G.

Research Designs

Basic Designs for Comparison 1. One-Shot Case StudyIn a one shot case study, the experimental group is exposed

to the independent variable (X), then observations of the dependent variable (O) are made. No observations are made before the independent variable is introduced.

The "One-Shot Case Study" Treatment X Post-test O

No control group. This design has virtually no internal or external validity.

2. One-Group Pre-Test Post-Test

In a one group Pretest-Post Test Study, the dependent variable (O) is measured or observed before and after introduction of the independent variable (X).
One group Pre-test, Post-test Pre-test O Treatment X Post-test O

3. Control Group Comparison 4. Pre-Test Post Test Control Group

5. Solomon Four Group.

Solomon Four-Group Design Group Pre-tested Experimental Group = E (R) Pre-tested Control Group = C (R) Unpre-tested Experimental Group = UE (R) Unpre-tested Control Group = UC (R)

Pre-test O

Treatment X

Post-test O

This design overcomes the external validity weakness in the above design caused when pretesting affect the subjects in such a way that they become sensitized to the experimental variable and they respond differently than the unpre-tested subjects.