u$n n 6%$+ 6V h?ng 9DJ' 1V &"$+6$/ n 5U/ n 1*%n $&"3n n 3U$ n6 %$+ $V &"$+6$/ n 8%n n 3%$4 $&"3n n 4 n 6%$+ 3V $&"+*$/ n 3%$4 n $%$+ $&"N+%V3 n 34 n *+%/ *V &"$+6$/ n 34+$ n $%n $&"3n n 34+*$/ n %$+ ,V &"+*$/ n 3m)$n n 8%n &"3n n 3m)3n n*%$+ 5V &"3n n3m)N&NV53/ n8+%/&"+*$/ n3m)N&NV5*/n*%$+ 9D&' 1V $&"+3 n 3%$+$ n 3%$4+* &"$N4+*V3 n 3+$ n 5%$+ $V $&"F"3 n 3%$+$ n 1<N'+% $N'$&"+* n 5N'F" n 8%$+ 3V $&"+3 n 5%U $&"N+%V3 n 3U$ *V &"$N4+*V3 n 3F"$ n 15N'+% $N'$&"+* n 5N'F" n 3N'$4+* n 8%$+ ,V &"$+3 n 5 3m)N&NV5 n 1< +% $ $&"+* n 5 *m)N&NV5 n ,%$+ 5V &"$N4+*V3 n 5 In+*n15 +%$ $&"+* n 5 $In+* n 3 $4+* n 8%$+ 9D9'b/ %o;t t!nh h2' hec gi3 ta In Bn ^). c/ In t'n t"ong %&( v %$4+* (o`ng. &c :i3 (o;i ^) v 8c phn ng vfi cc 'xit %N+3 v %$4+* Kc. G! d\ 38c n 6%N+3 3%8c+* n 6N+ n $%$+ $^) n 6%$4+* $%^)+* n 64+$ n 5%$+ 9D<'a/ DiYn ph1n dung d[ch In4+* t#ng t_ nh du t"Cnh iYn ph1n dung d[ch Ni4+* hoKc &u4+*. b/ &2 thL i=u chB In bjng ph#ng php nhiYt :i3 hoKc nhiYt si(ic\ 3In3+* n 87( 9In n *7($+3 In+$ n 4i In n 4i+$ 9DB'a/ &huyLn In+ thnh In4+ * hoKc In&($P s'u 2 cho dung d[ch 3uXi In$n tc dng vfi :i=3 thu Tc :Bt t9' InN+%V$ 3pu t"Jng. b/ &2 thL dlng phn ng \ $InN+%V$ n +$ N:h?ng :h!V n $%$+ InN+%V* 9DD'
1V 3In4+* n $ &(+3 n 1$ +% 3 $In+* n $ &( n 5%$+ n 3 $4+* $V $In4+* n ,0b+$ n 5%N+3 $%In+* n 30bNN+3V$ n $0b4+* n $%$+ 3V In4+* n $%$+$ n * +% $In+* n *%$+ n $4+* *V In4+* n $F"$ n 8N'+% N'$In+* n *%$+ n *N'F" n In$4+* ,V In4+* n &'+&($ n $N'+% In+$ n N'$4+* n &'&($ n %$+ 9DF'a/ G! d phn ng\ 3In+$ n &(+3 n 5 +% 3 $In+* n &( n 3%$+ $In+$ n 30b+$ n 5%N+3 $%In+* n 30bNN+3V$ n $%$+ 9EJ'a/ &2 thL cho In+$ tc dng vfi %&( Kc thu Tc In&($\ In+$ n *%&( In&($ n &($ n $%$+ Nung hsn hTp In+$ n &(+3 n +% "Jn phn ng t;o "' $In+* N])3 bi *69VP hg' t'nP (ec dung d[ch nfc (ec c2 $In+*. 7xit h2' dung d[ch $In+* thu Tc In+*. Dun n2ng dung d[ch k 8<<&P s'u 2 (3 nguZiP tinh thL In+* xut hiYn. IuXn thu Tc In$+6P cho %$4+* Kc tc dng vfi tinh thL In+*\ $ In+* n %$4+* $%In+* n $4+* $%In+* In$+6 n %$+ b/ Nung hsn hTp F'N+%V$ v In+$ t"ong :h?ng :h!\ $F'N+%V$ n $In+$ n +$ $F'In+* n $%$+ 3F'In+* n $%$+ F'NIn+*V$ n In+$ n $F'N+%V$ F'N+%V$ n &+$ F'&+3 n %$+ (ec v "R' sn ph3P F'NIn+*V$ cgn (;i t"ong dung d[ch. 9E&' 8"ong dung d[ch c2 tEn t;i c1n bjng s'u\ 3In+*$/ n $%$+ $In+*/ n In+$ n *+%/ ta c1n bjng 2 c2 thL thy Tc ion In+*$/ tEn t;i t"ong 3?i t"ing :i=3r In+*/ b=n t"ong 3?i t"ing 'xit. 9E0'a/ &2 thL bjng cc phn ng\ $In+* n $%$4 n $%$4+* $4 n In4+ * n $4+* n *%$+ $ $In+* n &($ $ In+* n $ &( * $In+* n +$ n $%$+ * In+* n * +% bV %$In+* :h?ng b=n nh'nh ch2ng b[ ph1n h9y\ $In+ * n %$4+* %$In+* n $4+* $%$In+* $%In+* n In+$ n $%$+ 9E<' 1V $ In+* n 3In&($ n $%$+ ,In+$ n $ &( n *%&( 3V $ In+* n 1< U n 3%$4+* $In4+* n 5 $4+* n ,U$ n 8%$+ *V $ In+* n 5 U n *%$+ $In+$ n 3U$ n 8 +%
9EB' 1V $In&($ n * &(+ n 8 +% $ $In+* n 8 &( n *%$+ vfi ph#ng t"Cnh d;ng ion\ $In$n n *&(+/ n8+%/ $In+*$/ n *&(/ n *%$+ th)o v! d t"QnP viBt ph#ng t"Cnh ph1n tR d_' vo cc ph#ng t"Cnh ion s'u\ $V $In+*/ n ,N+$/ n 5%n $In$n n ,N+3/ n 3%$+ 3V 3In+*/ n ,m) n $*%n 3In$n n ,m)3n n 1$%$+ *V ,In$n n $F"+3/ n *%$+ ,In+$ n F"$ n 8%/ ,V $In+*/ n %$+$ n $+%/ $In+*$/ n +$ n $%$+ 9ED' z_' vo thB tiQu chun L gii th!ch. 9F0'a/ 0h1n tR Tc hCnh thnh th)o c# chB cho / nhn nhi cc obit'( ('i h2' dsp3 c9' nguyQn tR m).
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