HYPOTHESIS TESTING

DR. SEEMA MUMTAZ

 HYPOTHESIS
• It is a supposition, which one develops for
any usual or unusual happening
• Is the testing in the analysis of bio-medical
data usually relates to deciding whether or
not the parameters (mean, proportion,
relative risk etc. )in a study population,
which can be estimated only by observing
the sample., is equal to the values given in
by the hypothesis.
• There are two types of hypothesis; NULL &
ALTERNATE .
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
(Example)
• A medical officer wants to use the best possible
management toll for dehydration in diarrhea. He is
informed about two possible management
techniques:
• ORS (Oral rehydration salt)Local Herbal Solution
He wants to know which one is better, so the
question that’s comes in his mind is:
• In this population is their a difference in over all
improvement after three days of treatment
between the ORS and the Herbal solution????
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
(Example)
• There could be only two answer to this question,
YES OR NO
• There is no difference between such improvement
(NULL HYPOTHESIS)
• There is a difference between the improvement
achieved by a three day treatment with the ORS &
That of the herbal solutions.(ALTERNATE
HYPOTHESIS) these statements are called null &
alternate hypothesis and corresponds to YES OR
NO.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing procedures are
always subject to some errors.
 α (Alpha) error.
 β (Beta) error.
You will never know whether the
hypothesis is true or false, if not
tested or not in the real sense.
 TYPE OF ERROS
• TYPE ONE ERROR
When we mistakenly reject the null
hypothesis when indeed the null was
true, then the type wrong decision is
known as type one or α error.
• TYPE TWO ERROR
When we mistakenly accept our null
hypothesis when in fact it is false then
we commit type two or β error.
 P - VALUE
• P Stands for probability
• P value is the probability of
committing type one or α error in a
research study.
• Alternatively this is the risk of
erroneously rejecting the null
hypothesis when, in fact, it was true.
• Also expressed as the level of
significance
• Smaller the P-value, more significant
are the re