CHNG 1: CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC (MPLS)

1.1. Cc khi nim c bn MPLS 1.1.1 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ( MPLS ) l g? Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching) l mt cng ngh lai kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp 3 (layer 3 routing) v chuyn mch lp 2 (layer 2 switching) cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt cc mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn (label). 1.1.2 MPLS v m hnh tham chiu OSI

Hnh 1.1: MPLS v m hnh tham chiu MPLS MPLS c xem nh l mt cng ngh lp m (shim layer) , n nm trn lp 2 nhng di lp 3, v vy i khi ngi ta gi n l lp 2,5

Hnh 1.2: So snh gia chuyn tip IP v chuyn tip MPLS 1.1.3. Cc khi nim c bn trong MPLS 1.1.3.1. Min MPLS ( MPLS domain) RFC 3031 m t min MPLS l mt tp hp cc nt mng thc hin hot ng nh tuyn v chuyn tip MPLS . Mt min MPLS thng c qun l v iu khin bi mt nh qun tr

Hnh 1.3 : Min MPLS

Min MPLS c chia thnh hai phn : phn mng li (core) v phn mng bin (edge) . Cc nt thuc min MPLS c gi l router chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switch Router). Cc nt phn mng li c gi l transit-LSR hay core-LSR (thng gi tt l LSR). Cc nt bin c gi l router bin nhn LER (Label Edge Router). Nu mt LER l nt u tin trn ng i ca mt gi xuyn qua min MPLS th n c gi l LER li vo (ingress-LER), cn nu l nt cui cng th n c gi l LER li ra ( egress-LER), cc thut ng ny c p dng ty theo chiu ca lung lu lng trong mng , do vy mt LER c th l ingress -LER va l egress-LER ty theo cc lung lu lng ang xt

Hnh 1.4 : Upstream v Downstream LSR Thut ng upstream-LSR v downstream-LSR ph thuc vo chiu ca lung lu lng 1.1.3.2.ng chuyn mch nhn ( LSP ) LSP (Label Switching Path) l ng i xut pht t mt LSR v kt thc ti mt LSR khc. Tt c cc gi tin c cng gi tr nhn s i trn cng mt LSP. LSP c cung cp bi cc giao thc nh LDP, RSVP-TE,CR-LDP hoc BGP. LSP c th xem nh l con ng bao gm mt tp cc router m cc gi thuc v 1 FEC no i qua n ch.

Hnh 1.5: ng chuyn mch nhn LSP 1.1.3.3. Lp chuyn tip tng ng ( FEC ) FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) ch mt nhm cc gi tin c i x nh nhau qua mng MPLS d chng c khc nhau trong mo u lp mng . Trong MPLS vic gn 1 gi vo 1 FEC c th ch thc hin 1 ln khi cc gi vo trong mng . Da trn FEC nhn c tha thun bi cc LSR t u vo n u ra ca mt vng nh tuyn. Sau y l mt vi v d ca cc FEC: + Tp hp cc gi tin n hng m a ch ch ca chng thuc lp 3 c cng chnh xc v tin t a ch. + Tp hp cc gi tin n hng m a ch ch ca chng c cng tin t a ch IP c th vi cng cc loi dch v. + Tp hp cc gi tin n hng m a ch ch ca chng c cng tin t a ch IP c th v chng c cng a ch cng ch. + Tp hp cc gi tin a hng c cng a ch ngun v ch ca a ch lp mng. + Tp hp cc gi tin a hng ging nhau ngun v ch ca a ch lp mng v ging nhau v giao din ra. 1.1.3.4.Nhn v stack nhn Nhn (Label ) l mt thc th c di c nh v thng l c ngha cc b c s dng trong tin trnh gi gi tin sau khi thit lp ng i. Nhn c gn vo mt gi tin c th s i din cho mt FEC m gi tin c n nh. Mt trong nhng th mnh ca kin trc MPLS l t nh nghi cc ngn xp nhn (label stack). Ngn xp nhn l mt tp hp c th t cc nhn gn theo gi truyn ti thng tin v nhiu FEC v v cc LSP tng ng m gi s i qua Cng thc dn nhn gi tin l:

Network Layer Packet + MPLS Label Stack Label Spaces: chia lm 2 loi Per-Platform Label Space: cc interface dng chung gi tr nhn. Per-Interface Label Space: mi interface mang gi tr nhn ring. Nhn ca MPLS l 1 trng 32 bit c nh vi cu trc xc nh. Trong : Label : c gi tr t 0->(220 -1). Gi tr t 0 ->15 l gi tr dnh ring, s dng gi tr t 16 -> (220 -1). EXP (Experimental) : dng cho QoS. S (Bottom of Stack) : cho bit y l nhn cui cng ca chng nhn (label stack) cha. TTL (Time To Live) : tng t nh trng TTL ca IP header.

Hnh 1.6: nh dng mt entry trong stack nhn MPLS Mt s nhn ng ra c bit trong cng ngh MPLS: Nhn untagged: gi MPLS c chuyn thnh gi IP v c chuyn tip n ch. Untagged c dng trong thc thi MPLS VPN. Nhn pop hay implicit null: Nhn ny c gn khi nhn trn cng ca gi MPLS n c g b Nhn c dng trong mng MPLS cho nhng trm k cui. Nhn Explicit-null: c gn gi gi tr EXP cho nhn top ca gi n. c s dng khi thc hin QoS vi MPLS. Nhn aggregate: nhn ra thnh gi IP, sau tm kim trong FIB xc nh giao thc ng ra cho gi tin ny. 1.2 Cc qu trnh hot ng trong MPLS

1.2.1 Hot ng MPLS Khi mt gi tin vo mng MPLS, cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn khng thc hin chuyn tip theo tng gi m thc hin phn loi gi tin vo trong cc lp tng ng chuyn tip FEC, sau cc nhn c nh x vo trong cc FEC. Mt giao thc phn b nhn LDP c xc nh v chc nng ca n l n nh v phn b cc rng buc FEC/nhn cho cc b inh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR. Khi LDP hon thnh nhim v ca n, mt ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP c xy dng t li vo ti li ra. Khi cc gi vo mng, LSR li vo kim tra nhiu trng trong tiu gi xc nh xem gi thuc v FEC no. Nu c mt rng buc nhn/FEC th LSR li vo gn nhn cho gi v nh hng n ti giao din u ra tng ng. Sau gi c hon i nhn qua mng cho n khi n n Hnh 1.7: Qu trnh gn nhn v tch nhn trong min MPLS

LSR li ra, lc nhn b loi b v gi c x l ti lp 3. Hiu nng t c y l nh vic a qu trnh x l lp 3 ti bin ca mng v ch thc hin 1 ln ti thay cho vic x l ti tng nt trung gian nh ca IP. Ti cc nt trung gian vic x l ch l tm s ph hp gia nhn trong gi v thc th tng ng trong bng kt ni LSR v sau hon i nhn qu trnh ny thc hin bng phn cng.

1.2.3. Qu trnh gn nhn cho gi tin

Xy dng bng nh tuyn Cc Router sau khi khi to s da vo giao thc nh tuyn xy dng bng nh tuyn RIB (Routing Table Information Base) v c lu tr trong mt phng iu khin. Da vo bng RIB, Router s to ra bng FIB (Forwarding Information Base) v c lu tr trong mt phng d liu.

Hnh 1.8: Qu trnh xy dng bng nh tuyn Xy dng bng LIB

Giao thc trao i nhn LDP s khi to v trao i nhn gia nhng Router trong min MPLS to ra bng LIB (Label Information Base)

Hnh 1.9 : Qu trnh to ra bng LIB Xy dng bn LFIB

S kt hp gia bn LIB v bng FIB s to ra bng LFIB.

Hnh 1.10 : Bng LFIB c to ra t bng LIB v bng FIB 1.2.4. Chuyn tip gi tin

chn u tin, gi tin IP i vo min MPLS, Router bin s da vo a ch ch tm kim trong bng FIB gn nhn cho gi tin. chn k tip, Router trong min MPLS s da vo nhn c lu trong bng LFIB xc nh nt k tip, thay i nhn v forward gi tin i. chn cui cng, Router bin s da vo nhn c bit g b gi tin v gi ra ngoi min MPLS

Hnh 1.11 : Qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin qua min MPLS 1.3. Cc ch bo hiu MPLS 1.3.1 Cc ch phn phi nhn MPLS cho php 2 ch hot ng ca cc LSR phn phi cc nh x nhn: Phn phi khng yu cu v phn phi theo yu cu.

 Phn phi nhn theo yu cu: Downstream-LSR phn phi gn kt nhn n upstream-LSR m khng cn c yu cu thc hin lin kt nhn. Nu downstream-LSR chnh l chng k vi nh tuyn IP cho 1 FEC c th th upstream_LSR c th s dng lin kt nhn ny chuyn tip cc gi trong FEC n downstream-LSR

Hnh 1.12: Ch phn phi nhn theo yu cu Phn phi khng yu cu: Upstream-LSR phi yu cu r rng mt gn kt nhn c th cho mt FEC c th th downstream-LSR mi phn phi nhn

Hnh 1.13 :Phn phi nhn khng theo yu cu 1.3.2. Ch duy tr nhn Duy tr nhn t do Upstream-LSR (LSR 1) lu tr tt c lin kt nhn nhn c bt chp downstream-LSR c phi l chng k vi nh tuyn IP hay khng.

Hnh 1.14 : Ch duy tr nhn t do Duy tr nhn bo th Upstream-LSR hy tt c cc gn kt nhn khc ch gi li gn kt nhn gi t downstream-LSR ang l chng k hin hnh.

Hnh 1.15 : ch duy tr nhn bo th 1.4. Ch iu khin

Khi mt FEC ng vi mt tin t a ch c phn phi bi nh tuyn IP, vic thit lp mi kt hp gia cc gn kt nhn ti mt LSR thc hin theo 2 cch: iu khin c lp Khi mi LSR nhn din ra mt FEC th n quyt nh gn kt ngay mt nhn cho FEC v cng b lun gn kt cho cc i tc phn phi nhn.

Hnh 1.16: Ch iu khin c lp iu khin tun t Downstream-LSR thc hin gn kt nhn cho mt FEC v thng bo gn kt nu n l LSR li ra hoc nu n nhn c mt gn kt nhn cho FEC t downstream-LSR ca n. Vic thit lp LSP tun t bt u LSR li ra v din ra ni tip theo hng ngc v LSR li vo.

Hnh 1.17 : Ch iu khin tun t 1.5. Kin trc nt MPLS

 Mt nt ca MPLS c hai mt phng: mt phng chuyn tip MPLS v mt phng iu khin MPLS. Nt MPLS c th thc hin nh tuyn lp ba hoc chuyn mch lp hai. Kin trc c bn ca mt nt MPLS nh sau: Mt phng chuyn tip (Forwarding plane):s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIB - Label Forwarding Information Base) chuyn tip cc gi. Mi nt MPLS c hai bng lin quan n vic chuyn tip l: c s thng tin nhn (LIB - Label Information Base) v LFIB. LIB cha tt c cc nhn c nt MPLS cc b nh du v nh x ca cc nhn ny n cc nhn c nhn t lng ging (MPLS neighbor) ca n. LFIB s dng mt tp con cc nhn cha trong LIB thc hin chuyn tip gi. Mt phng iu khin (Control Plane): chu trch nhim to ra v lu tr LFIB. Tt c cc nt MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt MPLS khc trong mng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state nh OSPF v IS-IS l cc giao thc c chn v chng cung cp cho mi nt MPLS thng tin ca ton mng. Trong cc b nh tuyn thng thng, bn nh tuyn IP dng xy dng FIB. Tuy nhin vi MPLS, bn nh tuyn IP cung cp thng tin ca mng ch v subnet prefix. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link-state gi thng tin nh tuyn (flood) gia mt tp cc router ni trc tip (adjacent), thng tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia cc router ni trc tip vi nhau bng cch dng giao thc phn phi (LDP Label Distribution Protocol) Cc nhn c trao i gia cc nt MPLS k cn xy dng nn LFIB. MPLS dng mt mu chuyn tip da trn s hon i nhn kt ni vi cc m un iu khin khc nhau. Mi m un iu khin chu trch nhim nh du v phn phi mt tp cc nhn cng nh lu tr cc thng tin iu khin c lin quan khc. Cc giao thc cng ni (IGP Interior Gateway Potocols) c dng xc nhn kh nng n c, s lin kt, v nh x gia FEC v a ch trm k (next-hop address). 1.6. u im, nhc im v ng dng 1.6.1 u im ca MPLS Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu. Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc cng ngh khc lin quan n Internet.

Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocol). Tm ng i linh hot da vo nhn(label) cho trc. H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM). C th hot ng trong mt mng phn cp. C tnh tng thch cao.

1.6.2. Nhc im: Bn cnh nhng u im nu trn th cng ngh MPLS cng c nhng nhc im nht nh. l: H tr nhiu giao thc s gp nhng vn phc tp trong kt ni. Kh h tr QoS xuyn sut. 1.7. Mt s ng dng: Cc dch v internet c th chia lm 3 nhm chnh:voice, data, video vi cc yu cu khc nhau. Nh voice yu cu tr thp, cho php tht thot d liu tng hiu qu. Video cho php mt mc d liu mc chp nhn c, mang tnh real time. Data yu cu bo mt, chnh xc cao...Vic trin khai cng ngh MPLS lm tng hiu qu khai thc cc ti nguyn mng sao cho hu hiu nht. Hin c mt s ng dng MPLS ang c trin khai l: MPLS Traffic Engineering : u im ln nht ca MPLS l kh nng thc hin k thut lu lng , n m bo lu lng c nh tuyn qua mt mng theo mt cch thc ng tin cy v hiu qu nht, K thut lu lng cho php cc ISP nh tuyn lu lng theo cch h c th cung cp dch v tt nht cho khch hng kha cnh thng lng v tr , MPLS-TE cho php lu lng c phn b hp l qua ton b h tng mng , ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng . MPLS VPN : VPN l cho php khch hng thit lp mng ring ging nh thu knh ring nhng vi chi ph thp hn bng cch s dng h tng mng cng cng dng chung, Kin trc MPLS p ng tt c cc yu cu cn thit h tr VPN bng cch thit lp cc ng hm LSP s dng nh tuyn tng minh , do , MPLS s dng cc ng hm LSP cho php nh khai thc cung cp dch v VPN theo cch tch hp trn cng h tng mng , c ch xp chng nhn cho php cu hnh nhiu VPN lng nhau trn h tng mng. MPLS QoS : nh tuyn QoS t ngun l mt c ch trong cc LSR c xc nh trc nt ngun (LSR li vo ) da vo mt s

thng tin v kh dng ti nguyn trong mng cng nh yu cu QoS ca lung lu lng . Gii php chuyn mch nhn a giao thc l mt k thut mng mi vi mc tiu kt hp tnh mm do ca cng ngh IP v ATM. MPLS bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh: Giao thc nh tuyn IP nh OSPF, BGP ti bin mng v li mng tm kim cc b nh tuyn MPLS. Chuyn mch gi tin da trn a ch IP ti bin mng. Gn nhn v phn b nhn trong li mng gi gi nhanh v hiu qu nht. Phng php nh tuyn trong MPLS h tr 2 dng hop-by-hop(nh tuyn tng bc) v explicit(nh tuyn ngun). Phng php nh tuyn ngun c tnh ng ln hn trn c s yu cu QoS v cc chnh sch khc. Qu trnh phn phi nhn l c lp vi qu trnh truyn tin v thng qua giao thc phn phi nhn. Qu trnh gn nhn v phn phi nhn ph thuc rt nhiu vo topo mng, lu lng iu khin v lu lng s liu.

CHNG 2: K THUT LU LNG TRONG MPLS

Mc ch ca k thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering)

2.1.

K thut lu lng (TE) l qu trnh iu khin cch thc cc lung lu lng i qua mng sao cho ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn v hiu nng ca mng. N ng dng cc nguyn l khoa hc cng ngh o lng, m hnh ha, c trng ha viu khin lu lng nhm t c cc mc tiu khc nhau. Khi ni TE phn bit vi khi nim k thut mng (Network Engineering). K thut mng lin quan n vic thit k xy dng topology ca mng sao cho ph hp vi lu lng. TE ngha l lu lng o c v phn tch,sau mt m hnh thng k c s dng thc hin c lng lu lng mng. Nu m hnh lu lng c d on trc khng ph hp vi ti nguyn mng, nh qun tr s thay i m hnh ny t c vic s dng ti u ti nguyn ng thi gim gi chi ph n mc thp nht. Cc mc tiu trin khai k thut lu lng c th phn theo hai hng : Hng lu lng (traffic oriented) Hng ti nguyn (resource oriented) Cc mc tiu hng lu lng lin quan n vic tng cng QoS cho cc lung lu lng. Trong m hnh n lp (dch v best-effort), cc mc tiu ny g m: gim thiu mt gi v tr, tng ti a thng lng (throughput) v tun th cc hp ng mc dch v (SLA)... Cc mc tiu hng lu lng b chn thng k (nh thay i tr gi nh - nh, t l mt gi, tr truyn ti a) cng rt hu ch trong m hnh dch v phn bit (Diffserv). Cc mc tiu hng ti nguyn lin quan n vic ti u ha s dng ti nguyn. Bng thng l mt ti nguyn ct yu ca mng, do chc nng trng tm ca kthut lu lng l qun l hiu qu ti nguyn bng thng. 2.2. Bi ton tc nghn :

Tc nghn l tnh hung xy ra trong mng khi kh nng truyn ti lu lng ca mng khng p ng c nhu cu truyn ti lu lng i qua mng . Tc nghn c th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn mang tnh vt l nh lin kt, nt v cng c th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn mang tnh logic, iu khin:

Tc nghn xy ra trn mt lin kt khi tc truyn ti vt l ca lin kt khng

p ng c dung lng d liu truyn ti yu cu trn lin kt . Tc nghn

cng c th xy ra trong ni b mt thit b khi nng lc chuyn mch ca thit b (Switching Fabric) khng p ng c yu cu. Nng lc chuyn mch ca thit b ph thuc vo trng chuyn mch ca thit b , v ta bit rng khng c trng chuyn mch khng tc nghn hon ton khi nhiu u vo cng yu cu chung mt u ra tng ng. Tc nghn xy ra khi cc dng lu lng c nh x khng hiu qu ln cc ti nguyn lm cho mt s tp con cc ti nguyn lun lun phi hot ng vi cng ti cao trong khi s khc hot ng rt t hoc thm ch khng hot ng. Tc nghn loi ny thng xy ra do s hot ng khng ti u ca cc giao thc iu khin nh cc giao thc nh tuyn, bo hiu. gii quyt bi ton tc nghn, ta c th gii quyt theo hai hng sau:

Tng cng dung lng, tc vt l ca cc lin kt, m rng nng lc x l

ca cc nt trn mng, hoc ng dng cc phng thc ca k thut lu lng hng lu lng (Traffic-Oriented). S dng k thut lu lng hng ti nguyn (Resource-Oriented) iu chnh cc nh x gia lu lng v ti nguyn trong mng t cp pht cc ti nguyn sao cho ti u v hiu qu cao. Vi iu kin bng n lu lng tm thi, k thut lu lng hng lu lng hon ton c th tr thnh mt gii php hp l cho mng, tuy nhin trong iu kin bng n lu lng thng xuyn xy ra th k thut ny khng th gii quyt trit vn tc nghn. K thut lu lng hng ti nguyn l gii php cho vn tc nghn ko di hay thng xuyn xy ra ti mt khu vc no trong mng trong khi cc khu vc khc hot ng di hiu nng kh dng. 2.3. K thut lu lng trong MPLS

K thut lu lng MPLS-TE (MPLS Traffic Engineering) l mt trong nhng ng dng nng cao ca chuyn mch nhn MPLS, mang nhiu u im vt tri so vi k thut lu lng truyn thng ti lp lin kt d liu hay ti lp mng. Trong min chuyn mch MPLS c trin khai k thut lu lng MPLS-TE, cc LER/LSR nh tuyn/chuyn mch theo chuyn mch nhn MPLS vi ng dng k thut lu lng MPLS-TE vi mc tiu iu khin ng dn lu lng ph hp vi thuc tnh ca lung lu lng. MPLS-TE s dng cc ng hm (Tunnels) hay cn gi l cc trung k lu lng (CR-LSP/TE-LSP) iu khin ng dn lu lng, mt ng hm MPLS- TE l mt tp hp cc lung lu lng c cng chung cc thuc tnh v c cng mt IngressLER v mt u ra Egress-LER. Mt ng hm MPLS-TE c gn vo mt ng dn n hng LSP bng cch so snh cc thuc tnh yu cu ca ng hm ny vi cc thuc tnh ca cc ng dn LSP kh dng, c thc hin bi cc thut ton tnh ton v thit lp ng rng buc. Nh trn hnh di, cc b nh tuyn trong min MPLS-TE trao i thng tin rng buc v lin kt, sau PE1 ty vo thuc tnh rng

buc yu cu ca lu lng t CE1 v CE2 m xy dng CR-LSP 1 v CR-LSP 2 l cc LSP rng buc, sau chn la ng i ph hp nht cho cc lung lu lng.

Hnh 2.1: K thut lu lng trong MPLS 2.4. Tng quan c ch hot ng ca MPLS- TE K thut chuyn mch MPLS cn c trin khai trong mng trc khi ng dng k thut lu lng MPLS-TE c th c s dng. Trong h thng mng s dng k thut MPLS, mt LER xy dng cc ng dn n hng LSP ti cc LER cn li, cc LSR trong khu vc mng li ch thc hin qu trnh chuyn mch nhn MPLS. K thut lu lng MPLS-TE cho php thc hin k thut lu lng khi LSR u ngun ca mt ng dn n hng LSP tnh ton ng dn hiu qu nht qua mng truyn lu lng ti LSR u xa ca LSP . thc hin c iu ny LSR u ngun cn nm c hnh trng thi ca ton b mng cng nh thuc tnh v bng thng kh dng hin thi v cc thuc tnh khc ca tng lin kt trong mng. Do giao thc nh tuyn c s dng gia cc u cui MPLS-TE hay gia LSR u ngun v LSR u cui ca mt LSP bt buc phi l giao thc nh tuyn dng LinkState. i vi loi giao thc nh tuyn ny, mi LER/LSR xy dng trng thi ca mi lin kt gn trc tip vi n v truyn thng tin trng thi ny ti cc LER/LSR trong ni vng Area, iu ny cng c ngha rng tt c cc LER/LSR trong ni vng s nm c hnh trng thi ca mng v cc thuc tnh ca lin kt trong vng . K thut chuyn mch MPLS cho php nh tuyn theo ngun SBR, LSR ti u ngun ca LSP s c quyn s dng LSP no ti c LSR ti u ra. LSP ny c gi l LSP c lu lng ha hay cn gi l trung k lu lng hoc ng hm TE. Cc lu lng c chung cc c tnh c ghp vo trong mt trung k lu lng c iu khin bi nh qun tr mng. Cc lu lng ny s c truyn ti t Headend-LSR ti Tailend-LSR theo mt LSP ph hp ti mi thi im. Ba vn c bn trong vn thc hin k thut lu lng ca k thut lu lng MPLS-TE l:

 nh x loi lu lng ln cc lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC) nh x cc FEC ln cc lp trung k lu lng (Traffic Trunk) nh x cc trung k lu lng ln Topology mng vt l thng qua cc LSP rng
buc. thc hin bi ton c bn ca MPLS-TE, cc thnh phn ca k thut lu lng MPLS-TE c trin khai trong mng bao gm:

Cc thng tin rng buc ca lin kt (bng thng ti a, bng thng kh dng
hin thi, tr, bin ng tr, ...) Phn phi thng tin rng buc ca lin kt bi cc giao thc nh tuyn LinkState m rng cho MPLS-TE Khi to cc trung k lu lng ti cc Ingress-LER Thut ton tnh ton ng dn rng buc t LER u ngun ti LER u ra (CSPF) Giao thc bo hiu v thit lp ng dn rng buc (RSVP-TE hoc CR-LDP) Phng thc ghp lu lng ln ng dn rng buc.

Nguyn tc hot ng c bn ca MPLS-TE l nh tuyn hoc hng lu lng trn mng da trn cc ti nguyn hay cc thng tin rng buc. Cc thng tin rng buc ny l cc c tnh ca tng lin kt trong mng nh bng thng ti a, bng thng kh dng hin thi, tr, bin ng tr, ... hoc cc thng tin c xc lp bi nh iu hnh mng.

Hnh 2.2 : Tng quan v c ch hot ng ca MPLS TE Cc thng tin rng buc ny c cu hnh trn tng lin kt v c qung b bi cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-State m rng cho MPLS-TE nh OSPF-TE hoc ISISTE. Cc LER s thu thp tt c cc thng tin rng buc v xy dng c s d liu thng tin rng buc lu tr tt c cc thuc tnh ca tng lin kt.

Ti cc Headend-LSR, cc trung k lu lng c khi to vi cc thuc tnh rng buc yu cu, cc lung lu lng c chung cc c im c a vo cng mt trung k lu lng. T c s d liu v thng tin rng buc, thut ton tnh ton c rng buc CSPF ( Constrained Shortest Path First) s so snh thuc tnh yu cu ca trung k lu lng v ca cc ng dn n hng LSP t Headend- LSR ti Tailend-LSR tnh ton ng dn rng buc ti u nht m bo tt c cc thuc tnh yu cu ca trung k lu lng. Cc thut ton CSPF l mt dng ca thut ton SPF c s dng trong cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min Link- State nh OSPF hay IS-IS. Tuy nhin CSPF c chnh sa a cc thng tin rng buc tr thnh cc thnh phn trong qu trnh tnh ton. Tiu ch chn ng c bn cho mt trung k lu lng ca thut ton CSPF l chn ng ti u nht trong s tt c cc ng c tt c cc thuc tnh tha mn yu cu ca trung k lu lng . Cc thit b nh tuyn LSR trong khu vc mng li thc hin th tc tro i nhn ti bng mt nhn ra tng ng, cc LSR cn c bit cc nhn tro i tng ng vi mt trung k lu lng c th. V chng ch c th nhn bit c cc nhn ny thng qua cc giao thc bo hiu v thit lp ng dn rng buc RSVP -TE hoc CR-LDP. Cc phin bn m rng ca cc giao thc RSVP v LDP dnh cho MPLS- TE cho php chng c th mang cc thng tin v nhn tng ng vi mt trung k lu lng c th v mt s cc c tnh khc nh ER (Explicit-Route) hay RR (Record- Route). RSVPTE thit lp v bo hiu cho mt trung k lu lng t LSR u ngun (HeadendLSR) ti LER u ra (Tailend-LSR) dc theo ng dn c tnh ton bi CSPF ti Headend-LSR. RSVP-TE thc hin th tc bo hiu v thit lp nhn ti mi nt dc ng dn ny. Bn tin RSVP-PATH c gi theo ng dn t Headend-LSR ti Tailend-LSR mang theo yu cu thit lp ng cho mt trung k lu lng v i hi tr v nhn ph hp. Bn tin RSVP-RESV c gi ngc tr li t Tailend-LSR v Headend-LSR cha nhn yu cu v thc hin bo hiu cho cc nt dnh ring mt phn ti nguyn cho trung k lu lng c bo hiu. Gi tr nhn ny c th thay i ti mi nt v s c s dng truyn ti cc lung lu lng ca trung k lu lng. Ngoi ra cc bn tin ca RSVP cng ng vai tr kim tra vic thit lp trung k lu lng ti mi nt. Vic thit lp ny khng phi lc no cng thnh cng do trong mng c th c nhiu trung k lu lng vi cc u tin khc nhau cng thit lp v bo hiu i qua mt nt dn n qu ti i vi nt . Tng hp li, k thut lu lng MPLS-TE c trin khai trong min chuyn mch MPLS theo nhng bc sau y nhm t c mc tiu k thut lu lng: Bc 1. Xc lp v gn cc thuc tnh rng buc cho tng lin kt Bc 2. Phn phi thng tin rng buc ca lin kt bng giao thc OSPF/IS-IS m rng cho MPLS-TE Bc 3. Khi to cc trung k lu lng cng cc thuc tnh rng buc yu cu ca n

Bc 4. Thc hin tnh ton ng rng buc bng thut ton CSPF ti nt HeadendLSR Bc 5. Thit lp v bo hiu ng rng buc bng giao thc CR-LDP/RSVP- TE Bc 6. Thc hin mt loi c ch ghp lu lng ln trn ng dn lu lng va tnh ton v thit lp, bo hiu thnh cng 2.5. Gii php m hnh chng ph (Overlay Model)

a)

Topology vt l

b)Topology o

Hnh 2.3:

M hnh chng ph (Overlay Model)

Mt cch tip cn ph bin b p cc thiu st ca cc giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocols) l s dng m hnh chng ph (nh IP over ATM hoc IP over FR). Tt c cc router lp 3 c kt ni trc tip vi nhau bng mt li full-mesh cc mch o VC. K thut lu lng c thc hin lp 2 (ATM hoc FR). Tuy nhin, m hnh ny c nhiu nhc im sau y: Tn km thm nhiu thit b (cc chuyn mch ATM hoc FR). Qun l mng phc tp hn: Mng lp 2 c cc cng c ring bit vi nhiu tc v h tr k thut lu lng. ng thi mng cc route lp 3 vi giao thc IGP cng phi c qun l. Vic qun l 2 lp mng ny khng tch hp c. Pht sinh nhiu vn m rng i vi IGP do s lng qu ln cc neighbor khi kt ni full-mesh tn dng cc tin ch cung cp bi lp 2. Tn thm bng thng cho lng overhead ca ATM hoc FR (cell tax). Khng h tr dch v phn bit (Diffserv) : Mi dch v phn bit ca IP a xung (qua AAL5 ca ATM) u tr thnh best-effort .

2.6. K thut lu lng trn MPLS ( MPLS TE ) MPLS c ngha chin lc i vi k thut lu lng v n c th cung cp hu ht cc chc nng hin c m hnh chng ph nhng theo cch tch hp vi chi ph thp. iu quan trng l MPLS cn xut kh nng t ng ha cc chc nng k thut lu lng.

2.6. Khi nim trung k lu lng ( Traffic trunk ) MPLS gii thiu khi nim trung k lu lng thc hin cc mc tiu TE. Trung k lu lng l mt khi thu gom (aggregate) cc lung lu lng thuc cng lp, c t bn trong mt LSP. Trong mt s hon cnh c th ni lng nh ngha ny cho php trung k lu lu lng thu gom lu lng a lp. Trong m hnh dch v n lp, mt trung k lu lng c th ng gi ton b lu lng gia mt ingress-router v mt egress-router. Trong trng hp phc tp hn, lu lng ca cc lp dch v phn bit c n nh vo cc trung k lu lng ring bit vi cc c tnh khc nhau. Trung k lu lng l i tng c th nh tuyn (tng t nh ATM VC). Trung k lu lng phn bit vi LSP l ng cho trung k i xuyn qua.Trong bi cnh hot ng, mt trung k lu lng c th chuyn t LSP ny sang mt LSP mi, hoc nhiu trung k lu lng cng i chung trn mt LSP. Trung k lu lng l n hng. Hnh 2.4: Cc trung k lu lng

R1 T T 1

R3

TT 3 R2

TT 2 R

2.7. hnh nghim suy ( Induced Graph) hnh nghim suy gn ging nh topology o trong m hnh chng ph. N c nh x trn mng vt l thng qua vic la chn cc LSP cho cc trung k lu lng. Mt hnh nghim suy gm mt nhm cc nt LSR c kt ni lun l vi nhau bng cc LSP. Khi nim ny rt quan trng v bi ton qun l bng thng c bn trong mt min MPLS t ra chnh l lm th no nh x hiu qu hnh nghim suy ln trn topology mng vt l. hnh nghim suy c cng thc ha nh sau: t G = (V, E, C) l mt hnh m t topology vt l ca mng. Trong , V l tp hp cc nt mng, E l tp hp cc ng link, C l tp hp cc kh nng v rng buc cho E v V. Ta coi G l topology c s. t H = (U, F, D) l hnh MPLS nghim suy, trong U l tp con thuc V gm mt nhm LSR ti cc u ca LSP. F l tp hp cc LSP. Tham s D l tp hp cc yu cu v ch ti cho F. Nh vy, H l mt hnh trc tip v ph thuc vo cc c tnh chuyn ti ca G. 2.8. Bi ton c bn ca k thut lu lng trn MPLS C ba vn c bn lin quan n k thut lu lng trn MPLS l: nh x cc gi ln cc lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC). nh x cc FEC ln cc trung k lu lng (traffic trunk). nh x cc trung k lu lng ln topology mng vt l thng qua cc LSP.

Ta s tp trung vo vn th ba, tc l tnh ton ng i tt nht qua mng cho cc trung k lu lng sao cho mng hot ng hiu qu v tin cy. y chnh l bi ton nh x hnh nghim suy H ln topology mng c s G. 2.9. Trung k lu lng v cc thuc tnh xy dng v duy tr trung k lu lng, ngi ta tm cch m hnh ha n bng cc tham s. Mt thuc tnh l mt tham s c gn v c nh hng n cc c trng hnh vi ca trung k lu lng. Cc thuc tnh c th c gn c th thng qua hnh ng qun tr hoc c gn ngm n bi cc giao thc bn di khi cc gi c phn loi v nh x vo FEC ti li vo min MPLS. Thc t, mt trung k lu lng c th c trng ha bi: Ingress-LSR v egress-LSR ca trung k lu lng Tp cc FEC c nh x vo trung k lu lng Mt tp cc thuc tnh nhm xc nh cc c trng hnh vi ca trung k. Hai vn c bn c ngha c bit l: (1) Tham s ha cc trung k lu lng v (2) nhng quy lut sp t v duy tr ng dn cho cc trung k lu lng. 2.9.1 Cc hot ng c bn ca trung k lu lng

L cc tin trnh khc nhau xy ra trong thi gian sng ca mt trung k lu lng: Establish : To ra mt trung k lu lng bng cch quyt nh mt LSP, gn cc nhn MPLS v quan trng nht l gn ti nguyn cho trung k . Activate : Lm cho trung k lu lng bt u chuyn d liu bng cch dng mt s chc nng nh tuyn a lu lng vo trung k. Deactivate : Lm cho trung k lu lng ngng chuyn d liu cng bng cch dng mt chc nng nh tuyn dng vic a lu lng vo trung k . Modify Attributes : Thay i cc c trng ca trung k lu lng, chng hn nh bng thng kh dng. Reroute : Chn mt ng mi cho trung k lu lng (thng l do mt s s c trong mng hoc khi khi phc xong s c). Destroy : Loi b hon ton mt trung k lu lng khi mng v thu hi tt c cc ti nguyn cp pht cho n

2.9.2 Thuc tnh tham s lu lng (Traffic Parameter) Thuc tnh tham s lu lng c t bng thng i hi bi trung k lu lng cng vi cc c trng lu lng khc nh tc nh, tc trung bnh, kch thc bng pht cho php, v.v... Di gc k thut lu lng, cc tham s lu lng rt quan trng v chng cc ch th, cc yu cu v ti nguyn ca trung k lu lng. 2.9.3 Thuc tnh la v chn v qun l ng ( Chnh sch chn ng ) L cc tiu chun la chn v duy tr ng dn cho trung k lu lng. Con ng thc s c chn xuyn qua mng c th c cu hnh tnh bi nh iu hnh hoc c gn ng do mng da vo cc thng tin t IGP (nh ISIS hoc OSPF). Cc thuc tnh c bn v cc c trng hnh vi lin quan n chn ng v qun lng cho trung k lu lng c m t sau y: a). ng tng minh c t qun tr ng tng minh c t qun tr cho mt trung k lu lng c cu hnh bi nh iu hnh. Mt ng gi l c t ton b nu ch ra tt c cc hop yu cu gia hai endpoint. c t mt phn l nu ch c mt tp con cc hp trung gian c ch th . Thuc tnh "path preference rule" l mt bin nh phn ch th ng tng minh c cu hnh l bt buc hay khng bt buc. b). Phn cp cc lut u tin cho a ng

Trong mt s hon cnh thc t, kh nng ch nh mt tp hp cc ng tng minh c cho mt trung k lu lng v nh ngha phn cp cc quan

h u tin gia cc ng. Khi thit lp ng, cc lut u tin c p dng chn ra ng thch hp t danh sch c. Trong cc tnh hung s c th cc lut u tin ny cng c dng chn mt ng thay th t danh sch c. c). Thuc tnh Affinity lp ti nguyn (Resource-Class Affinity ) Thuc tnh ny cho php operator p t cc chnh sch chn ng bng vic bao gm hay loi tr mt s link no . Mi link c gn mt thuc tnh lp ti nguyn (Resource-Class). Thuc tnh Affinity lp ti nguyn c dng chui bit nh sau: Affinity(32-bit), Mask(32-bit) Mt n lp ti nguyn ch th cc bit no trong lp ti nguyn cn c kim tra. Link c bao hm khi chn ng nu chui Affinity trng vi Resource-Class sau khi cng thc hin php AND vi mt n. Gi tr default ca mt n l 0x0000FFFF d.) Thuc tnh thch ng ( Adaptivity) Trong nhiu tnh hung cn thit phi thay i ng cc ng dn ca trung k lu lng p ng vi vic thay i trng thi mng (ch yu thay i ti nguyn kh dng). Qu trnh ny c gi l ti ti u ha (re-optimization). Thuc tnh thch ng cho bit mt trung k lu lng c php ti ti u ha hay khng. Nu ti ti u ha b cm th trung k lu lng coi nh c ghim vo ng thit lp ca n v khng th ti nh tuyn (re-route) khi c thay i trng thi mng. e). Phn phi ti qua nhiu trung k song song Khi lu lng thu gom gia hai nt qu ln khng th ti ht trn mt ng, MPLS c th to ra nhiu trung k lu lng gia hai nt sao cho mi trung k chuyn mt phn ca lu lng thu gom. Khi cn c mt s thuc tnh cho bit t l tng i ca lu lng c mang bi mi trung k. Cc giao thc bn di s nh x ti ln cc trung k lu lng theo cc l c cho. 2.9.4 Thuc tnh u tin / ln chim (Priority/Preemption) Thuc tnh u tin c 8 mc (gim dn t 0 n 7) xc nh th t thc hin chn ng cho cc trung k lu lng. u tin cng rt quan trng khi trin khai c ch ln chim (preemption) v n c nh hng n th t thin v. Mi trung k lu lng c gn mt gi tr u tin thit lp (setup priority) v mt gi tr u tin cm gi (holding priority). Khi thit lp trung k mi hoc ti nh tuyn, mt trung k c u tin thit lp cao s chn ln mt trung k khc c u tin cm gi thp hn bt ra khi ng nu chng cnh tranh ti nguyn. Ngc li, vic thit lp mt trung k mi c th tht bi nu bng thng m n

yu cu ang b chim gi bi cc trung k khc c u tin cm gi cao hn.

2.9.5 Thuc tnh n hi ( Resiliense) Thuc tnh n hi xc nh hnh vi ca trung k lu lng trong tnh hung xy ra s c theo cc c ch sau: Khng ti nh tuyn trung k lu lng. Ti nh tuyn qua mt ng kh thi c ti nguyn.

Ti nh tuyn qua ng kh dng bt k bt chp cc rng buc ti nguyn. T hp ca cc c ch ni trn. 2.9.6 Thuc tnh khng ch ( Policing) Thuc tnh khng ch xc nh nhng hot ng c thc hin khi mt trung k lu lng khng tun th mc dch v c t cc tham s lu lng. N cho bit cch x l i vi lng traffic vt mc dch v (v d hy gi hay truyn theo kiu best-effort). Ni chung, nn lun lun khng ch li vo ca mng cng bc tun th cc hp ng mc dch v v gim thiu vic khng ch bn trong li mng.

2.10. Cc thuc tnh ti nguyn

2.10.1 B nhn cp pht cc i (maximum allocation multiplier) L lng bng thng d tr kh dng ti a ca mt link c th cp pht ng vi tng mc u tin thit lp (setup priority) ca cc trung k lu lng. Global Pool Reservable BW (kbps) ----------116250 116250 116250 116250 116250 42000 42000 0 Sub Pool Reservable BW (kbps) ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

bw[0]: bw[1]: bw[2]: bw[3]: bw[4]: bw[5]: bw[6]: bw[7]:

Total Allocated BW (kbps) --------------0 0 0 0 0 74250 0 42000

Hnh 2.2: Mt v d bng thng d tr cho tng mc u tin

2.10.2 Lp ti nguyn (Resource-Class) Thuc tnh lp ti nguyn ca mt link l mt chui 32 bit c dng kt hp vi thuc tnh Affinity ca trung k lu lng bao gm hay loi tr cc link no trn ng ca trung k. Hnh di y l mt v d Affinity v

lp ti nguyn 4 bit trnh 1 link c c t. Trung k : A ti B Affinity: bits = 0000, mask = 0011

0100
0000 A Resource-Class D C 0010

1000 E 1100
Link b loi tr

Hnh 2.5: Minh ha cch dng bit Affinity v Resource-Class 2.10.3 TE Metric Mi link c mt cost hoc metric tnh ton nh tuyn trong hot ng ca IGP. TE metric l mt trng s qun tr c gn cho cc link tnh ton LSP cho cc trung k lu lng. Gi tr TE metric mc nh l bng IGP cost ca link. Router u ngun (head-end) s dng cc TE metric nh tuyn rng buc.

2.11.Tnh ton ng rng buc

2.11 .1 Qung b cc thuc tnh ca link Router ti u ngun (head-end) ca mt trung k phi nm c thng tin thuc tnh ti nguyn ca tt c cc link trong mng tnh ton ng LSP. iu ny ny ch c th t c bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-State (nh IS-IS hay OSPF) v ch c kiu giao thc ny mi qung b thng tin v tt c cc link n tt c cc router. V vy, OSPF v IS-IS c m rng h tr MPLSTE: IS-IS c cc trng Type-Length-Value mi (kiu 22 TLV) nh km cc thng tin ny trong cc thng co PDU Link-State ca n. OSPF c cc nh ngha thng co Link-State mi (kiu 10 LSA).

Mt khi router u ngun nhn c cc thng co ny th n khng ch bit c topology mng m cn bit c cc thng tin ti nguyn kh dng ca tng link. iu ny rt cn thit tnh ton cc ng tha mn cc i hi ca trung k lu lng.

Link L, BW=100

D qung b : AB(0)= AB(1) .. = AB(7)=100.

Trong : AB(i) l BW kh dng ng vi mc u tin i Thit lp mt trung k qua L vi priority=3, chim 30 n v BW D Link L, BW=100 D qung b : AB(0) = AB(1) = AB(2) = 100 AB(3) = AB(4) = = AB(7) =70

Thit lp thm mt trung k qua L vi priority=5, chim 30 n v BW D Link L, BW=100 D qung b : AB(0) = AB(1) = AB(2) = 100 AB(3) = AB(4) = 70 AB(5) = AB(6) = AB(7) = 40

Hnh 2.6: Bng thng kh dng ng vi tng mc u tin Cc giao thc IGP s qung b cc thuc tnh ti nguyn khi di cc iu kin hoc s kin no nh: Khi link thay i trng thi (v d up, down) Khi lp ti nguyn ca link thay i do ti cu hnh nhn cng hoc trong trng hp bng thng kh dng bin ng qua cc mc ngng t trc. Theo nh k (da vo mt timer), router s kim tra cc thuc tnh ti nguyn v qung b cp nht thng tin. Khi tham gia thit lp mt ng LSP nhng tht bi.

2.11.2 Tnh ton LSP rng buc (CR-LSP) LSP cho mt trung k lu lng c th c khai bo t n h hoc tnh ton ng. Vic tnh ton s xem xt cc ti nguyn kh dng, cc thuc tnh link v c cc trung k khc (v vy c gi l tnh ton ng rng buc). Kt qu ca vic tnh ton ny l tm ra mt chui cc a ch IP i din cho cc hop trn ng LSP gia u ngun v u ch ca trung k lu lng. Sau , thc hin bo hiu LSP v hon thnh vic thit lp ng bng cc giao thc bo hiu cho MPLS nh RSVP-TE.

Tin trnh tnh ton ng rng buc lun lun c thc hin ti u ngun trung k lu lng v c kch hot do: Mt trung k mi xut hin Mt trung k ang tn ti nhng thit lp LSP tht bi Ti ti u ha mt trung k ang tn ti. 2.11.3 Gii thut chn ng Vic chn ng cho mt trung k lu lng s dng trng s qun tr (TE cost) ca mi link ring bit. Trng s qun tr ny mc nhin l bng metric IGP ca link. Gii thut chn ng rng buc theo cc bc sau: Ct b cc link c resource-class b loi do php tnh Affinity ra khi topology. Ct b cc link khng c bng thng d tr theo yu cu ca trung k. Chy gii thut Dijktra tm ra ng c tng TE-cost nh nht trn phn topology cn li.

Sau khi thc hin cc bc trn m vn cn nhiu ng ng c cho LSP (nhiu nhiu ng c cng tng TE metric) th tiu chun th t chn la nh sau: ng c bng thng ti thiu cao nht ng c s hop nh nht Chn la ngu nhin

Khi ng LSP c tnh xong, RSVP c dng dnh trc bng thng thc s, phn phi cc nhn cho ng v hon thnh vic thit lp ng LSP

2.12. CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First) 2.12.1 Gii thiu Thut ton tm ng i ngn nht c rng buc (CSPF - Constrained SPF) tnh ng i ngn nht da vo vic qun l metric. CSPF ch quan tm ti cc ng m tha mn mt trong cc in kin rng buc (nh bng thng sn c) bng cch loi bt cc lin kt khng tha. Khi iu kin rng buc v mu lin kt (cn gi l mt thuc tnh qun l, thng mang tnh trc gic), cc lin kt s c cu hnh vi nhng mu khc nhau v mt lin kt c th c nhiu mu hay khng c mu no ht, ti a c 32 mu c dng. Nh mng Hnh 3.1, lin kt E-F v F-D c gn mu , C-D l xanh lam, C-G khng c mu trong khi C-E c gn va va xanh lc. Vic quy nh mu cho lin kt thng da trn cc thuc tnh nh tr, mt gi, gi tr ph tn hay v tr a l.

Hnh 2.7:

S dng mu lin kt

Cc mu y cho bit c LSP s cha hay khng cha lin kt no ca mt tuyn c th. V d, nu gn cc lin kt c tr cao vi mu xanh lam, ta c th tnh c ng truyn m khng qua lin kt bng cch loi b cc lin kt xanh lam khi ng truyn . Gi s C-D l lin kt tr cao. LSP1 c thit lp gia C v D vi iu kin b lin kt xanh lam, tc l khng c lin kt no trong tuyn c gn xanh lam. D cho C-D l ng i ngn nht nhng n vn b loi khi s tnh ton do c mu xanh lam v LSP s thnh lp mt tuyn khc m khng cha C-D, nh C-G-D chng hn. Tng t, LSP2 cng c thit lp gia C v D vi iu kin cha lin kt , v tt c lin kt trong tuyn s c gn mu , k c C-E c gn hai mu v xanh lam. Theo thut ton CSPF, cc lin kt c mu khng thch hp vi cc iu kin rng buc s b loi khi m hnh. Ging nh SPF, kt qu thu c ca thut ton CSPF l mt ng truyn n. Nu ti cng mt thi im c cc ng i u tt nh nhau th ch c mt ng l c chn. Cc phng php quyt nh chn ng i trong CSPF gm c: chn ngu nhin, chn theo least-fill (lin kt cn trng) hay most-fill (lin kt y). D s tnh ton ng truyn din ra nh th no th mt b chuyn mch nhn chuyn tip trng thi cng phi c thit lp dc theo ng truyn bo m rng lu lng khng b phn tn khi ng truyn mong mun. 2.12.2 Hot ng ca CSPF : - C hai im khc bit ng quan tm gia SPF bnh thng do cc giao thc nh tuyn thc hin v CSPF ca MPLS TE:

Th nht, tin trnh thit lp tuyn khng c thit k tm ra ng i tt nht n mi b nh tuyn m ch n im cui ng hm (tunnel endpoint). Th hai, thay v ch quan tm n mt loi chi ph trn kt ni gia hai lng ging cn phi quan tm n: - Bng thng (bandwidth) - Cc thuc tnh kt ni (link attributes) - Trng s qun tr (Administrative weight) - Bn thuc tnh c th hin trong danh sch PATH/TENT: {link, cost, next hop, available bandwidth}

2.12.3 Cc bc thc hin thut ton CSPF nh sau: Bc 1: Mt nt t a thng tin ca chnh mnh vo danh sch PATH vi cost = 0, next hop l chnh n v thit lp bng thng = N/A. Bc 2: Xem xt nt va vo danh sch PATH, v gi n l nt PATH. Kim tra danh sch cc nt lng ging ca n. Thm mi lng ging vo danh sch TENT vi mt next hop ca nt PATH, tr khi nt lng ging c c danh sch TENT hoc PATH vi chi ph thp hn. Khng thm ng i ny vo TENT tr khi n c cu hnh rng buc cho ng hm bng thng (bandwidth) v quan h (affinity). Nu nt va c thm vo danh sch TENT c trong danh sch, nhng vi mt chi ph cao hn hoc thp hn bng thng ti thiu, thay th ng i c chi ph cao hn bng ng hin ti. Bc 3: Tm lng ging trong danh sch TENT vi chi ph thp hn, thm lng ging vo danh sch PATH, v lp li bc 2. Nu TE rng hoc trn PATH cn li nt cui ng hm th dng.

2.12.4 Nhng yu t nh hng n CSPF Phn chia s thng tin cho bit cch s dng v cu hnh ca bng thng (bandwidth), cc thuc tnh kt ni (link attributes), v trng lng qun tr (administrative weight) trong hon cnh lm trn thng tin (information flooding). N cng cho bit cch cu hnh mt ng hm MPLS TE s dng cc thuc tnh ny. Bng thng kh quan trng. Mt ng i khng c chn s dng cho mt ng hm MPLS TE c th nu n khng c bng thng yu cu. Nu cc affinity bits ca mt ng hm khng ph hp vi chui thuc tnh c cu hnh trn mt kt ni, kt ni khng c la chn s dng cho mt ng hm MPLS TE c th. Trng lng qun tr c s dng bi IGP khi n lm ngp lt thng tin iu khin lu lng (traffic enfineering information). Ngm nh ch

trng lng qun tr c dng tnh ton ng i ca ng hm. Tuy nhin, nu ch thay i trng lng qun tr cho mt kt ni c th th kh c th to nn s mm do cn thit. IGP metric thng c xut pht t bng thng. Trong OSPF, metric ngm nh ca kt ni l bng thng tham chiu, bng thng kt ni (reference-bandwidth/link bandwidth). Bng thng tham chiu ngm nh (c th c thay i bng lnh auto-cost reference-bandwidth) l ngha l bt k mt kt ni no 100 Mbps hoc hn c chi ph l 1.Ta cng c th thit lp trn mt kt ni ring (individual link) vi lnh ip ospf cost cost. Trong IS-IS, chi ph kt ni ngm nh l 10. C th thay i chi ph ny bng lnh isis metric. OSPF v IS-IS thng dng metric m ha vi s o ca bng thng kt ni. iu ny ch tt cho cc mng ch truyn d liu. C ch kim sot nghn mng ca TCP, khi lin kt vi hng i DiffServ, c th gip ci tin bng thng. Nhng vi thoi th sao? Thoi (voice) i hi t hn v bng thng v tr ln hn. Nhng khng c cch thng bo tr trn mt kt ni? Hay n u? C th vn dng metric ca kt ni IGP i din cho tr hn l bng thng. Nhng iu ny c th lm gim kh nng nh tuyn lung d liu mt cch chnh xc lm nh hng nghim trng ti mng.

2.13 OSPF TE 2.13.1 Gii thiu - OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng giao thc link-state c chuyn ha. c pht trin thay th thut ton Distance vecto. - OSPF s dng thut ton tm ng Dijkstra tnh ton ra qung ng ngn nht, s dng cost lm metric. - Mi router s c mt Database cha thng tin y v mng m n ang

chy OSPF iu ny cho php n chn ng mt cch thng minh, nhanh chng, linh hot - OSPF ph hp vi mng ln. OSPF-TE l s m rng ca giao thc OSPF. Bao gm lin kt TE (Trafc Engineering), s phn cp LSP v cc LSA (Link State Advertisement). OSPF l mt giao thc da theo trng thi lin kt. Ging nh cc giao thc trng thi lin kt khc, mi b nh tuyn OSPF u thc hin thut ton SPF x l cc thng tin cha trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. Thut ton to ra mt cy ng i ngn nht m t c th cc tuyn ng nn chn dn ti mng ch

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) c pht trin bi IETF. OSPF l giao thc trng thi lin kt s dng thut ton SPF (Shortest Path First) ca Dijkstra v l mt giao thc m. u im chnh ca OSPF so vi cc giao thc vecter khong cch l kh nng p ng nhanh theo s thay i ca h thng mng, hot ng tt trong cc mng c ln v t b nh hng i vi cc thng tin nh tuyn ti. 2.13.2 Mt s c im khc ca OSPF l: Thc hin cp nht khi mng c s thay i. So snh mc s dng chi ph (cost) lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng. Mi Router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng. H tr nhn thc: OSPF h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch c nguy c thay i bng nh tuyn vi mc ch xu. Thi gian hi t nhanh hn: OSPF cho php truyn cc thng tin v thay i tuyn mt cch tc th gip rt ngn thi gian hi t cn thit cp nht cu hnh mng. Cch ly li (Fault Isolation): y l nhim v quan trng ca LMP, LMP c nhim v pht hin li kt ni, cch ly, bo li v chuyn mch. H tr CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing v VLSM (Variable length subnetmask) cho php nh qun tr mng c th phn phi ngun a ch IP mt cch c hiu qu hn. Xc thc (Authentication): chc nng xc thc lin kt cha c chun ha trong GMPLS nhng c s dng tng tnh tin cy trong qu trnh nh tuyn ca GMPLS.

RFC 2370 m t mt m rng ca giao thc OSPF trong ba trng thi kt ni mi link-state qung co (LSAs) c nh ngha v c gi l LSA m c(thng bo trng thi tuyn khng trong sut). Ba LSAs mi cho OPSF mt

c ch tng qut m rng OSPF. Chng c th mang thng tin c s dng bi OSPF hoc trc tip bi bt k ng dng. Nhng LSAs l chnh xc nhng g MPLS TE cn a thng tin ca mnh vo OSPF. Sau OSPF c th flooding(trn lt) thng tin ny trn ton mng.

OSPF c th c s dng nh cc giao thc link-state ca s la chn trong MPLS TE cho thng tin phn b ti nguyn flooding thng qua mng bng cch thc hin phn m rng OSPF LSA hoc Opaque LSAs.Cc loi Opaque LSAs trong s dng c xc nh bi phm vi flooding ca LSA. OSPF by gi cng s hu TLV v cc thuc tnh ph TLV c th c cu hnh lan truyn thng tin ngun lc sn c trong bn cp nht nh tuyn link-state. Ba loi Opaque LSAs 9, 10 v 11 ch khc nhau phm vi flooding. Opaque LSAs loi 9 c phm vi flooding hp ch nhng lin kt a phng (link-local). Opaque LSAs loi 10 khng flooding ngoi ABR m ch trong phm vi area-local, v loi 11 c phm vi flooding l h thng rng c lp. iu c ngha rng loi 9 LSA ch c gi ln lin kt, nhng khng bao gi chuyn tip ngoi; loi 10 LSA b ngn chn bi cc b nh tuyn bin gii khu vc, v loi 11 LSA b trn khp min OSPF ging nh loi 5 LSA. Nh loi 5 LSA, loi 11 LSA b trn lt vo cc khu vc qu cnh nhng khng vo cc khu vc cn s khai. MPLS TE s dng loi 10 LSA cho ni b khu vc MPLS TE. 10 loi LSA, c s dng trong MPLS TE, c mt s TLV v sub-TLV cc gi tr m bn ngun ti nguyn c th trong mt min TE. Hnh sau m t TLV v gi tr sub-TLV v cc gi tr thch hp m h bn cho php s dng OSPF cho MPLS TE.

Hnh 2.8 : LSA

O-bit, c xc nh s dng trong cc ty chn lnh vc OSPF. Bit ny c th cho bit mt b nh tuyn c kh nng gi v nhn cc Opaque LSA. Lnh vc ty chn c mt trong OSPF gi tin Hello, c s d liu m t gi tin, v tt c cc LSA.

Hnh 2.9: OSPF Options Field with the O-Bit

Hnh 2.10: Opaque LSA Hnh 2.10 cho thy cc nh dng LSA m c. Loi LSA l 9, 10, hoc 11, v cc trng thi lin kt bnh thng , ID c thay th bng cc loi Opaque Type v Opaque ID.

2.14 IS-IS TE III.3.1 Gii thiu Mc tiu ban u ca IS-IS l to ra mt giao thc m tt c cc h thng c th dng. Tuy nhin, c th m bo mt yu t thc s mang tnh m (open), ISO c gng tch hp mi c im mang tnh thuyt phc ca cc giao thc nh tuyn khc vo IS-IS. Kt qu l IS-IS l mt giao thc kh phc tp. Phn ln cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) dng IS-IS t nhng nm IS-IS c to ra. iu ny l do IS-IS l mt giao thc c lp, c kh nng m rng v c

bit nht l c kh nng nh ngha kiu dch v trong qu trnh routing (ToS routing). IS-IS c to ra nhm cc mc ch sau: Xy dng mt giao thc nh tuyn chun. C c ch nh v a ch rng ln. C c ch nh v c cu trc. Hiu qu, cho php hi t nhanh v ph tn thp.

a). Hot ng ca IS-IS: 1. Router gi bn tin Hello ra cho tt c cc cng giao tip tm cc router lng ging v hnh thnh nn cc quan h lin k. 2. Cc router c cng kt ni datalink s c quan h lng ging. 3. Cc router xy dng cc LSPs da trn cc IS-IS interfaces v cc prefix c hc t cc quan h lng ging. 4. Router s pht tn (flood) cc LSP ti tt c cc router ln cn ngoi tr router gi LSPs. 5. Khi mt LSPs mi c nhn, router s xy dng li database kt hp cc LSP ny. 6. Router s thc hin gii thut SPF cho tng mng, xy dng bng nh tuyn.

RFC 3784 m t cc phn m rng c thc hin IS-IS cho php n mang cc thng tin MPLS TE. C hai im mi ca IS-IS TLVs c xc nh. Chng cho php cc thng tin MPLS TE c mang bi IS-IS. Tuy nhin, ng thi, mt s thay i khc c thc hin lin quan n cc TLVs, chng hn nh vic m rng lin kt s liu t ti a l 63 ln n 224-1, vic s dng sub-TLVs, v s ra i ca cc bit xung . im mi u tin l m rng IS Reachability TLV, hoc TLV loi 22. N l s k tha ca IS Reachability TLV (TLV loi 2). TLV ny m t nhng lng ging IS-IS, vi nhng ngi khc, chi ph cho h. im mi th hai TLV l IP m rng Reachability TLV, hoc TLV loi 135. N l s k tha ca TLVs Reachability IP (TLV loi 128 v loi 130 TLV). C hai TLVs mi c nh dng s liu rng cho php cc s liu ln hn. Cc m rng IS Reachability TLV l TLV mang sub-TLVs cn thit cho MPLS TE. Hin ti sub-TLVs c lit k trong Hnh 3.5. C th thy rng cc ngun ti nguyn lin kt nh cp trong phn trc "Yu cu i vi IGP" c mt.

Hnh 2.11: IS-IS Sub-TLVs of TLV Type 22 Cc thng s bng thng c th hin byte/giy. Ch rng cc tham s bng thng khng hn ch c 32 octets, trong khi cc thng s bng thng khc ch c 4 octets. S khc bit n t thc t l bng thng khng hn ch c din t trong 4 octets cho mi cp u tin. Cc mc u tin nm trong khong 0-7. Cc mc u tin l tm cp u tin thit lp c cc ng hm TE s dng. Vic s dng cc mc u tin c gii thch trong phn "MPLS TE Tunnel (Trunk) thuc tnh." Mt TLV mi l b nh tuyn ID TLV TE, hoc TLV loi 134. TLV ny m t cc b nh tuyn MPLS ID nh mt gi tr 4 octets. Trong Cisco IOS, cc b nh tuyn IS-IS nhu cu cu hnh c cc s liu rng c kch hot khi chy MPLS TE. MPLS TE cn phi c kch hot cho cp 1 hoc cp 2, v cc b nh tuyn MPLS TE ID c th c thit lp. V d Hnh 3.6 cho thy cch cu hnh IS-IS vi MPLS TE c kch hot.

Hnh 2.12 IS-IS TE Configuration Bn c th xc nhn rng cc c s d liu IS-IS nm gi cc ngun ti nguyn lin kt. S dng lnh : show isis database verbose hoc : show isis mpls traffic-eng advertisements. b). So snh s khc nhau gia IS-IS v OSPF Trong ISIS, a ch vng v a ch host c gn trong ton b router, trong khi i vi OSPF, a ch c gn cp interface. Mt ISIS router nm trong mt area, trong khi mt OSPF router c th thuc v nhiu area. iu ny c ngha l tt c cc level-1 routers phi thuc v cng mt vng v thng qua level-4.1 kt ni n cc areas khc. Tuy nhin, level-4.1 router cn phi nm trong cng mt vng vi level-1 router m n tng tc. Router level-4.1 c th thy ton b cc AS v s lm nhim v nh l default-route n level 1 area. Khi nim ny rt ging vi OSPF stub area. Level 2 router s gi level 2 thng tin cp nht n cc vng khc ging nh ABR trong OSPF. Vai tr ca DR th hi khc. DIS trong ISIS s tn ti c level 1 v level 2 trn nhng h thng mng a truy cp (multi access), nhng s khng c BDR. Thm na, trong OSPF DR s lun tn ti; ngc li trong ISIS nu c mt router khc c u tin cao hn, DIS hin thi s b loi b vai tr. Rt t cc quan h adjacencies c hnh thnh trong OSPF bi v OSPF router ch lp cc quan h i vi DR v BDR; trong khi trong ISIS, tt c cc router s thit lp quan h vi tt c cc router khc trn cng segment mng. Tuy nhin, cc LSP ch c gi bi DIS . Mt s khc nhau ln khc l qu trnh ng gi ca hai giao thcs. ISIS l c lp v n chy trc tip t lp datalink. S phn mng (fragmentation) thuc v trch nhim ca ISIS. Ngc li OSPF c ng gi trong IP, v vy b gii hn bi giao thc . Cc LSP cng c qun l hi khc. Trong ISIS, cc LSP khng c cng nhn s b b qua v b flood. Trong khi i vi OSPF, cc LSA s b qua v drop b.

Hnh 2.13: So snh ISIS v OSPF

2.15. Giao thc RSVP TE (RSVP engineering ) 2.15.1 Gii thiu RSVP d tr bng thng dc theo mt ng t mt ngun c th n ch .bn tin RSVP c gi bi cc ingress trong mt mng xc nh ti nguyn sn c dc theo con ng t mt ngun c th n ch .cc router headend lun l ngun ca ng hm MPLS TE,v cc router tailend c chc nng nh endpoint cho cc ng hm TE. Sau khi cc thng ip RSVP c gi i , trng thi ca router trong ng dn (ti nguyn sn c ) c lu tr trong bn tin PATH.RSVP truyn t yu cu ca mt lung lu lng c th vo mng v tp hp thng tin v vic liu cc yu cu c th c thc hin bi mng ny hay khng. Bn bn tin chnh c s dng trong vic thc hin RSVP cho TE l: bn tin RSVP PATH ,bn tin RSVP RESERVATION, bn tin RSVP ERROR,v bn tin RSVP TEAR. Trong MPLS TE ,RSVP c s dng m bo v xc minh ti nguyn sn c cng nh p dng cc nhn MPLS to thnh MPLS TE LSP thng qua cc router trong mng : 2.15.1.1 Bn tin RSVP PATH : c to ra bi router headend v s c chuyn tip qua mng dc theo ng ca mt TE LSP . ti mi hop , bn tin PATH kim tra s sn c ca ngun ti nguyn c yu cu v lu li thng tin ny.trong mng c miu t nh Hnh 4.1 bn tin PATH c to ra bi router PE1-AS1 , l router headend, v c chuyn tip xung ni n kim tra ngun ti nguyn sn c ti mi hop (P1-AS1 v PE2-AS1). Bn tin PATH c chc nng nh l mt yu cu nhn trong min MPLS TE. Bi v chc nng

ca tt c min TE vi ch phn phi nhn theo yu cu downstream-ondemand,yu cu ch nh ra mt nhn c to ra router headend v c chuyn xung downstream.

Hnh 2.14 : BN TIN PATH V BN TIN RESV.

2.15.1.2 BN TIN RSVP RESERVATION: c to ra bi router tailend trong min MPLS v c s dng xc nhn yu cu ti nguyn c gi trc bi bn tin PATH. Trong mng m t trong Hnh 4.1 router PE2-AS1 s to ra cc bn tin RSVP RESV p ng li bn tin PATH. V vy bn tin PATH c chc nng nh mt yu cu d tr v bn tin RESV c chc nng nh mt xc nhn d tr cho s sn c ca ti nguyn c yu cu .bn tin RESV thc hin chc nng ca vic gn nhn cho mt LSP c bit n cc ng hm TE.nh phn b nhn min MPLS v phn phi nhn c thc hin downstream theo yu cu , nhn n mt TE LSP l ln u tin c to ra bi router tailend hoc mt egress LSR v sau c chuyn ln upstream .qu trnh ny c lp i lp li ti mi hop upstream ni nhng nhn local c a vo ng hm tunnel c gn vo cc gi tin v c chuyn ln upstream cho n khi ti c router headend. 2.15.1.3 Bn tin RSVP error: Trong trng hp khng c cc ngun ti nguyn yu cu, cc router s to ra cc bn tin RSVP error v gi chng n router va yu cu.nu router P1-AS1 khng th cha ti nguyn yu cu theo quy nh trong bn tin PATH c to ra bi PE1AS1(headend router) , router ny s to ra mt bn tin PATH ERROR v gi n cho upstream l LSR PE1-AS1 , nh m t trong Hnh 4.2:

Hnh 2.15:

Bn tin PATH ERROR v bn tin RESV ERROR.

Nu bn tin PATH n router headend thnh cng, router tailend PE2-AS1 s to ra mt bn tin RESV , nu trong thi gian khi P1-AS1 ang nhn bn tin PATH t PE1-AS1 V nhn bn tin RESV t PE2-AS1,P1-AS1 xc nh thiu ngun ti nguyn xc nhn yu cu , P1-AS1 s gi mt bn tin RESV ERROR n downstream LSR PE2AS1 t chi d tr , nh c m t trong hnh 2.15 2.15.1.4 Bn tin RSVP TEAR: RSVP to ra hai loi bn tin TEAR c th l bn tin PATH TEAR v bn tin RESV TEAR.cc bn tin tear ny xa trng thi ca PATH hoc RESV trn router ngay lp tc. qu trnh xa mt trng thi PATH hoc RESV trn mt router s dng bn tin TEAR cho php ti s dng ti nguyn trn router cho cc yu cu khc . cc bn tin PATH tear thng c to ra cc inter-area LSP ni m inter-area LSP khng c cu hnh fast reroute .V nu mt link tht bi xy ra trong mt khu vc th cc LSR c ni vi cc link hng ny s to ra mt bn tin RSVP PATH error v mt bn tin RESV TEAR gi n headend.router headend sau s to ra mt bn tin PATH ERROR . vic la chn con ng tng ng s c nh du l khng hp l trong mt thi gian xc nh v vic la chn con ng tip theo s

c nh gi ngay lp tc nu n tn ti Hot ng ca RSVP trong MPLS TE

2.15.2

Nh cp trc , kt qu ca mt tnh ton CSPF hoc CBR trn router headend l mt danh sch c th t gm cc a ch IP xc nh cc hop tip theo cng vi tuyn ca ng hm TE hoc LSP . danh sch cc router ny c tnh ton v ch c router headend bit , router ngun ca ng hm TE. Cc router khc trong ng hm khng thc hin mt tnh ton CBR .router headend cung cp thng tin cho cc router trong ng hm TE thng qua bo hiu RSVP yu cu v xc nhn s sn c ca ti nguyn cho ng hm .RSVP vi phn m rng cho TE d tr mt ngun ti nguyn thch hp mi LSR trong mi tuyn c xc nh bi router headend v gn nhn a vo ng hm LSP TE.cc phn m rng ca RSVP cho php RSVP s dng tn hiu trong mi trng MPLS thc hin TE ,cc chc nng ca mi phn m rng/i tng trong thng ip ny cng c ch ra bng di

i tng LABEL_REQUEST

Bn tin PATH

Chc nng S dng yu cu mt nhn a vo mt ng hm TE hoc mt LSP;c to ra bi router headend trong bn tin PATH Dng phn b cc nhn vo ng hm TE hoc LSP; c to ra bi router tailend trong bn tin RESERVATION v c chuyn ln upstream

LABEL

RESERVATION

EXPLICIT_ROUTE

PATH

Thc hin trong bn tin PATH v c s dng yu cu hoc xc nhn mt ng/tuyn c th cho ng hm

RECORD_ROUTE

PATH, RESERVATION

N c thm vo bn tin PATH hoc RESV thng bo cho node bt u, v tuyn/ng thc t m ng hm LSP TE i qua S dng xc nh thng s phin c th cho mt ng hm TE LSP

SESSION_ATTRIBUTE

PATH

i tng SESSION

Bn tin/ Chc nng Xc nh ngun v ch ca ng hm LSP.thng thng c xc nh bi a ch IP ca ca interface loopback tng ng trn router headend v router tailend. Xc inh c tnh ca ng hm LSP c th, nh l s yu cu v bng thng and ti nguyn cn phn b cho ng hm Bao gm danh sch cc next hop m n c cu hnh trc tip hoc c tnh ton bng Cch s dng constraint-based SPF . hop k trc PHOP c thit lp n a ch interface outgoing . Gm cc a ch interface outgoing ca router trn tuyn ca ng hm LSP

SESSION_ATTRIBUTE

EXPLIT_ROUTE

RECORD_ROUTE

SENDER_TEMPLATE

Ngoi cc thuc tnh cp, i tng sender_template trong bn tin PATH m t a ch interface m s c s dng nh l LSP-ID cho ng hm . gi tr ny c xc nh bi headend router

Hnh 2.16 : Bng chc nng tng ng cc i tng Trong qu trnh thit lp ng dn cho cc ng hm LSP TE, bn tin RSVP cha mt hay nhiu cc phn m rng c s dng xc nh ngha ca tng loi bn tin v ni dung ca n

Bn tin PATH cha cc thng tin c trnh by trong Hnh 4.3 2.15.3. Thit lp tuyn tng minh iu khin tun t theo yu cu Trong Hnh 4.4 v d vic trao i bn tin RSVP-TE s dng i tng tuyn tng minh ERO(explicit route object) ci t mt LSP i qua mt con ng khng phi l ngn nht . router R1 xc nh rng n s n nh FEC a.b/16 cho mt ng hm LSP v n tnh ra mt tuyn tng minh R4-R5-R3 i n hop k cho FEC , R1 khi to vic thit lp LSP ny bng cch pht ra bn tin PATH vi mt ERO ,Tspec,sender-template (c cha a ch ca sender) v mt i tng label request . mi bn tin RESV lien quan n ng hm LSP ny u mang session-ID v filter-spec nguyn thy ca sender R1 gi mi tng quan vi nhau , tip theo R4 tip nhn yu cu ny v gi bn tin PATH n router k tip ghi trong ERO l R5 . n lt mnh R5 gi bn tin ny n egress-router R3. Ti ch n ca bn tin PATH , R3 xc nh rng lin kt chng R3-R5 c th h tr cho yu cu v l hop cui cng trn ng dn cho FEC a.b/16. R3 p ng bng bn tin RESV c cha ERO, Tspec ca dung lng d tr, mt filter spec tha mn bn gi v gn mt null ngm cho chng lin kt ny .theo RFC 3031 nhn null l mt quy c c dng trong phn phi nhn cho php engress-router bo cho upstream i tc ca n bit y l hop p cui ca LSP do cn g nhn nh ca stack . tip theo R5 thu np bn tin RESV yu cu cho chng R5-R4, n nh nhn B v gi bn tin RESV cho router k trc trong ERO l R4 . cui cng R4 chp nhn yu cu ny n nh nhn A v gi bn tin RESV ngc v R1 n lc ny ng LSP

c thit lp xong v ccs gi c nhn cho FEC a.b/16 c chuyn tip qua ng hm Khc vi giao thc LDP cc bn tin RSVP TE khng mang FEC v ch duy nht c R1 cn bit nh x gia FEC v ng hm

Hnh 2.17: Thit lp LSP vi RSVP- TE

CHNG 3: MNG RING O MPLS

3.1 Gii thiu v MPLS VPN 3.1.1 MPLS VPN l g?

Hnh 3.1 : M hnh MPLS VPN MPLS VPN kt hp nhng c im tt nht ca Overlay VPN v peer-topeer VPN: Cc router PE tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn ca khch hng (customer), ti u vic nh tuyn gia cc site ca khch hng. Cc router PE s dng cc bng nh tuyn o (virtual routing table) cho tng khch hng nhm cung cp kh nng kt ni vo mng ca nh cung cp cho nhiu khch hng. Cc khch hng c th s dng a ch IP trng nhau (overlap addresses) MPLS VPN backbone v cc site khch hng trao i thng tin nh tuyn lp 3. MPLS VPN gm cc vng sau: Mng khch hng: thng l min iu khin ca khch hng gm cc thit b hay cc router tri rng trn nhiu site ca cng mt khch hng. Cc router CE l nhng router trong mng khch hng giao tip vi mng ca nh cung cp. Mng ca nh cung cp: l min thuc iu khin ca nh cung cp gm cc router bin (edge) v li (core) kt ni cc site thuc vo cc khch hng trong mt h tng mng chia s. Cc router PE l cc router trong mng ca nh cung cp giao tip vi router bin ca khch hng. Cc router P l router trong

li ca mng, giao tip vi cc router li khc hoc router bin ca nh cung cp. Trong mng MPLS VPN, router li cung cp chuyn mch nhn gia cc router bin ca nh cung cp v khng bit n cc tuyn VPN. Cc router CE trong mng khch hng khng nhn bit c cc router li, do cu trc mng ni b ca mng nh cung cp trong sut i vi khch hng. 3.1.2 Li ch ca MPLS VPN Chi ph thp, tc n nh, p ng c yu cu v bo mt thng tin, n gin trong vic qun l v d dng trong vic chuyn i. Gim thiu chi ph so vi cc cng ngh tng ng trong vic qun l, xy dng, trin khai trong mt mng din rng. Tnh n nh v kh nng m rng: p ng nhu cu m rng mt cch nhanh chng, c th kt ni nhanh chng vi cc mng khc. Thch ng vi nhiu loi cng ngh khc nhau v khng thay th h thng mng hin ti ca khch hng. Vi kh nng h tr nhiu loi cng ngh khc nhau do MPLS c th h tr nhiu kiu truy cp khc nhau nh Frame relay, IP, lm gim thiu chi ph cho khch hng hoc c th tn dng thit b mng sn c. An ton mng: vi tnh nng m ha v to ng hm ca cng ngh VPN gip MPLS t c mc an ton cao nh trong mi trng mng ring. Cht lng dch v: m bo phn bit th t u tin cho cc lai d liu khc nhau nh: s liu, hnh nh, m thanh. 3.2 Cc thnh phn chnh ca kin trc MPLS VPN V c bn MPLS VPN c hai m hnh l MPLS VPN Layer 2 v MPLS VPN Layer 3. Tuy nhin trong khun kh n em s tp trung tm hiu v MPLS VPN Layer 3, v sau y l cc thnh phn v hot ng ca MPLS VPN Layer3

Hnh 3.2 : M hnh mng ring o tng 3 3.2.1 VRF Virtual Routing and Foewarding Table Khch hng c phn bit trn router PE bng cc bng nh tuyn o (virtual routing tables) hoc cc instance, cn c gi l VRF. Thc cht n ging nh duy tr nhiu router ring bit cho cc khch hng kt ni vo mng ca nh cung cp. Chc nng ca VRF ging nh mt bn nh tuyn ton cc, ngoi tr vic n cha mi tuyn lin quan n mt VPN c th. VRF cng cha mt bng chuyn tip CEF cho VRF ring bit (VRF- specific CEF forwarding table) tng ng vi bng CEF ton cc xc nh cc yu cu kt ni v cc giao thc cho mi site khch hng kt ni trn mt router PE. VRF xc nh bi cnh (context) giao thc nh tuyn tham gia vo mt VPN c th cng nh giao tip trn router PE cc b tham gia vo VPN, ngha l s dng VRF. Giao tip tham gia vo VRF phi h tr chuyn mch CEF.Mt VRF c th gm mt giao tip (logical hay physical) hoc nhiu giao tip trn mt router. VRF cha mt bng nh tuyn IP tng ng vi bng nh tuyn IP ton cc, mt bng CEF, lit k cc giao tip tham gia vo VRF, v mt tp hp cc nguyn tc xc nh giao thc nh tuyn trao i vi cc router CE (routing protocol contexts). VRF cn cha cc nh danh VPN (VPN identifier) nh thng tin thnh vin VPN (RD v RT). Hnh sau cho thy chc nng ca VRF trn mt router PE thc hin tch tuyn khch hng.

Hnh 3.3 : Chc nng ca VRF Cisco IOS h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh nhng tin trnh nh tuyn ring bit (OSPF, EIGRP,) trn router. Tuy nhin, mt s giao thc nh RIP v BGP, IOS ch h tr mt instance ca giao thc nh tuyn. Do , thc thi nh tuyn VRF bng cc giao thc ny phi tch ring hon ton cc VRF vi nhau. Bi cnh nh tuyn (routing context) c thit k h tr cc bn sao ca cng giao thc nh tuyn VPN PE-CE. Cc bi nh nh tuyn ny c th c thc thi nh cc tin trnh ring bit (OSPF), hay nh nhiu instance ca cng mt giao thc nh tuyn (BGP, RIP, ). Nu nhiu instance ca cng mt giao thc nh tuyn c s dng th mi instance c mt tp cc tham s ca ring n. Hin ti, Cisco IOS h tr RIPv2, EIGRP, BGPv4 (nhiu instance), v OSPFv2 (nhiu tin trnh) c dng cho VRF trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia CE v PE. Trong m hnh MPLS VPN, router PE phn bit cc khch hng bng VRF. Tuy nhin, thng tin ny cn c mang theo gia cc router PE cho php truyn d liu gia cc site khch hng qua MPLS VPN backbone. Router PE phi c kh nng thc thi cc tin trnh cho php cc mng khch hng kt ni vo c khng gian a ch trng lp (overlapping address spaces). Router PE hc cc tuyn ny t cc mng khch hng v qung b thng tin ny bng mng trc chia s ca nh cung cp (shared provider backbone). iu ny thc hin bng vic kt hp vi RD trong bng nh tuyn o (virtual routing table) trn mt router PE. Ta c th to VRF trn PE vi lnh ip vrf .Ta s dng lnh ip vrf

forwarding gn mt giao din PE CE trn PE ti VRF. Ta cng c th gn mt giao din ti mt VRF duy nht, nhng cng c th gn nhiu giao din ti cng mt VRF. Sau PE s t ng to mt bng VRF v CEF. Bng nh tuyn VRF khng ging vi bng nh tuyn thng thng trong Cisco IOS tr khi n c s dng cho mt tp VPN site duy nht v hon ton ring bit vi tt c cc bng nh tuyn khc. 3.2.2 RD Route Distinguisher L mt nh danh 64-bit duy nht, thm vo trc 32-bit a ch tuyn c hc t router CE to thnh a ch 96-bit duy nht c th c chuyn vn gia cc router PE trong min MPLS. Do ch duy nht mt RD c cu hnh cho 1 VRF trn router PE. a ch 96 bit cui cng (tng hp ca 32- bit a ch khch hng v 64-bit RD) c gi l mt a ch VPNv4. a ch VPNv4 trao i gia cc router PE trong mng nh cung cp. RD c th c hai nh dng: dng a ch IP hoc ch s AS. Gi tr 64 bit c th c 2 nh dng: ASN:nn hoc IP-address:nn ( y nn l mt s). Trong nh dng ASN:nn c s dng nhiu hn ( y ASN vit tt ca s h thng t tr - autonomous system number). RD c s dng trnh trng hp tuyn IPv4 ca mt khch hng trng vi tuyn IPv4 ca khch hng khc. Nu tin t IPv4 10.1.1.0/24 v RD 1:1, tin t vpnv4 s l 1:1:10.1.1.0/24. Mt khch hng c th s dng cc RD khc nhau cho cng mt tuyn IPv4. Khi mt VPN site c kt ni ti 2 PE, tuyn t VPN c th c 2 RD khc nhau, ph thuc vo PE no m tuyn nhn c. Mi tuyn IPv4 c th c 2 RD khc nhau v c 2 tuyn vpnv4 hon ton khc nhau. iu ny cho php BGP nhn thy chng nh l cc tuyn khc nhau v p dng mt chnh sch khc nhau cho mi tuyn. Hnh bn di cho thy hai khch hng c a ch mng ging nhau, 172.16.10.0/24, c phn bit nh vo cc gi tr RD khc nhau, 1:100 v 1:101, u tin qung b a ch VPNv4 trn router PE. Giao thc dng trao i cc tuyn VPNv4 gia cc PE l multiprotocol BGP (MP- BGP). IGP yu cu duy tr iBGP (internal BGP) khi thc thi MPLS VPN. Do , PE phi chy mt IGP cung cp thng tin NLRI cho iBGP nu c hai PE cng trong mt AS. Hin ti, Cisco h tr c OSPFv2 v ISIS trong mng nh cung cp nh l IGP. MP-BGP cng chu trch nhim ch nh nhn VPN. Kh nng m rng l l do chnh chn BGP lm giao thc mang thng tin nh tuyn khch hng. Hn na, BGP cho php s dng a ch VPNv4 trong mi trng MPLS VPN vi dy a ch trng lp cho nhiu khch hng.

Mt phin lm vic MP-BGP gia cc PE trong mt BGP AS c gi l MP-iBGP session v km theo cc nguyn tc thc thi ca iBGP lin quan n thuc tnh ca BGP (BGP attributes). Nu VPN m rng ra khi phm vi mt AS, cc VPNv4 s trao i gia cc AS ti bin bng MP-eBGP session.

Hnh 3.4 : V d v RD 3.2.3 RT Routee Targets Nu RD cng c s dng ch ra VPN, vic truyn thng gia cc site ca cc VPN s c s c. V d mt site ca cng ty A khng th truyn thng vi mt site ca cng ty B bi v RD khng ging nhau. Khi nim cc site ca cng ty A truyn thng vi cc site ca cng ty B c gi l extranet VPN. Trng hp truyn thng gia cc site ca cng cng ty A (cng VPN) c gi l intranet VPN. Vic truyn thng gia cc site c iu khin bi mt c tnh MPLS VPN khc gi l Route targets (RTs). RT l mt BGP extended community ch ra tuyn no s c nhn t MPBGP vo VRF. C hai loi RT l RT nhp vo (imported RT) v RT xut ra (exported RT). RT nhp vo c s dng khi nhp cc tuyn vo VRF t MPBGP, nu tuyn no c gi tr RT ph hp vi RT nhp vo ca VRF th tuyn s c nhn vo VRF. RT xut ra c s dng khi VRF xut ra mt tuyn v c gi vo MP-BGP, khi tuyn xut ra s c gn thm RT xut ra trc khi c gi vo MP-BGP. Hnh 3.5 ch ra rng cc RT iu khin tuyn no c nhn vo VRF no t cc PE Router khc v cng vi RT no tuyn VPNv4 c xut ra v pha cc

PE Router khc. C th c hn mt RT c gn vi tuyn VPNv4. c nhn vo VRF, RT ca tuyn VPNv4 phi ph hp vi t nht mt RT nhn vo c cu hnh trn VRF.

Hnh 3.5 : Cc loi RT v chc nng ca n Khi cu hnh vi site thuc v mt VPN v khng c s truyn thng gia cc site thuc v cc VPN khc nhau, chng ta ch cn cu hnh mt RT nhp v mt RT xut trong tt c cc VRF trn cc PE Router kt ni ti cc site . Khi cc site thuc cc VPN cn truyn thng vi nhau th vic cu hnh s phc tp hn, cc VRF trn cc PE Router kt ni vi cc site s c cu hnh thm cc RT xut v nhp c th nhn c cc tuyn t VPN khc. 3.2.4 Giao thc MP-BGP. VRF tch ring cc tuyn ca khch hng trn PE Router, nhng lm th no cc tin t c truyn thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v? C ti hng trm hoc hng nghn tuyn cn c truyn qua mng trong khi cc PE Router thng khng c kt ni trc tip vi nhau. V vy BGP l giao thc thch hp cho vic mang cc tuyn VPNv4 mt cch m bo thng qua mng MPLS VPN. BGP l mt giao thc chun c s dng nh tuyn trn Internet. N l giao thc c kh nng mang mt s lng tuyn rt ln thng

qua mng, n cng l mt giao thc linh hot v d m rng thc hin trong cc mi trng khc nhau. h tr cho vic truyn cc tuyn VPNv4 thng qua mng, BGP b xung thm hai thuc tnh mi l Multiprotocol Reachable NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) v Multiprotocol Unreachable NLRI. Nhng thuc tnh ny thng bo v rt li cc tuyn. Chng u c hai trng: Address Family Indentifier (AFI) v Subsequent Address Family Identifier (SAFI) cc trng ny ch ra cc address family c mang bi BGP, mt trong cc address family l VPNv4. Ngoi thuc tnh RT extended community cng c nh ngha mang cc RTs. BGP thc hin cng vic truyn cc tuyn VPNv4 thng qua mng MPLS VPN. Tuy nhin iu ny l khng c kh nng chuyn d liu VPN mt cch chnh xc, cho egress PE Router c th chuyn d liu ti CE Router chnh xc, n phi chuyn cc gi tin da trn nhn. Egress PE Router c th nh x mt nhn ti tuyn VPNv4, nhn c gi l nhn VPN (VPN label). Egress PE Router phi thng bo nhn ny cng vi tuyn VPNv4 ti ingress PE Router. Nhn ny c cha trong trng NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information), khi trng AFI c t bng 1 v trng SAFI c t bng 128 trong trng hp ca IPv4.

3.2.5 Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin MPLS VPN. Mt phng iu khin trong MPLS VPN cha mi thng tin nh tuyn lp 3 v cc tin trnh trao i thng tin ca cc IP prefix c gn v phn phi nhn bng LDP. Mt phng d liu thc hin chc nng chuyn tip cc gi IP c gn nhn n trm k v ch. Hnh sau cho thy s tng tc ca cc giao thc trong mt phng iu khin ca MPLS VPN.

Hnh 3.6 : S tng tc gia cc giao thc trong mt phng iu khin Cc router CE c kt ni vi cc PE, v mt IGP, BGP, hay tuyn tnh (static route) c yu cu trn cc CE cng vi cc PE thu thp v qung co thng tin NLRI. Trong MPLS VPN backbone gm cc router P v PE, mt IGP kt hp vi LDP c s dng gia cc PE v P. LDP dng phn phi nhn trong mt MPLS domain. IGP dng trao i thng tin NLRI, nh x (map) cc NLRI ny vo MP- BGP. MP-BGP c duy tr gia cc PE trong mt min MPLS VPN v trao i cp nht MP-BGP. 3.2.6 Hot ng ca mt phng d liu MPLS VPN Vic chuyn tip trong mng MPLS VPN i hi phi dng chng nhn (label stack). Nhn trn (top lable) c gn v hon i (swap) chuyn tip gi d liu i trong li MPLS. Nhn th hai (nhn VPN) c kt hp vi VRF router PE chuyn tip gi n cc CE. Hnh sau m t cc buc trong chuyn tip d liu khch hng ca mt phng d liu t mt site khch hng CE2-A ti CE1-A trong h tng mng ca SP. Khi d liu c chuyn tip ti mt mng c th dc theo mng VPN qua li MPLS, ch c nhn trn (top lable) trong chng nhn b hon i (swap) khi gi i qua backbone. Nhn VPN vn gi nguyn v c bc ra khi n router PE ng ra (egress)/xui dng(downstream). Mng gn vi mt giao tip ng ra thuc vo mt VRF c th trn router ph thuc vo gi tr ca nhn VPN. 3.2.7 nh tuyn VPNv4 trong mng MPLS VPN VRF tch ring khch hng trn b nh tuyn PE, nhng lm th no tin t c vn chuyn qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v? bi v, nhiu kh nng,

s lng ln cc tuyn c th l mt trm nghn c vn chuyn qua. BGP l mt ng c vin bi v n l giao thc nh tuyn tnh v proven c th mang rt nhiu tuyn. Ch thy rng BGP l giao thc nh tuyn c bn mang bng nh tuyn Internet hon chnh. Bi v tuyn VPN ca khch hng c thc hin duy nht bng cch thm RD vo mi tuyn IPv4 chuyn n thnh tuyn VPNv4 tt c cc tuyn khch hng c th c vn chuyn an ton qua mng MPLS VPN.

Hnh 3.7 : S truyn tuyn trong mng MPLS VPN B nh tuyn PE nhn tuyn IPv4 t b nh tuyn CE qua giao thc cng trong (IGP Interior Gateway Protocol) hoc BGP ngoi (external BGP eBGP). Nhng tuyn IPv4 t site VPN c t vo trong bng nh tuyn VRF. VRF c s dng ph thuc vo VRF m c cu hnh trn giao din trn b nh tuyn PE ti b nh tuyn CE. Nhng tuyn ny c ni vi RD m c ch nh ti VRF. Do , chng tr thnh tuyn VNPv4, tuyn ny sau c a vo MP BGP. BGP quan tm n s phn phi nhng tuyn VPNv4 ti tt c cc b nh tuyn PE trong mng MPLS VPN. Trn b nh tuyn PE, nhng tuyn VPNv4 c tch RD v a vo bng nh tuyn VRF nh tuyn IPv4. Tuyn VNPv4, sau khi c tch b RD, c c a vo bng VRF hay khng cn ph thuc vo RT c cho php truy nhp vo VRF hay khng. Nhng tuyn IPv4 sau c qung b ti cc b nh tuyn CE qua giao thc IGP hoc eBGP (giao thc chy gia b nh tuyn PE v CE). Hnh sau m t cc bc trong s truyn tuyn t CE n CE trong mng MPLS VPN.

Hnh 3.8 : S truyn tuyn trong mng MPLS VPN Step by step Bi v nh cung cp dch v m ang chy mng MPLS VPN chy BGP trong h thng t tr, iBGP ang chy gia cc b nh tuyn PE. S truyn t eBGP giao thc chy gia PE v CE ti MP iBGP trong mng MPLS VPN v ngc li l t ng v khng cn cu hnh thm. Tuy nhin vic phn phi li ca MP iBGP trong IGP m hin ang chy gia PE v CE l khng t ng. Ta phi cu hnh phn phi li ln nhau gia MP iBGP v IGP.

3.2.8 Chuyn tip gi trong mng MPLS VPN Nh ni trong phn trc, nhng gi khng th c chuyn tip nh gi IP n thun gia cc site. B nh tuyn P khng th chuyn tip chng bi v n khng c thng tin VRF t mi site. MPLS khng th gii quyt vn ny bi dn nhn vo gi. B nh tuyn P sau phi c thng tin chuyn tip ng cho nhn chuyn tip gi. Cch chung nht l cu hnh giao thc phn phi nhn (LDP) gia tt c cc b nh tuyn P v PE nn tt c cc lu lng IP l chuyn mch nhn gia chng. Ta cng c th s dng giao thc RSVP m rng cho iu khin lu lng (TE) khi thc thi MPLS TE, nhng LDP l phng thc chung nht cho MPLS VPN. Gi IP sau c chuyn tip nhn vi mt nhn t b nh tuyn PE vo ti b nh tuyn PE ra. B nh tuyn P

khng bao gi phi thc hin vic tm kim a ch IP ch. y l cch cc gi c chuyn mch gia cc b nh tuyn PE vo v ra. Nhng nhn ny c gi l nhn IGP, bi v n l nhn phi c trong tin t IPv4 trong bng nh tuyn ton cc ca b nh tuyn P v PE, v IGP ca mng nh cung cp dch v qung b n. Lm th no b nh tuyn PE bit c gi no thuc VRF no. Thng tin ny khng c trong mo u IP, v n khng th c nhn ly t nhn IGP, bi v y ch c s dng chuyn tip gi qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Gii php y l thm mt nhn khc trong chng nhn MPLS. Nhn ny s ch ra gi no thuc VRF. Do tt c cc gi ca khch hng c chuyn tip vi 2 nhn: nhn IGP nh l nhn trn cng v nhn VPN nh l nhn di cng. Nhn VPN phi c t trn b nh tuyn PE vo ch ra b nh tuyn PE ra no m gi thuc VRF . Lm th no b nh tuyn PE ra bo hiu ti b nh tuyn PE vo m nhn c s dng cho tin t VRF? Bi MP BGP thc s c s dng qung b tin t VPNv4, n cng bo hiu nhn VPN (c bit n nhn BGP) m c kt ni vi tin t VPNv4. Ch : Thc s th khi nim c mt nhn VPN ch ra gi no thuc VRF cng khng thc s ng. N c th ng trong vi trng hp, nhng a s l khng. Nhn VPN thng ch ra nt tip theo m gi c chuyn tip ti trn b nh tuyn PE ra. Do , mc ch ca n l ch b nh tuyn CE ng nh bc tip theo ca gi. Ni tm li, lu lng VRF to VRF c 2 nhn trong mng MPLS VPN. Nhn trn cng l nhn IGP v c phn phi bi LDP hoc RSVP cho TE gia tt c cc b nh tuyn P v PE hop by hop. Nhn di cng l nhn VPN m c qung b bi MP iBGP t PE n PE. Nhng b nh tuyn P s dng nhn IBG chuyn tip gi ti b nh tuyn PE ra tng ng. B nh tuyn PE ra s dng nhn VPN chuyn tip gi IP ti b nh tuyn CE tng ng.

Hnh 3.9 : Chuyn tip gi trong mng MPLS VPN

3.3So snh MPLS VPN v VPN truyn thng 3.3.1 VPN truyn thng

Hnh 3.10 : M hnhVPN truyn thng Hn ch u tin v cng l d nhn thy nht IPSec l lm gim hiu nng ca mng. Khi xt ng i ca mt gi tin c gi t my tnh A trong mng A n my tnh B trong mng B. Gi tin t my tnh A s c gi n CPE A. CPE-A s kim tra gi tin xem liu n c cn thit phi chuyn n CPEB hay khng. Trong mt mi trng mng khng c VPN th gi tin s c truyn ngay n CPE-B. Tuy nhin, vi giao thc IPSec, CPE-A phi thc hin mt s thao tc trc khi gi gi tin i. u tin, gi tin c m ha, sau ng gi vo cc gi IP, hot ng ny tiu tn thi gian v gy tr cho gi tin. Tip theo gi tin s c a vo trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Lc ny, nu gi tin mi c to thnh c kch thc ln hn kch thc ti a cho php truyn (MTU) trn bt c mt lin kt no gia CPE-A v CPE-B th gi tin s cn phi c phn mnh thnh hai hay nhiu gi tin nh hn. iu ny ch xy ra trong trng hp bit DF (Don't Fragment) khng c thit lp, cn

trong trng hp bit DF c thit lp th gi tin s b mt v mt bn tin ICMP s c gi li pha pht. Khi gi tin n c CPE-B, n s c m gi v gii m, hai hot ng ny tip tc lm tr gi tin trong mng. Cui cng, CPEB s chuyn tip gi tin n my tnh B. Thi gian tr trong mng s ph thuc vo phc tp v tc x l ca cc CPE. Cc thit b CPE cht lng thp thng phi thc hin hu ht cc chc nng IPSec bng phn mm khin tr trong mng ln. Cc thit b CPE vi kh nng thc hin cc chc nng IPSec bng phn cng c th tng tc x l gi tin ln rt nhiu nhng chi ph cho cc thit b ny l rt t. iu ny dn n chi ph trin khai mt mng IPSec VPN l rt tn km. Cc cng ngh IP VPN khc hin c, nh IPSec, L2TP, L2F v GRE tt c u hot ng tt vi cu hnh mng sao (hubandspoke). Tuy nhin, mng ngy nay cn lin lc nhiu chiu (anytoany). h tr iu ny s dng Frame relay hay giao thc ng hm th cn phi c cu hnh dng kt ni y (full mesh) cc PVC hay ng hm gia cc vng l thnh vin. Mng khng th cung cp v qun l mt cu hnh y (full mesh topology) s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng vi hng ngn hay chc ngn VPN. Mt im chng ta cn phi cn nhc khi trin khai cc mng VPN l cc thit b CPE. Mi nh cung cp cn phi chc chn rng tt c cc CPE s hot ng tng thch vi nhau. Gii php n gin v hiu qu nht l s dng cng mt loi CPE trong mi vng, tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi bao gi cng thc hin c do nhiu yu t khc nhau. Tuy ngy nay s tng thch khng phi l mt vn ln nhng n vn cn phi c quan tm khi hoch nh mt gii php mng IPSec VPN. 3.3.2 MPLS VPN Cc mng MPLS VPN khng s dng hot ng ng gi v m ha gi tin t c mc bo mt cao. MPLS VPN s dng bng chuyn tip v cc nhn to nn tnh bo mt cho mng VPN. Kin trc mng loi ny s dng cc tuyn mng xc nh phn phi cc dch v VPN, v cc c ch x l thng minh ca MPLS VPN lc ny nm hon ton trong phn li ca mng. Mi VPN c kt hp vi mt bng nh tuyn - chuyn tip VPN (VRF) ring bit. VRF cung cp cc thng tin v mi quan h trong VPN ca mt site khch hng khi c ni vi PE router. i vi mi VRF, thng tin s dng chuyn tip cc gi tin c lu trong cc bng nh tuyn IP v bng CEF. Cc bng ny c duy tr ring l cho tng VRF nn n ngn chn c hin tng thng tin b chuyn tip ra ngoi mng VPN cng nh ngn chn cc gi tin bn

ngoi mng VPN chuyn tip vo cc router bn trong mng VPN. y chnh l c ch bo mt ca MPLS VPN. Bn trong mi mt MPLS VPN, c th kt ni bt k hai im no vi nhau v cc site c th gi thng tin trc tip cho nhau m khng cn thng qua site trung tm. Cc CE khng i hi chc nng VPN v h tr IPSec. iu ny c ngha l khch hng khng phi chi ph qu cao cho cc thit b CE. Tr trong mng c gi mc thp nht v cc gi tin lu chuyn trong mng khng phi thng qua cc hot ng nh ng gi v m ha. S d khng cn chc nng m ha l v MPLS VPN to nn mt mng ring. Vic to mt mng y (full mesh) VPN l hon ton n gin v cc MPLS VPN khng s dng c ch to ng hm. V vy, cu hnh mc nh cho cc mng MPLS VPN l full mesh, trong cc site c ni trc tip vi PE v vy cc site bt k c th trao i thng tin vi nhau trong VPN. Hot ng khai thc v bo dng cng n gin hn trong mng MPLS-VPN.