** :

.
**



.
** :


. :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

) (standerd protocol
.

) ( internation standerd orgnization
) ( model ) ( open system interconnection
.
) ( layers
.
.

.

.
protocol

APLICATION
PRESANTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWARK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
:
-1 ) ( TOP-LEVEL
.
-2 ) ( MIDDEL LEVEL
) ( PACKADE )
.( PACKETS
-3 ) ( BOTTOM LEVEL
.

. ) ( HARDWARE.SOFTWARE
.
-:
APPLICATION LARGER:

) ( word- processing
.
.

.
:
) ( text - file

.
presantation

:

.

.
)
( session

.

:



.

.
.

:



.

.
.

(data link layer ) :

.

session layres

transport layres

netwark layers

 ( packtes )
packtes
:

.
( packtes )
.

.


.

physical layers

Media Access Methods

(MEDIA ACCESS METHODS ) .
(PACKETS )
( MEDIA ACCESS )
.
( PACKETS )
. ( MEDIA ACCESS )
.
( ) .
topology
: ( media access )
carrier sensing multiple access -csma -1
.
( ( collision
token passings -2
( token )
.
: csma ( ( higher throghput -1
-2
. collision

: : token passing reliable -1

( slower speed ) -2
.
( access methods )
.
-1
. (csma ) ethernet
( reliability ) ( token -2
. ( passing
: packets

 ( packets )
.
( headers , trailers ) (packets )
..... . ( packets )
(NETWARK PERFORMANCE)
: cabling the netwark

:
transmission speed -1
maxmum length -2
shielding agianest interferance -3
:
twisted pair -1
coaxial cable-2
. optical fiber -3
: ( ) :
twisted pair

.
( interferance electronic )
( twisted pair ) ( limited length for
: netwark )
-1
.
. -2

.
( twisted pair ) . -3
( twisted pair ) ( coaxial
. cable ) ( interconnected )
:
coaxail cable



( coaxial
: cable )
-thick 1
-1
-2
-3
thin -2
. -1
. -2
-3
: :
fiber optic cable
.


100 / 500 /
.
:

:
cable access methods -1
cable type -2
topology -3
:
ethernet -1
token ring -2

: ethernet lan -1
bus topology consistes of singel trunk of coaxial cable .
access method : carrier sense media access / collision detection ( csma / cd )
transmission rate 10 m b/s up to 100 m b/s .
( coaxial cable ) ( thick ,thin )
.

thick
expencive
maxmum length soo m
used as back bone to connect
multiple netwarks .

thin
cheaper
maximum length 185 m
used to wired from workstation to
the next to form single lineer
trunk and fitted with bnc .
connector which plugs into t connector

( ethernet ( twisted pair ) ( fiber optics

.
2- token ring :
access method : token passing is used in ring topology
it can take on the appearance of star topology
cables: can be twisted pair
cables : can be twisted paire
transmission speed : 4 m b/s to 16 m b /s
total length of the entire ringe can not exceed 366 m .