Wastewater Irrigation

. M.Sc., Ph.D.
. M.Sc.
1999

, ,
.

.
.
(, , ,
), -,
( ) / , ,

.
, , ,
1980
.

.
,
, .

,
. , -
II
, .
, .
,
. , ,

. ,

, , , , ,
. .

. ,
.
.
1999
III
VI
13
3.1.
14
3.1.1.
15
3.1.2.
15
3.1.3.
15
3.1.4.
17
3.1.5.
18
3.1.6.
19
3.2.
20
3.2.1.
20
3.2.2.
21
3.2.3.
23
3.2.4.
25
3.2.5.
26
3.2.6.
26
IV
3.2.7.
3.3.
26
26
29
33
5.1.
34
5.2.
36
5.3.
41
5.3.1.
45
5.3.2.
57
5.3.3.
61
5.3.4.
69
5.3.5.
77
5.3.6.
78

6.1
6.1.1.
81
81
81
6.1.2.
82
6.1.3.
82
6.1.4.
82
6.2.

7.1.
82
91
91
7.1.1.
91
7.1.2.
94
7.1.3.
95
7.1.4.
96
7.1.5.
97
7.2.
97
7.2.1.
97
7.2.2.
98
7.2.3.
98
7.3.
100

8.1.
103
103
8.1.1.
104
8.1.2.
104
8.1.3.
105
8.1.4.
106
8.2.
106
111
9.1.
111
9.1.1.
113
9.1.2.
114
9.1.3.
115
9.1.4. -
116
9.1.5.
118
9.2.
9.3.
119
9.2.1.
120
9.2.2.
123
9.2.3.
126
9.2.4.
126
127
9.3.1.
129
9.3.2.
139
9.4.
140
9.5.
141
143
161
163
165
169
VI

2.1.
2.2.

...
2.3.
2.4.
10
14
BOD5
D5 250 mg/l
22
24
27
30
4.2.
32
5.1.
33
37
40
5.4.
42
5.5.

(ECe)
(ECw)
47
5.6.
51
5.7.
55
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
4.1.
5.2.
5.3.
VII
5.8.
56
57
Cax

HCO3/Ca ECw
60
62
5.12.
63
5.13.
64
5.14.
65
5.15.
ESP
67
5.16.

,
Na Cl
68
5.17.
69
5.18.
69
(mg/l)

70
72
5.9.
5.10.
5.11.
5.19.
5.20.
5.21.
5.22.
5.23.
5.24.
6.1.

20
74

(g/g)

75

CEC
76
76
83
VIII
6.2.
85
6.3.
88
6.4.
89

..
105
8.2.
109
8.3.
107
112
113
9.3.
116
9.4.
20-30C
119
9.5.
121
122
123
8.1.
9.1.
9.2.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
9.10.
9.11.
9.12.
9.13.
130
131

...
133

...
134

...
135
136
IX
9.14.
9.15.
9.16.
9.17.
137
138
138
139

2.1.
11
5.1.
SAR ESP
Ca, Mg Na
39
45
50
51
5.5.
54
5.6.
ECw SAR

58
(ECe)
150 mm
94
(ECsw)

96
7.3.
99
7.4.
99
7.5.
99
7.6.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
7.1.
7.2.
101
-I
LI
AS
PA
AS
.
, , .
, , ,
,
.
, ) (

), )
, (Asano and Levine 1995, F.A.O. 1991, Pescod 1992) )
,
. , (Maheras 1988, Maheras and Kolyba-Mahera 1990, 1991, 1992, 1992, 1993,
Louisakis et al. 1998)
- ,
.
,
,
1990, ' ,
. , 30 m3/sec ,
310.000 , 85% (, 1992).
,
( , 1992). ,
AS
-I
LI
(
),
. (
1976,, 1978, Bos and Nugteren 1983, 1984, 1988,
1992, .. 1993, 1993,, Panoras and Mavroudis
1995, 1995, Babajimopoulos et al. 1996, Panoras at al. 1996, -
PA
AS
.. 1997,, Christov et al. 1998, 1998),

(Todd 1967, 1981, 1985, 1985, Bouwer 1988, 1993,
1994, .. 1994, 1995, 1996,, 1998) , (Rhoades 1972, Ayers and Westcot 1985,
1992, Rhoades et al. 1992, Papadopoulos 1995a)
(Pettygrove and Asano 1985, Papadopoulos and Stylianou 1988, 1991,
1991, Papadopoulos 1995,, Papadopoulos et al. 1995,
Tsobanoglous 1995, Ganoulis 1995, 1997,,
.. 1997, .. 1997,, 1998, .. 1998,,
1999,) .

.

.

, .

.
(1995-1997) ( .. 1998,, 1999,)

, 20.5-30.5, 4.5-6.8 11.713.5 kg/ , . , .
AS
, .

. Mathers et al. (1977), Mathers and Stewart (1980), Clanton and Slack
-I
LI
(1987), Papadopoulos (1995) . , Barrington and Jutras (1983)

. ,
,
, .
PA
AS
. ,

(, ), ,
.
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
-I
LI
AS

(F.A.O. 1991, Angelakis and Spyridakis 1996). . -
PA
AS
16
19 (F.A.O. 1991, Metcalf and Eddy 1991).
..., 20 . , 1930
(Ali, 1987).
1960 (Asano and Levine, 1995).
,
.
Ohio Mississippi, , (Middlebrooks, 1982). ,
() 14-40%.
, 100% (W.H.O. 1973, Ali 1987).

, .

2.1.
2.1.
1.
- ( ).
- (
,
, ).
-
.
-
.
AS
3.
-
, , .
- ( ).
- ,
.
- ,

.
-
.
- N P.
-
.
-I
LI
1.

)
)
)
)
)
)
)

2.
)
)
)
)
AS
PA
4.
)
)
)
)
)
5. -
)
)
) WC
6.
)
)
: Asano (1991, 1994), (1994)
- .
- , ,
.
-
.
-
.
- .
-
.
..., 540 1979 1900 1992 ( Tchobanoglous, 1995). ,

1980, . 1987 0,899 Mm3/
, , -
AS
(California State
Water Resources Control Board, 1990).

1990, 78%, .
2.2.
...
AS
-I
LI
2.2.
PA
: Pescod (1992)

(Shelef,
1990, 1991). 2.3
.
577
260 Mm3 (Shelef and Azov, 1995). 72% , 28% .
, ,
, .
.
. (-
)
(Oron and DeMalach 1987, Oron et al. 1992).
, 1978 (Israeli Ministry of
Health 1978, 1979, 1981).

1990-91
2000
2010
2050
1490
445
1450
770
560
2090
1260
685
2240
1250
770
215
260
380
520
110
188
350
450
5.4
13.0
14.6
20.1
7.4
24.4
24.2
36.0
AS

: Shelef and Azov (1995)
1985
AS
m3
-I
LI
2.3.
. Mm3
. (%)
PA
. golf,
, . Bontoux and Courtois (1995), , : )
, , ) -
) golf
.
(Ministere Charge de la Sante, 1991)
(W.H.O., 1989),
. ,
, . ,
,
.
, , .
.

AS
. ,
, , -
(Papadopoulos,
1995). 25 Mm3/. -
-I
LI
1989 (Kypris, 1989)

(W.H.O., 1989).
(Papadopoulos, 1995).

.
PA
AS
1988
78 Mm3 2000 125 Mm3 (Bahri 1988).
1988 26 ,
,
1996 54 .
(, )
, ,
.
.
67.000 , 95%
(Strauss and Blumenthal, 1989).
,
. Giwan, ,
1956. 1987 321.000 m3/ (Pescod, 1992).
10

1886 Mezquital Tula (Sanchez Duron, 1988). , 1945

, . -
AS
60 km
.
430.000 (
480.000 )
-I
LI
. , 55 m3/s,
, , , , , ,
(Sanchez Duron 1988, Strauss and Blumenthal 1989).

. ,
PA
AS
, 829.000 , 1.336.000 .
11.663.000 (Strauss and Blumenthal, 1989).
, .

. 2.4 1993
1999. , 2.1
.
2.4.
(%)
(m3/)
1993
1999
3.344.000
5.755.000
34
59
170
270
1.02
1.65
: Technical Chamber of Greece (1993)
11
(Parissopoulos et
al. 1995)
PA
2.1.
AS
-I
LI
AS
(Papadopoulos et al. 1995,

1997,, .. 1997,, 1998,, 1999).
.
( 1996)
, ( .. 1998,, 1999,) , (Traka-Mavrona
et al. 1996, Maloupa et al. 1997).
(Papadopoulos et al. 1995, .. 1997,), -
12
(
1996, .. 1997, .. 1998).
,

.
PA
AS
-I
LI
AS
, .
-I
LI
AS
T
. ,
PA
AS
,
. (,
, ). ,
, .
:
.
.
. ,
.
. .
. , .
. .
. .
. , ,
.
,
14
, , . 3.1
.

l/
150-350
400-500
300-500
500
300
60-100
AS
..
: Degremont (1979), Rowe et al. (1987)
-I
LI
3.1.
PA
AS
, (BOD), (SS)

.
,
. , / , (algae),
,
,
, .

3.1.
(conventional process) , .
.
15

.
3.1.1.
(preliminary treatment pretreatment)
AS

.
.
3.1.2.
H (primary treatment)
-I
LI
(
), . 25 50% , 35 50%
(COD), 50 70% 65% ,
PA
AS
,
. , , , ,
.

. , ,
, ,
.
(primary sedimantation
tanks clarifiers) , 3 5 m
2 3 . -

.
3.1.3.
(secondary treatment)
, . ,
16
,
, .
CO2, NH3
H2O. (secondary sedimentation) , .
AS
, (, , ),
(high rate processes).
-I
LI
,
.

.
-
PA
AS
(activated sludge) , (aeration tanks)

. ,
, . ,
.
, (
). 3 8 ,
.
, , .

. . ,
.. (oxidation ditches), .
-
(trickling filters) (biofilters),
, .
.
17
.
. ,
.
, . ,
, .
AS
-
(rotating biological contactors)
,
. -
-I
LI

.
,
.
PA
AS
. ,
,
.
, , 85 95% , .

. ,
, ,
.
3.1.4.
(tertiary treatment) (advanced

treatment) ,
: ) , ) , ) , , , ) , ) , .

.
18

. ( ),

-
, .
3.1.5.
AS
.
, ,
PA
AS
-I
LI
(disifenction)
, , ( ), , .
,
, .
,
, 5 15 mg/l. 15-30 min
(Asano, 1994). , ( ,
) 120 min. , pH, ,
, , , .
. 100 ml
(MPN/100ml). .

0.5 mg/l
(Bouwer and Idelovitch, 1987). Asano et al. (1985)
0.05 mg/l,
19
Westcot and Ayers (1985) 1 mg/l .

. ,
, , . -
AS
, ,
.
,
-I
LI
.
.
,

AS
O3 0.2-0.5 mg/l. , 6-17 mg/l 10-25 min SS, BOD, COD

(Office International de
L Eau, 1992).
RNA DNA
(Snider et al. 1991).
.
PA
3.1.6.
(effluent storage),
, (Asano Tchobanoglous, 1987).
:
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
.
20
3
( ).
, , .
.
, ,
.
3.2.
AS
(natural
biological treatment systems) ,
-I
LI
(
1995, Papadopoulos et al. 1995, .. 1997). , (low rate processes) ( )
. -
PA
AS
, ,
,
(Metcalf and Eddy 1991, Tsobanoglous 1995).

, , .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, -
. , .
3.2.1.
(aerated ponds aerated lagoons) 7 20 2.5 m .
, . ,
21
,
. , .
3.2.2.
(stabilization ponds) ,
,
, -
AS
(Shuval et al. 1986, .. 1997).

(Yanez 1988, Pescod 1992),

AS
-I
LI
. ,
.
20 30 .

. ,
,
, , .
PA
(anaerobic ponds)
). 1000 mg/l,
. , , .
. ( )
2 5
. " "
(floating cover), ,
, . . 3.2
.
22

. . 2 5 , .
BOD5
D5 250 mg/l
AS
3.2.
BOD5 (%)
1.0
2.5
5.0
50
60
70
: Mara (1976)
-I
LI
X ()
PA
AS
(facultative ponds) , 1.8

2.5 m.
(, ) .
,
, .
: ) , , ) , ) ,
. .
, , .

.

.
23
T /

50 mg/l. (maturation ponds).
, 7 ,
BOD 25 mg/l.
.
AS
Feachem et al. (1983)

20 .
3.2.3.
-I
LI
,
, .
AS
(land treatment), : ) (slow rate land

treatment), ) (rapid rate infiltration infiltration percolation
soil aquifer treatment-S.A.T.) ) (overland flow treatment).

(U.S. E.P.A. 1977, 1981, 1986, Tsobanoglous 1995). 3.3 ,
.
PA
,
-.
(, , ), . , ( 1986, Metcalf and Eddy 1991,
Tsobanoglous 1995).
24
3.3.
<5
<2
<10
<15
10
<5
<1
<5
<20
10
4-
<2
<0.5
<2
0.5
<8
<4
<8
<20
10
<10
-P
<0.3
<0.1
<5
<6
(/100 cm3)
<10
<200
<200
200
-I
LI
: (1995)
AS
BOD
10
AS
. mg/l, .
. 1.5 m
.
. 4.5 m . ,
(P) .
. 45 m .
PA

,
.

. ,
,
.
-
(Asano,
1985). .
,
. , (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991).
25
, .
,
, .
. ,
AS

, .
-
-I
LI
,
.
, (U.S. E.P.A., 1981).
-
PA
AS

. .
3 20 m/. , , .
.
, .
6-10 cm (U.S. E.P.A., 1977).
.
3.2.4.
(nutrient film technique-N.F.T.)
.
, .
.
, ,
.
26
3.2.5.
(constructed wetlands) ,
, , ( 1996,
.. 1997, .. 1998). ( ) ( ).
, , .
AS

.
, -
-I
LI
.
.
3.2.6.
AS
(floating macrophyte ponds)

, ,
Lemnaceae (Stowell et al.
1981). 0.5 1.8 m. , ,

( Tsobanoglous, 1995).
PA
3.2.7.
(septage ponds)
(<200 m3/) .
, .
.
, .
Reed et al. (1988). ,
.
3.3.
,
27
,
. 3.4 .
3.4.
PA
: Arthur (1983)
:
: ,
-I
LI
AS
AS
BOD
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
-I
LI
AS
99.9%
.
, , , , -
PA
AS
, ,
.
, , , , , , , .
, . ,
, 4.1.
4.2 ,
. ,
( ), ,
90 l/ .
,
, - - . , , (
) . .
30
4.1.
T ,
.
.
(BOD)
,
(COD) . ,
.
- ,
,
.
.
AS
-I
LI
AS
PA
- , ,
(.. ,
, )
, .
,
( , ).
,
.
.

.
31
4.1

pH
.
pH
6.5-8.5, pH .
(.. Cd, Zn,

Ni, Hg)

.

.

,
,
(.. Na, Ca, Mg,
Cl, B)

. , ,
, .

.
(>0.05mg/l
Cl2)
.
, ,
.

.
-I
LI
AS
R
O
N
PA
AS
pH

: Asano et al. (1985)
32

(TDS)
(SS)
, ml/l
,
(BOD5, 20C)
(TOC)
(COD)
1200
850
350
720
500
220
350
250
100
20
10
400
290
1000
220
160
500
85
35
50
0
0
40
15
25
0
0
15
5
10
100
AS
( P)
PA
-
, MPN/100ml
,
MPN/100ml
, PFU/100ml
34.0
13.0
20.0
0.6
8
3
5
4
1
3
9.4
2.6
6.8
50
30
0.7-1.7
50-70
2.0-3.0
3.0-9.0
200-300
200
100
50
211
150
100
50
22106
8106
3.6
: Asano et al. (1985), U.N.D.T.C.D. (1985), Asano (1994)

.
.
.
.
20
8
12
0
0
(CaCO3)
( CaCO3)
192.0
181.0
102.0
417.0
Na (%)
...
110
80
250
SAR (me/l)1/2
-I
LI
( )
.-
NH4 - N
NO2 - N
NO3 - N
EC (dS/m)
AS
4.2.
mg/l, .
.
.
Plaque-forming units
-I
LI
AS

. -
PA
5.1.
AS
, ,
, .
.
5.1.
- .

.

m3/day l/sec.
34
5.1
:

, - .
.
:

.
AS
, ,

.
, Ca++,
Mg++ Na+.
, , Cl- .
,
.
-I
LI
/
.
AS
, -
.

.

.

.
: Pescod (1992)
PA
5.1.

. -
, . ,
.

-
.
, / ,
, , -
35
, , . / ( ),
, , .
, ,
AS
.

( ) , .
-I
LI
,
. ,
1 2 ml .
, ,
PA
AS
.
.
, , , , .
, .
,
, ,
, , pH.

, : ) ,
) , ) -
) )
.

( , , ) . ,
36
, .
/ ( ) ,
. -
AS
, , ,
, .
, -
-I
LI
,
, ,
, -

.
5.2.
PA
AS
,
, ,
. .
,
.
5.2.
.
37
ECw
TDS
dS/m
mg/l
C
NTU/JTU
mg equiv. CaCO3/l
g/l
0
0
3
- 2000
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
me/l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 400
- 20
- 60
5
- 900
- 40
3
- 0.1
- 600
- 10
- 1100
- 30
- 1000
- 20
mg/l
0 2
6.5 - 8.5
Ca++
AS
Na+
PA
Mg++
AS
-I
LI
5.2.
CO3=
HCO3ClSO4=
B
pH
SAR
adj. SAR
NO3-N
PO4-P
K
(me/l)0.5
5.11-5.18
5.19-5.21
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
: Ayers and Westcot (1985), Westcot and Ayers (1985), Kandiah (1990)
15
0
0
0
10
2
2
38

.
(ECw) , .
(SAR) ,
. SAR 5.1:
Na
(5.1)
Ca Mg
2
AS
SAR
-I
LI
me/l. ,
5.1.
5.1 , .
Na
Ca x Mg
2
(5.2)
adj.SAR
AS

,
,
(adj. SAR) 5.2:
PA
Cax HCO3/Ca, ECw

CO2.
, SAR 5.1
(Ayers
and Westcot 1985, Pescod 1992).
adj. SAR. Ayers and Westcot
(1985).
39
SAR ESP Ca,

Mg Na (U.S.D.A./U.S.S.L., 1954)
5.1.
AS
-I
LI
AS
PA
, 5.2, .
, ,
5.3.
. 5.3 .
, . ,
,
.
40
5.3.
(mg/l)
(NO3-N)
(K)
(NH4-N)
(PO4-P)
(Org-N)
(Tot-P)
(Tot-N)
AS
(Cl2 mg/l)
(mg/l)
ICAP
0.03
0.14
0.008
0.0005
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.01
0.0005
0.001
0.17
0.004
0.07
0.0009
0.04
0.0008
0.02
0.05
0.0005
0.004
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.001
0.01
0.05
0.005
0.002
0.03
0.006
0.03
0.009
0.11
0.05
1.2
0.006
0.008
0.03
0.002
0.04
AS
R
PA

(Al)
(As)
(Ba)
(Cd)
(Cr)
(Cu)
(F)
(Fe)
(Pb)
(Li)
(Mn)
(Hg)
(Ni)
(Se)
(Ag)
(V)
(Zn)

(Sb)
(Be)
(Co)
(Mo)
(Tl)
(Sn)
(Ti)
(W)
-I
LI
: Westcot and Ayers (1985)

. N, P, K mg/l.
41
. Tot-N = (NO3-N)+(NH4-N)+(Org-N)
KN (Kjeldhal Nitrogen) = (NH4-N)+(Org-N)
. ,
.
. Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AA) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Emission (ICAP). , , ,
HGA Graphite Furnace Hydride Systems.
AS

---
-I
LI
. ,
, .
5.3.
PA
AS
( 1985, 1991, 1994, 1991)

.

. ,
,
-- (Rhoades 1972, ..
1994). ,
.
,
Ayers and Westcot (1985), . Ayers
Westcot ,
, ,
5.4.
42
5.4.

dS/m
mg/l
<0.7
<450
0.7-3.0
450-2000
>3.0
>2000
)
ECw 25 C
TDS
(

SAR ECw) ,
0-3
3-6
6-12
12-20
20-40
(
)
AS
(Na) ,
(
), SAR
(Cl) ,
(
)

( )

( )
()
( 5.19-5.21)
(
PA
>0.7
>1.2
>1.9
>2.9
>5.0
ECw =
0.7-0.2
1.2-0.3
1.9-0.5
2.9-1.3
5.0-2.9
<0.2
<0.3
<0.5
<1.3
<2.9
-I
LI
SAR =
AS
(me/l)1/2
me/l
mg/l
<3
<3
<69
3-9
>3
>69
>9
me/l
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
mg/l
<4
<142
<3
<106
<0.7
4-10
142-355
>3
>106
0.7-3.0
>10
>355
mg/l
me/l
mg/l
mg/l
<5
<1.5
<90
<1.0
>3.0
5-30
>30
1.5-8.5
>8.5
( )
90-520
>520
1.0-5.0
>5.0

6.5-8.5
pH
: U.C.C.C. (1974), Ayers (1977), Ayers and Tanji (1981), Ayers and Westcot (1985),
Westcot and Ayers (1985)
(-N)
(HCO3)
. SAR
ECw (Rhoades 1977, Oster and Schroer 1979).
. adj. SAR SAR
.
43
.
. .
. (<30%) 70 100 mg/l ,
,
.
. ,
. , .
AS
- 5.4
5.4
-I
LI
...
, .
:
PA
AS
.
, , .
, /
. .
.
, .

, . , .
.
.

(50% ). 15%
( LF>15%).
.
.
.
, ( 5.2).
.
. .
, -
44
.
. ,
.
,

.
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
5.4 ,
. , 10-20%

. , .
, ,
,
. -- .
Ayers
and Westcot (1985), , ,
.
45
5.2.
-I
LI
AS

(, 1991)
5.3.1.
PA
AS
, , .
. ,
, .

/ .
. ,
. .

.
,
.
5.4
.
5.4
0.15 (15%). ,
0.7 dS/m
46
. 0.7-3.0 dS/m ,
.
.
3 dS/m
. H , -
AS
,

. ,
-I
LI
3 dS/m,
. (ECe)
(ECw) 5.5.
,
-
PA
AS
( 1 2 m), 5.3.
,

.
, , ,
. 5.4
.
.
, ,
.
47
(ECe) (ECw)
0%
PA
(Cucurbita pero melopero)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Cucurbita pero melopero)
(Brassica oleracea)
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
(Cucumis sativus)
(Spenacea oleracea)
(Apium braveo lens)
(Brassica oleracea capitata)
(Solanum tuberosum)
25%
ECe
ECw
8.0
5.3
10.0
6.7
7.7
5.1
9.6
7.0
4.7
6.8
50%
100%
ECw
ECe
ECw
ECe
ECw
13.0
8.7
18.0
12.0
28.0
19.0
6.4
13.0
8.4
17.0
12.0
27.0
18.0
8.7
5.8
11.0
7.5
15.0
10.0
24.0
16.0
4.5
7.4
5.0
8.4
5.6
9.9
6.7
13.0
8.7
6.0
4.0
7.4
4.9
9.5
6.3
13.0
8.7
20.0
13.0
5.7
3.8
7.6
5.0
10.0
6.9
15.0
10.0
24.0
16.0
5.0
3.3
5.5
4.9
3.3
5.7
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.0
2.0
3.8
3.7
6.3
4.2
7.5
5.0
10.0
6.7
3.8
7.0
4.7
9.1
6.0
13.0
8.8
2.4
4.1
2.7
4.9
3.3
6.6
4.4
2.6
5.1
3.4
7.2
4.8
11.0
7.6
AS
1.7
ECe
AS
ECw
1.1
2.5
1.7
3.8
2.5
5.9
3.9
10.0
6.7
1.1
2.5
1.7
3.8
2.5
5.9
3.9
10.0
6.7
1.1
2.6
1.8
4.2
2.0
6.8
4.5
12.0
8.0
1.0
0.7
1.5
1.0
2.3
1.5
3.6
2.4
6.3
4.2
4.7
3.1
5.8
3.8
7.4
4.9
10.0
6.7
15.0
10.0
4.0
2.7
5.1
3.4
6.8
4.5
9.6
6.4
15.0
10.0
3.2
2.1
3.8
2.6
4.8
3.2
6.3
4.2
9.4
6.3
2.8
1.9
3.9
2.6
5.5
3.7
8.2
5.5
14.0
9.1
2.5
1.7
3.5
2.3
5.0
3.4
7.6
5.0
13.0
8.4
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.2
4.4
2.9
6.3
4.2
10.0
6.8
2.0
1.3
3.3
2.2
5.3
3.5
8.6
5.7
15.0
10.0
1.8
1.2
3.4
2.3
5.8
3.9
9.9
6.6
18.0
12.0
1.8
1.2
2.8
1.9
4.4
2.9
7.0
4.6
12.0
8.1
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.7
3.8
2.5
5.9
3.9
10.0
6.7
1.7
1.5
(Hordeum vulgaris)
(Gossypium hirsutum)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Sorgum bicolor)
(Triticum aestivum)

(T. turgidum)
(Glycine max)

(Vigna ungiuculata)

(Arachis hypogea)
(Oryza sativa)
(Zea mays)
(Linum usitatissimum)
(Vicia faba
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
10%
ECe
-I
LI
5.5.
48
5.5
PA
(Agropyron elongatum)
25%
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.7
1.5
1.0
2.4
1.5
1.0
1.3
50%
100%
ECw
ECe
ECw
ECe
ECw
3.8
2.5
5.9
3.9
10.0
6.7
1.6
3.8
2.5
6.0
4.0
11.0
7.1
2.2
1.5
3.3
2.2
5.1
3.4
8.6
5.8
0.9
2.1
1.4
3.2
2.1
5.1
3.4
9.0
6.0
1.2
0.8
2.0
1.3
3.1
2.1
5.0
3.4
8.9
5.9
1.2
0.8
1.8
1.2
2.8
1.8
4.3
2.9
7.4
5.0
1.0
0.7
1.7
1.1
2.8
1.9
4.6
3.0
8.1
5.4
1.0
0.7
1.5
0.9
0.6
2.0
2.7
6.8
1.0
2.3
1.5
3.6
2.4
6.3
4.2
1.3
3.7
2.5
6.5
4.3
12.0
8.0
4.5
11.0
7.3
18.0
12.0
32.0
21.0
AS
4.0
ECe
AS
ECw
-I
LI
ECe
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.6
3.0
3.0
1.8
6.5
5.6
5.6
3.6
13.4
11.2
10.2
8.4
26.0
22.0
20.0
19.0
1.8
<0.7
<0.8
<0.6
1.2
2.4
0.7
0.8
0.6
1.6
3.4
1.7
1.6
1.3
2.2
4.9
3.7
3.3
3.0
3.3
8.0
7.5
6.6
6.3
5.4
1.7
1.1
2.3
1.6
3.3
2.2
4.8
3.2
8.0
5.3
1.7
1.1
2.2
1.5
2.9
1.9
4.1
2.7
6.5
4.3
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.3
2.6
1.8
3.7
2.5
5.8
3.8
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
4.1
2.7
6.7
4.5
12.0
7.9
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.4
2.8
1.9
4.1
2.8
6.8
4.5
1.5
1.0
2.1
1.4
2.9
1.9
4.3
2.9
7.1
4.7
1.0
0.7
1.3
0.9
1.8
1.2
2.5
1.7
4.0
2.7
7.5
5.0
9.9
6.6
13.0
9.0
19.0
13.0
31.0
21.0
(Phoenix dactylifera)
(Olea europea l.)

-9
-106
-26
(Citrus Paradisi)
(Citrus sinensis)
(Prunus persica)
(Prunus armeniaca)
(Vitis sp.)
(Prunus dulcis)
(Prunus domesticus)
(Fragaria sp.)
10%
ECw

(Zea Mays)
(Ipomoea batatas)
(Cpsicum annuum)
(Lactuca sativa)
(Raphanus sativus)
(Allium cepa)
(Daucus carota)
(Brassica rapa)
0%
ECe
49
5.5
0%
ECe
10%
ECw
25%
ECe
ECw
ECe
50%
100%
ECw
ECe
ECw
ECe
ECw
7.5
5.0
9.0
6.0
11.0
7.4
15.0
9.8
22.0
15.0
(Cynodon dactylon)
(Hordeum vulgare)
, ()
(Lolium perene)
(Lotus corniculatus
tenuifolium)
(Phalaris tuberosa)
(Festuca elatior)
(Agropyron sibiricum)
,
(Vicia angustifolia)

(Sorghum sudanense)
(Elymus triticoides)
(Vigna unguiculata)
(Lotus uliginosus)
(Sesbania exaltata)
Sphaerophysa salsula
(Medicago sativa)
Eragrostis sp.
(Zea mays)

(Trifolium alexandrinum)
(Dactylis glomerata)
,
(Alopecurus pratensis)

(Trifolium pratense)
(Trifolium hybridium)
(Trifolium repens)

(Trifolium fragiferum)
6.9
4.6
8.5
5.6
11.0
7.2
15.0
9.8
23.0
15.0
6.0
4.0
7.4
4.9
9.5
6.4
13.0
8.7
20.0
13.0
5.6
3.7
6.9
4.6
8.9
5.9
12.0
8.1
19.0
13.0
5.0
3.3
6.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
10.0
6.7
15.0
10.0
4.6
3.1
5.9
3.9
7.9
5.3
11.0
7.4
18.0
12.0
3.9
2.6
5.5
3.6
7.8
5.2
12.0
7.8
20.0
13.0
3.5
2.3
6.0
3.0
2.0
3.9
2.8
1.9
5.1
2.7
1.8
4.4
-I
LI
9.8
6.5
16.0
11.0
28.0
19.0
2.6
5.3
3.5
7.6
5.0
12.0
8.1
3.4
8.6
5.7
14.0
9.6
26.0
17.0
2.9
6.9
4.6
11.0
7.4
19.0
13.0
1.7
3.4
2.3
4.8
3.2
7.1
4.8
12.0
7.8
1.5
2.8
1.9
3.6
2.4
4.9
3.3
7.6
5.0
1.5
3.7
2.5
5.9
3.9
9.4
6.3
17.0
11.0
1.5
3.6
2.4
5.8
3.8
9.3
6.2
16.0
11.0
2.0
1.3
3.4
2.2
5.4
3.6
8.8
5.9
16.0
10.0
2.0
1.3
3.2
2.1
5.0
3.3
8.0
5.3
14.0
9.3
1.8
1.2
3.2
2.1
5.2
3.5
8.6
5.7
15.0
10.0
1.5
1.0
3.2
2.2
5.9
3.9
10.0
6.8
19.0
13.0
1.5
1.0
3.1
2.1
5.5
3.7
9.6
6.4
12.0
12.0
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
4.1
2.7
6.7
4.5
12.0
7.9
1.5
1.0
2.3
1.6
3.6
2.4
5.7
3.8
9.8
6.6
1.5
1.0
2.3
1.6
3.6
2.4
5.7
3.8
9.8
6.6
1.5
1.0
2.3
1.6
3.6
2.4
5.7
3.8
9.8
6.6
1.5
1.0
2.3
1.6
3.6
2.4
5.7
3.8
9.8
6.6
2.3
2.3
2.2
PA
4.0
AS
2.5
AS
(Agropyron cristatum)
: Maas and Hoffman (1977), Maas (1990)
50
(Mohamed and Amer, 1972)
PA
5.3.
AS
-I
LI
AS
, Maas (1990) ,
( 5.6). , ,
( 5.5).
(Maas, 1990).
51

(Van Hoorn, 1979)
PA
5.4.
AS
-I
LI
AS
, , 5.4 . 5.7
52
5.6.

(Phoenix dactylifera)
AS
(Asparagus officinalis)
Puccinellia airoides
Sporobolus airoides
Cynodon dactylon
Diplache fusca
Distichlis stricta
Agropyron cristatum
Agropyron elongatum
Elymus angustus
Elymus junceus
-I
LI
, ,
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Beta vulgaris)
Hordeum vulgare
Bromus marginatus
Phalaris arundinacea
Melilotus alba
Festuca pratensis
Festuca elatior
Phalaris tuberosa
Panicum antidotale
Brassica napus
Bromus unioloides
Chloris gayana
Lolium italicum multiflorum
Lolium perennne
Sorghum sudanese
Lotus corniculatus tenuifolium
Lotus corniculatus arvenis
Triticum aestivum
Agropyron sibiricum
Agropyron intermidium
Agropyron trachycaulum
Agropyron emithii
Elymus triticoides
Elymus canadensis
AS
, ,
(Vigna unguiculata)
(Avena sativa)
(Secale sereale)
(Carthamus tinctorius)
(Sorghum bicolor)
(Clycine max)
X Triticosecale
(Triticum aestivum)
(Triticum turgidum)
PA
(Helianthus tuberosus)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Cucurbita pepo melopepo)
(Ficus carica)
(Olea europea)
(Ananas comosus)
(Punica granatum)
53
5.6

PA
AS
AS
Medicago sativa
Agrostis stonifera palustris
Dichanthium aristatum
(Latuca sativa)
(Cucumis melo)
(Capsicum annuum)
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Raphanus sativus)
(Spinacia oleracea)
(Curcubita pepo melopepo)
(Ipomoea batatas)
(Lycopersicon lycopersicum)
(Brassica rapa)
(Citrulus lanatus)
(Vitis sp.)
Annona cherimoia
(Prunus anium)
Prunus besseyi
Ribes sp.
(Citrus paradisi)
(Citrus limon)
(Citrus aurantifolia)
(Eriobotrya japonica)
(Mangifera indica)
(Citrus sinensis)
Passiflora edulis
(Prunus persica)
(Pyrus communis)
Diospyros virginiaca
(Prunus domestica)
Citrus maxima
Rubus idaeus
Syzgium jambos
Casimiroa edulis
(Fragaria sp.)
(Citrus reticulata)
-I
LI
, ,
(Vicia faba)
(Ricinus communis)
(Zea mays)
(Linum usitatissimum)
(Setaria italica)
(Arachis hypogaea)
(Oryza sativa)
(Helianthus annuus)
, ,
(Sesamum indicum)
(Daucus carota)
(Abelmoschus esculentus)
(Allium cepa)
Pastinaca sativa
: Maas (1990)
(Prunus dulcis)
(Malus sylvestris)
(Prunus armeniaca)
(Persea americana)
Rubus sp.
Rubus ursinus
54
5.5.
AS
-I
LI
AS
(Maas, 1990)
PA

ECw
5.8.
5 . .
55
5.7.
( )
Ecw
dS/m
<1
1.0-2.7
>2.7
(Na+)
(Cl-)
(B)
me/l
me/l
mg/l
<20
<4
<1
4-15
1-3
>15
>3

(HCO3)
(NO3-N)
me/l
me/l
<1.5
<5
1.5-7.5
5-30
>7.5
>30
-I
LI
AS
AS
: Neja et al. (1978)
. .
. (LR=15%)
. 3 me/l
,
.
. HCO3 .
PA
( 5.5
5.6, 5.5) . . 5.9
50% . , ( ) 4 dS/m,

. ,
. , ,
.
56
<0.5
<0.5
PA
: Maas (1985)
1.1
AS
<0.5
1.1
1.0
0.5-1.0
1.0
0.5-1.0
1.0
0.5-1.0
1.1
0.5-1.0
1.7
1.0-2.0
1.3
1.0-2.0
5.3
1.0-2.0
1.1
1.0-2.0
1.7
1.0-2.0
1.0-2.0
4.5
2.0-4.0
0.7
3.0-6.0
5.1
3.0-6.0
4.7
3.0-6.0
(Prunus communis)
(Prunus armeniaca)
(Citrus spp.)
(Prunus domestica)
(Vitis spp.)
(Capsicum annuum)
Solanum tuberosum)
(Lycopersicum esculentum)
(Medicago sativa)
(Avena sativa)
(Zea mays)
(Cucumis
(Sesamum indicum)
(Sorghum bicolor)
(Fragaria spp.)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Helianthus annuus)
-I
LI

ECw ECw
dS/m
dS/m
<0.5
1.0
AS
5.8.
57

50% (dS/m)
AS
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Gossypium hisrutum)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Sorghum bicolor)
(Triticum aestivum)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Medicago sativa)
(Oryza sativa)
(Brassica oleracea)
(Cucumis melo)
(Zea mays)
Lactuca sativa)
(Allium cepa)
5.3.2.
: Maas (1990)
16 - 24
15.5
6 - 12.5
13
12.3
14 - 16
13.8
8.2 - 13.4
7.6
18
13
10.4
21 - 24
11.4
5.6 - 7.5
8.0
AS
-I
LI
5.9.
PA
, ,
. , .
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
SAR, 5.4.
58
SAR, . SAR ECw
ECw SAR
(Rhoades 1977, Oster and Schroer 1979)
PA
5.6.
AS
-I
LI
AS
( 5.6)

,
. ,
SAR .
,
( ) 3:1.

, . SAR
- , -
59

( 1985, Misopolinos 1985, Misopolinos and Ambas 1989, 1991).
, , ,
( ).
AS
,
5.4 ECw SAR, .
. -
-I
LI
( )

. ,
, . -
PA
AS
.
. SAR,
,
.
SAR, , (adj. SAR) 5.2.

, ( 5.10).
. , .
, .
0.0007 atm.
(adj. SAR) SAR 5.4 .
60
5.10.
Cax
HCO3/Ca
ECw
HCO3
(ECw) , dS/m
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
13.20
8.31
6.34
5.24
13.61
8.57
6.54
5.40
13.92
8.77
6.69
5.52
14.40
9.07
6.92
5.71
14.79
9.31
7.11
5.87
15.26
9.62
7.34
6.06
15.91
10.02
7.65
6.31
16.43
10.35
7.90
6.52
17.28
10.89
8.31
6.86
17.97
11.32
8.64
7.13
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
4.51
4.00
3.61
3.30
4.65
4.12
3.72
3.40
4.76
4.21
3.80
3.48
4.92
4.36
3.94
3.60
5.06
4.48
4.04
3.70
5.22
4.62
4.17
3.82
5.44
4.82
4.35
3.98
5.62
4.98
4.49
4.11
5.91
5.24
4.72
4.32
6.15
5.44
4.91
4.49
6.52
5.77
5.21
4.77
6.82
6.04
5.45
4.98
0.45
0.50
0.75
1.00
3.05
2.84
2.17
1.79
3.14
2.93
2.24
1.85
3.22
3.00
2.29
1.89
3.33
3.10
2.37
1.96
3.42
3.19
2.43
2.01
3.53
3.29
2.51
2.09
3.68
3.43
2.62
2.16
3.80
3.54
2.70
2.23
4.00
3.72
2.84
2.35
4.15
3.87
2.95
2.44
4.41
4.11
3.14
2.59
4.61
4.30
3.28
2.71
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
1.54
1.37
1.23
1.13
1.59
1.41
1.27
1.16
1.63
1.44
1.30
1.19
1.68
1.49
1.35
1.23
1.73
1.53
1.38
1.26
1.78
1.58
1.43
1.31
1.86
1.65
1.49
1.36
1.92
1.70
1.54
1.4
2.02
1.79
1.62
1.48
2.10
1.86
1.68
1.54
2.23
1.97
1.78
1.63
2.33
2.07
1.86
1.70
2.25
2.50
3.00
3.50
1.04
0.97
0.85
0.87
1.08
1.00
0.89
0.80
1.10
1.02
0.91
0.82
1.14
1.06
0.94
0.85
1.17
1.09
0.96
0.87
1.21
1.12
1.00
0.90
1.26
1.17
1.04
0.94
1.30
1.21
1.07
0.97
1.37
1.27
1.13
1.02
1.42
1.32
1.17
1.06
1.51
1.40
1.24
1.12
1.58
1.47
1.30
1.17
4.00
4.50
5.00
7.00
0.71
0.66
0.61
0.49
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.50
0.75
0.69
0.65
0.52
0.78
0.72
0.67
0.53
0.80
0.74
0.69
0.55
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.57
0.86
0.79
0.74
0.59
0.88
0.82
0.76
0.61
0.93
0.86
0.80
0.64
0.97
0.90
0.83
0.67
1.03
0.95
0.88
0.71
1.07
0.99
0.93
0.74
10.00
20.00
30.00
0.39
0.24
0.18
0.41
0.26
0.20
0.42
0.26
0.20
0.43
0.27
0.21
0.45
0.28
0.21
0.47
0.29
0.22
0.48
0.30
0.23
0.51
0.32
0.24
0.53
0.33
0.25
0.56
0.35
0.27
0.58
0.37
0.28
PA
: Suarez (1981)
SAR adj. SAR

:
ECw = 1.15 dS/m, Ca++ = 2.32 me/l, Mg++ = 1.44 me/l, Na+ = 7.73 me/l
CO 3 = 9.42 me/l, HCO 3 = 3.66 me/l

SAR 5.1:
SAR
Na
Ca Mg 2
1/ 2
7.73
. 2
2.32144
1/ 2
5.64
6.0
8.0
19.07 19.94
12.01 12.56
9.17 9.58
7.57 7.91
AS
-I
LI
AS
O
0.40
0.25
0.19
Ca
61

adj. SAR 5.2:
adj.SAR
Na
Ca x Mg 2
1/ 2
7.73
1.43 1.44 21 / 2
6.45
Cax 1.43 me/l 5.10 :

HCO3/Ca = 1.76 ECw=1.15 dS/m.
5.3.3.
AS
, ,
-
-I
LI
.
,
.
,
.
.
AS
, , ,
. ,
, .
PA

(B). . ,
3 ppm . , 3 ppm. ,
pH (, 1991).

.

, .
250-300 mg/kg
. , , , ..
,
. ,
62
, , , .
. , . 5.11
, 5.12 5.13 .
Alemow
Gajanimma
Chinese box orange

Sour orange
Calamondin
Sweet orange
Yuzu
Rough lemon
Grapefruit
Rangrup lime
Troyer citrange
Savage citrange
Cleopatra mandarin
Rusk citrange
Sunki mandarin
Sweet lemon
Trifoliate orange
Citrumelo 4475
PA
Citrus macrofylla
Citrus pennivesiculata
Citrus moi
Severinia buxifolia
Citrus aurantium
x Citrofortunella mitis
Citrus sinensis
Citrus junos
Citrus limon
Citrus x paradisi
Citrus x limonia
x Citroncirus webberi
Citrus reticulata
Citrus reticulata
Citrus limon
Poncirus trifoliata
Poncirus trifoliata x
Citrus paradisi
Citrus reticulata
Citrus x tangelo
Citrus maxima
Citrus aurantifolia
-I
LI
AS
AS
5.11.

Prunus dulcis
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus domestica
Prunus persica
: Maas (1990)
Ponkan mandarin
Sampson tangelo
Cuban shaddock
Sweet lime
63

5.12.
AS
(2.0 - 4.0 mg/l)

(Lactuca sativa)
(Brassica oleracea capitata)
(Apium graveolens)
- (Brassica rapa)
(Poa pratensis)
(Avena sativa)
(Zea Mays)
(Cynara scolymus)
(Nicotiana tabacum)
(Brassica juncea)
(Clover, Melilotus indica)
(Cucurbita pepo)
(Cucumis melo)
AS
(0.5 - 0.75 mg/l)

(Persea americana)
(Citrus X paradisi)
(Citrus sinensis)
(Prunus armeniaca)
(Prunus persica)
(Prunus avium)
(Prunus domestica)
(Diospyros kaki)
(Ficus carica)
(Vitis vinifera)
(Juglans regia)
(Carya illinoinensis)
(Vigna unguiculata)
(Allium cepa)
(1.0 - 2.0 mg/l)

(Capsicum annuum)
(Pisum sativa)
(Daucus carota)
(Raphanus sativus)
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Cucumis sativus)
-I
LI
(<0.5 mg/l)
(Citrus limon)
(Rubus spp.)
PA
(0.75 - 1.0 mg/l)

(Allium sativum)
(Ipomea batatas)
(Triticum aestivum)
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Helianthus annuus)
(Vigna radiata)
(Sesanum indicum)
(Lupinus hartwegii)
(Fragaria spp.)
Jerusalem (Helianthus
tuberosus)
(Phaseolus lunatus)
(Arachis hypogaea)
(4.0 - 6.0 mg/l)

(Sorghum bicolor)
(Alfalfa, Medicago sativa)
B (Vicia benghalensis)
(Petroselinum crispum)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Beta vulgaris)
(6.0 - 15.0 mg/l)

B (Gossypium hirsutum)
(Asparagus officinalis)
: Maas (1990)
.
. .
.
64
5.13.
-I
LI
AS
(4.0 - 8.0 mg/l)

Raphiolepis indica
Carissa grandiflora
Oxalis bowiei
: Maas (1990)
(2.0 - 4.0 mg/l)

Callistemon citrinus
Eschscholzia californica
Buxus microphylla
Nerium oleander
Hibiscus rosasinensis
Lathyrus odoratus
Dianthus caryophyllus
(0.5 - 1.0 mg/l)

Zinnia elegans
Viola tricolor
Viola odorata
Delphium sp.
Abelia X grandiflora
Rosemarinus officinalis
Platycladus orientalis
Pelargonium X hortorum
(1.0 - 2.0 mg/l)

Gladiolus sp.
Calendula officinalis
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Callistephus chinensis
Gardenia sp.
Podocarpus macrophyllus
Syzygium paniculatum
Cordyline indivisa
Leucophyllum frutescens
AS
(<0.5 mg/l)
Mahonia aquifolium
Photinia X fraseri
Xylosma congestum
Eleagnus pungens
Viburnum tinus
Ligustrum japonicum
Feijoa sellowiana
Euonymus japonica
Pittosporum tobira
Ilex cornuta
Juniperus chinensis
Lantana camara
Ulmus americana
PA
.
. .
.
(Cl)
.
, .

. 0.3-1.0%
. ,
0.3% .

. , -
65

. 5.14
.
5.14.
AS

Cl-, , ,

me/l
-I
LI
West Indian
Guatemalan
Mexican
Sunki mandarin, Grapefruit
Cleopatra mandarini, Rangpur lime
Sampson tangelo, Rough lemon
Sour orange, Poncan mandarin
Citrumelo 4475, Trifolate orange
Cuban shaddock, Calamondin, Sweet
orange
Savage citrange, Rusk citrange, Troyer
citrange
Salt Greek, 1613-3
Dodridge
7.5
6.0
5.0
25
25
15
15
10
10
5
4
3.3
16.2
16.2
10
10
6.7
6.7
180
145
110
600
600
355
355
250
250
10
6.7
250
40
30
27
20
960
710
Marianna
Lovell, Shalil
Yunnan
25
10
7.5
17
6.7
5
600
250
180
Boysenberry
Olallie blackberry
Indian Summer raspberry
Thomson seedless, Perlette
Cardinal, Black rose
Lassen
Shasta
10
10
5
20
10
705
5.0
6.7
6.7
3.3
13.3
6.7
5.0
3.3
250
250
110
460
250
180
110
PA
(Prunus spp.)
(Vitis spp.)
AS
(Persea
americana)
E
(Citrus spp.)
(Rubus spp.)
(Vitis spp.)
(Fragaria spp.)

me/l
mg/l
: Maas (1990), Westcot and Ayers (1985)

.
,
.
. . (ECe)
15-20% ECe=1.5 ECw.
66
. .

.
-
(Na) . -
AS
.
, 0.25-0.5% -
-I
LI
.
5.4 SAR
,
. 5.15 (ESP).
,
AS
ESP . ESP 30,

. ESP
SAR,
5.1.
- a Cl
PA
, /
.

. ,
.
, . 5.16
, , .
67

5.15. ESP
(ESP=15-40)
(ESP>40)
(Persea americana)
(Daucus carota)
(Medicago sativa)
(Trifolium repens)
(Hordeum vulgare)

(Festuca arundinacea)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Zea mays)
(Lactuca sativa)
(Cynodon dactylon)
(Pisum aestivum)

(Trifolium alexandrinum)
(Citrus paradisi)
(Melilotus parviflora)
(Citrus sinensis)
(Brassica juncea)
(Prunus persica)
(Avena sativa)
(Agropyron elongatum)
(Citrus reticulata)
(Allium cepa)
(Phaseolus aurus)
(Raphanus sativus)
(Phaseolus mango)
(Oryza sativus)
(Secale cereale)
(Lolium multiflorum)

(Vigna sinensis)
(Sorghum vulgare)
PA

(Arachis hypogaea)
(Spinacia oleracea)
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
(Vicia sativa)
(Triticum vulgare)
: Ayers and Westcot (1985)
-I
LI
AS
(Lens culinaris)
AS
(ESP<15)
(Diplacha fusca)
68
5.16.

, Na
Cl
Na+ Cl- me/l
<5
5 - 10
10 - 20
> 20
(Vitis spp.)
(Medicago sativa)
(Brassica oleracea
botrytis)
(Pirus armeniaca)
(Capsicum annuum)
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Gossypium spp.)
(Citrus spp.)
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Zea mays)
(Prunus domestica)
(L. lycopersicum)
A
(Cucumis sativus)
AS
(Pirus dulcis)
(Beta vulgaris)
-I
LI
(Helianthus annuus)
K
(Sesamum indicum)
AS
(Sorghum bicolor)
: Maas (1990)
. .
. .
.
PA
3 me/l , (
). . 5.17 .
. , 5.18 , ,
.
69
5.17.
(mm/h)
(%)

1.8
2.7
4.0
92.5
5.0
2.5
: Robinson (1980)
AS
. : ECw = 1.35 dS/m, TDS = 875 mg/l, Na+ = 6 me/l,

Cl- = 7 me/l
0.73
0.29
: Busch and Turner (1967)
AS
-I
LI
5.18.

0.46
0.44
0.12
0.10
5.3.4.
. : ECw = 4.4 dS/m, Na+ = 24 me/l
PA

(-) mg/l, 100 g/l ().
, .

. . ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
. ,
70
,

, .
,
AS
. ,
70 90% .
-I
LI
5.19. , , , ... (U.S. E.P.A., 1973).

5.19. (mg/l)
/
AS
PA
As
<0.005 - 0.03
<0.005
<0.005
B
<0.01 - 2.5
1.0
<0.1
Cd
<0.02 - 6.4
<0.02
<0.005
Cr
<0.05 - 6.8
<0.05
<0.005
Cu
<0.02 - 5.9
0.10
<0.006
Hg
<0.0001 - 0.125
0.0009
<0.0002
Mo
<0.001 - 0.02
0.008
0.001
Ni
<0.1 - 1.5
0.1
0.003
Pb
<0.2 - 6.0
<0.2
0.003
Se
<0.005 - 0.02
<0.005
<0.005
Zn
<0.02 - 2.0
0.12
0.004
:
U.S. E.P.A. (1973), Page and Chang (1985)
0.023
2.5
0.15
1.2
1.3
0.001
0.018
0.6
0.35
0.02
1.2
<0.005
0.7
<0.005
0.02
0.04
0.0005
0.007
0.004
0.008
<0.005
0.04
0.10
0.75
0.01
0.10
0.20
0.01
0.20
5.00
0.02
2.00

5.19
,
.
,
71

.
5.20. 5.21
pH
AS
6.0-8.5. , , .
O 5.5 5.20
-
-I
LI
.
5.20 ,
. , , ,
. . -
PA
AS
5.20
. , 5.20
.
( 5.21) .
. , ,
.
72
5.20.
(mg/l)
5.00
(pH<5.5), (pH>7.0) Al .
As
()
0.10
H
12 mg/l Sudan grass 0.05 mg/l .
Be
()
0.10
H
5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l .
Cd
()
0.01
, , ,
0.1 mg/l.
, .
Co
()
0.05
, 0.1 mg/l.
.
Cr
()
0.10
, , . ,
.
Cu
()
0.20
,
0.1 1.0 mg/l.
F ()
1.00
Fe
()
5.00
AS
-I
LI
AS
Al
()
.
.

. , .
2.50
5 mg/l. .
(<0.075 mg/l).
.
Mn
()
0.20
mg/l, .
Mo
()
0.01

. , .
Ni
()
0.20
0.5 1.0 mg/l. pH.
PA
Li
()
73
5.20
(mg/l)
5.00
Se
()
0.02
, 0.025 mg/l.

.
.
AS
Pb
()
.
.
Ti
()
.
.
W
()
.
.
-I
LI
Sn
()
V ()
0.10
Zn
()
2.00
.
pH>6 .
AS
: U.S. E.P.A. (1973), Ayers and Westcot (1985), Westcot and Ayers (1985)
. 1000 mm/
. , .
. .
PA
, ,
, , , , , (Council on Agricultural
Science and Technology, 1976). , , , , , , , ,
.

5.22.
.
74
5.21.
20

20
pH 6.0-8.5
5.0
20.0
(As)
0.10
2.0
(Be)
0.10
(B)
0.75
(Cd)
0.01
(Cr)
0.01
(Co)
0.05
(Cu)
0.20
(F)
1.0
(Fe)
5.0
(Pb)
5.0
10.0
0.075
0.20
(V)
(Se)
(Zn)
2.0
0.05
1.0
5.0
5.0
15.0
20.0
0.075
10.0
0.01
0.05
0.20
2.0
0.02
0.02
(Mn)
(Ni)
0.5
AS
(Li)
(Mo)
AS
(Al)
-I
LI
0.1
1.0
2.0
10.0
PA
, ... (kg/)
, , , 5.23 (CEC)
(U.S. E.P.A., 1978, 1979).
.
75
As
B
0.1 - 40
2 - 200
6
10
Be
Bi
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
1 0.01 5 1 2 -
40
Pb
Mn
2 - 200
100 - 400
Mo
0.2 - 5
Ni
Se
V
10 - 1000
0.1 - 2.0
20 - 500
0.1 - 5
5 - 30
0.2
0.2
0.05
2

,

,
,
0.8
1.0
0.15
15
0.1 - 10.0
15 - 100
1 - 100
40
0.5
100
1 - 10
0.02 - 2.0
0.1 - 10
50
15 - 200
,
(<0.2 ppm)
2-4 ppm,
>20 ppm
,
.
Fe/Mn
<0.1 ppm,
, >50 ppm
, >50 ppm
.
>10 ppm
, >200 ppm
Zn
10 - 300
: Page and Chang (1985)
10
250
7
3000
40
100
6
0.06
100
8
20
AS
AS

(g/g)
-I
LI
5.22.
PA
.
(70C)

. ,
, 5.24. ,
10%
. .
76
5.23.

CEC

(kg/) CEC
( ),
CEC
( 1200 mm
)
(mg/l)
(kg/)
Cd
0.005
0.006
0.5
1.0
2.0
8.2
Cu
0.10
0.120
12.5
25.0
50.0
10.4
20.8
41.6
Ni
0.02
0.024
12.5
25.0
50.0
52.1
104.2
208.3
Zn
0.15
0.180
25.0
50.0
100.0
13.9
27.8
55.6
Pb
0.05
0.060
50.0
100.0
200.0
83.3
166.7
333.3
<5
5-15
>15
<5
: U.S. E.P.A. (1978, 1979)
5-15
>15
()
16.7
33.3
AS
(kg/)
-I
LI
. (CEC) me/100g .
g/ml
As
<0.005
B
1.0
Cd
0.005
Cr
0.025
Cu
0.10
Hg
0.0009
Mo
0.005
Ni
0.02
Pb
0.05
Se
<0.005
Zn
0.15
: Page and Chang (1985)
PA
AS
5.24.
g/
<6
1200
6
30
120
1.1
6
24
60
<6
180
g/g
g/
1.0
50.0
0.5
0.5
15.0
0.02
1.0
5.0
2.0
0.5
50.0
0.5
25.0
0.25
0.25
7.5
0.01
0.5
2.5
1.0
0.25
25.0
8.3
2.1
4.2
0.8
6.3
0.9
8.3
10.4
1.7
4.2
13.9
. 1200 mm/
. 500 kg/
77
.
, .
. 100 -
AS

(Pettygrove and Asano, 1985). , ,
.
5.3.5.
AS
-I
LI

, . ,
.
,

.
- .
,
, , .
PA
, 20 60 mg/l,
(, , )
.
.
, .
,
, .

. .
78
-
.
6 15 mg/l (15-35 mg/l P2O5),
. -
AS
, . .
.
-
-I
LI

10 30 mg/l (12-36 mg/l K2O).
-
AS
1 3 .
, , 5.20, .
,
.
, .
PA
, .
, .
5.3.6.
K , pH, ,
, .. , ,
.
To pH . , pH
(6.5-8.5)
. pH
79

.

. H
, (Meyer 1985,
Nakayama and Bucks 1985, Padmakumari and Sivanappan 1985), -
AS
(English, 1985) (Bucks et al. 1982).

.
-
-I
LI
, , . (Cl2)
. . (Cl2)
1 mg/l , 5 mg/l
.
PA
AS
1 mg/l.
4.1 5.4.
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
-I
LI
AS
,
. ,
AS
,
. , ( ).
.
6.1
PA

, , ( )
(U.S.D.A. 1956, F.A.O. 1968, 1974, Keller and Karmeli 1974, U.S.D.A.
1974,, 1975, F.A.O. 1980, 1984, U.S.D.A. 1984, 1986, Walker and Skogerboe 1986, 1991, 1992,
1998).
6.1.1.
, , , .
,
.
.
.
82
, ,
. .
6.1.2.

. , ,
.
-I
LI
6.1.3.
AS
.
.
AS
6.1.4.

, .
.
6.2.
PA
,
, , , ,
. ,
,
, ( , , , ),
, -- , ,
, , .

6.1.
,

. -
83
, ,
, . ,
( ),
. , -
<1% min= 7.6

0.2%
max= 150
:
AS
, 30m , ,
-I
LI
6.1.
AS
, .
65-85
0%
,
0.2%
,
min= 2.5
max= 150
:
75-90
,
,
3%
10%
(
)
min= 2.5
max=

.
:
70-80
8%
10%
(
)
min= 2.5
:
max=

.
70-85
PA
84
6.1
min= 2
YI= 7.6
:
:
TDS

.
70-80

15%

1m
(
)
min= 2
= 7.6
:
:
TDS

.
70-80
min= 1.3
:
:
TDS

.
70-80

(

)
15%
min= 7.6
YI= 5
:
TDS

.
70-80
()
, , 15%
,
min= 7.6
= 5
:
24-240 m3/h
.
:
TDS

.
70-80
min= 5
:
:

70-85
-I
LI
AS
PA
AS
20%
,
,
,
,

,
,
: U.S. E.P.A. (1981), Tsobanoglous (1995)

. B
. mm/h
.
.
85
6.2
, , .
,
AS
6.2.

,

.

.

.
,
.

.

.

stress

.

stress

.
.

.
.

.

.

.
AS
.

.
PA

,
.
-I
LI
: Kandiah (1990)
, .
( , ,
) , . , ,
,
.
86
.
, ,
.
, .
AS
,
( .. 1998,, 1999,).
, (, ) ,
-I
LI

.
,
,
.
, ,
PA
AS
.
(Hinz and
Halderman 1978, Dedrick et al. 1982, 1991, ..
1993) .
,
.
. ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
,
,
, ,
. (.. ) ,

. , -
87
, . ,
( 5 mm).
,
, , -
AS
,
.
: ) ) ,
-I
LI

)
,
. , , .
,
PA
AS
, (, ).
6.3
, .

(Papadopoulos and Stylianou 1988). ,
(Gilbert et al. 1979,
Oron et al. 1979, 1980, 1982, Adin and Elimelech 1989, Massoud et al. 1995). Oron et al.
(1991) 0.125 mm (120 mesh) . Adin and Sacks (1991) Massoud et al. (1995)

, ,
, .

.
(0.4 mg/l )
(2 mg/l ). Papayannopoulou et al. (1998) , Treflan
. ,
LSI (Nakayama and Bucks 1985, .. 1992),
.
88
,

( .. 1994, 1995).
6.3.

<50
50 - 100
>100
<7.0
<500
<0.1
<0.1
<0.5
7.0 - 8.0
500 - 2000
0.1 - 1.5
0.1 - 1.5
0.5 - 2.0
>8.0
>2000
>1.5
>1.5
>2.0
104 - 5104
>5104
(mg/l)
AS
pH
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
-I
LI
AS

( /ml)
<104
: Nakayama (1982), Nakayama and Bucks (1986)
. ,
.
. > 5.0 mg/l
.
PA
(bubbler)
.
(Hillel, 1987).
,
,
. 6.4
.
89

6.4.
mg/l
0.5-1.0 mg/l 20 mg/l 20 min
H2S
3.5-9.0 H2S (mg/l)
1.0 mg/l,
0.5 mg/l
AS
-I
LI
, ( ) pH,

.
( ),
PA
AS
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
7.1.
-I
LI
AS
PA
AS

450 2000 mg/l (ECw=0,7 3,0 dS/m). ,
2000 mg/l. ,
, . ,
200-500 mg/l, 1-2.5 ,
1000 mm.

, . ,
.
, .

.
7.1.1.

, , ,
.
92

. Ayers and Westcot (1985)

( 5.5).

AS
(LR) ,
,

. 7.1:
ECw
1
5ECe ECw El
(7.1)
-I
LI
LR
ECw dS/m, ECe dS/m (

) El
EC w
3EC 50
(7.2)
LR
AS
0.3-1 ( 1984, 1998).

7.1 . 7.2:
PA
EC50
dS/m, 50% 5.5.
ECe ( 7.1) 90%.
(>1.5 dS/m) ECe -
100%, .
:
. .
. ,
.
93
,
.
,
, ,
. -
AS
,
.
, , -
-I
LI
,
.
, .
. , ,
.
. , ,
PA
AS
.
,
,
( + ).
, .
( 7.1).
94
-I
LI
AS
(ECe)
150 mm (Aziz, 1968)
AS
7.1.
7.1.2.
PA
,
,
. , ( )

.

.
,
.
.
.
Imperial 10-20 ,
95
(ECw=1-1.2 dS/m) .
.
,
1.0-2.0 dS/m (Pettygrove and Asano,
AS
1985), . U.S.D.A.-S.C.S. (1971),

(1984), (1986), (1998), (1998).
7.1.3.
PA
AS
-I
LI
,
,
(),
.
, .

. ,
,
. , , , . ,

,
. 7.2 , . , (40 cm)
(80 cm).
:
) , , )
.
96
(ECsw) (Rhoades, 1972)
AS
7.2.
-I
LI
AS
PA
.
, ,

.
,

.
, .
,

, .
7.1.4.

.
,
(Ayers and Westcot 1985, Grattan and Rhoades 1990, Rhoades et al. 1992).
97

.
. ,
. 7.3:
(7.3)
AS
{ [ECw QA / (QA+QB)] + [ECwB QB / (QA+QB)] } = ECw
A B , ECw
7.1.5.
-I
LI
dS/m Q .
AS
. ,
(Grattan and Rhoades 1990, Rhoades et al. 1992). .
7.2.
PA

(, )
. ,
.
7.2.1.

, .
, ,
,
. , ,

, .

.

98

.
LASER
. (Hinz and Halderman 1978,
Dedrick et al. 1982, 1991, .. 1993).
AS
7.2.2.

. ,
.
AS
-I
LI

. , . , .
, , ,
.
,
,
,
.
7.2.3.
PA

,
. , ( 7.3.),
.
( 7.3.),

.
( 7.3.), .
,
. ,
( 7.3.).
99
,
( 7.3. , ). , -
-I
LI
AS
( 7.4).
.
(Bernstein et al. 1955)
7.4.
(Bernstein and Fireman, 1957)
AS
7.3.
PA
7.5.
7.5. (Bernstein and Ayers, 1955)
100
.
, .
7.3.

. -
AS
, ,
7.1 7.2 ( 7)
-I
LI
,
, , , ,
, .
7.6
PA
AS
, , .
, ,
.
, . , , ,
.
. , ,
.
101
PA
AS
-I
LI
AS
7.6.

(Ayers and Westcot, 1985)
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
-I
LI
AS
8.1.
PA
AS
.
.
20
100 mg/l ,
, .

,
.
( , ).

, . , , .
, , .
. ...
10 mg/l (Pettygrove and Asano, 1985).
104
8.1.1.
: , , .
. ,
5 40 mg N/l. , .
AS
( ) .
-I
LI
,
.
0 30 mg N/l. ,

.
AS
8.1.2.
PA
pH 7,
(, 3).
, ,
.
, , ,
. , .
,
. ,
. ,
, , . ,
(10 me/100g)
75 mm
(50 mg/l), 3.8%
5 cm . .
,
105
,
.
(2.5-10 cm ), ,
, -
AS
.

. .
8.1.3.
-I
LI
2-3
.
PA
AS

.
.
, ,
, . ,
50%, (Pettygrove and Asano,
1985). 8.1
. (Pettygrove and Asano,
1985).
8.1.
..

(Kg/)

(%)
18
27
9
13.5
11.2
56
39
34
47
64
: Broadbent and Reisenauer (1985)
106

.
,
. ,
, -
AS
.
8.1.4.
-I
LI

, , .
.
, ,
8.2.
AS
.
,
(Antonopoulos 1991,
1993, 1992, 1993).
PA
,
-.
,

.
. ,
3% ,
.
-
, ,
/ .
900 mm (900 m3/)
10 mg/l, 9 kg ( 20.6 kg P2O5) .
, (
107
..) ,
.
Pettygrove and Asano (1985) 8.2
,
. 8.3

kg/
N kg/tn
P kg/tn
331
210
156
331
494
7415
7415
1112
6179
494
494
618
31.3
35.8
52.2
19.1
15.4
1.8
1.8
15.0
4.1
9.5
19.1
7.7
10.2
7.3
0.1
0.2
3.1
1.0
3.3
1.3
494
1434
816
865
494
865
309
309
494
445
331
21.3
29.5
14.1
4.5
17.7
8.2
60.8
20.9
19.1
9.5
35.4
2.4
3.6
0.9
5.4
1.8
3.0
1.5
AS
PA
-I
LI
8.2.
AS
,
kg/.
108
8.2

kg/
N kg/tn
P kg/tn
643
2472
222
3707
1977
2719
1977
519
247
989
3213
1977
3955
4696
4696
1236
4943
6179
7415
1.8
5.9
3.6
1.8
1.4
0.1
0.2
989
544
28.6
28.1
AS
3.6
0.9
30.4
0.9
1.8
1.8
3.2
1.8
24.0
2.3
1.8
2.3
1.4
1.8
: Broadbent and Reisenauer (1985)
PA
AS
-I
LI
109
8.3.

(kg//)
7.06
17.4 - 19.3
7.4 - 11.2
13.5
23.0
10.5 - 14.4
5.6 - 9.1
1.68
1.9 - 2.8
1.4
1.6
2.3
1.2 - 1.4
1.7
2.3
10.8
3.8
7.0
24.7 - 32.3
3.3 - 5.4
0.5 - 2.0
2.3 - 3.4
3.9 - 5.6
3.4 - 4.5
4.5
3.0 - 4.6
4.0 - 4.5
6.2 - 8.4
1.8
2.9
2.3 - 5.6
17.4 - 22.5
24.7
22.5
20.2
27.5
31.4
26.9 - 32.5
10.1
29.9
25.2 - 35.3
-I
LI
22.5 - 53.8
13.0 - 22.5
39.2 - 67.3
20.2 - 26.9
23.5 - 28.0
33.6 - 44.8
20.2 - 28.0
17.7
15.1 - 32.5
25.8 - 28.0
AS

(Hordeum vulgare)
(Zea mays)
(Gossypium spp.)
(Sorghum spp.)
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Glycine hispida)
(Triticum aestivum/durum)
(Medicago sativa)
(Bromus spp.)
(Cynodon dactylon)
(Poa pratensis)
(Agropyron repens)
(Phalaris canariensis)
(Lolium spp.)
(Trifolium spp.)
(Festuca spp.)
(Dactylis glomerata)
AS
PA

-

21.6
(Pinus spp.)
11.2
( )
28.0

28.0
-

11.2
(Pinus spp.)
22.0
(Pinus spp.)
32.0
-

33.6
(Populus spp.)
15.7
-
(Populus spp.)
30.3 - 40.4
Douglas (Abies spp.)
15.1 - 24.7
: U.S. E.P.A. (1977,1981), Tsobanoglous (1995)
. N.
. N
.
. Pinus taeba.
. (- 4-5
)
AS
PA
AS
-I
LI
-I
LI
AS

, -
AS
.
. ,
,
.
9.1.
PA

. .
,
. ,
(Crook, 1985).
: , ( ) . 9.1

.
112
9.1.
(Shigellosis)
(Typhoid fever)
(Salmonellosis)
(Cholera)
(Gastroenteritis)
Yersiniosis
(Leptospirosis)
AS
Shigella (4 spp.)
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella (1700 spp.)
Vibrio cholerae
Escherichia coli
Yersinia enterocolitica
Leptospira (spp.)
(Amebiasis)
(Giardiasis)
(Balantidiasis)
-I
LI
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
Balantidium coli
(Ascariasis)
Necatoriasis
(Ancylostomiasis)
(Strongyloidiasis)
(Trichuriasis)
(Taeniasis)
(Enterobiasis)
(Hydatidosis)
Enteroviruses (71 types)
(Gastroenteitis)
(heart anomalies)
(meningitis) .
(Infectious hepatitis)
(Respiratory diseases)
(Gastroenteritis)
(Gastroenteritis)
AS
Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus
Ancylostoma (spp.)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichuris thrichiura
Taenia (spp.)
Enterobius vermicularis
Echinococcus granulosus (spp.)
PA
Polio, echo, Coxsackie

Hepatitis A virus
Adenovirus (31 types)
Rotavirus
Parvovirus (2 types)
: Crook (1985)

. ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
113
,
, , .
,
,
, , .
AS

9.2. ,
. -
9.2.
-I
LI
,
.

E. Coli
Salmonella spp.
Shigella spp.
Vibrio cholerae
106-1084
7000
7000
1000
Entamoeba hystolytica
4500
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
Schistosoma mansoni
Taenia saginata
Trichuris trichiura
600
32
1
10
120
PA
AS
5000
: Feachem et al. (1983)

. 100 (lpcd) 90%
.
. enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive enteropathogenic E. Coli.
. , .
. Ancylostoma Necator americanus.
. polio-, echo- coxsackieviruses.
9.1.1.
. -
114
(fecal coliforms). (total

coliforms), , 106-109 ,
(Feachem et al. 1983, Asano et al. 1985). ,
Escherichia coli, -
AS
. Escherichia coli
.
-
-I
LI
.
. E
,
. , E. coli,
Salmonella, Vibrio Cholerae, Shigella . Salmonella
AS
. : , . Salmonella typhi.
9.1.2.
PA
Entamoeba histolytica

. , Giardia lamblia,
() . . histolytica,
(National Academy of
Sciences, 1977). Cryptosporium spp,
.
-

Ascaris lumbricoides,
Taenia saginata, Trichuris trichiura, ncylostoma
duodenale Necator americanus Strongyloides stercoralis.
, -
115
.
, .

. Y
-
AS
. , ,
. (I.R.C.W.D., 1985).
-I
LI

,
.
Ascaris , .

9.1.3.
AS
, , .

.

, , .
PA
,
. , .
( ).
, . 100
.
,
(Hillman, 1988).
,
,
. ,
116
pH, , , (
) .
, ( , ). 170
23 (Hillman, 1988). , -
AS
,
, (uwer 1988,
1993).

-I
LI
,
. . ,

,
(Pescod, 1992).
AS
9.1.4. -
, ,
9.3.

, ,
.
PA
9.3.
(Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Trichuris,Taenia)

(Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi,
Shigella )
: W.H.O. (1989)
117

. ()
:
.
AS
.
. .
-I
LI
. .
. .
, .

PA
AS
. , , ,
.
Shuval et al. (1986)
:
.
, , .
, Ancylostoma.
. .
.
. ,
.
.

Cysticercus bovis. , .
.
,
.
118
.

, .
9.1.5.
-
AS
,
(Feachem
et al. 1983, Strauss 1985). , , pH
-I
LI
, ,
.
(, ) .
, , Ascaris, -
PA
AS
.
, (Gerba et al. 1975) . O

.
, , , pH
o .

,
,
.
,
.
, , . 9.4
20-30C.
119

9.4. 20-30C

<100 (<20)
<120 (<50)
<100 (<20)
<60 (<15)
<90 (<50)
<60 (<30)
<70 (<20)
<30 (<15)
<60 (<30)
<30 (<10)
<30 (< 5)
<60 (<30)
<30 (<10)
<30 (<10)
<70 (<20)
<20 (<10)
<30 (<15)
<10 (<5)
<5 (<2)
<30 (<15)
<20 (<10)
<10 (<2)
<60 (<30)

Salmonella spp.
Shigella spp.
Vibrio cholerae
Entamoeba
histolytica
<30 (<15)
AS
Ascaris
lunbricoides
AS
-I
LI
PA
, ,
(Crook, 1985).
poliovirus ,
(Shuval, 1978).

Murphy and Syverton (1958),
. , .
9.2.
,
.
120
( , , ), :
. , , .
. ,
.
. , .
AS

.
,
9.2.1.
-I
LI

: ) , )
) )
.
PA
AS
,
,
- .
,
.
, ,

,
( ).

4 3 log10 (W.H.O., 1989).

, . ,

,
.
121

.

. , ,
. ,
AS
50 90% , 25% (Crook, 1985).

(Clarke et al. 1961, Mack et al. 1962). -
-I
LI
.
, . ,
-
9.5.
AS
(Hunter and Kotalik 1974, Kelly and Sanderson

1959, Lund et al. 1969).
9.5 ,
( ).
PA
(%)

15
48-57
72-98
3-
96-99.999
-99.9
0-99.9
0-76
0-84
( ,
, , -
122
, )
.
.
, ,
1000 -
AS
100ml,
W.H.O. (1989). ,

. 9.6
9.6.
-I
LI
.

( log10)
PA

-
-

AS
0-1
1-2
0-2
0-2
1-2
1-2
2-6
1-6
1-6
0-2
1-3
0-2
0-2
1-3
0-2
0-1
1-3
1-3
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-1
1-2
1-2
0-4
1-4
1-4
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-3
1-4
1-4
: Mara and Cairncross (1988)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .

8-10
.
123
, .

. ,
, , , 9.7.
AS

. , ,
. , -
9.7.
-I
LI
,
.
,
()
(
/100ml)
30-70
23
30
42
38
100
450
100
30
100
AS
()
8-11
(Campina Grande)
4
(Cogolin)
3
()
10
()
5
: Bartone and Arlosoroff (1987)
PA

. ,
. 3
.
9.2.2.
,
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
124
,
. ,
,
. , ( ),
.
AS
Mara and Cairncross (1988), Pescod (1989), Hespanhol (1989,

1990), ,
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-I
LI
AS
, ,
. ,
,
.

(F.A.O., 1991):
.
.
.
.
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. : :
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: "- . ", , 22 , 142-148.
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, .., 1991. . , 15(1):159-175, ISSN 0253-9489.
, .., 1992. . , 340:123-126,
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, .., 1996. . ..., .
, .., , ., , ., Dimov, S., Eneva, S., 1997.
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.
, 4, 8:45-51, ISSN 1105-9478.
, .., , ., , .., , ., 1997.
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. 98:45-48.
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. , 369:73-85, ISSN 03675009.
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.
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, .. , .., 1995. .
, 6(1):53-61, ISSN 1105-9478.
, .., , .. , .., 1994. .
, 5(4):22-28, ISSN 1105-9478.
, .., , .. , .., 1993. L.A.S.E.R. .
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, .., , .., , .. , .., 1992.
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.., , .. .., 1994.
. , 350:35-40, ISSN 03675009.
, .. , .., 1992.
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& , 3: 11-14.
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. ....,
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, .., 1976.
. ...., :11-20.
, .., 1984. . , .
, . , ., 1991. . ...,
, .
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, . , ., 1981. . .... 3-4,11-16.
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.
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, .
, .. , .., 1998. . , .
, . , ., 1996. . 2 , ,
, , 24-27 , 1: 549-556.
, ., 1992. 1990
. " ", ,.. 17-18
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, . , ., 1991. LASER . .
adj. SAR
BOD5
CEC
=
=
=

, 5

COD
DS
ECe
ECw
ESP
=
=
=
=
=

25 0C

JTU
LR LF
me/l
Mm3
MPN
NH4-N
NO2-N
NO3-N
NTU
Org-N
pcd
PFU
PO4-P
SAR
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

m3
/100ml
N
N
N

N

Plaque-forming units
P

SS
TDS
TKN
TOC
Tot-N
Tot-P
TSS
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Kjeldhal

N
P
O
dS/m = deciSiemen/metre = mmho/cm = millimho/centimetre

TDS (mg/l) = EC (dS/m) 640
EC 0.1 - 5.0 dS/m
TDS (mg/l) = EC (dS/m) 800
EC > 5.0 dS/m
(me/l) = EC (dS/m) 10, EC 0.1 - 5.0 dS/m

Log (mmol/l) = 0.995 + 1.039 log EC (dS/m)
Log (mmol/l) = 0.990 + 1.055 log EC (dS/m)
mg/l = me/l
mg/l= ppm
me= (mg/l) :
(atm) = EC (dS/m) 0.40
EC 3 - 30 dS/m
- (N): 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 30, 32, 37, 41,
42, 55, 77, 103, 107, 109
(TSS SS): 14, 15, 17,
20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 88
: 31, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52,
54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 65, 91
: 32
: 82, 85
: 81, 83, 85, 86
: 82, 84, 85, 86
: 95
: 79, 82, 84, 85, 87
, : 87,
88
: 85, 86, 126
: 82
: 37, 38, 57, 58, 59, 60, 87
-
: 15, 17, 31
: 141
: :
(D): 15, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32
(): 31, 32, 37, 42, 55, 61, 74, 78
-: 34
: 20, 22
: 21, 22

: 123, 128, 138
: 123
: 8, 123
: 10
: 5
...: 5, 7, 32, 70, 74, 103, 128, 132
..., : 7, 68, 94, 105, 129
: 5
: 29, 123, 128, 138
: 7, 128, 137
: 9
: 9, 128, 136
: 10, 125
. : 128
: 123
: 9, 126
: 38, 42, 57
-
: 45, 91
(LR): 92
: 1, 6, 11, 70, 97
166
: 19
: 18, 114, 123
: 120, 121, 122,
123
: 26
: .
: 23
, : 16, 20
, : 21, 22, 23
, : 22, 23
, : 14, 21, 22,
23, 115, 123
, : 23
: 14, 15, 70
: 16
: 16, 17
: 20, 21
: 15
: 16, 17
: 13
: 23, 25

: 8, 23, 24
: 16
: 24
: 18, 19
:
16, 17
: 15
: .
: 14, 15, 17, 121
: 15
: 1
: 16, 17
: 27
: 14, 21

: 26
(N.F.T.):
25
(S.A.T.): 23,
24
: 26
: 24
: 17
: 18, 19
: 17, 123
: 20
: 9, 18, 114, 115, 116, 118
, : 18
, : 18
: 21
: 18, 30
- : 31, 32, 37, 38, 42,

45, 47, 56, 58, 91
- (S): 78
: 30, 77, 109
- (CEC): 74
: 97
: 69, 140
- : 15, 32
(K): 30, 37, 78, 109
: 47, 52, 54,

55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68
: 34, 123
, : 14
- : 17

: 138
: 127, 139
...: 132
: 138
: 137
: 136
. : 139
(WHO):
128, 129
- (Na): 31, 32, 37, 42, 55, 57, 66
- (TDS): 31, 32, 37,

42, 88, 91

(TOC): 32
: 14, 15, 17, 21
-
: 20, 121, 122, 123
: 19, 30, 112, 113, 115, 119, 122,
123
: 14, 20, 25, 30, 111, 113
: 19, 27, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118,
119, 121, 122, 123, 131
: 116, 124
: 19, 27, 30, 32, 112, 113, 115, 116,
118, 119, 121, 122, 134
: 24, 30, 32, 113, 128, 129
:
27, 32, 114, 122, 128, 129, 130, 131,
134, 136, 138, 139
: 122
: 128
: 114, 133, 135, 137
: 19, 23, 30, 118, 134, 136, 138
: 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119
: 115, 118, 119
: 37, 41, 42, 70,
72, 74
(ESP): 39, 67
-: 32
: 46, 94
(pH): 31, 37,
42, 78, 88, 89
(SAR): 32, 37,
38, 39, 42, 57, 58, 59, 60
,
(adj. SAR): 38, 42, 59,
60
167
-
(): 42, 55, 61
: 31, 61
(Na): 42, 55, 66
, :
42, 66
(Cl): 42, 55, 64
-
: 141
: 117, 120, 124, 125, 127, 140

: 32
: 29
- (P): 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 30, 32, 37,

78, 106, 107, 109
- (COD): 15, 30, 32

(Cl): 31, 32, 37, 42, 55, 64, 66, 87, 89
(Cl), : 31, 42, 79

: 20
: 21, 22
: 21, 123
: 23
: 16
: 15
- (Zn): 78
Ben-Asher: 87
Benjamin: 87
Adin: 21, 87, 117
Bernstein: 99
Al Salem: 128, 138
Bilas: 2
Al-Dhawalia: 14
Blum: 127
Ali: 5, 140
Blumenthal: 10, 126, 127
Ambas: 59
Bontoux: 8
Amer: 50
Bos: 2
Anagnostopoulos: 2, 11, 20, 140
Bouwer: 2, 18, 133
Angelakis: 2, 5, 11, 20, 128, 140
Bradley: 23, 113, 114, 118, 119, 121, 127
Antonopoulos: 106
Broadbent: 105, 108
Arizona Department of Health Services: 134
Bucks: 79, 87, 88
Arlosoroff: 123
Busch: 69
Arthur: 27
Asano: 1, 2, 5, 6, 18, 19, 24, 31, 32, 77, 95,
103, 105, 107, 114
Ayers: 2, 19, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 55, 65, 67,
73, 74, 89, 92, 96, 99, 101
C
C.E.C.: 131
Cairncross: 122, 124, 126, 127
Aziz: 94
California State Water Resources Control

Board: 7
Azov: 7, 8
Chadwick: 26
B
Babajimopoulos: 2
Bahri: 9
Barrington: 3
Bartone: 123
Chang: 70, 75, 76, 121

Chase: 133
Christov: 2
Cibotaru: 87
Clanton: 3
Clarke: 121
170
Clemmens: 86, 98
Council on Agricultural Science and
Technology: 73
Courtois: 8
H
Halderman: 86, 98
Hedstrom: 121
Hespanhol: 124, 126
Crites: 26
Crook: 111, 112, 119, 121
Hillel: 88
Hillman: 116
Hills: 87
Darby: 19
Hinz: 86, 98
Dedrick: 86, 98
Hoffman: 8, 49, 87
Degremont: 14
Hunter: 121
DeMalach: 8, 87
Dimov: 2, 11
I.R.C.W.D.: 115
Duron: 125
Idelovitch: 18, 140
Ilias: 87
Israeli Ministry of Health: 8, 128, 137
Eddy: 5, 20, 23, 24

Elimelech: 87
Eneva: 2, 11
Engelberg Report: 129
English: 79
Jantzen: 121
Jutras: 3
Erie: 86, 98
K
F
F.A.O.: 1, 5, 81, 124
Kampeli: 87
Kandiah: 2, 37, 85, 96, 97
Karmeli: 81
Fattal: 21, 117, 127

Feachem: 23, 113, 114, 118, 119, 121, 127
Fireman: 99
Kassimatis: 55
Keller: 81
Kelly: 121
Frey: 121
Kobler: 121
Kolyba-Mahera: 1
G.E.M.S.: 131
Kotalik: 121
Ganoulis: 2
Kypris: 9, 128, 136
Garelich: 23, 113, 114, 118, 119, 121, 127

Gerba: 118
Gilbert: 87
Grattan: 96, 97
L
Levine: 1, 5
Louisakis: 1, 2
Lund: 121
171
Papadopoulos I.: 2, 3, 9, 87, 128, 136
Maas: 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68
Papamichail: 2
Mack: 121
Papayannopoulou: 2, 11, 20, 87, 140
Maheras: 1
Papazafiriou: 2
Mallman: 121
Parissopoulos: 2, 11, 20, 87, 128, 140
Maloupa: 2, 11, 20, 140
Pateras: 2, 11, 20, 140
Manor: 8
Pescod: 1, 7, 9, 21, 34, 38, 116, 124
Mara: 22, 23, 113, 114, 118, 119, 121, 122,

124, 126, 127
Pettygrove: 2, 77, 95, 103, 105, 107

Philippousis: 11, 128
Mashali: 2, 96, 97
Massoud: 87
Mathers: 3
Reed: 26
Mavroudis: 1, 2
Reeve: 99
Melnick: 118
Reisenauer: 105, 108
Metcalf: 5, 20, 23, 24
Rhoades: 2, 41, 42, 58, 96, 97
Meyer: 79
Riegle: 121
Middlebrooks: 5, 26
Robinson: 69
Ministere Charge de la Sante: 8
Rowe: 14
Misopolinos: 59
Rudwing: 26
Mohamed: 50
Murphy: 119
Sacks: 87
Sadovski: 2
Nakayama: 79, 87, 88
Sanchez Duron: 10
National Academy of Sciences: 114
Sanderson: 121
Neja: 55
Schroer: 42, 58
Nugteren: 2
Shelef: 7, 8, 87
Shuval: 21, 117, 119, 127
Sivanappan: 79
Office International de L Eau: 19
Skogerboe: 81
Oron: 8, 87
Slack: 3
Oster: 42, 58
Smith: 18, 31, 32, 114
Snider: 19
Spyridakis: 5
Padmakumari: 79
State of California: 129, 133
Page: 70, 75, 76
State of Washington: 135
Panoras: 1, 2, 11, 20, 87, 140
Stevenson: 121
Papadopoulos A.: 2, 11, 20, 87, 140
Stewart: 3
Papadopoulos F.: 2, 11, 20, 87, 140
172
Stowell: 26
Strauss: 9, 10, 118, 126, 127
Yanez: 21
Stylianou: 2, 87
Yeketiel: 21, 117
Suarez: 60
Yekutiel: 127
Syverton: 119
Z
Zdragas: 2, 11, 20, 140
Tanji: 42
Tchobanoglous: 7, 19, 87
Technical Chamber of Greece: 10, 128
Thomas: 3
: 2, 6, 7, 11, 20, 23, 24, 26, 84,

109, 128, 140
Todd: 2
: 2, 3, 11, 20, 86, 140
Traka: 2, 11, 20, 140
: 2, 41, 106
Tsobanoglous: 2, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 31, 32,

84, 109, 114, 128
Turner: 69
: 87
Turzynski: 87
: 1, 2, 41
uwer: 116
U.C.C.C.: 42
U.N.E.P.: 126
: 12, 26
U.N.E.P./F.A.O.: 126
: 2, 11
U.S. E.P.A.: 23, 25, 70, 73, 74, 76, 84, 109,
128, 131, 139
U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service: 39, 81,
95
V
Van Hoorn: 51
: 2, 11
: 12, 26
: 2, 3, 11, 20, 86, 140
W
W.H.O.: 5, 8, 9, 116, 120, 122, 126, 128, 129,
130, 139, 140
: 2, 3, 11, 86
Walker: 81
Wallis: 118
Warrick: 79
Westcot: 2, 19, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 65, 67,
73, 74, 89, 92, 96, 101
Whitehead: 14
: 86, 98
: 11, 86
: 2
: 2, 95
173
: 12, 26
: 81
: 11, 86
: 2, 11, 21, 140
: 2, 11, 20, 140
: 11
: 3, 11, 86
: 1, 2, 41, 86, 87, 98
: 41
: 41, 45, 59, 61
: 12, 26
: 2, 81, 92, 95
: 88
: 2
: 2, 11, 20, 140
: 1, 2, 3, 11, 20, 41, 81, 86, 87, 88,

98, 140
: 11
: 2, 3, 11, 20, 86, 140

.: 2, 3, 11, 20, 21, 26, 86,
140
.: 2, 3, 11, 20, 21, 26, 86,
140
: 2
: 2, 41, 81, 92, 95
: 88
: 2, 3, 11, 20, 21, 86, 140
: 2, 86, 87, 98
: 2, 3, 11, 20, 86, 140

: 1
: 2

Wastewater Irrigation

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. M.Sc., Ph.D.

.. 1997,, Christov et al. 1998, 1998),

(1995-1997) ( .. 1998,, 1999,)

(1987), Papadopoulos (1995) . , Barrington and Jutras (1983)

: Asano (1991, 1994), (1994)

..., 540 1979 1900 1992 ( Tchobanoglous, 1995). ,

1989 (Kypris, 1989)

: Technical Chamber of Greece (1993)

(Papadopoulos et al. 1995,

: Degremont (1979), Rowe et al. (1987)

(activated sludge) , (aeration tanks)

(tertiary treatment) (advanced

Westcot and Ayers (1985) 1 mg/l .

O3 0.2-0.5 mg/l. , 6-17 mg/l 10-25 min SS, BOD, COD

(Shuval et al. 1986, .. 1997).

(facultative ponds) , 1.8

Feachem et al. (1983)

(land treatment), : ) (slow rate land

(floating macrophyte ponds)

(.. Cd, Zn,

: Asano et al. (1985)

: Asano et al. (1985), U.N.D.T.C.D. (1985), Asano (1994)

Cax HCO3/Ca, ECw

SAR ESP Ca,

: Westcot and Ayers (1985)

( 1985, 1991, 1994, 1991)

(Cucurbita pero melopero)

(Cucurbita pero melopero)

(Apium braveo lens)

(Brassica oleracea capitata)

: Maas and Hoffman (1977), Maas (1990)

(Mohamed and Amer, 1972)

: Neja et al. (1978)

SAR, . SAR ECw

SAR adj. SAR

CO 3 = 9.42 me/l, HCO 3 = 3.66 me/l

Cax 1.43 me/l 5.10 :

Chinese box orange

(2.0 - 4.0 mg/l)

(0.5 - 0.75 mg/l)

(1.0 - 2.0 mg/l)

(0.75 - 1.0 mg/l)

(4.0 - 6.0 mg/l)

(6.0 - 15.0 mg/l)

(4.0 - 8.0 mg/l)

(2.0 - 4.0 mg/l)

(0.5 - 1.0 mg/l)

(1.0 - 2.0 mg/l)

: Maas (1990), Westcot and Ayers (1985)

ESP . ESP 30,

: Ayers and Westcot (1985)

. : ECw = 1.35 dS/m, TDS = 875 mg/l, Na+ = 6 me/l,

: Busch and Turner (1967)

. : ECw = 4.4 dS/m, Na+ = 24 me/l

5.19. , , , ... (U.S. E.P.A., 1973).

0.5 1.0 mg/l. pH.

: Ayers and Westcot (1985)

: U.S. E.P.A. (1978, 1979)

(English, 1985) (Bucks et al. 1982).

<1% min= 7.6

: U.S. E.P.A. (1981), Tsobanoglous (1995)

0.5-1.0 mg/l 20 mg/l 20 min

3.5-9.0 H2S (mg/l)

: Ayers and Westcot (1985)