CHAPTER 12 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES ON COMPLEX NUMBERS Exercise on 12.1 Solve the following equations in a + jb form:i) x2 + 4 = 0 ii) x2 + x + 1 = 0 iv) x!

" 1 = 0 Solutions i) x2 + 4 = 0 #e have x2 = " 4 or x = = 2= 2 ii) x2 + x + 1 = 0 $sing the formula for the solution of a qua%rati& we have x== =!" iii) x2 + x + 11 = 0 x== =!#" iv) x! " 1 = 0 'ere we first fa&tori(e the cu$ic to give x! " 1 = )x " 1))x2 + x + 1) = 0 *his gives solutions+ from ii) x = 1+ ! " Exercise on 12.2 ,or the &om-lex numbers ( = ! " j an% w = 1 + 2j evaluate i) 2( " !w ii) (w iii) ( 2w 2 Solutions i) ii)

iii)

x2 + x + 11 = 0

iv)

2( " !w = 2)! " j) " !)1 + 2j) = (w = )! " j))1 + 2j)

" 2j " ! " j = # ! %

= ! " j + j " 2 j2 = ! + .j " 2)" 1) = & ' &

on remembering that j2 = " 1 iii) /on0t be so hast1 with ( 2w 2 " loo2 before 1ou lea- an% noti&e that

( 2w 2 = w)( )2 = )1 + 2j)= 10)1 + 2j) = 1( ' 2( iv) ====

on multi-l1ing to- an% bottom b1 the &onjugate of 1 + 2j

Exercises on 12.# 13 4lot the following &om-lex numbers on the 5rgan% -lane an% -ut them into -olar form3 i) 1 ii) viii) " ! + 2j Solution j iii) " !j iv) 1 " j v) 2 + j vi) " ! " 2j

i) 1 has mo%ulus r = = 1 an% as it lies on the -ositive real axis the -rin&i-al value of its argument is 0 ra%ians+ an% so 1 = 1 (() ii) 6j 6 = 1 an% j lies on the imaginar1 axis so its argument is = 3 So j= 1

iii) 6" !j6 = ! an% the 47 of the argument is = " + so "! j = #

iv) 61 " j6 = so 1"j= = = = So 1"j= v) 2 + j = = () where t)n *

vi) " ! " 2j = = () where t)n * ' t)n !1 'ere the &om-lex number is in the thir% qua%rant an% we have &hosen the angle in the range 0+ 23 viii) " ! + 2j = = () where t)n * ! t)n !1 23 8onvert into 8artesian form i) 2 )0) ii) !)) iv) ! v) 1 Solution i) 2 )0) = 2)&os)0) + j sin )0)) = 2 ii) !)) = 2)&os) ) + j sin ))) = 2 )" 1 + j 0) = ! 2 iii) )92 ) = &os) 92) + j sin )92) = 0 + j 1 = iv) != ! = != ! '

iii) )92 ) vi) 2)92 )

v) 1= 1= &os " j sin =! vi) 2)92 ) = !2 Exercises on 12.+ )here it is as qui&2 to thin2 about the 5rgan% %iagram)3

13

:valuate all -ossible -ro%u&ts+ ex&lu%ing -owers+ of the three &om-lex numbers below an% &om-are with the results obtaine% in a + jb form )See ;2 :xer&ises on 123!)3 ( 1 = )92 ) ( 2 = ! ( ! = 1

Solution ( 1 ( 2 = )92 )!= != ! = != 8om-are this with )92 )!= j = ( 1 ( ! = )92 ) 1= = = ' 8om-are this with )92 ) 1= j= ' ( 2 ( ! = !1= ! = = ! &os + ! sinj 8om-are this with !1= =+ j whi&h shows that &os = an% sin = ( 1 ( 2 ( ! = )92 )!1= != ! = # cos ' # sin 8om-are this with ( 1 ( 2 ( ! = j= j ="+ j

whi&h shows that &os * " an% sin =

23

Show that if ( = r )) + then ( 2 = r 2 )2) + ( ! = r !)!)

#hat %o 1ou thin2 is the result for ( n where n is a -ositive integer< =ou will see more of this in Se&tion 123 Solution $sing r 1)1) r 2)2) = r 1 r 2 )1 + 2) with 1 = 2 = we get ( 2 = r 2 )) )) = r 2 ) + ) = r2 ,2*hen ( ! = ( 2 ( = r ! )2) )) = r ! )2 + ) = r# ,#>t %oes not ta2e a lot of imagination to extra-olate this to ( n = rn ,n -

Exercise on 12.& >f ( 1 = an% ( 2 = evaluate in -olar an% 8artesian form Solution >n -olar form: = = = = cos ' sin >n 8artesian form: == = "+ j= '

from whi&h

&os = an% sin =

Exercises on 12.. 13 ,in% the mo%ulus of e j Solution

6 ej6 = |&os + j sin 6 =

23 Show that )e j ) "1 = e "j Solution

)ej) "1 = )&os + j sin ) "1 =

= = &os " j sin = &os )" ) + j sin )" ) = e ! !3 Show that Solution #e have e j = &os + j sin e "j = &os " j sin 5%%ing these i%entities gives 2 &os = e j + e "j so cos * Subtra&ting the results gives 2 j sin = e j " e "j so sin * Exercise on 12./ ?1 &onversion to -olar form an% use of /e @oivres0 theorem evaluate i) jA ii) )1 + j). iii) )" j)"4

&os =

sin =

Solution

i) jA =

= = = !
. ..

ii) )1 + j). = =

= 4 = " 4= ! +,1 ' -

iii) ,irst+ we have " j = 2= 2 = 2 So )" j)"4 = "4 = 2 "4= 2! + Exercises on 12.% 13 ,in% in a + jb form an% -lot on 5rgan% %iagram:i) *he three values of j19! ii) Solution i) *he four values of )1 + j)194

j19! = = = for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2

0 * ( gives = = &os + j sin = ' 0 * 1 gives = = &os + j sin = ! ' 0 * 2 gives = = !

ii)

)1 + j)194 = = 2= 2 = 2for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2+ !

0 * ( gives = 2* 211% 0 * 1 gives = 2= 2 * 211% 0 * 2 gives 2= 2 = 211% 0 * # gives 2= 2 = 211%

23

Solve the following equations in a + jb form an% -lot the roots in the 5rgan% -lane3 i) x "1=0 ii) x! + B = 0

Solution i) x " 1 = 0 or x = 1 so x = ))0))= 2 = 0+ 1+ 333 + . = = 0 * ( gives = )0) = 1 0 * 1 gives 0 * 2 gives 0 * # gives )) = !1 0 * + gives = &os + j sin = !! 9 = &os + j sin = ! ' = &os + j sin = ' 2 = 0+ 1+ 333 + .

0 * & gives = &os + j sin = !

ii) x! + B = 0 is equivalent to x! = " B = B )) = B ) + 22 ) So x= 2 = 2for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2 0 * ( gives = 2 = 2 = 1 ' 0 * 1 gives = 2 )) = ! 2 0 * 2 gives = 2 = 2 = 1 !

REIN2ORCEMENT EXERCISES IN COMPLEX NUMBERS 13 #rite the following in sim-lest form in terms of real numbers an% j3 i) iv) viii) ii) j2 )" j)2 iii) " j2

v)

vi)

Solution i) = of &ourse ii) = # )b1 &onvention gives the -ositive root)

iii) = != # iv) j2 = !1

10

v) " j2 = " )" 1) = 1 vi) *he easiest wa1 to get at is to %ivi%e j2 = "1 b1 j to get: =! viii) )" j)2 = j2 = !1 23 Solve the following equations+ writing the answer in ( = a + jb form i) ( 2 + 2. = 0 ii) ( 2 + 4( + . = 0 iii) ( 4 " !( 2 " 4 = 0 iv) ( ! + ( " 2 = 0 v) (! + 1 = 0 vi) ( 2 + 2j( + 1 = 0

$sing egs )i) " )v) verif1 the result that the equations with real &oeffi&ients have real roots an% 9 or &om-lex roots o&&urring in &onjugate -airs3 Solution i) ( 2 + 2. = 0 gives ( 2 = " 2. so ( = = = .= & ii)( 2 + 4( + . = 0 gives+ using the qua%rati& formula+ (== = =!2 iii)( 4 " !( 2 " 4 = 0 is reall1 a qua%rati& equation in %isguise+ be&ause if we -ut u = ( 2 then we get ( 4 " !( 2 " 4 = u 2 " !u " 4 = )u + 1))u " 4) = 0 So u = "1 or ( 2 = " 1 an% hen&e ( = or u = 4 = ( 2 so ( = 2 iv)*o solve ( ! + ( " 2 = 0 we first fa&tori(e it3 ?1 the 3)ctor t4eore5 + the fa&t that ( = 1 is )b1 trial) a root tells us that ( " 1 is a fa&tor+ so we &an write ( ! + ( " 2 = )( " 1))( 2 + a( + b) :quating &oeffi&ients gives b = 2 an% " a + b = 1+ so a = 1 an% hen&e

11

( ! + ( " 2 = )( " 1))( 2 + ( + 2) = 0 *hus+ ( = 1 or ( 2 + ( + 2 = 0 ie (= = v)$sing the fa&tori(ation of a su5 o3 cu$es we have ( ! + 1 = )( + 1))( 2 " ( + 1) = 0 an% so ( = ! 1 or ( = = vi):ven though the equation ( 2 + 2j( + 1 = 0 has &om-lex &oeffi&ients we &an still use the usual qua%rati& formula to obtain the solution: (== = ,!1 *he roots of all equations i) to v) are either real or o&&ur in &onjugate -airs " for exam-le " 2 + j an% "2 " j3 *he roots of vi) are not &onjugate -airs be&ause the &oeffi&ients of the equation are not all real3 !3 :x-ress in the form a + jb i) iv) vii) Solution i) ii) j! )" 2j) 2j)j " 1) + j!)2 + j) ii) v) j2A j)j + 2) iii) vi) !)1 + j) " 2)1 " j) j9j

j! = j2 j = " 1 j = ! j2A = j2 j = 1! j =
1!

j= !

iii) !)1 + j) " 2)1 " j) = ! + !j " 2 + 2j = 1 ' & iv) )" 2j) = )" 2) j = 2 )j2)! = 4 )" 1)! = ! .+ v) j)j + 2) = j2 + 2j = ! 1 ' 2

12

vi) j9j = j2 = ! 1 vii) 2j)j " 1) + j!)2 + j) = 2j2 " 2j " j)2 + j) = " 2 " 2j " 2j " j2 = " 2 " 4j + 1 = ! 1 ! + 43 ,in% the real an% imaginar1 -arts of : i) iv) Solution i) )1 " j) )1 + j) = 1 " j2 = 1 " )" 1) = 2 )1 " j) )1 + j) )4 + !j)! ii) )! " 4j) )1 + j) iii) )4 + !j)2

So re)l 6)rt * 27 i5)8in)r9 6)rt * ( ii))! " 4j) )1 + j) = ! + !j " 4j " 4j2 = ! " j + 4 = A " j So re)l 6)rt * /7 i5)8in)r9 6)rt * !1 iii) )4 + !j)2 = 42 + 24j +) !j)2 = 1 + 24j " C = A + 24j So re)l 6)rt * /7 i5)8in)r9 6)rt * 2+ iv)?1 the $ino5i)l t4eore5 )4 + !j)! = 4! + !3 423 !j + !343 )!j)2 + )!j)! = 4+ 3 1 j " 43 2A " 2Aj = "44 + Cj

So re)l 6)rt * ! ++7 i5)8in)r9 6)rt * .: .3 #rite %own the &om-lex &onjugates of: i) v) . + !j
4

ii) vi)

iii)

iv)

13

#here a--ro-riate -ut both the original &om-lex number an% its &onjugate into a + jb form an% &he&2 1our results3 Dote that 1ou are not as2e% to write the &om-lex &onjugates in the form a + jb+ but sim-l1 to state the &om-lex &onjugate of ea&h given number3 ,or this 1ou onl1 have to c4)n8e t4e si8n o3 wherever it o&&urs3 T4en -ut the results in a + jb form an% &he&2 against the original number in a + jb form3 Solution i)

>f ( = . + !j then we get imme%iatel1 = . + ! )" j) = . " !j

ii) >f ( = then = = Dow ==+j while == "j whi&h is just the &om-lex &onjugate of + j as require%3 iii) >f ( = then = = Dow ==+j while = = " j the &om-lex &onjugate of + j as require%3

iv) >f ( = then = = = =!! =ou &an &onfirm that ( = = " + j an% so obtain = " " j %ire&tl1 as a &he&23 v) #ith ( =
4

we have = =

#e 2now from iv) that = " + j an% so

4

14

an% so it is obvious %ire&tl1 that = = without having to ex-an% to &he&23 vi) #ith ( = we have = Dow ==+j #hile =="j as require%3 Dote that in fa&t we &oul% have wor2e% entirel1 with the re&i-ro&als in this &ase+ without ex-li&itl1 &onverting to a + jb form3 3 4ut into a + jb form i) )2 + .j))4 " !j) iv)
4 4

ii) iv)

)4 " j))1 + j))! + 4j)

iii)

Solution i) ii) )2 + .j))4 " !j) = B " j + 2j " 1.j2 = B + 14j + 1. = 2# ' 1+ )4 " j))1 + j))! + 4j) = )4 " j))! + Aj " 4) = )4 " j))" 1 + Aj) = " 4 +2Bj + j + A = # ' 2: Dote how higher %egree -ro%u&ts &an alwa1s be re%u&e% to qua%rati& multi-li&ation in &om-lex numbers3 iii) == ='

iv)

====!!

15

iv) >n this &ase it hel-s to wor2 out the %enominator first == ===!' A3 :valuate i) + ii) " iii)

an% ex-lain wh1 ea&h is either -urel1 real or -urel1 imaginar13 Solution i) ( = + = on ta2ing the &ommon %enominator == *his is -urel1 real+ as we woul% ex-e&t from the original form whi&h is &learl1 its own &om-lex &onjugate+ ( = 3 >n fa&t ( is of the form ( = w + = 2 Ee )w)3 ii) ( = " = === ,rom the original form we see that ( = " an% so " is -urel1 imaginar1+ as we have foun% from the &al&ulation3 >n fa&t ( is of the form ( = w " = 2 >m )w) j3 iii) ( = = = whi&h &onfirms that ( is real as is &lear from the original form3 >n fa&t ( is of the form = an% this is real an% -ositive3 B3 Sim-lif1 the &om-lex number result3 + 3 ,in% the mo%ulus an% argument of the

Solution (= + = ====

16

==' ,or the mo%ulus we have 6( 6 = = = *he argument is seen to be from the figure3

C3

State b1 ins-e&tion onl1 )no arithmeti& is ne&essar1) whether ea&h of the following numbers is -urel1 real+ -urel1 imaginar1 or &om-lex3 i) " ii) " iii)
!4

Solution i) >f ( = " then we have = "="="( So ( is 6ure i5)8in)r9 3 ii) >f ( = " then = "= "=( So ( is re)l 3

17

iii) >f ( =

!4

then =
!4

*his has no sim-le relation to ( an% is &ertainl1 not equal to (+ so in this &ase ( is neit4er re)l nor 6ure i5)8in)r9 3

103

@ar2 ea&h of the following numbers on an 5rgan% %iagram an% fin% the mo%ulus an% the -rin&i-al value of the argument of ea&h: i) iv) vii) 2 "j " 2 + 2j ii) v) viii) "1 1+j " ! " !j iii) vi) !j ""j

#rite %own the numbers in -olar form3 Solution

i)

,or ( = 2+ 6 ( 6 = 2 an% 5rg ( = 0+ so 2 = 2 ,(-

ii),or ( = " 1+ 6 ( 6 = 1 an% 5rg ( = + so " 1 = 1 ,iii) ,or ( = !j+ 6 ( 6 = ! an% 5rg ( = so !j = #

18

iv) v)

,or ( = " j+ 6 ( 6 = 1 an% 5rg ( = " so " j = 1 ,or ( = 1+ j 6( 6 = = = 2

an% 5rg ( = 5rg )1 + j) = tan " 1 in the first qua%rant3 $sing the .(;#( tri)n8le tells us that 5rg )1 + j) = an% so 1 + j = 2 vi),or ( = " " j+ 6 ( 6 = 2 an% 5rg ( = " from the figure

so ""j= 2

vii)

,or ( = " 2 + 2j 6( 6 = = = 2

an%

19

5rg ( = 5rg)" 2 + 2j) = so " 2 + 2j = 2

viii) ,or ( = " ! " !j+ 6( 6 = = ! an% 5rg ( = 5rg )" ! " !j) = " so " ! " !j = # 113 8onvert to 8artesian form i) iv) vii) x) Solution i) 4)0) 10)) ! ! ii) v) viii) xi) ! 10 2 iii) vi) ix) xii) 2 )) 2 !

4)0) = 4)&os 0 + j sin 0) = +

ii)!= != " ! j sin= !# iii) 2)) = 2)&os + j sin ) = 2)" 1) = ! 2 iv) 10)) = 10)&os + j sin ) = 10)" 1) = ! 1(

v)10= 10= 10 j sin= 1( vi) 2= 2= 2= ' vii) != != != ! viii) 2= 2= 2 20

= 2= !! ix) = = = ' x) != != ! = != ! ! xi) = &os+ j sin = '

xii) != != ! = != ! ! Doti&e how mu&h easier it is to use sur%s ) UEM 2() rather than their %e&imal a--roximations3 123 >f = .+ 5rg ( 1 = 9!+ = !+ 5rg ( 2 = 94+ fin% the 8artesian forms of ( 1 an% ( 2 an% the values of: i) iv) Arg (z1z2) ii) v) Arg iii) vi) Arg 1

Solution Eemember+ for multi-li&ation in -olar form: Multi6l9 5o<uli A<< )r8u5ents ,or %ivision in -olar form: =i>i<e 5o<uli Su$tr)ct )r8u5ents Fiven an% 5rg ( 1 we &an write ( 1 as ( 1 = ) 5rg ( 1)3 So ( 1 = . = .= & Similarl1

21

( 2 = ! = != # i)= = . ! = 1& ii) = =

iii) = 2 = .2 = 2& iv) 5rg )( 1( 2) = 5rg )( 1) + 5rg )( 2) = + =

v)5rg = 5rg )( 1) " 5rg )( 2) = " = vi) 5rg

1

= " 5rg ( 1 = !

1!3

Show that multi-li&ation b1 j rotates a &om-lex number through in the anti&lo&2wise %ire&tion an% %ivision b1 j rotates it in the &lo&2wise %ire&tion3

Solution Get ( = r )) be an1 &om-lex number+ with mo%ulus r an% argument )not ne&essaril1 the -rin&i-al value)3 Sin&e j = 1 we have j( = 1r )) = r whi&h shows that the argument of j( is + - ie rot)te< )nti;cloc0?ise t4rou84 3 Hn the other han% = = r So the argument of is " + ie rot)te< cloc0?ise t4rou84 3 143 >f ( 1 = !+ ,in% the -olar form of i) ( 1 ( 2 iv) Solution ii) v) ( 2 = 2+ (! = iii) ( 1 ( 2 ( ! vi)

22

#e have to ta2e all the angles in &onsistent form+ an% -erha-s %egrees are most &onvenient+ as we %on0t have to %eal with fra&tions then3 So write: ( 1 = !)!0), ( 2 = 2)10), ( ! = ) 0)3 *hen i)( 1 ( 2 = !)!0) 2)10) = )!0 + 10) = .,+(ii)= = )!0" 10) = ,2(iii)( 1 ( 2 ( ! = !)!0) 2)10) ) 0) = )!0 + 10 + 0) = .,1((-

iv)

#e have (= = )120) an% so = = 2)10 " 120) = 2, ! 11(-

v)

= = )10 + 0 " !0) = ,+(-

vi)

(= = C ) 0) so = = ) 0 + 0 " 10) = , 11(-

1.3

:valuate the -owers in%i&ate% b1 use of the -olar form3 i) )1 " j)B ii) )+ j) iii) )2 + 2j)4

Solution i) So )1 " j)B = = 24 = 1 )" 2) = 1. ii)+ j = 2= So 2

B

1"j= =

23

)+ j) = iii) )2 + 2j)4 = 24)1 + j)4 an%

= 2 )) = ! .+

1+ j= = So )2 + 2j)4 = 244 = 2 )) = ! .+ 1 3 4lot the &om-lex numbers i) 1"j ii) iv) " !j

2j

iii)

+j

on the 5rgan% %iagram an% -ut them in the form e j . Solution

i)

= an% 5rg )1 " j) = " + so 1 " j = e!

1+

ii)= 2 an% 5rg )2j) = + so 2j = 2e iii)= 2 an% 5rg = + so

12

24

+ j = 2e iv)= ! an% 5rg )" !j) = " + so

1.

" !j = !e ! 17.

12

:x-ress the following numbers in the form a + jb: i) v) ej

9!

ii) e "j

iii)

e ")1+j

)9!

iv)

vi)

Solution i) e j
9!

= &os + j sin = ' = &os + j sin = &os " j sin =!

ii) e "j

iii) e ")1+j

)9!

= e "19! e " j

9!

= e "19! = e "19! = e "19! = !

iv) = = " j = " j " j2 = ! v) = = = === ='

vi) = = = =!

25

1B3

$se the -ower series for e x with x = j to fin% e j in the form 5 + j? where 5 an% ? are real -ower series in . 'en&e show that:e j = &os + jsin $se this result to -rove that )&os + jsin )n = &osn + jsinn 'en&e evaluate
4!

Solution *he 6o?er series 3or e x is ex * 1 + x + + + I + + I >f we substitute x = j into this we get e j * 1 + j + + + I + + I = 1 + j " " j+ + I on using j2 = " 1 re-eate%l13 Fathering real an% imaginar1 terms together then gives ej * 1 " + + I + j Dow we use the series 3or cosine )n< sine )remember is in ra%ians) &os = 1 " + + I an% sin = " + I to obtain the require% relation: e $sing this we have

* cos ' sin

as require%3

26

Dow + j = = e j so+ noting that 4! = 42 + 1 = JA+1

4! 9!

=
A

4!

42

= )1)

=' 1C3 Sim-lif1 i) )1 + j ) + )1 " j ) an% ii) )" j)1. b1 using /e @oivre0s theorem3

Solution i) ,irst -ut 1 + jan% 1 " jinto -olar form: 1 + j= 2= 2 an% similarl1: 1 " j= 2= 2 So + = +

= 2 )2) + 2 )" 2) = 2 + 2 = 2/ ii) ,irst -ut " j into -olar form: " j = 2= 2 = 2= 2 So
1.

1.

= 21.

= 21. = 21. = 21. = ! 21&

27

203

Sim-lif1

Solution

= = = &os )" !B) + jsin )" !B) = cos ,#%- ! sin ,#%213 /etermine all the roots in ea&h &ase i) Square roots of 1 ii)Square roots of " 1 iii) Square roots of j iv) 8ube roots of " j v) Square roots of )1 + j) vi)Square roots of 1 + j vii) ,ourth roots of 1 " j viii) ,ourth roots of + j

Solution i) 1 = )0) = )0 + 22 ) = )22 ) So 1192 = ))22 ))192 = )2 ) with 2 = 0+ 1 = )0) or )) = 1 or ! 1 as we ex-e&t3 ii) )" 1)192 = ))))192 = )) + 22 ))192 = with 2 = 0+ 1 = or = or ! again as we ex-e&t3

28

iii) j192 = 192 =

192

= for 2 = 0+ 1 = or = &os + j sin = ' or = &os + j sin = ! ! iv) ) " j)19! = 19! =
19!

= for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2 2or 0 * ( we get = = &os + j sin = ! 2or 0 * 1 we get = = = 2or 0 * 2 we get = = = &os + j sin = ! ! v) )1 + j)192 = 192 = 21941 92 = 2194 for 2 = 0+ 1 2or 0 * ( we get = 2194 = 211+ 2or 0 * 1 we get )8he&2: j! = j2 j = " j)

29

= 2194 = 2194

= 211+ vi) )1 + j)192 = 192 = 21921 92 = for 2 = 0+ 1 2or 0 * ( we get = = = 2or 0 * 1 we get = = = #e &an summarise the two answers as: vii) )1 " j)194 = 194 = 219B1 94 = 219B for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2+ ! 2or 0 * ( we get = 219B = 211% 2or 0 * 1 we get = 219B = 211% 2or 0 * 2 we get

30

= 219B = 211% 2or 0 * # we get = 219B = 219B = 219B = 211% viii) )+ j)194 = 194 = 21941 94 = 2194 for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2+ ! 2or 0 * ( we get = 2194 = 211+ 2or 0 * 1 we get = 2194 = 211+ 2or 0 * 2 we get = 2194 = 2194 = 2194 = 211+ 2or 0 * # we get = 2194 = 2194 = 2194 = 211+

31

223

,in% the values of ( satisf1ing ( 4 + 1 = 03

Solution #e have ( 4 = " 1 = )) so (=

194

194

= for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2+ ! 0 * ( gives = ' 0 * 1 gives = !' 0 * 2 gives = !! 0 * # gives = ! 2!3 Sim-lif1 ea&h of the following numbers to the a + jb form:i) Solution i) = = = = cos/ ' sin/ ii) iii)

32

ii) = iii) =

= sin2 ! cos2

= = 243 = sin ! cos

,in% the -olar forms of the fourth roots of " 1 an% in%i&ate the results on the 5rgan% %iagram3

Solution )8om-are with the solution to :xer&ise 22) " 1 = 1 )" 1) = 1 )) so )" 1 )194 =
194

=1

194 194

= 2 for 2 = 0+ 1+ 2+ ! 0 * ( gives 2= 2= ' 0 * 1 gives 2= 2= ! ' 0 * 2 gives 2= 2= ! ! 0 * # gives 2= 2= !

33

 34