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-1
:
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Later refferd to as
IESS) edited by David L. Sills, The Macmillan Company and the
Free Press, 1968, Vol. 3 ., pp.220-242.
-2 . : :
: 1982 .
.213
3- The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, Danbury ,
Connecticut: Gerolier Incorporated , 1992: 537.
4- Edward J. Murray , Conflict : The Psychological Aspects , in IESS,
pp. 220 225 .

78

5- Robert North Conflict: Political Aspects in IESS , (1968: 226-232) ,

P.228 .
6- Lewis A. Coser, Conflict: Socail Aspects , in IESS, (1968:232-236),
pp.232-233.
7- Laura Nader ,Conflict: Anthorpological Aspects , in IESS, (1968 :
236-242) , pp236-237.
8- Dennis J. Sandole Paradigm, Theories, and Metaphors in Conflict
and Conflict Resolution : Coherence or Confusion? in Conflict
Resolution: Theory and Practice.. edited by Dennis J . Sandole
and Hugo van der Merwe, Manchester and New York: Manchester
University Press , 1993: 3-24, pp.6-7 .
9- North, Ibid.,
10- K. Boulding, Conflict and Defense, New York : Harper and Row,
1962. See alse: Boulding. K , in North, IESS., 1968: 226-228.
11- Charles O. Lerch and Abdul A. Said, Concepts of International
Politics, " New Jersey: prentice Hall, Inc., 2nd. 1970.
. 213 1982 : . -12
13- George A. Lopez & Michael s. Stole, International Relations:
Contemporary Theroy and practice , Washington D. c.,
Congressional Quartery, 1989: 429.
14- Mohammad Abu Nimr, Conflict Resolution ,Cairo: National Center
for Middle East Studies, 1994:2-3.
: " : . -15
. 18: :1968
: : . -16
: "
.4 :1995
17- In this regard, See: Coser, L., The Function of Conflict, New Yoek:
Free Press 1956, and Deutsch, M., The Resolution of Conflict.
New Haven: Yale University press, 1973.
18- Murray , Op. Cit., p.221
19- J. W. Burton, World Society , Cambridge & New York: Cambridge
University press, 1972, pp. 137-138 Quoted in Sandole and Merwe
(eds) ,1993:6.
20- Burton, Ibid.,..
21- North, op., Cit., p.226.
22- Kenneth E. Boulding, Organization and Conflict, Journal of
Conflict Reolution, 1957, Vol. 1:111-121, Quoted in Robert C.
North, Conflict: Political Aspects , in IESS, 1968:226-232,p228.

79

23- On the role of Conflict as a facilitor of social change, See Jean M.

Bartunek et . al., Bringing Conflict Out From Behind the Scenes:
Private, Informal, and Nonrational Dimensions of Confilct in
Organization, in Hidden Conflict in Organizations: Uncovering
Behind the Scene Disputes, edited by Deborah M. Kolb & jean M.
Bartunek, Newbury park, London, and New Delhi: Sage
publications, 1992:2009-228, pp.86-89.
24- Laura Nader, Conflict: Anthorpological Aspects , in IESS, 1968:
236-242, pp.236-241.
25- Abu Nimr, Op. Cit., p. 27.
: " : . -26
: "
.256 :1988
27- Abu Nimr, Ibid.,
28- For further illustration, See Deborah & Kolb(eds). Introduction: the
Dialectics of Disputing in their edited Hidden Conflict in
Organizations, 1992: 1-31, p.11
29- Lopez* Stole,Op . Cit., p.435.
30- Ibid.,
31- James A. Robinson, Crisis, in IESS, 168:10-513, p.51.
32- Ibid.,
33- Ibid., p. 33.
" " : . -34
.1993 :19 :
.406 . -35
" . -36
.256 :1987 :
-13 . 258 -256 . : -37
: 16
Robinson, pp. 511-512.
38- Abu Nimr, Op. Cit., p.28.
39- Coser, Op., Cit., 1968:234.
40- Lopez & Stole, Op. Cit., p.435.
41- Ivo D. Duchacke (ed.),"Conflict and Cooperation among Nations,
New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1963: 442.
: " : . -42
: "
.224-223 :1991
43- Duchacke, Op. Cit., p. 441

80

44- Lopez& Stole, Op. Cit., p. 433.

.225-224 :1991 . -45
46- In this respect, See: James A. Winnefeld and Mary E. Morris, Where
Environmental Concerne and Security Strategies Meet: Green
Conflict in Asia and the Middle East , Santa Monica, California:
RAND, 1994.
47- IESS, Op., Cit., p. 220
.223-221 :1991 . -48
-49
:
Grigg, 1992:536-537 in Encyclopedia Americana International
Edition , IESS 1968: 220-222, and Sandole, Op., Cit., .
.225-224 :1991 . -50
,.IESS, 1968, Op., Cit : 1991:226 . -51
227-226. -52
. -53
54- Daniel Drukman , An Analytical Research Agenda for conflict and
conflict Resolution, in Sandole and Merwe (eds).) 1993: 2542,pp.28-29 .
55- Lopez& Stole, Op Cit., p. 435.
56- Bayless Manning, Conflict of Interest , in EAIE., Vol. 7., 1992:538.
57- In this regard, See: j. Keith Murnighan, Bargaining Games: A New
Approach to Strategic Thinking in Nogotiation, NewYork:
William Morrow & Company , Inc., 1992:219-222.
58- Clement E. Vose, IESS, 1968:242-245, p.242. Also, see: Bayless
Manning, Conflict of Interst in EAIE. Vol.7,1992:538
.231-229 -59
60- Lerch & Said, Op.., p. 143-145.
61- Drukman, pp. 27-28.
62- Robert j. Robinson, The Conflict Competent Organization: A
Research Agenda for Emerging Organizational Challenges, in
Roderick M. Kramer& David M. Messick (eds.) Negotiations as
Social Processes, Thousands oaks, London,& New Delhi: Sage
Publiations, 1995: 186-207, p.188..
63- Sandole, Op. Cit., 1993:12.
64- Coser, Op., p.232.
65- Nader. Op. Cit., pp. 236-238.
66- Drukman, Op., cit., pp.28-29.
.233- 231 :1991 . -67

81

68- Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., p.21.

69- Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., 28.
70- Coser, Ibid.,
71- For Further details, See, C. Moore, The Mediation Process: Practical
Strategies for Resolving Conflict, San Francisco, CA.,: josseyBass, 1986.
72- Drcukman, Op., Cit., p.26-27.
73- Fisher,R. and Ury, W., Getting to yes: Negotion Agreement Without
Giving In, NewYork: Penguin Books, 1983.
74- On Structural Conflict, See. J. Galtung, Is Peaceful Research
Possible? On the Methodology of Peacful Research. In Peace
Research, Education and Action, Denmark: Eiders. Copenhagen,
1975.
75- Coser, 1968:233-234.
76- Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., p.5.
77- Lopez & Stole, Op., pp. 431-432.

82