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Dr. Moataza Mahmoud Abdel Wahab Lecturer of Biostatistics High Institute of Public Health University of Alexandria
Dr. Moataza Mahmoud Abdel Wahab Lecturer of Biostatistics High Institute of Public Health University of Alexandria
Moataza Mahmoud Abdel Wahab Lecturer of Biostatistics High Institute of Public Health University of Alexandria
moatazamahmoud@yahoo.com
or
Why sampling?
Get information about large populations
Target Population: The population to be studied/ to which the investigator wants to generalize his results Sampling Unit: smallest unit from which sample can be selected Sampling frame List of all the sampling units from which sample is drawn Sampling scheme Method of selecting sampling units from sampling frame
Types of sampling
Non-probability samples
Probability samples
Probability samples
Random sampling
Conclusions
Systematic sampling
Sampling fraction Ratio between sample size and population size
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each other i.e. crowding together in the same area or neighborhood
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 5 Section 4
Errors in sample
Systematic error (or bias) Inaccurate response (information bias) Selection bias Sampling error (random error)
Type 1 error
The probability of finding a difference with our sample compared to population, and there really isnt one. Known as the (or type 1 error)
Type 2 error
The probability of not finding a difference that actually exists between our sample compared to the population
Known as the (or type 2 error) Power is (1- ) and is usually 80%
Sample size
Quantitative
Z 2 2 n D2
Qualitative
Z2 (1 ) n D2
2 (1 2 2 )xF n 2 D
2 P (1- P) F n D2
Problem 1 A study is to be performed to determine a certain parameter in a community. From a previous study a sd of 46 was obtained. If a sample error of up to 4 is to be accepted. How many subjects should be included in this study at 99% level of confidence?
Answer
n 2 2 Z 2 D
Problem 2
A study is to be done to determine effect of 2 drugs (A and B) on blood glucose level. From previous studies using those drugs, Sd of BGL of 8 and 12 g/dl were obtained respectively. A significant level of 95% and a power of 90% is required to detect a mean difference between the two groups of 3 g/dl. How many subjects should be include in each group?
Answer
( )xF n 2 D
2 1 2 2
3 in each group
(8 12 )x10.5
2 2 2
242.6 ~ 243
Problem 3
It was desired to estimate proportion of anaemic children in a certain preparatory school. In a similar study at another school a proportion of 30 % was detected. Compute the minimal sample size required at a confidence limit of 95% and accepting a difference of up to 4% of the true population.
Answer
Z (1 ) n 2 D
2
Problem 4
In previous studies, percentage of hypertensives among Diabetics was 70% and among non diabetics was 40% in a certain community. A researcher wants to perform a comparative study for hypertension among diabetics and non-diabetics at a confidence limit 95% and power 80%, What is the minimal sample to be taken from each group with 4% accepted difference of true value?
Answer
2 P (1 - P) F n D2
Precision Cost