UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PELOTAS INSITUTO DE QUMICA E GEOCINCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUMICA ANALTICA E INORGNICA DISCIPLINA DE QUMICA AMBIENTAL II PROFESSORA RUTH

LESSA

CICLO DO ENXOFRE

Cristiane H !"ss Da#i#a Ven$%e Danie#a G "&eia Let'(ia G !e# Mat)e"s *r # + Patr'(ia De&antier R"i A#&es Vanessa ,a( n-in

PELOTAS .//0

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a=r &eita3ent era -i2'(i#> = is s -e=4sit s esta&a3 a!ai1 -e (a3a-as -e areia 3 &e-i;as< Antes -e ABAC> a 3ai r =arte - @(i- s"#2:ri( =r -"$i- n s Esta- s Uni- s =r &in)a -a =irita> - 39sti(a " i3= rta-a> e - -i41i- -e en1 2re> 7"e a=are(ia ( 3 s"!=r -"t -a 3eta#"r6ia - ( !re e - $in( < Prin(i=ian- e3 ABAC a 3inera;5 - en1 2re - Te1as e -a L "siana =e# =r (ess Fras() 2 i sen- a3=#ia-a> atin6in- "3 6ra" s"2i(iente =ara a#i3entar t -as as ne(essi-a-es internas F- s Esta- s Uni- sG e =ara entrar n 3er(a- 3"n-ia#< N s an s 3ais re(entes> "3 s"=ri3ent i3= rtante -e en1 2re e#e3entar te3 si6@s nat"ra#> @(iCana-@> Fran;a e s Esta- s Uni- s< E3 AB0H a =r -";5 - 3"n(i-enta# 2 i -e HH>0I 3i#)Jes -e t ne#a-as # n6as FHC>.B 3i#)Jes -e t ne#a-as 39tri(asG -e en1 2re s !re 7"ais7"er 2 r3asK -esta 7"anti-a-e> .0>EL 2 ra3 =r -"$i-as =e# =r (ess Fras()> CA>/L s5 -e re("=era;Jes e H/>HL =r &iera3 -e 2 ntes n5 e#e3entaresM =iritas e 6ases -e 2"3 s 3eta#:r6i( s< PRINCIPAIS FONTES DO ENXOFRE O en1 2re> ?"nt ( 3 ser en( ntra( 3 )i-r 6Nni e 1i6Nni > 9 "3 - s = "( s n5 O3etais 7"e = -e in-"stria#> est@ =resente e3 sit"a-as n M91i( > ,a=5 > #i&re na nat"re$a< De 6ran-e a=r &eita3ent =r &eniente - H.S> s"!=r -"t " - =etr4#e (r" @(i- < Os 3ai res =r -"t res - en1 2re re("=era- s5

( 3= st s 3inerais e ta3!93 e3 6ran-es -e=4sit s -e ri6e3 &"#(8ni(a> tant n s"!s # a (9" a!ert < As =rin(i=ais ?a$i-as -e en1 2re est5 Fin#8n-ia> Es=an)a> C)i#e> It@#ia e s"# - s Esta- s Uni- s< Cer(a -e BI L -e t - en1 2re> n s Esta- s Uni- s> s5 trans= rta- s #'7"i- s> e3 &a6JesOtan7"e is #a- s> (a#e2a;5 < " e3 (arr sOtan7"e is #a- s> " e3 !ar(a;as " na&i s ( 3

O CICLO DO ENXOFRE O (i(# 9 !asi(a3ente se-i3entar e3! ra = ss"a "3a 2ase 6as sa< A =rin(i=a# 2 r3a -e assi3i#a;5 =e# s =r -"t res 9 ( 3 s"#2at in r68ni( < O =r (ess !i #46i( en& #&e 3i(r r6anis3 s ( 3 2"n;Jes es=e('2i(as -e re-";5 re-";5 a s"#2et s> entre s 7"ais e 1i-a;5 < A assi3i#a;5 9 3inera#i$a- e3 =r (ess -e -e( 3= si;5 < Entretant > e3 ( n-i;Jes anaer4!ias> ( rre a s"#2et -e )i-r 6Nni FH.SG> ( 3= st #eta# P 3ai ria - s seres )"3an s< Tant n s # ( 3 na @6"a> e3 ( n-i;Jes aer4!ias> ( rrer@ a 1i-a;5 > =assan- P 2 r3a -e en1 2re e#e3entar ()e6an- a s"#2at < Na =resen;a -e 2err Fanaer4!iaG 2 r3a s"#2et s 29rri( s e 2err s s> =er3itin- 7"e s #:&e#> t rnan- Ose 3ais "ti#i$@&e#< O =r (ess -e 7"ei3a -e (ar&5 e 4#e ( 3!"st'&e# e3 in-:strias e "sinas inter2ere n (i(# > #i!eran- -i41i- s -e en1 2re> 7"e te3 = ten(iais -an s s a =r & (ar> e3 (ertas sit"a;Jes> r6anis3 > a#93 -e 7"e se -en 3ina -e Q()"&a @(i-aR e Smog in-"stria#< 24s2 r ( n&ertaOse -e ins #:&e# =ara

O ENXOFRE NO SOLO A 3ai r =arte - en1 2re - s # > e3 6era# 3ais -e B/L> en( ntraOse e3 2 r3as r68ni(as< Ist 9 ( 3=r &a- =e#as a#tas ( rre#a;Jes &eri2i(a-as entre s te res -e (ar! n r68ni( (ar! n " nitr 6Nni t ta# e s te res -e en1 2re t ta# " r68ni( < A estreita re#a;5 entre r68ni( e en1 2re s"=Je "3a re#a;5 CSS re#ati&a3ente ( nstante e3 s # s -e 7"e> entretant > n5 9 !ser&a- < Esta &aria;5 estaria

-i2erentes re6iJes (#i3@ti(as>

re#a(i na-a a s 2at res -e 2 r3a;5 - s # < A es=e(i2i(i-a-e -e at"a;5 -e 6r"= s -e 3i(r r6anis3 s e3 1i-a;5 " re-";5 -e en1 2re -e=en-e =rin(i=a#3ente -as ( n-i;Jes a3!ientais Faer4!i(as " anaer4!i(asG> ( 3 &aria;5 - esta- -e 1i-a;5 - en1 2re< A#6"3as es=9(ies -e 3i(r r6anis3 s> ( 3 a !a(t9ria Thiobacillus denitrificans> 1i-a3 2 r3as re-"$i-as a s"#2at 3es3 e3 ( n-i;Jes -e anaer !i se> ( 3 re-";5 -e nitrat a N.< Parte - s s"#2et s 2 r3a- s 9 #i!era-a na at3 s2era FH.SG> n-e = -e3 ser 1i-a- s a SOC.O< A#tas ( n(entra;Jes -e s"#2et s = -e3 ser t41i(as a s ("#ti& s e3 s # s a#a6a- s< Entretant > estas s5 -i3in"'-as =e#a 1i-a;5 -e S.O a S/ e> = steri r3ente> a SOC.O = r a#6"3as es=9(ies -e 3i(r r6anis3 s> ( 3 as !a(t9rias - 6Nner Beggiatoa< A 3inera#i$a;5 9 =r (ess -e 3ai r i3= rt8n(ia e3 re#a;5 P -is= ni!i#i-a-e =ara as =#antas> ?@ 7"e as 2 r3as r68ni(as ( nstit"e3 a 3ai r =arte - en1 2re - s # < M"itas es=9(ies -e 2"n6 s> !a(t9rias e a(tin 3i(et s at"a3 n =r (ess -e 3inera#i$a;5 - en1 2re> "ti#i$an- a 3at9ria r68ni(a ( 3 s"!strat =ara se" (res(i3ent < Ist ( rre tant e3 ( n-i;Jes -e aer !i se ( 3 -e anaer !i se> ten- Ose ( 3 =r -"t s 2inais SOC.O e H.S> res=e(ti&a3ente< A#6"ns 2at res a2eta3 a 3inera#i$a;5 > tais ( 3 M as 2 r3as - en1 2re in r68ni( > ti= -e 3ateria# r68ni( a-i(i na- a s # > = ="#a;5 3i(r !iana> te3=erat"ra> aera;5 > "3i-a-e e =H - s # < Estes 2at res s5 in2#"en(ia- s =e# 3ane? > sen- 3ais i3= rtantes s as=e(t s -e re& #&i3ent e ("#ti& - s # > a-i;5 -e res'-" s r68ni( s e a (a#a6e3< O ENXOFRE NO AR As rea;Jes e =r (ess s 7"'3i( O!i #46i( s - en1 2re na !i s2era se asse3e#)a3 a s - nitr 6Nni e3 &@ri s as=e(t sM A=resenta3 &@ri s esta- s -e 1i-a;5 K O( rre3 n s s # s a6r'( #as =re- 3inante3ente e3 2 r3as r68ni(asK A 3ai ria -as trans2 r3a;Jes s5 -e( rrentes -a ati&i-a-e 3i(r !ianaK

O( rre3 e3 2 r3as 6as sas na at3 s2era> ( 3 6ran-e in2#"Nn(ia e3 =r (ess s 2'si( O7"'3i( s 7"e ne#a ( rre3< As 2 r3as 3ais ( 3"ns - en1 2re en( ntra-as n ar s5 ( 3!ina-as> sen- M SO.>

H.S e SO..O< F r3as 6as sas -e en1 2re = -e ser "3a 2 nte i3= rtante -e s"=ri3ent -e en1 2re =ara as =#antas> e3! ra =arte =e#a at3 s2era> =ara s"=ri3ent -e en1 2re =ara as =#antas = ssa ser 2eit e3 est"- -as 2 r3as e trans2 r3a;Jes - 3es3 n s # 9 i3= rtante

( n)e(i3ent - s 3e(anis3 s -e -is= ni!i#i-a-e =ara as =#antas< FenT3en s nat"rais> ( 3 a ati&i-a-e &"#(8ni(a e a -e( 3= si;5 -e =#antas> #i!era3

-i41i- -e en1 2re na at3 s2era> iss a"3enta a a(i-e$ -a @6"a -a ()"&a> 3as n5 ()e6a a (a"sar -an s e( #46i( s> = is e2eit - @(i- 9 ne"tra#i$a- a entrar e3 ( ntat ( 3 s"!st8n(ias a#(a#inas =resentes na @6"a e n s # < O ENXOFRE NA GUA O en1 2re = -e se a=resentar -e -i&ersas 2 r3as> tais ( 3 ' n s"#2at FSOC.OG> ' ns s"#2it FSOH.OG> ' n s"#2et FS.OG> 6@s s"#2'-ri( FH.SG> -i41i- -e en1 2re FSO.G> @(i- s"#2:ri( FH.SOCG> en1 2re 3 #e("#ar FS/G> ass (ia- a 3etais F( 3 FeSG> et(< Dentre essas &@rias 2 r3as -e en1 2re =resentes na @6"a> ' n s"#2at e 6@s s"#2'-ri( s5 as 3ais 2re7Uentes> sen- 7"e ' n s"#2at ass"3e 3ai r i3= rt8n(ia na =r -"ti&i-a-e - e( ssiste3a> &ist 7"e ( nstit"i a =rin(i=a# 2 nte -e en1 2re =ara s =r -"t s =ri3@ri s< As 2 ntes -e en1 2re =ara -e a-"! s ( nten- en1 2reG< A ( n(entra;5 -e en1 2re n s #a6 s te3 a"3enta- ( nsi-era&e#3ente n s :#ti3 s an s< Este a"3ent te3 si!ser&an5 s 3ente n s #a6 s # (a#i$a- s e3 re6iJes in-"stria#i$a-as> 3as ta3!93 na7"e#es -istantes -e (entr s "r!an s e in-"striais< O trans= rte -e 6ases e 3ateria# =arti("#a- na at3 s2era> ( nten- en1 2re e> a s"a = steri r =re(i=ita;5 ( 3 as ()"&as> te3 si- a= nta- ( 3 a =rin(i=a# (a"sa =ara en1 2re n s #a6 s< Nas trans2 r3a;Jes 7"e O 6@s s"#2'-ri( 9 2 r3aa"3ent -a ( n(entra;5 -e =s ( 3= st s -e en1 2re s 2re3 n"3 -e ( 3= st s r68ni( s s a3!ientes a7"@ti( s s5 =rin(i=a#3ente trNsM -e( 3= si;5 -e r ()as> ()"&as F#a&a6e3 -a at3 s2eraG e a6ri("#t"ra Fatra&9s -a a=#i(a;5

e( ssiste3a #a("stre> =arti(i=a3 tant =r (ess s 7"'3i( s 7"ant !i #46i( s< a =artir -a -e( 3= si;5 s"#2"r s s ( 3 a#6"ns a3in @(i- s F( 3 3eti nina> (istina> (iste'na> ) 3 (istinaG> sen7"e nessa -e( 3= si;5 a 3ai r ( n(entra;5 -e 6@s est@ ?"nt a se-i3ent < A#93 -iss > H.S ta3!93 9 2 r3a- a =artir -a re-";5 !i #46i(a - s"#2at e3 ti ss"#2at e s"#2it ( n-i;Jes anaer4!ias< O"tr s ( 3= st s s"#2"r s s in r68ni( s> ( 3

ta3!93 = -e3 ser re-"$i- s anaer !i(a3ente< A -ensi-a-e -as !a(t9rias en& #&i-as na re-";5 9 !astante e#e&a-a e3 @6"as = #"'-as> &arian- entre A/C e A/E !a(t9rias = r 3L -e @6"a> = -en- ()e6ar A/0 !a(t9rias = r 3L na s"=er2'(ie - se-i3ent < A=4s s"a 2 r3a;5 > e 1i-a- > tant 6@s s"#2'-ri( = -e " n5 se 3anter n 3ei > e3 2"n;5 6@s s"#2'-ri( 9 inst@&e# 1i-aa S/ e r6anis3 s a("3"#aOse n !i # 6i(a3ente< Q"i3i(a3ente 9 1i6Nni > 6@s s"#2'-ri( =rin(i=a#3ente -a ( n(entra;5 -e 1i6Nni > = is na =resen;a -este 7"'3i(a ( 3 esta = r;5 !i # 6i(a3ente> a s"#2at < Na a"sNn(ia -e )i= #'3ni > t rnana7"@ti( s< POLUIO DO AR A 3ai r =arte -a = #"i;5 - ar 9 =r -"$i-a ( 3 res"#ta- -a 7"ei3a -e ( 3!"st'&eis 24sseis> ( 3 (ar&5 e =etr4#e < Esses ( 3!"st'&eis s5 "sa- s e3 7"anti-a-es (a-a &e$ 2err < 3ai res =ara 3 &er &e'("# s> a7"e(er e-i2'(i s n s =a'ses 2ri s e 2"n-ir 3etais ( 3

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Centrais termel tri!as" !#m# esta em $ar%lan&" EUA" '(eimam !#m)(st*+eis ,-sseis .ara .r#&(/ir ener0ia1 $(it#s 0ases s2# lan3a&#s na atm#s,era" al0(ns &eles !a(sam !4(+a 5!i&a1 Q"an( 3!"st'&e# 9 7"ei3a- > n5 #i!era a=enas ener6ia> 3as 3"it s =r -"t s 7"'3i( s>

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3ais i3= rtantes in6re-ientes na ()"&a @(i-a< O en1 2re 9 "3 s"!=r -"t s in-ese?@&e# na 7"ei3a - s ( 3!"st'&eis< E#e se ( n&erte ra=i-a3ente e3 -i41i- -e en1 2re> 7"e = -e ser ?"#6a- =re?"-i(ia# a 3ei a3!iente< As 7"anti-a-es #an;a-as na at3 s2era s5 es=ant sasM (er(a -e .C 3i#)Jes -e t ne#a-as -e -i41i- -e en1 2re = r an na A39ri(a - N rte e CC 3i#)Jes -e t ne#a-as na E"r =a< V s"2i(iente =ara en()er ( 3=#eta3ente (er(a -e AI/ s"=er=etr #eir sW A 3ai r =arte en1 2re &e3 -as 2@!ri(as e "sinas ter3e#9tri(as< U3a =arte -a = #"i;5 ra=i-a3ente se =re(i=ita a s # > antes -e ser a!s r&i-a =e#a "3i-a-e - ar< De= sita3Ose nas @r& res> e-i2'(i s e #a6 s> 6era#3ente na @rea n-e 2 i =r -"$i-a< V a ()a3a-a =re(i=ita;5 se(a< Estes -e=4sit s se 2 r3a3 e 3ais tar-e se ( 3!ina3 ( 3 a @6"a -a ()"&a> trans2 r3an- Ose e3 @(i- s< O rest -a = #"i;5 = -e =er3ane(er n ar = r 3ais -e "3a se3ana e 9 trans= rta-a =e# &ent a # n6as -istan(ias< D"rante esse =er' - > as s"!stan(ias 7"'3i(as rea6e3 ( 3 &a= r -X@6"a na at3 s2era> trans2 r3an- Ose n s @(i- s s"#2:ri( e n'tri( -i#"'- s< Est5 =r nt s> ent5 > =ara se trans2 r3ar e3 ()"&a @(i-a< Esses @(i- s ta3!93 rea6e3 ( 3 "tras s"!st8n(ias 7"'3i(as na at3 s2era 2 r3an- = #"entes se("n-@ri s< Destes> !ten;5 -e 3a-eira> se"s n"trientes n5 s5 -e& #&i- s a s # > ( 3 -e( 3= si;5 nat"ra#< Iss t rna -e @r& res< Q"an- a =re(i=ita;5 @(i-a ( rre s ! a 2 r3a -e ne&e> s =r !#e3as =ara a3!iente s5 retar-a- s> 3as = -e3 ser 3"it =i res = steri r3ente< D"rante 3ei in&ern > a $Tni 9 "3 - s 3ais =eri6 s s> = is =re?"-i(a a &e6eta;5 < Q"an- as @r& res s5 -err"!a-as =ara a ( rre na 3 rte e s # 3ais @(i- e 3en s (a=a$ -e 3anter 2"t"ras 6era;Jes

ne&e se a("3"#a n s # > reten- se"s @(i- s< Na =ri3a&era> 7"an- a ne&e -errete> )@ "3 s:!it 2#"1 -e @6"a 7"e ( rre =e# ()5 at9 s ri s e #a6 s< E&ent"a#3ente> @(i- s 7"e 2i(ara3 reti- s = r seis 3eses s5 #i!era- s e3 = "(as se3anas< Estas ( rrente$as @(i-as> ( 3 s5 ()a3a-as> s5 =arti("#ar3ente =re?"-i(iais =ara =#antas e ani3ais< Na a6ri("#t"ra> as =#antas s5 re3 &i-as =ara a a#i3enta;5 e na si#&i("#t"ra> as @r& res s5 a!ati-as = r (a"sa -a 3a-eira< Dessa 2 r3a> s n"trientes n5 s5 -e& #&i- s a s # =ara re-"$ir a a(i-e$< Para 3anter a 2erti#i-a-e - s # > s5 e3=re6a- s 2erti#i$antes arti2i(iais> es=e(ia#3ente nitrat s< Entretant > e#es = -e3 a"3entar ain-a 3ais a a(i-e$ s # e> ent5 > a6ra&ar =r !#e3a<

CHU6A CIDA As in-:strias 7"'3i(as e as (entrais t9r3i(as ? 6a3 na at3 s2era =r -"t s ( nta3ina- res> ( 3 a?"-a s 6ases -i41i- -e en1 2re e 3 n41i- -e nitr 6Nni s 7"ais> ( 3 a $Tni -as (a3a-as !ai1as -a at3 s2era> 1i-a3Ose e> ( 3 a "3i-a-e -a ()"&a>

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=a=e#< P -e (air a 3"itas (entenas -e 3i#)as -e n-e se 2 r3 "> 7"an- se t rna "3a s #";5 -i#"'-a -e @(i- s n'tri( e s"#2:ri( < V #eta# P &i-a #a("stre e =re?"-i(a as 2# restas e s s # s< Ta3!93 ( rr4i e-i2'(i s e = -e ser =eri6 sa =ara a sa:-e - s seres )"3an s< O e2eit 9 intensi2i(a- =e# 2at -e a ()"&a @(i-a #i!erar 3etais t41i( s> ( 3 (@-3i e 3er(:ri > "s"a#3ente 2i1a- s n s # <

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