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Green Concrete in Denmark
Green Concrete in Denmark
Green Concrete in Denmark
0.71
120
50
18
0.78
101
50
6
31
0.80
85
60
6
41
0.70
61
70
6
57
0.74
1ab|e 3 Develcpment prcject U1: ccncrete wlth mlnlmal cllnker ccntent (passlve envlrcnmental class)
Ccntrcl
^v1
(F^9MS5)
^v2
(F^18MS5)
^v3
(F^30MS5)
^v4
(F^40MS5)
^v5
(F^40MS5)
Cement ccntent (kg)
Ccntent cf fly ash ()
Ccntent cf mlcrc slllca ()
C0
2
reductlcn ()
Lqulvalent water/cement ratlc ()
309
9
5
0
0.37
274
9
5
33
0.421
272
18
5
33
0.42
219
30
5
46
0.42
190
40
5
54
0.42
189
40
5
54
0.42
1ab|e 4 Develcpment prcject U1: ccncrete wlth mlnlmal cllnker ccntent (aggresslve envlrcnmental class)
The materlals, whlch have been judged as useable fcr ccncrete
prcductlcn and selected fcr further develcpment, are shcwn ln
Flgure 2. The judgement was based cn an evaluatlcn ccncernlng
bcth ccncrete technclcgy and envlrcnmental aspects.
lncrganlc resldual prcducts frcm the ccncrete lndustry (e.g.
stcne dust and ccncrete slurry) and prcducts whlch pcse a huge
waste prcblem tc scclety and whlch are ln pclltlcal fccus (e.g.
ccmbustlcn ash frcm waterpurlfylng plants, smcke waste frcm
waste ccmbustlcn and fly ash frcm sugar prcductlcn) have been
glven hlghest prlcrlty.
lt shculd be mentlcned that recycled ccncrete aggregate has
been excluded because almcst all cf the ccncrete waste ls used
fcr rcad ccnstructlcn as lt ls per fectly sultable fcr thls purpcse. lt
ls therefcre nct necessary tc apply cther rescurce savlng mea
sures tc ccncrete aggregate.
5tene dust. Stcne dust ls a resldual prcduct frcm the crushlng cf
aggregates. lt ls an lnert materlal wlth a partlcle slze between
that cf cement and sand partlcles. Stcne dust ls expected tc sub
stltute part cf the sand.
Cencrete s|urry. Ccncrete slurry ls a resldual prcduct frcm ccn
crete prcductlcn, l.e. washlng mlxers and cther equlpment. The
ccncrete slurry ls can be elther a dry cr wet substance, and can
be recycled elther as a dry pcwder cr wlth water. ln the case cf re
cycllng cf the dry materlal, lt ls necessary tc prccess lt tc pcwder.
The ccncrete slurry can have scme pczzclanlc effect, and mlght
therefcre be used as a substltute fcr part cf the cement cr fcr
cther types cf pczzclanlc materlals such as fly ash.
Cembust|en ash frem water-ur|fy|ng |ants. Thls type cf ccm
bustlcn ash has the same partlcle slze and shape as fly ash partl
cles. The ccntent cf heavy metals ln the slurry ls expected tc be
apprcxlmately at the same level as fcr fly ash. The slurry can have
scme pczzclanlc effect, and mlght therefcre be used as a substl
tute fcr part cf the cement cr fcr cther types cf pczzclanlc mate
rlals such as fly ash.
5meke waste frem waste cembust|en. Thls smcke waste can
have scme pczzclanlc effect. The ccntent cf heavy metals ls slg
nlflcantly hlgher than that cf crdlnary fly ash. Furthermcre, the
Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1 6
'Green` ccncrete ln Denmark
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10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
C
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m
p
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s
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v
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(
M
P
a
)
P-ref w/c = 0.71
PV1 w/c = 0.78
PV2 w/c = 0.80
PV3 w/c = 0.70
PV4 w/c = 0.74
F|g. 3 Strength develcpment fcr hlgh
vclume fly ash ccncrete ln the passlve
envlrcnmental class (adjusted tc the
same water ccntent; w/c, water/
cement ratlc)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
C
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p
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s
s
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v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
M
P
a
)
A-ref w/c = 0.37
AV1 w/c = 0.41
AV2 w/c = 0.42
AV3 w/c = 0.42
AV4 w/c = 0.42
AV5 w/c = 0.44
F|g. 4 Strength develcpment fcr hlgh
vclume fly ash ccncrete ln the
aggresslve envlrcnmental class
(adjusted tc the same water ccntent;
w/c, water/cement ratlc)
ccntent cf chlcrldes, flucrldes and suzlfates can result ln negatlve
effects ln ccnnectlcn wlth relnfcrcement ccrrcslcn, retardatlcn
and pcsslble thaumaslte reactlcns. Further prccesslng wlll be
necessary befcre lts use ln ccncrete.
F|y ash frem sugar reduct|en. The fly ash frcm thls scurce ls nct
expected be very dlfferent frcm crdlnary fly ash.
The green ccncrete test prcgramme
^ll the abcve mentlcned green ccncrete types wlll be tested fcr
wcrkablllty, changes ln wcrkablllty after 30 mln, alr ccntent, ccm
presslve strength develcpment, L mcdules, heat develcpment, hc
mcgenelty, water separatlcn, settlng, denslty and pumpablllty.
Furthermcre, the water/cement ratlc, water/blnder ratlc and the
chlcrlde ccntent wlll need tc be calculated.
Fcllcwlng cn frcm these tests the mcst prcmlslng green ccn
crete wlll be selected and expcsed tc mcre advanced testlng.
Fxamp|e resu|ts cf investigaticns intc green ccncrete
Tables 3 and 4 shcw ccncrete mlxes tested wlth hlghvclume fly
ash fcr the passlve and aggresslve envlrcnmental classes. ln the
passlve envlrcnmental class the fly ash ccntent was lncreased
frcm 24 tc 70, resultlng ln a reductlcn cf C0
2
emlsslcn frcm 18
tc 57.
ln the aggresslve envlrcnmental class the fly ash ccntent was
lncreased frcm 9 tc 40 resultlng ln a reductlcn cf C0
2
emlsslcn
frcm 33 tc 54. ^v5 ls a mcdlfled verslcn cf ^v4 wlth an ln
creased alr ccntent.
The ccntrcl parameters fcr the mlxes were a slump cf apprcxl
mately 100 mm and, fcr the aggresslve envlrcnment, an alr
ccntent cf 5.5.
Strength develcpment ls shcwn ln Flgures 3 and 4. The flgures
shcw that lv4, whlch has a fly ash ccntent cf 70, has strength
that ls far tcc lcw: lt appears that the fly ash ccntent must nct
exceed apprcxlmately 60. Lven sc, the strength develcpment ls
stlll tcc slcw. Therefcre, studles have been lnltlated tc lmprcve
the strength develcpment.
^s regards the ccncrete ln the aggresslve envlrcnmental class,
the strength develcpment ls slmllar fcr all ccncrete types. Thls ln
dlcates that the maxlmum fly ash ccntent has nct been reached
wlth a ccntent cf 40. Hcwever, prellmlnary testlng lndlcates
that the hlghvclume fly ash ccncrete mlght have prcblems wlth
frcst reslstance. Further studles have been lnltlated tc lnvestl
gate thls lssue.
Currently, testlng ls belng per fcrmed cn ccncrete ccntalnlng
ccncrete slurry, stcne dust, and ash frcm the ccmbustlcn cf
slurry frcm waterpurlfylng plants.
Cement-stabi|ized fcundaticns
^ partlcular fccus cf the Centre fcr Green Ccncrete ls cn cement
stablllzed fcundatlcns. Thls actlvlty lncludes lnvestlgatlcn cf:
- The pcsslblllty cf castlng cementstablllzed fcundatlcns wlth a
hlgh ccntent cf materlals whlch shculd ctherwlse be
depcslted, e.g. slurry frcm waste ccmbustlcn as a substltute
fcr crdlnary gravel.
- The use cf crushed waste asphalt as a substltute fcr aggre
gate. Lxperlence shcws that the use cf crushed asphalt as
part cf the aggregate can ellmlnate the develcpment cf
macrccracks ln a fcundatlcn, ellmlnatlng reflectlcn cracks ln
the next layer. Therefcre, the use cf crushed asphalt ln a ce
mentstablllzed fcundatlcn can lmprcve the quallty cf the
entlre castlng.
- The use cf flllers such as stcne dust, smcke waste frcm waste
ccmbustlcn, slurry frcm waste ccmbustlcn and speclal chalk
flllers.
Design, cperaticn and maintenance, research activities and the
ccnstructicn cf a demcnstraticn bridge
The flnal twc develcpment prcjects cf the centre ccncern the cp
eratlcn and malntenance cf green ccncrete structures and green
structural sclutlcns/structural sclutlcns fcr green ccncrete.
0ther actlvltles ccncerned wlth speclflc tcplcs lnclude ln
creased research and develcpment. Thls lncludes examlnatlcn cf
mechanlcal prcpertles, flre reslstance, executlcn, durablllty, and
physlcal and thermal dynamlc examlnatlcns.
|mp|ementaticn cf the resu|ts
The results are expected tc be lmplemented ln a Rcad Dlrectcrate
speclal ccncrete speclflcatlcn fcr rescurcesavlng ccncrete struc
tures. Thls wlll be used ln carrylng cut a demcnstratlcn prcject
whlch lncludes the dlmenslcnlng and ccnstructlcn cf a brldge ln
green ccncrete.
Cenc|us|en
Thls cvervlew cf the present state cf affalrs ln Denmark cf ccn
crete types wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact has shcwn that
there ls ccnslderable kncwledge and experlence cn the subject.
The Danlsh and Lurcpean envlrcnmental pcllcles have mctlvated
the ccncrete lndustry tc react, and wlll prcbably alsc mctlvate
further develcpment cf the prcductlcn and use cf ccncrete wlth
reduced envlrcnmental lmpact.
The scmewhat vague envlrcnmental requlrements that exlst
have resulted ln a need fcr mcre speclflc technlcal requlrements,
and thls ls the fccus cf a recently started large Danlsh research
prcject, where the mcst lmpcrtant gcal ls tc develcp the tech
nclcgy necessary tc prcduce and use rescurcesavlng ccncrete
structures, l.e. green ccncrete. Thls applles tc structure deslgn,
speclflcatlcn, manufacturlng, the per fcrmance, cperatlcn and
malntenance.
Cement and ccncrete may have an lmpcrtant rcle tc play ln en
abllng Denmark tc fulfll lts cbllgatlcn tc reduce the tctal C0
2
emls
slcn by 21 ccmpared tc the 1990 level befcre 2012, as agreed
at the Kyctc Ccnference.
The pctentlal envlrcnmental beneflt tc scclety cf belng able tc
bulld wlth green ccncrete ls huge. lt ls reallstlc tc assume that
the technclcgy can be develcped whlch can halve the C0
2
emls
slcn related tc ccncrete prcductlcn, and wlth the large energy
ccnsumptlcn cf ccncrete and the fcllcwlng large emlsslcn cf C0
2
thls wlll mean a pctentlal reductlcn cf Denmark`s tctal C0
2
emls
slcn by 0.51.
6 Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1
Glavlnd and Munchletersen
Furthermcre, green ccncrete mlght sclve scme cf scclety`s
prcblems by the use cf lncrganlc resldual prcducts whlch wculd
ctherwlse be depcslted ln the envlrcnment.
References
1. Danlsh Lnvlrcnmental lrctectlcn ^gency. |ndustr y /na|ysis,
Ccncrete C|eaner Technc|cgy in Ccncrete Prcducticn.
Fnvircnmenta| Prcject Nc. 350. Mlnlstr y cf Lnvlrcnment and Lnergy,
Danlsh Lnvlrcnmental lrctectlcn ^gency, 1997.
2. Damtcft, 1. S. Use cf fly ash and cther waste materlals as raw feed and
energy scurce ln the danlsh cement lndustr y. Prcceedings cf the
C/NMFT//C| |nternaticna| Sympcsium cn Sustainab|e Deve|cpment
cf the Cement and Ccncrete |ndustr y. Canada, 1998.
3. Glavlnd, M., 0lsen, G. S. and Munchletersen, C. lacklng calculatlcns
and ccncrete mlx deslgn. Ncrdic Ccncrete Fesearch, Pub|icaticn Nc.
13. The Ncrdlc Ccncrete Federatlcn, 1993.
4. Ccncrete Materia|s, DS 481 1998 [ln Danlsh].
5. Glavlnd, M. and 0lsen, G. S. Fvidence in Fnvircnmenta| Feading,
prcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998
6. 0lsen, G. S. and Glavlnd, M. Oet Started Ouidance in Fnvircnmenta|
Management, lrcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998 [ln Danlsh]
7. 0lsen, G. S. and Glavlnd, M. Ouidance in Fnvircnmenta| Management,
lrcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998 [ln Danlsh]
8. Glavlnd, M. and Bager, D. Status cf U1, U2 and U3, lnternal ncte.
Centre fcr Rescurce Savlng Ccncrete Structures, 1999 [ln Danlsh].
Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1 ?
'Green` ccncrete ln Denmark
^uthcr tc
supply phctc
M. 6|av|nd, M5c, Ph
Ccncrete Centre, Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute,
Denmark
^uthcr tc
supply phctc
C. Munch-Petersen, M5c
Ccncrete Centre, Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute,
Denmark