XUT

GII PHP NG DNG CC CNG NGH

MI TRONG X L RC THI
H NI

 xut xy dng gii php ng dng cc cng

ngh mi vo qui trnh t rc thi thnh ph
c thc hin theo n hng ca Cng ty C
phn Dch v mi trng Thng Long :
1. Tng nng sut ca cc dy chuyn t rc
hin c;
2. Ti s dng ngun nhit lng pht thi trong
qu trnh x l rc.

NI DUNG
1. X l rc thi H Ni
2. Cng ty C phn dch v mi trng Thng Long
v nhu cu ng dng cc cng ngh mi
3. nh hng cng ngh
4. Kho st cng ngh x l rc nc ngoi
5. Gii php xut

6. Kt lun

1. X l rc thi H Ni
A. Mi ngy, H Ni pht thi ra khong 6.000 tn rc
B. Rc c m t 50-60%, c sng lc s b,
nhng cha c thng k v thnh phn rc
C. Rc thi c x l ch yu bng hai phng php:
a. Chn lp;
b. t (ch yu bng l t th cng).
D. Cc sc p
a. Thiu bi chn lp, gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng
b. Tc t thp, khng p ng c nhu cu.

2. Cng ty C phn dch v mi trng

Thng Long v nhu cu ng dng cc
cng ngh mi
A. L Cng ty x l rc bng cng ngh t qui m cng
nghip u tin ca H Ni 200t/ngy
B.

Cng ngh t rc thc hin theo qui trnh sau:

2. Cng ty C phn dch v mi trng

Thng Long v nhu cu ng dng cc
cng ngh mi
C.

Cc c im cng ngh:
a.

Thi gian rc (rc nc): 10-15 ngy;

b.

Kh m ca rc t 55% xung 25% bng nhit thu hi

(i lu) trc khi t; trong thi gian 10-12 gi, c th

ti 16 gi ;
c.

Sng lc rc c thc hin sau khi sy, trn bng ti c

tc (7 vng/pht?).

D. Nhu cu ng dng cc cng ngh mi :

a.

Nng cao nng sut (gim thi gian kh nc);

b.

Thu hi v s dng nhit lng ca l t.

3. nh hng cng ngh

A. Cc vn nn c quan tm:

a. X l nc r rc;
b. Cng ngh kh nc;
c. Tip cn kh nng thu hi nng lng t nhiu hng
cng ngh khc nhau.
B. Cc cng ngh mi c th p dng:
a. Kh nc bng cng ngh hng ngoi xc tc;
b. S dng cng ngh sinh hc sn xut biogas (v
phn bn) t rc thi thnh ph cung cp cho h
thng sy hng ngoi xc tc (v pht in).

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M
Trend in disposal
and recovery of
MSW in the U.S.
[6].
(does not include
construction and
demolition debris,
non-hazardous
industrial
waste, or
wastewater
treatment sludge).
Adapted from U.S.
Environmental
Protection Agency
data

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M (s liu nm 2004)

Amount
- 387 million tons (2004 year)
+ MSW recycled and composted: 110 million tons,
(28,5%)
+ MSW to Waste to Energy: 28,8 million tons,
(7,4%)
+ MSW Land filled: 248,6 million tons, (64,1 %)
Composition [12]
- 65% Biodegradable
(paper, yard trimmings, food scraps, wood)
- 35% Non-biodegradable
(plastic, metals, rubber, glass, etc.)

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

State

Washington

Oregon

Wyoming

California

Nevada

Utah

MSW
MSW to
recycled
Waste
and
to Energy
composted

3.529.446
40,5%
1.981.369
45,8%
35.000
5,1%
19.409.000
39,3%
619.000
20,6%
395.470
14,2%

303.978
3,5%
155.368
3,6%
0,0%
591.000
1,2%
0,0%
124.101
4,4%

MSW
Generat
MSW
Total MSW
Population
ed
Land filled Generated
per
capita
4.889.624 8.723.068 6.203.788
1,4
56,1%
100,0%
2.188.553 4.325.290 3.595.586
1,2
50,8%
100,0%
655.000
690.000
506.529
1,4
94,9%
29.335.000 49.355.000 35.893.799
1,4
59,5%
100,0%
2.388.000 3.007.000 1.998.000
1,5
79,4%
100,0%
2.269.742 2.789.313 2.389.039
1,2
81,4%
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

States

Virginia

Kentucky

New York

10

Indiana

11

Illinois

12

Ohio

MSW
MSW to
recycled
Waste
and
to Energy
composted
2.545.135 1.115.063
28,7%
12,6%
1.825.753
10.000
22,4%
0,2%
8.358.951 3.784.179
43,0%
19,5%
4.531.056
647.682
35,0%
5,0%
9.030.574
37,0%
0,0%
4.208.014
26,4%
0,0%

MSW
Generat
MSW
Total MSW
Population
ed
Land filled Generated
per
capita
5.212.824 8.873.022 7.459.827
1,2
58,7%
100,0%
4.452.410 5.748.162 4.145.922
77,5%
100,0%
7.297.776 19.422.924 19.227.088
1,0
37,5%
100,0%
7.767.135 12.945.873 6.237.569
2,1
60,0%
100,0%
14.920.357 23.950.931 12.713.634
1,9
62,3%
100,0%
11.719.532 15.927.546 11.459.011
1,4
73,6%
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

13

States

Texas

14

Maine

15

New Hampshire

16

Vermont

17

Massachusetts

18

Connecticut

MSW
Genera
MSW
Total MSW
Population
ted
Land filled Generated
per
capita
22.128.152 27.804.505 22.490.022
1,2

MSW
recycled
and
composted

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

5.659.287

17.066

20,4%
668.232
34,5%
415.825

0,1%
371.038
19,1%
267.664

79,6%
900.277
46,4%
796.001

100,0%
1.939.547
100,0%
1.659.490

25,1%
189.046
29,3%
2.864.783

16,1%
56.558
8,8%
3.127.997

58,8%
398.782
61,9%
2.471.160

100,0%
644.386
100,0%
8.463.940

33,8%
830.263
24,2%

37,0%
2.228.065
64,9%

29,2%
372.378
10,9%

100,0%
3.430.706
100,0%

137.253

1,5

1.299.500

1,3

621.394

1,0

6.416.505

1,3

3.503.604

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

States

19

Rhode Island

20

Pennsylvania

21

New Jersey

22

Maryland

23

West Virginia

24

North
Carolina

MSW
recycled
and
composted

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

MSW
Land filled

170.021
12,5%
3.675.863
23,8%
3.663.501
35,9%
2.200.625
31,4%
108.207
6,9%
1.520.729

2.270
0,2%
2.867.243
18,6%
1.546.155
15,1%
1.377.389
19,6%
0,0%
74.984

1.191.285
87,4%
8.885.596
57,6%
500.612
49,0%
3.437.499
49,0%
1.460.003
93,1%
6.535.201

18,7%

0,9%

80,4%

MSW
Generat
Total MSW
Population
ed
Generated
per
capita
1.363.567
1.080.632
1,3
100,0%
15.428.702 12.406.292
1,2
100,0%
10.215.776
8.696.879
1,2
100,0%
7.015.513
5.558.058
1,3
100,0%
1.568.210
1.815.354
0,9
100,0%
8.130.914
8.541.221
1,0
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

25

States

South Carolina

26

Arkansat

27

Tennessee

28

Lousiana

29

Florida

30

Mississipi

MSW
recycled
and
composte
d
1.025.916
22,8%
588.216
19,7%
4.798.402
42,2%
835.318
13,2%
5.446.500
24,0%
50.525
1,6%

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

MSW
Land filled

Total MSW
Generated

227.802

3.242.791

4.496.509

5,1%
35.464
1,3%
0,0%
262.880
4,2%
5.796.339
25,4%
0,0%

72,1%
2.232.923
79,0%
6.558.816
57,8%
5.210.429
82,6%
11.535.091
50,6%
3.119.614
98,4%

100,0%
2.862.602
100,0%
11.357.218
100,0%
6.308.427
100,0%
22.797.930
100,0%
3.170.149
100,0%

MSW
Generat
Population
ed
per
capita
4.198.068
1,1
2.752.629

1,0

5.900.962

1,9

4.515.770

1,4

17.397.930

1,3

2.092.966

1,1

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

States

31

Colorado

32

Missouri

33

Geogia

34

Oklahoma

35

New Mexico

36

Wisconsin

MSW
recycled
and
composted

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

995.156
12,5%
3.183.864
38,9%
675.817
8,3%
170.000
3,8%
186.466
8,5%
1.734.050
32,4%

3.083
0,0%
37.500
0,5%
90.478
1,1%
360.000
8,0%
0,0%
140.290
2,6%

MSW
Land filled
6.932.187
87,4%
4.963.357
60,6%
7.376.083
90,6%
3.963.232
88,2%
2.011.727
91,5%
3.479.000
65,0%

MSW
Generat
Total MSW
Population
ed
Generated
per
capita
7.930.426
4.601.403
1,7
100,0%
8.184.739
5.754.618
1,4
100,0%
8.142.378
8.829.383
0,9
100,0%
4.493.232
3.523.553
1,3
100,0%
2.198.193
1.903.289
1,2
100,0%
5.353.340
5.509.026
1,0
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

States

37

Michigan

38

Minnesota

39

North Dakota

40

Montana

41

Wyoming

42

Idaho

MSW
recycled
and
composted

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

MSW
Land filled

2.594.940
17,3%
2.536.856
43,2%
123.480
18,0%
220.249
15,0%
35.000
5,1%
99.590
8,4%

1.039.389
6,9%
1.213.000
20,7%
0,0%
11.967
0,8%
0,0%
0,0%

11.375.703
75,8%
2.118.576
36,1%
560.871
82,0%
1.236.615
84,2%
655.000
94,9%
1.086.000
91,6%

MSW
Generat
Total MSW
Population
ed
Generated
per
capita
15.010.032 10.112.620
1,5
100,0%
5.868.432
5.100.958
1,2
100,0%
684.351
634.336
1,1
100,0%
1.468.831
926.865
1,5
100,0%
690.000
506.529
1,4
100,0%
1.185.590
1.393.262
0,9
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

No.

States

43

Nebraska

44

South Dakota

45

Iowa

46

Arizona

47

Alaska

48

Delaware

49

Hawai

MSW
recycled
and
composted

MSW to
Waste
to Energy

379.914
15,4%
16.129
3,0%
1.464.395
39,6%
1.025.591
19,7%
100.516
7,5%
103.150
10,4%
410.000
26,0%

0,0%
0,0%
48.272
1,3%
0,0%
37.574
2,8%
0,0%
756.000
47,9%

MSW
Land filled
2.087.058
84,6%
521.500
97,0%
2.817.617
59,1%
4.169.739
80,3%
1.194.098
89,6%
885.283
89,6%
412.000
26,1%

MSW
Generat
Total MSW
Population
ed
Generated
per
capita
2.466.972
1.747.214
1,4
100,0%
537.629
770.883
0,7
100,0%
3.700.284
2.954.451
1,3
100,0%
5.195.330
5.743.834
0,9
100,0%
1.332.188
655.435
2,0
100,0%
988.433
830.364
1,2
100,0%
11.579.000
1.212.443
1,3
100,0%

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M

California
landfilled
waste
stream by
material
type [6]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.1. Cng ngh x l rc M
Nhn xt:
A. Theo mc ch x l, x l rc thi M c phn thnh 3 phng
php: Chn lp; Sn xut in; Ti ch v sn xut phn bn
B. Mc quan tm ti vic sn xut in v phn bn t rc thi ti
cc bang l khc nhau. New York, Hawai v mt s bang min
ng, trn 60% lng rc thi c dng sn xut in, ti ch
v sx phn bn. V vy, cng ngh x l rc thi M trnh cao
C. Cng ngh sn xut in v phn bn ti M mi ch c p dng
ti M cch y khong 20 nm , nhng ring nm 2004 c 110
triu tn rc thi c ti ch v sn xut phn bn, 29 triu tn rc
thi c dng sn xut in (c tnh t 193 nghn MW)
D. Thnh phn rc thi ti M tng i ging thnh phn rc thi ti
cc nc c, n , Argentina. Nu thnh phn rc thi H Ni
tng t nh thnh phn rc thi ti M. Vit Nam c th hc kinh
nghim x l rc ca M.

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.2. Cc cng ngh thu hi nng lng v sn phm
Thermal conversion process and products [9]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.3. Cc cng ngh pht in t rc thi
Scenarios of energy recovery [31]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.4. X l rc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc

The OWTF would

adopt biological
technologies composting and
anaerobic
digestion (figure
below) to stabilize
the organic waste
and turn it to
useful compost
products and
biogas for energy
recovery [03]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.5. Nhit lng thu hi t Biogas
Typical Biogas Composition [12]
Compound
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulfide H2S
Water

Chem. Formula
CH4
CO2
N2, NH3
H2
0.1-0.3
H2O

%
50-70
30-49
0-1
0-5
Saturated

Energy Content: 500-700 Btu/SCF

(SCF - standard cubic foot)
150 tones of organic waste have potential for production of 1
MW energy [15]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.6. Biogas v cc ch tiu c bn
High-Solids-Stackable Digestion Systems [03]
All are batch systems
Typical retention times:
- Thermophilic: 14 days
- Mesophilic: 14 to 30 days
Two-stage systems:
- Second stage operates faster
than first stage due to
breakdown of organic molecules
in first stage
- First stage sets processing time
for each batch
- Capacities from 10.000 to
100.000 t SSO/year

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.7. Nng sut to biogas

Yield of biogas in dry

fermentation process
using garage type
bioreactor in
Investigations A, B, C [23]

4. Kho st cng ngh

4.8. Nhn xt
A. Trong 3 phng php thu hi v chuyn ha nhit t
rc thi, phng php t v kh ha (gasification) l
tng i ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam;
B. thu hi nhit t cng ngh t rc thi, cn phi

trang b ni hi (Boiler) v tuabin hi nc (steam

turbin), hiu sut khng cao v cn vn u t ln;
C. Kh ha rc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc ph hp hn
vi iu kin ca Vit Nam.
D. Sn phm ca cng ngh kh ha bng sinh hc l
biogas v phn bn. Nn c th kt hp s dng cc
cng ngh sn xut in, x l nhit bng biogas
khai thc sn phm t kh ha rc thi.

5. xut gii php

5.1. xut
A. tng nng xut x l rc thi: ngh ng dng cng
ngh kh nc bng hng ngoi xc tc s dng biogas
gim thi gian sy rc
B.

Khai thc nhit lng t x l rc thi s dng cng ngh

phn hy ym kh ln men kh sn xut phn bn v
biogas t rc thi, sn phm ca qu trnh ny dng :
a.

Cung cp biogas cho l sy hng ngoi

b.

Sn xut phn bn

c.

X l nc r rc

d.

Chy my pht in hoc cung cp gas thng mi

5. xut gii php

5.2. L kh nc hng ngoi xc tc
a.

Kiu l: lin tc, cng sut 500 kW

b.

Cng ngh kh nc: bc x nhit kt hp i lu

c.

Nhin liu: s dng kh biogas

d.

Nng sut: 20 tn/gi

e.

Kh nng kh nc: 10% (500 kG)

f.

Phng php iu khin: bng tay

g.

Chiu rng bng ti: 2,0m (d kin)

h.

Chiu di bng ti: 15m (d kin)

i.

Tc bng ti: 2m/pht

5. xut gii php

5.2. L kh nc hng ngoi xc tc
j.

S lng tm t hng ngoi xc tc: 46

k.

Tiu th biogas (cha 60% metan, cha lc) ti cng

sut cc i: 61 m3/gi

l.

Ti trng trn 1 m2 bng ti: 83 kG

m. Ti trong trn ton b bng ti: 2.500 kG

n.

Thi gian qua l sy: 7,5 pht

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v phn bn bng cng
ngh Dry Fermentation Anaerobic Digestion [53]

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v phn bn bng cng

ngh sinh hc ym kh [49]

Anaerobic waste water treatment plant: 685 m3 waste water/ day; 5,200 kgCOD/day
Nominal electric capacity (gas engine CHP plant): 500 kW
Nominal thermal capacity (gas engine CHP plant): 568 kW
Thermal biogas utilisation (substitution of natural gas): 100 Nm3/h
Planned realisation 2007/2008 [49]

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v
phn bn bng cng ngh
Complete Dry AD

Process Mass Flow

Diagram [55]

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v phn bn bng cng ngh
Complete Dry AD

Biogas
CH4 (%)
CO2 (%)
N2 (%)
H2S (ppm)

Biogas factory

Sewer factory

60-70
30-40
<1
10-2000

55-65
35-45
<1
10-40

Garbage
landll
45-55
30-40
5-15
50-300

Overview of compositions of biogas from dierent sources [64]

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v phn bn bng cng ngh
Complete Dry AD

Technique
Chemical Absorption
High pressure water scrubbing
Pressure swing adsorption
Cryogenic separation
Separation Membrane

Cost price
upgraded
biogas
(EUR/Nm3
biogas)
0,17
0,13
0,25
0,44
0,12

Maximum
achievable
% purity
98
98
98
91
89,5

An overview in order to compare the dierent techniques [64]

5. xut gii php

5.3. Qui trnh sn xut biogas v phn bn bng cng ngh
Complete Dry AD

H thng lc
biogas

5. xut gii php

5.4. Cc hng mc u t
A. Dy chuyn sn xut phn bn v biogas t rc
thi bng cng ngh sinh hc
B. H thng lc biogas
C. L kh nc s dng kh biogas bng cng
ngh hng ngoi xc tc

5. xut gii php

5.5. Cc bc trin khai
A.

B.

Dy chuyn sn xut phn bn t rc thi

a.

Nghin cu, la chn cng ngh

b.

Th nghim

c.

Thit k dy chuyn sn xut

d.

Sn xut, lp t v trin khai hot ng

L kh nc hng ngoi xc tc s dng kh biogas

a.

Th nghim

b.

Thit k

c.

Lp t v trin khai hot ng

5. xut gii php

5.6. Hiu qu c th t c
a. Gim 50% thi gian kh m ca rc (t 55%
xung 25%) (c th tng nng sut t 50% 100%, tng doanh thu t 6.000 12.000
USD/ngy, gim s nh my cn phi u t)
b. Khng mt chi ph nhin liu
c. C th pht in phc v cho nh my hoc
bn gas thng mi
d. C thm doanh thu t ngun phn bn
e. Khng phi chi ph x l nc r rc

6. Kt lun
A. Hin ti, c nhiu cng ngh ti s dng v

nng cao nng sut x l rc thi. la chn

c cc cng ngh ph hp, cn thng k, nh
gi chnh xc thnh phn rc thi ti H Ni.
B. Hai cng ngh ph hp vi x l rc Vit Nam l
Phn hy sinh hc ym kh ln men kh v
Hng ngoi xc tc.
C. ng dng thnh cng hai cng ngh ny , cn
c cc bc trin khai ph hp.
D. Nu trin khai thnh cng, s t c hiu qu
kinh t cao v m ra cc hng mi trong lnh vc
x l rc thi ti Vit Nam

XIN CHN THNH

CM N