ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)

BI GING
VT L I
CNG A2
Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng
VT L I CNG A2
Ni dung chnh
Ti liu tham kho
Phn 1 : Quang hc sng
Phn 2 : Vt l lng t
Giao Thoa
Nhiu x
Phn cc
Thuyt tng i Einstein
Quang,C lng t
Nguyn t
Cht rn
Vt L i Cng A2 _ Lng Duyn Bnh tp 2,3
CHNG 1 DAO NG V SNG
1.1 DAO NG
Kho st h ( con lc l xo + vt
khi lng m)
Theo nh lut Hook
kx F =
F t l nghch vi di x
Di tc dng ca
F
Nu khng c ma st, dao ng s
tip din mi v c gi l dao ng
iu ha.
con lc s dao ng quanh v tr cn bng
(1.1)
a. Hin tng _ phng trnh dao dng
1.1.1 Dao ng c iu ha
Theo nh lut Newton ta c:
ma kx F = =
2
2
dt
x d
dt
dv
a = =
kx
dt
x d
m =
2
2
0
2
2
= + x
m
k
dt
x d
(1.2)
m
k
=
2
0
e
0
2
2
2
= + x
dt
x d
e
( ) 0
0
> e
t
(1.3)
Phng trnh vi phn
ca dao ng iu ha
x
k
a =
Gia tc ca vt dao ng iu
ha t l nghch vi di
( ) e + = t A x
0
cos
nghim
max
x A=
m
k
=
0
e
( ) e + t
0

A : bin dao ng
tn s gc ca dao ng
pha ca dao ng
pha ban u ca dao ng
Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong
di l mt hm s sin ca thi gian t
(1.4)
( ) e + = t A x
0
cos
(1.4)
dt
dx
v =
dt
dv
a =

( ) e e + = t A
0 0
sin
( ) e e + = t A
0
0
2
cos

(1.5)
(1.6)
th ca x theo t
th ca x theo t t = 0 v 0 =
k
m
T t
e
t
2
2
= =
m
k
T
f
t 2
1 1
= =
b. Nng lng ca dao ng iu ha
2
2
1
mv K =
ng nng ca con lc l xo ti thi im t
Th nng ca con lc l xo
( ) e e + = t mA
0
2
0
2 2
sin .
2
1
(1.7)
2
2
1
kx U =
( ) e + = t kA
0
2 2
cos
2
1
(1.8)
2
2
1
kA E =

Nng lng
const =
0 =
ng nng v th nng l hm
dao ng iu ha
ng nng v th nng c s
chuyn ha ln nhau
c. Con lc vt l
u
'
F F g M + =
'
F
F
Ta i thit lp dao ng ca con lc vt
l ny vi gi thuyt u
nh v khng c ma st.
(1.9)
u tan Mg F =
u
u Mg F =
nh
' F
trit tiu
M
dt
d
I I = =
2
2
u
|
u . . . Mg d F d M = =
u
u
. .
2
2
Mg d
dt
d
I =
0
2
2
= + u
u
I
Mgd
dt
d

Hay
Mt khc:
(1.10)
phng trnh vi
phn ca dao ng
iu ha
I
Mgd
=
0
e
( ) e u u + = t
o
cos
max
Mgd
I
T t
e
t
2
2
0
= =
(1.11)
Con lc ton hc
L
g
=
0
e
g
L
T t 2 =
(1.11)
2
ML I =
Con lc Founcaul
Kim tra s quay ca tri t bng thc nghim
do Jean-Bernard-Lon Foucault
V d:
Dao ng c tt dn
Khi kho st dao ng
lc ma st
Nng lng ca h dao ng
gim dn theo thi gian
ch
Dao ng c tt dn
Xt mt trng hp thng thng: h dao ng chu tc dng ca lc cn
ca mi trng
rv F
c
= r : h s cn ca mi trng
Ta thit lp phng trnh dao ng tt dn ca
con lc l xo
rv kx F F
c
= +
ma rv kx =
tng hp lc tc dng
(1.12)
(1.13)
Theo l II Newton
2
2
dt
x d
m
dt
dx
r kx =
2
2
dt
x d
m
dt
dx
r kx = 0
2
2
= + + x
m
k
dt
dx
m
r
dt
x d
m
k
o =
2
e
| 2 =
m
r
0 2
2
0
2
2
= + + x
dt
dx
dt
x d
e |
(1.14)
t
phtr vi phn ca dao
ng iu ha tt dn
( ) e
|
+ =

t e A x
t
cos
0
(1.15)
Nghim
2
2
0
| e e =
2
2
0
2 2
| e
t
e
t

= = T
: Chu k
: Tn s gc
t
e A A
|
=
0
: bin
th ca dao
ng tt dn
t
e A
|
0
t
e A
|

0
| e >
0
k C
F F >
Nhn xt
: s qu tt dn (c )
: s km tt dn (a )
k C
F F <
| e =
0
: s tt dn ti hn (b )

Dao ng c cng bc
Ngoi lc H
tc dng
Duy tr dao ng
(bin thin tun hon)
Dao ng cng bc
Ta thit lp phng trnh ca dao ng cng bc i vi con lc l xo
Xt lc tc dng ln h gm
kx F
k
=
rv F
C
=
t H F O = cos
t H rv kx m O + = cos
t H
dt
dx
r kx
dt
x d
m O + = cos
2
2
hay
(1.17)
l II Newton
phng trnh vi phn ca
dao ng cng bc
( ) u + O = t A x cos
Nghim
( )
2 2
2
0
2 2
4 O + O
=
| e m
H
A
2
0
2
2
e
|
O
= u tg
0 2
2
2
0
> | e
(1.16)
vi iu kin
A v ph thuc vo
u
O
2 2
0
2| e = O = O
ch
2 2
0
max
2 2 | e |
=
m
H
A
th bin dao ng cng bc t cc i
A
O

0
2 2
0
2| e
2
0
e m
H A
max

Kho st s
ph thuc ca A
vo
O
Khi
Tn s gc cng hng
Hin tng cng hng
Hnh biu din s bin thin dao
ng cng bc theo tn s gc
ca ngoi lc tun hon
Cng hng mi nhn
0
S sp ca cy cu Tacoma Narrows nm 1940
Cy cu Tacoma dao
ng cng hng vi
cn gi thi qua
sp
1.1.2 Dao ng in t iu ha
Xt mt mch in gm mt t in c in dung
C, mt cun dy c h s t cm L( b qua R)
- Tch in cho t in C
- ng kha K
Mch xut hin dng in xoay chiu bin
thin theo thi gian (dng sin), cng nh in
tch,in th gia hai bn t in...
Dao ng in t iu ha
Mch dao ng LC
Qu trnh hnh thnh dao ng trong mch LC
Ti t = 0
o
q
o
q
o
q
C
q
U
0
0
=
- in tch t l q
0
- in th l
- Nng lng in l
C
q
E
0
2
2
1
=
Cho t C phng in qua cun L
C s chuyn ha nng lng in sang
nng lng t
(a)
Ti t = T/4
- T C phng ht in tch
- Nng lng in trng E
e
= 0
- Dng in I = I
max

- Nng lng t trng cc i
( )
2
max
2
1
Li E
m
=
(b)
(c)
Dng in do t phng ra bt u gim v trong
cun dy li xut hin mt dng in t cm cng
chiu vi dng in do t phng ra .
Ti t = T/4 T/2
Dng in trong mch gim dn
0
max
= I I
Cun L ng vai tr ca ngun np in cho t
C theo chiu ngc li
in tch ca t li tng dn t 0 q
0

Nng lng in trng tng dn,nng lng t
trng gim dn.
Ti t = T/2
c s chuyn ho t nng lng t trng
thnh nng lng in trng
(d)
(e)
Tr li trng hp (b) Tr li trng hp (a)
theo chiu ngc li
Nng lng in t ca mch ?
khng i
const E E E
m e
= = +
C
q
E
e
0
2
2
1
=
2
Li E
m
=
(1.18)
const Li
C
q
= +
2
0
2
2
1
2
1
(1.20)
0 . .
0 0
= +
dt
di
Li
dt
dq
C
q
Ly o
hm 2 v
i
dt
dq
=
0
0 .
0
= +
dt
di
Li i
C
q
(1.19)
0
2
2
= +
dt
i d
LC
i
LC
1
2
0
= e
0
2
2
2
0
= +
dt
i d
i e
Ly o hm
2 v
t
(1.20)
0
2
2
2
0
= +
dt
i d
i e Phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng
in t iu ha
( ) e + = t i i
0 0
cos
(1.21)
Nghim
Phng trnh ca dao ng iu
ha khng tt
tn s gc
LC
1
0
= e
.
chu k LC T t
e
t
2
2
0
0
= =
ng biu din ca dao ng t
ring khng tt
Cng ,in tch,hiu in th
gia hai bn t in bin thin iu
ha theo thi gian t
Dao ng in t tt dn
Qu trnh chuyn ho gia nng
lng in trng ca t in v
nng lng t trng ca ng dy
Tng t Mch LC
Khc
- Do ng ca cc i lng nh i,
q, u,... Khng dao cn dng hnh sin
- Bin gim dn theo thi gian Mch dao ng RLC trn c gi l
mch ng in t tt dn.
0 2
2
0
2
2
= + + e | i
dt
di
dt
i d
phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng in tt dn
( ) e
|
+ =

t e i i
t
o
cos
Nghim
(1.22)
(1.23)
2
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
R
LC
e
2
2
1
/ 2
2
|
.
|

\
|
= =
L
R
LC
T t
e
t
t
o
e i A
|
=
Tn s
Chu k
Bin
| 2 =
L
R
2
0
1
e =
LC
| e
0
ng biu din ca dao ng t ring tt dn
Dao ng in t cng bc
Mc thm mt ngun in xoay chiu c sut
in ng bin thin tun hon theo thi gian
vi tn s gc v bin E
0
:
E= E
0
sint
t
L
E
i
dt
di
dt
i d
O
O
= + + cos 2
0
2
0
2
2
e |
Dao ng in t cng bc
(1.24)
( ) e
|
+ =

t e i i
t
o
cos
( ) u + O = t i i
o
cos
(1.23)
(1.25)
2
2
0
0
1
|
.
|

\
|
O
O +
=
C
L R
E
i
R
LC
L
g
1
cot
O
= u
ng biu din dao ng in t cng
bc
+ Hin tng cng hng in
LC
1
= O
0
e =
Vy hin tng cng hng in xy ra khi tn s gc ca ngun xoay
chiu kch thch c gi tr bng tn s gc ring ca mch dao ng
ng biu din cng hng in
1.1.3 Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha
a/ Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng v cng tn s gc
) cos(
1 1 1
e + = t a x
) cos(
2 2 2
e + = t a x
Gi s c mt cht im tham gia ng thi hai dao ng :
(1.26)
) cos(
2 1
e + = + = t A x x x
(1.27)
Tm dng ca x Gin Fresnel
1
OM
2
OM
,

2 1
OM OM OM + =
c ln bng a
1
, a
2

- V hai vc t
( ) A OM =
( )
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos 2 + + = a a a a A
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin

a a
a a
tg
+
+
=

(1.28)
b/ Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha c phng vung gc v cng
tn s gc
Gi s mt cht im tham gia ng thi hai dao ng
iu ho x v y:
( )
2 2
cos e + = t a y
( )
1 1
cos e + = t a x
1 1
1
sin . sin cos . cos e e t t
a
x
=
2 2
2
sin . sin cos . cos e e t t
a
y
=
(1.29)
(1.30)
2
cos
1
cos
x (1.29)
x (1.30)
( )
1 2 1
2
2
1
sin . sin cos cos e = t
a
y
a
x
(1.31)
2
sin
1
sin
x (1.29)
x (1.30)
( )
1 2 1
2
2
1
sin . cos sin sin e = t
a
y
a
x
(1.32)
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
sin cos 2 = +
a a
xy
a
y
a
x
Cng
(1.33)
Qu o chuyn ng tng hp l mt ng elip
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
sin cos 2 = +
a a
xy
a
y
a
x
(1.33)
Dng ca elip ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca hiu pha ( )
1 2

( )
1 2

= 2k , vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3,... , th (1.33) tr thnh: Nu
2
2 1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
a
y
a
x
a a
xy
a
y
a
x
( ) ( )t 1 2
1 2
+ = k
0 2
2
2 1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
a
y
a
x
a a
xy
a
y
a
x
Nu
Nu ( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
t
+ = k
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
= +
a
y
a
x
Bi Tp
Bi 1:
Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm t in c in
dung
C = 6,3.10
-7
F v mt dy thun cm c h s t cm
L.Phng trnh biu din s bin thin theo thi gian ca
cng dng in trong mch i = - 0,02 sin 400 t (A).Tm:
a/ Chu k, tn s dao ng
b/ H s t cm L
c/ in tch cc i trn hai bn t in.Nng lng in
trng v t trng cc i
d/ Hiu in th cc i trn hai bn t
t
Bi 2:
Lc t = 0 di ca mt vt nng trong mt dao
ng t tuyn tnh l 0,85 cm, vn tc ca n
v(0) lc l
0,92 m/s v gia tc a(0) ca n l 47 m/s
2
. Hi :
a. Tn s gc v tn s f ca h l bao nhiu?
b. Hng s pha l bao nhiu?
c. Bin chuyn ng l bao nhiu?
Bi 3:
Mt vt c khi lng m = 2kg c treo vo u mt l xo
nh c cng k = 800N/m, u cn li ca l xo c gi
c nh. Ko vt theo phng thng ng xung di v tr
cn bng 20cm ri bung nh.Trong qu trnh chuyn
ng,bin dng ca l xo l bin dng n hi.
a. Cm vt dao ng iu ha.Vit phng trnh dao ng ca
vt, chn gc thi gian lc bung vt
b. Tnh vn tc v gia tc ca vt khi n trn v tr cn bng
12cm
c. Tnh thi gian ngn nht vt t n v tr 10cm di v
tr cn bng
Bi 4:
Vt c khi lng m
1
= 1,6 kg c gn vo mt l xo khi
lng khng ng k v c t nm ngang.Mt vt khc c
khi lng m
2
= 900g c t cnh m
1
.y c hai vt v pha
tri sao cho l xo b nn mt on x = 2cm ri bung nh.B
qua mi ma st.Dng nh lut bo ton c nng tnh bin
dao ng ca vt.
Bi 5:
Mt con lc n gm mt dy nh di l = 60cm v vt treo
u dy c khi lng m = 500g dao ng tt dn vi bin
gim 50%.Tnh thi hng v thi gian nng lng dao
ng gim 50%.
t
1.2 SNG
1.2.1 Sng C
Sng c hc l dao ng c lan truyn trong 1 mi trng vt cht
trong khng gian, theo thi gian.
Sng nc
c im
Sng ngang
Sng dc
Phn loi:
Ch c nng lng c
truyn i cn vt cht th
ch dao ng cn bng ti
1 v tr.
1) Sng ngang v sng dc
Sng dc l sng m phng dao ng ca cc phn t ca mi
trng trng vi tia sng.
Sng dc xut hin trong cc mi trng chu bin dng v th tch. Do n
truyn c trong cc vt cht rn cng nh trong cc mi trng lng v kh.
Th d: khi ta nn vi vng ca l xo ri b tay ra.
Sng ngang l sng m phng dao ng ca cc phn t mi
trng vung gc vi tia sng
Th d: sng truyn trn mt si dy di khi ta rung nh mt u
Sng ngang xut hin trong cc mi trng c tnh n hi v hnh dng.
Tnh cht ny ch c vt rn
2) Mt sng v mt u sng. Sng cu v sng phng
Qu tch nhng im trong mi trng sng m cc dao ng
c cng gi tr pha c gi l mt sng.
Gii hn gia phn mi trng m sng truyn qua v phn cha
dao ng gi l mt u sng
Sng cu
Sng phng
Ngun sng
Tia sng
Mt sng
Sng Phng
Sng Cu
3) Hm sng
) ' , 0 ( ) , ( t t x t y x =
T
2t
= e
T
v

=
) ( 2 cos ) , (

t
y
T
t
A t y =
X X
0 M
v
y
Ta xt di x ca mt phn t
dao ng do sng lan truyn n
theo mt phng xc nh y
Ti O : t =0 , y = 0
Ti M
) ( ) , 0 (
v
y
t
v
y
t x = =
Sng phng n sc
) ( cos
v
y
t A = e
e

2
2
2
=
c
c
t
2
2
2
2
v y
e
=
c
c
2
2
2 2
2
1
t v y c
c
=
c
c
Phng trnh truyn sng 1 chiu theo phng y
(1.34)
(1.35)
Hm sng
Phng trnh song 3 chieu
2
2
2
2
1
t v c
c
= V

Vi
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
(1.36)
Sng c c bin nh m thnh gic ca ta c th nhn bit c.
Th d: sng pht ra t mt nhnh m thoa, mt dy n, mt
mt trng ang rung ng v.v...
m truyn theo nhng tia gi l tia m S truyn m:
Tia m cng c th b phn x, khc x, nhiu x v hp th nh tia sng
S phn x v khc x m
1.2.2 Sng m
Cc c tnh ca sng m
- Vn tc truyn m Thay i khi truyn qua cc mi trng khc
nhau (cht rn, cht lng hoc cht kh).
( )

o
V
P
C
t P C
v
+
=
1
0
2 5
0
/ 10 . 013 , 1 m N P =

P
C
V
C
p sut kh quyn

khi lng ring cht kh kg/m
3
,
nhit dung ring ng p,
nhit dung ring ng tch
Cht kh
Cht lng
Cht rn
Vn tc vo khong 1.400 ( 1.500 m/s ln gp 3 n 4 ln vn
tc trong cht kh)
Vn tc truyn m ln gp 10 ( 15 ln vn tc truyn m trong
khng kh, tc l vo khong 3.000 n 4.500 m/s)
- Cng m
Cng ca m l mt tnh cht m da vo ta c th phn bit mt
m mnh hay yu.
Cng m gn lin vi bin ca dao ng m thanh c hc.
V d : ta nh mnh vo dy n th m thanh pht ra s to v d cm nhn
hn l nh nh vo n.
- cao ca m
Ph thuc vo tn s m
X
X
20 Hz 20.000 Hz
H m
Nghe c
Siu m
m
- m sc c trng cho sc thi ca m
0
log
I
I
k L =
- to ca m
c trng mnh
ca m v mt sinh l
k : H s t l
2 12
0
/ 10 m W I

=
Cng chun
Hiu ng Doppler
Hiu ng Doppler l mt hiu ng vt l, trong tn s v bc sng
ca cc sng m, sng in t hay cc sng ni chung b thay i khi
m ngun pht sng chuyn ng tng i vi ngi quan st.
Christian Andreas Doppler
nu ngun di ng trong mi trng pht ra sng vi tn
s f
0
, mt ngi quan st ng yn trong mi trng s
nhn c tn s f.
- Khi ngun m i ra xa quan st vin, ngi nhn c tn s thp hn
tn s ca ngun pht.
- Khi ngun m tin li gn quan st vin, tn s m quan st
vin nhn c cao hn tn s do ngun m pht ra.
0
1
f
v u
u
f
u
v
f
f >

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
0
'
1
f
v u
u
f
u
v
f
f <
+
=
+
=
u: vn tc m do ngun
pht ra
v : vn tc truyn m
Mt ting ci trn xe cp cu tin n ta s c tn s cao hn
(chi hn) khi xe ng yn. Tn s ny gim dn (trm hn) khi
xe vt qua ta v nh hn bnh thng khi xe chy ra xa.
Th d:
1.2.3 Song ien t
Trng ien t bien thien lan truyen trong khong gian lam xuat hien
mot qua trnh truyen song goi la song ien t
- Sng in t truyn c trong cc mi trng vt cht v c trong chn khng
vn tc v = c = 3.10
8
m/s.


- Sng in t l sng ngang
Tnh cht
- Sng in t c tnh cht ging sng c hc : chng phn x c trn cc
mt kim loi , c th khc x v chng giao thoa c vi nhau.
n
c c
v = =
c
Thang sng in t
Thang sng in t
CHNG 2
GIAO THOA NH SNG
2.1 C s quang hc sng
l mt dng sng in t
a. Sng nh sng
b. Hm sng
x(O) = A cost
( ) t e = t A x cos
|
.
|

\
|
=

t
e
L
t A
2
cos
Dao ng sng ti O
Dao ng sng ti M
|
.
|

\
|
=
cT
L
t A
t
e
2
cos
nd
v
cd
L = =
Quang l
(2.1)
c. Cng sng
d
v
2
kA I =
(2.2)
d. Nguyn l chng cht
e. Nguyn l Huyghen
Khi hai hay nhiu sng nh sng gp nhau th tng sng ring bit khng
b cc sng khc lm cho nhiu lon.
Sau khi gp nhau, cc sng nh sng vn truyn i nh c,cn ti nhng
im gp nhau dao ng sng bng tng cc dao ng sng thnh
phn.
Mi im trong khng gian nhn c sng sng t ngun sng thc S
truyn n u tr thnh ngun sng th cp pht sng sng v pha trc
n".
2.2 Giao thoa nh sng
Hin tng: giao thoa nh sng l hin tng gp nhau ca hai
hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp, kt qu l trong trng giao thoa
s xut hin nhng vn sng v nhng vn ti xen k nhau.
iu kin:
sng nh sng kt hp
Nguyn tc to ra hai sng nh sng kt hp
T mt sng duy nht tch ra thnh hai sng
Khe Young
Kho st s giao thoa
S
1

S
2

r
1

r
2

M
O
l
y
D
Xt hai ngun sng nh sng n sc kt hp S
1
v S
2

( ) t A S x e cos
1 1
=
( ) t A S x e cos
2 2
=
(2.2)
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 1 1
2
cos L t A S x

t
e
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2 2
2
cos L t A S x

t
e
Ti M
(2.3)
( )
2 1
2
L L = A

( ) t

t
2
2
2 1
k L L = = A
k L L =
2 1
- cc i giao thoa
- cc tiu giao thoa
( ) ( )t

t
1 2
2
2 1
+ = = A k L L
( )
2
1 2
2 1

+ = k L L
.... 3 , 2 , 1 = k
V tr vn giao thoa
V tr cc vn sng (cc i giao thoa)
k
D
ly
r r
s
= =
2 1
Trong khng kh L
1
L
2
= r
1
- r
2

l
D k
y
s

=
.... 3 , 2 , 1 = k
V tr cc vn ti (cc tiu giao thoa)
( )
2
1 2
2 1

+ = = k
D
ly
r r
t
( )
l
D
k y
t
2
1 2

+ =


Khong cch gia hai vn sng (hay ti) lin tip
( )
l
D
l
D
k
l
D
k y y i
k k

= + = =
+
1
1

(2.4)
(2.5)
(2.6)
2.3 Giao thoa do phn x
Th nghim Lloyd
r
1

r
2

O
2
r SP =
1
r OP SO = +
t:
( ) t

t
+ = A
2 1
2
L L
|
.
|

\
|
+ = t

1 1
2
L
2 2
2
L

t
=
(2.4)
Pha dao ng ca mt trong hai tia
phi thay i mt lng
t
Khi phn x trn mi trng chit quang hn mi trng nh
sng ti, pha dao ng ca nh sng thay i mt lng , iu
cng tng ng vi vic coi tia phn x thm mt on
2

.
'
1 1 1
2 2
L L

t
t

t
= + =
2
1
'

+ = L L

2.4 Giao thoa gy bi bn mng
Bn mng:
Mng x phng, vng du trn mt nc, lp hi nc
ng trn ca knh.....
Quan st
Mu sc ca bn mng
(do giao thoa)
Bong bng ca lp x phng
Mu sc ng nh trn lng ca con cng
a) Bn mng c b dy khng i
a) Bn mng c b dy khng i
2
sin 2
2 2
2 1

= i n e L L (2.5)
Ph thuc vo gc ti i
Vn giao thoa c dng cc
vn trn sng ti ng tm F
f
b) Bn mng c b dy thay i
Vn cng dy
S
i
A
C
B
r
R
1

R
2

2
sin 2
2 2
2 1

= i n d L L
n
Mt c kch thc nh ch
quan st nhng chm hp
i khng i
Vn giao thoa c
cng dy d
(2.6)
o
Mt nim
Nim khng kh:
Bn mng hnh nim
Mt lp khng kh hnh nim,gii hn
bi hai bn thy tinh t nghing
nhau 1 gc
o
Bn mng hnh nm
2
2
2 1

+ = d L L
(2.7)
Cc im ti tha mn iu kin:
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2 1

+ = + = k d L L
(2.8)
Cc im sng tha mn iu kin:
2

k d
t
=
.... 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 = k

vi

k d L L = + =
2
2
2 1
.... 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 = k
( )
4
1 2

= k d
s

vi
(2.9)
Tp hp cc im c cng b dy d ca lp khng kh l mt
on thng song song vi cnh nm
Ti cnh nm d = 0, ta c vn ti
Vn sng cng l nhng on thng song song vi cnh nm v nm
xen k vi vn ti
d
Thu knh hi
Bn thy tinh
Vn trn Newton
Vn trn Newton
2

k d
t
=
( )
4
1 2

= k d
s
- Cc tiu vn giao thoa (vn ti) nm ti v tr
ng vi b dy ca lp khng kh
- Cc i vn giao thoa (vn sng) nm ti v tr
ng vi b dy lp khng kh
- Bn knh ca vn th k

k R r
k
. =
(2.10)
2.5 ng dng hin tng giao thoa
a) S kh phn x cc mt knh
Khi mt chm sng ri vo mt knh hay lng knh th mt phn
nh sng s b phn x tr li. nh sng phn x ny s lm nh
b m
d
n
kk

n
k

n
1
2
- Ph ln thy tinh mt mng mng trong
sut, c chiu dy d v chit sut n.
- iu kin cc tiu giao thoa:
( )
2
1 2 2
2 2
2

+ = = + = A k nd nd L
( )
n
k d
4
1 2

+ =
- dy nh nht ca mng mng l
n
d
4
min

=
(2.11)
b) o chit sut ca cht lng v cht kh
S
L
1
L
2

L
d
A
B
F
- Hai ng A,B c chiu di bng nhau (d) ,cha khng kh (n
o
)
Hiu quang l cc tia sng t O n F bng 0
Ti F c vn trung tm
n
0

- Giao thoa k Rayleigh
S
L
1

L
2

L
d
A
B
F
F
- Cho cht kh hay cht lng (chic sut n ) vo ng B
( )d n n L L L
0 2 1
= = A
n
m =
o
n
d
m
n + =

(2.12)
n
0

Nu khong FF cha m khong vn
L A
c) Giao thoa k Michelson
H thng giao thoa k Michelson
k L L =
2 1
K : ln
Nhn khng r
c) Giao thoa k Michelson
d L L 2
2 1
=
m =
2
m
d =
Chng 3
Nhiu x nh sng
3.1 Hin tng nhiu x nh sng
Trong quang hnh hc mi trng ng tnh, nh sng s
truyn thng
Thc nghim chng t rng iu khng phi bao gi
cng ng
Th nghim 1:
- nh sng truyn c
vo min ti
- Khng tun theo nh
lut truyn thng nh
sng
Th nghim 2:
Min
ti
Nguyn l Huygens-Fresnel
(Nguyn l c bn ca quang hc sng)
Hin tng tia sng b lch khi phng truyn thng khi i gn cc
chng ngi vt c kch thc nh c gi l hin tng nhiu x
nh sng
Gii thch:
nh tnh: Nguyn l Huygens
khng cho bit s phn b
cng sng trn mn
Fresnel
3.2 Nhiu x gy bi cc sng cu
- Mi im trong khng gian c sng nh sng t ngun thc gi n u tr
thnh ngun sng th cp pht sng nh sng v pha trc.
Nguyn l Huygens - Fresnel
- Bin v pha ca ngun th cp l bin v pha do ngun thc gy ra ti
v tr ca ngun th cp.
Phng php i cu Fresnel
+ Cch chia i
Ngun sng S
0
v im
c chiu sng P
Dng mt cu S bao
quanh S
0

Ly P lm tm v cc mt cu
.... , ,
2 1 0

...
2
2 ,
2
,

+ + b b b
c bnh knh ln lt l:
0

Cc mt cu
.... , ,
2 1 0

chia mt cu S thnh cc i
gi l cc i cu Fresnel

t
b R
Rb
S
+
= A
Din tch cc i cu
Bn knh ca i cu th k
k
b R
Rb
r
k
.
+
=

vi k = 1.2.3..
R: bn knh mt sng cu bao
quanh ngun sng im

bc sng do ngun pht ra

b: bn knh i cu th nht
u
0
S
Gi a
k
l bin dao ng sng do
i cu th k gy ra ti P
Khi k tng: - tng
- a
K
gim
( )
1 1
2
1
+
+ =
k k k
a a a
Hiu pha ca hai dao ng sng do hai
i cu k tip gy ra ti P
( ) t

t
= = A
2 1
2
L L
...
4 3 2 1
+ + = a a a a a
Nhiu x qua 1 l trn
Gi s l cha n i cu
Bin dao ng sng tng hp ti P:

+
=
chan n
le n
a a
a
n
2 2
1
- Khi a
n
= 0 (khng mn chn MN,l c kch
thc ln) nn cng sng ti P:
Cng sng
4
1
2
2
0
a
a I = =
- S i (n)l:
- S i (n) chn:
0
2
1
2 2
I
a a
I
n
<
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
1
2 2
I
a a
I
n
>
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3.3 Nhiu x gy bi cc sng phng
3.3.1 Nhiu x qua 1 khe hp
M
F

B rng ca mi di khe hp:

u

sin 2
= l
S di trn khe:

u sin 2a
l
a
N = =
iu kin im M ti
k
a
N 2
sin 2
= =

u
a
k

u = sin
.... 3 , 2 , 1 = k
vi
Hay
1 2
sin 2
+ = = k
a
N

u
( )
a
k
2
1 2 sin

u + =

iu kin im M sng
Hay
Ti F cc i gia k = 0 ;
0 sin = u
Phn b cng sng khi nhiu x qua
mt khe hp
3.3.1 Nhiu x qua N khe hp
-
cch t
b
M
F
V tr cc tiu chnh c xc nh:
V tr cc i chnh c xc nh:
b
k

u = sin .... 3 , 2 , 1 = k
vi
d
k

u = sin
S cc tiu ph gia hai cc i chnh:
1 N
S cc i ph gia hai cc i chnh:
2 N
Cch t nhiu x
Cch t l mt h thng gm nhiu khe
hp ging nhau nm song song v cch
u nhau trn cng mt mt phng
Phn loi: 2 loi
- Cch t phn x
- Cch t truyn qua : cho nh sng truyn
qua nhiu x
: cc tia sng phn x ri
mi nhiu x vi nhau
- Chu k ca cch t d = a + b
- S khe c trn mt n v di ca cch t
d
1
3.3.2 Nhiu x trn tinh th
(ng chun trc)
u sin 2d L = A
Cc i nhiu x:
d
k
2
sin

u =
Cc tiu nhiu x: ( )
d
k
4
1 2 sin

u + =
Chng 4
TN SC,HP TH,TN X NH SNG
4.1 S tn sc nh sng
Hin tng
Th nghim Newton
Hin tng tn sc nh sng l hin tng mt chm nh sng trng
khi qua lng knh khng nhng b khc x lch v pha y lng
knh m cn tch ra nhiu chm sng c mu sc khc nhau
- Chit sut ca cht lm lng knh ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng
- Chm tia b lch t nht, chm tia tm b lch nhiu nht
( ) f n = (4.1)
a) tn sc v ng cong tn sc
c trng cho s thay i chit sut ca mt cht theo
bc sng
1 2
1 2

=
n n
D
tn sc
d
dn
D =
tn sc ca mt cht gn
bc sng cho trc
ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca
chit sut mt cht vo bc sng
ng cong tn sc
(4.3)
(4.2)
b) Tn sc thng v tn sc d thng
i vi nhng cht t hp th nh sng s ph thuc ca chit
sut vo bc sng gn nh tun theo cng thc Cauchy
...
4 2
+ + + =

c b
a n
(4.4)
2

b
a n + ~ (4.5)
a s trng hp
Tn sc thng
Tn sc thng
Tn sc d thng
Chit sut bin thin theo bc
sng nhanh hn theo cng thc
Cauchy
Tn sc d thng
c) ng dng hin tng tn sc
C
J
L
L
1

L
2

K
S
Na H
2

Cho php ta nhn bit thnh phn cu to ca cc cht.
Quang ph vch pht x
Quang ph vch
pht x
Gii thch hin tng cu vng
S tn sc ca nh sng Mt tri qua nhng
ht nc trong khng kh
Gii thch hin tng cu vng
4.2 Hp th nh sng
Mi trng
nh
sng
I
o
< I c s hp th nh sng
Gii thch
C in C lng t
S hp th nh sng l kt qa ca s tng
tc ca sng in t (sng nh sng)
vi cht.Cng ca nh sng sau khi qua
mi trng cng thay i: khng phi ton b
nng lng b hp th bi cc nguyn t v
phn t c gii phng di dng bc x
m c s hao ht do s hp th nh sng.
Nng lng b hp th c th chuyn thnh
cc dng nng lng khc.
Hp th l mt qu trnh tha mn
quy lut thng k ca thuyt ng
hc v c chi phi bi cc yu t:
- Bn cht h hp thu nh cu
trc,ni nng
- Xc sut phn b trng thi l,ha
C in C lng t
0
I
I
H s hp th
Mi trng
nh
sng
0
I
I
d
phng php truyn qua Xc nh qua
x
( )
d
e I d I
o
=
0
d
I
I
d
0
ln
1
= o (4.6)
c trng cho gim ca cng nh sng khi i qua mi trng
theo Lambert
Dng m hnh phn x nhiu ln trong tinh th
( ) R
I
I
d
T
= 1 ln 2 ln
0
o
(4.7)
4.3 Tn x nh sng
nh sng b i phng truyn khi
truyn qua mi trng khng ng tnh
Tn x phn t
Tn x Tyndall
(tn x bi cc ht nh )
Quan st :
Thy tinh ng nc tinh khit
Phng OA : thy nh sng
Nh vi git sa vo ng v lc u
Phng OB : thy nh sng
Phng OB : khng thy nh sng
Phng OA : khng thy nh sng
Mt s tn x nh sng tiu biu:
-Xy ra do chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t cu to nn mi trng
- Hin tng tn x ny c cc cht kh,lng v rn
- Tun theo nh lut Rayleigh:

Tn x phn t
4
1

I
(4.8)
Bc sng ngn b tn x mnh hn bc sng di nhiu ln
Tn x t hp nh sng (Raman)
Trong cc thnh phn quang ph ca nh sng tn x, ngoi
cc vch c tn s bng tn s ca nh sng kch thch,
hai bn ca mi vch mnh cn xut hin mt vch yu hn
gi l vch ty tng, c tn s bng t hp ca tn s nh
sng kch thch v tn s dao ng ring ca nguyn t,c
trng cho cht tn x.
Hin tng ny c gi l tn x t hp nh sng.
Tn x t hp nh sng (Raman)
E
1

E
2

E
1

E
2

0
v h
r
hv
r
hv
Stockes
i Stockes
Rayleigh
Cc mc o
Cc mc thc
0
v h
r
v v >
0 r
v v =
0 r
v v <
0
Chng 5
PHN CC NH SNG
S phn cc (Polarization): hin tng vect dao
ng b gii hn phng dao ng.
S phn cc l g?
Nguyn nhn: do nh sng (sng in t) tng tc
vi mi trng vt cht.
C nhiu phng php lm phn cc nh sng
- Phn x (Reflection)
- Khc x (Refraction)
- S truyn qua
(Transmission)
- Tn x (Scattering)
5.1 nh sng t nhin v nh sng phn cc
nh sng t nhin
Sng in t lan truyn theo phng Ox
nh sng t nhin t cc ngun sng (mt
tri, n in, si t) l nh sng cha
phn cc, gm t hp hn tp v s nhiu
on sng khng lin quan ti nhau.
Phng truyen anh sang (tia song)
Cc vect in trng dao ng khng quy lut theo tt c
phng vung gc vi tia sng
nh sng phn cc
Khi nh sng t nhin i qua mt mi trng bt ng hng v mt
quang hc (nh thch anh), do tc dng ca mi trng ln nh
sng c th lm cho cc vct ch cn dao ng theo mt
phng xc nh c gi l nh sng phn cc thng hay nh sng
phn cc ton phn.
E
nh sng c vect cng in trng dao ng theo mi
phng vung gc vi tia sng, nhng c phng dao ng
mnh, c phng dao ng yu gi l nh sng phn cc mt
phn.
Vy hin tng bin nh sng t nhin thnh nh sng
phn cc mt phn hoc ton phn gi l hin tng phn
cc nh sng.

Tia sng
Mt phng phn cc
Mt phng dao ng
Tm lc lch s
Hin tng phn cc bt u c ch v nghin
cu t nm 1669, sau lin tc thu ht s quan tm
ca cc nh khoa hc.
Nm 1669, nh ton hc, vt l hc
ngi an Mch Erasmus Bartholinus
nghin cu hin tng trn, thc hin
cc th nghim v cho xut bn mt tp
kho cu dy 60 trang m t y v
hin tng nhn i hnh nh ca mt vt
khi nhn vt qua tinh th
Ti liu khoa hc u tin v
vn phn cc
Lch s nghin cu hin tng phn cc ca nh sng
Christiaan Huygens
(1690)
Sir Isaac Newton
(1717)
Thomas Young
(1801)
Etienne-Louis Malus
(1809)
Tm lc lch s
Lch s nghin cu hin tng phn cc ca nh sng
Dominique Francois
Jean Arago
(1811)
David Brewster
(1812)
Jean-Baptiste Biot
(1812)
Tm lc lch s
nh lut Malus
D

A
B
C
Cho chm nh sng t
nhin chiu vung gc vo
b mt ca bn tinh th
Tuamalin T
1

A
Khi nghin cu tc dng ca bn T
1
ln nh sng t
nhin:

x y
E E E = +
x
E
y
E
x
E
Thc nghim cho thy A b Tualamin hp thu ht
nm theo phng vung gc vi quang trc
nm theo phng ca quang trc
T
1

1
E
2
E
o
1
A
2
A
o cos
1 2
E E =
o
2
1
2 2
2 2
cos E E I = =
Ly bn Tuamalin T
2
t sau T
1

Gi E
1
l bin ca vct dao ng nh sng trong nh
sng phn cc ton phn sau T
1

Gi E
2
l bin ca vct dao ng nh sng trong nh
sng phn cc ton phn sau T
2

T
2

2

T
1

1

Hai quang truc A
1
va A
2
song song vi nhau
A
1

A
2

2
1 1 max 2 2
E I I I = = =
Bin dao ng
sng qua bn T
1

0 = o
T
1

1

b. Hai quang truc A
1
va A
2
vuong goc vi
nhau
2
t
o =
0
min 2 2
= = I I
o
2
1
2 2
2 2
cos E E I = =
2
cos o
nh ly :
Khi mot chum anh sang t nhien truyen qua 2 ban Tuamalin day
co cac quang truc A
1
va A
2
hp vi nhau mot goc o th cng o
cua anh sang nhan c sau 2 ban o ty le thuan vi
+ Ban T
1
bien oi anh sang t nhien thanh anh sang phan
cc c goi la ban phan cc anh sang.
+ Ban T
2
phan tch cho biet anh sang ti no la anh sang
phan cc hay anh sang t nhien c goi la ban phan tch anh
sang.
2
cos o
5.2 Phn cc nh sng do phn x v khc x
5.2 Phn cc nh sng do phn x v khc x
T
i
r
B
i i =
r
T
B
i i =
r
T
Tia phn x phn cc ton phn
1
2
21
n
n
n tgi
B
= =
B
i : Gc Brewster
B
i
5.3 Phn cc nh sng do lng chit
Nghin cu cc hin tng quang hc trong cc tinh
th (mi trng bt ng hng)
Mi trng c tnh cht thay i theo phng.
VD: tnh n hi, bin dng trt, cng, tnh
dn nhit, t tnh, quang tnh,...
Vt cht tn ti di cc trng thi rn, lng, kh, plasma.
Trng thi v
nh hnh
Trng thi kt tinh (tinh th)
Tinh th thch anh
Tinh th thch anh:
Quartz
Hp cht: SiO
2
Tinh th bng lan
Tinh th bng lan:
Iceland spar, calcite
spath
Hp cht: CaCO
3
Hin tng lng chit (Double refraction,
birefringence)
Kt qu: c hai nh ca
cng mt vt.
Nguyn nhn: do tng tc
gia sng in t v mi
trng d hng. Mt tia sng
truyn qua tinh th th tr
thnh hai tia phn bit.
B mt sng trong mi trng d hng
Khi nh sng truyn trong mi trng d
hng, chng s truyn vi cc vn tc
khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau.
Tia thng c b mt sng l hnh cu.
Tia bt thng c b mt sng l hnh
ellipsoid trn xoay, trc i xng trn xoay
l trc quang hc.
Hnh nh ca cc b mt sng
- Tia thng: sng cu

- Tia bt thng: ellipsoid
trn xoay
B mt sng trong tinh th dng
Trong tinh th dng:
(thch anh,...)
n
o
< n
e

nn v
o
> v
e
B mt sng trong tinh th m
Trong tinh th m:
( bng lan,...)
n
o
> n
e

nn v
o
< v
e
5.4 Phn cc elip v phn cc
trn
nh sng trong u mt ca vect
E chuyn ng trn mt elip ( hay
ng trn)
Phn cc elip (phn cc trn)