DNA & Replication

NUCLEUS
CHROMOSOME

CHROMATIN

DNA

Structure of DNA
Using critical info from the work of others (Rosalind Franklin & Linus Pauling) James Watson & Francis Crick made 1st model of DNA in 1953 DNA is a Nucleic Acid (AKA: Organic Compound) DNA is made up of small subunits called:

(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)

Nucleotides

DRAW THIS IN YOUR NOTES!

YES, THE ENTIRE PICTURE!!!

What Makes Up DNA?

Each nucleotide is made up of: Deoxyribose (sugar) Phosphate group (P) Nitrogen Base (4 types) Adenine- A Thymine-T Cytosine- C Guanine-G

What Is the Ladder?

2 long chains of nucleotides
Joined together in the form of a ladder Ladder is twisted in the form of a double helix or spiral

Structure of DNA
Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds

Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Sides of the Ladder =

Alternating Deoxyribose (Sugar) & Phosphate s-P-s-P-s-P-etc.

Rungs or Steps of ladder = Pairs of Nitrogen Bases A-T or C-G T-A or G-C

How Do Nitrogen Bases Pair Up?

Adenine(A) pairs up w/ Thymine(T) Guanine(G) pairs up w/ Cytosine(C) Example:
3

AGC
CG

TAC
ATG

G C A 5
CGT 3

5 T

Why Do Organisms Look So Different?

All organisms have the same type of nucleotides

Nucleotide arrangement provides for all the different types of organisms

Ex: A mouse and a rosebush have the same nucleotidesbut

Different Nucleotide Order = Different Organism!!!

*This sequence of nucleotides = GENETIC CODE

Replication of DNA
During cell division a copy of DNA must be made When new cells are formed each new cell gets an exact copy of the genetic information.

This copy of DNA is made through a process known as Replication.

Lets see DNA Replication at Work!

Steps of Replication
During replication, each strand serves as a pattern to make new DNA molecule.
1. The 2 nucleotide strands separate at base pairs. They unzip like a zipper using

DNA Helicase (enzyme)

2. Each strand then builds its opposite strand by base pairing with nucleotides that float freely in the nucleus. 3. Each new DNA molecule has 1 nucleotide strand from the original DNA molecule and 1 nucleotide strand made from free nucleotides in the nucleus.

DNA Replication
New strand Original strand DNA polymerase

Growth
DNA polymerase

Growth

Replication fork

Replication fork

Nitrogenous bases

New strand

Original strand