Derrick Lai Chapter #27: Empire and Expansion Big Picture Themes

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1. The Spanish-American War saw the U.S. gain Hawaii, Puerto ico, !uantanomo "a# in $u%a, the Phi&ippines, and other sma&&er is&ands. '. The Phi&ippines pro(ed to %e hard to hand&e since the )i&ipino peop&e didn*t want the U.S. there. The# waged a gueri&&a war and resented American contro& unti& it was turned %ack o(er to the Phi&ippines a+ter WW,,. -. The U.S. managed to get an ./pen Door Po&ic#0 with $hina. This opened the Asian giant to internationa& trade. 1. Tedd# oose(e&t %ecame a (igorous president who o%tained and %ui&t the Panama $ana&. His ."ig Stick Po&ic#0 toward Latin America increased America*s in+&uence, %ut a&so increased animosit# toward the U.S.

Chapter #27: ,denti+ications ichard /&ne# /&ne# came to the Department o+ State at a time when a $u%an re(o&t against Spanish ru&e in $u%a was gaining strength. As the Spanish go(ernment attempted to suppress the re%e&&ion, /&ne# +aced pu%&ic pressure to inter(ene. The U.S. !o(ernment tried to ha&t shipments +rom $u%an s#mpathi2ers and e3i&es +rom 4e# West and other U.S. ports. A&+red Tha#er 5ahan 5ahan wrote the !ent&eman6s agreement. A&+red Tha#er 5ahan was an American author that wrote a %ook ca&&ed The ,n+&uence o+ Sea Power Upon Histor#. The %ook was centered on how the United States cou&d %e more power+u& i+ the# in(ested into a %etter 7a(#. 7a(# was the ke# to an# mi&itar# power or nationa& power at this time. 8a&eriano We#&er We#&er was appointed to command the 9th Arm# $orps in the "as:ue Pro(inces and 7a(arre, where he soon :ue&&ed agitations. He was then made captain-genera& at "arce&ona, where he remained unti& ;anuar# 1<=9. ,n $ata&onia, with a state o+ siege, he made himse&+ the terror o+ the anarchists and socia&ists. de Lome Letter The de Lome Letter was +rom a Spanish minister named de Lome to a person in $u%a %ut was caught in transmission and pu%&ished to a newspaper in 7ew >ork. The &etter was meant to stop +ighting and con+&ict in $u%a. The Spanish am%assador o++ences President 5c4in&e# in this &etter and said that the United states was (er# weak compared to them. ?mi&io Aguina&do ?mi&io Aguina&do was the re%e& &eader %ehind the re%e&&ion against American Troops in the Phi&ippines. He wanted the )i&ipinos* independence that was promised %# the

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Americans a+ter the Spanish-American war. He dou%&e-crossed the U.S. to seek independence +or his home countr# o+ the Phi&ippines. He was the Lead o+ the )i&ipino independence mo(ement against Spain. He said that the Phi&ippines wi&& %ecome impendent in 1<==, %ut this was not e++ecti(e and ?mi&io was then captured in the United States. ;ingoism ?3treme patriotism, esp. in the +orm o+ aggressi(e or war&ike +oreign po&ic#. Te&&er Amendment The Te&&er Amendment stated that America wou&d gi(e $u%a its +reedom a+ter remo(ing Spain. ,t was used to paci+# the $u%an peop&e to gi(e them reassurance that the# wou&d not %e contro&&ed %# another power. This Amendment stated that the United States wou&d not anne3 $u%a a+ter (ictor# in the Spanish-American war. ough iders The ough iders were a ca(a&r# +ormed under Theodore oose(e&t. oose(e&t wanted some Action and wanted to +ight. Howe(er, his men and commanders did not think this through enough and most o+ the horses died +rom drowning when storming the %eaches. The# was the +irst United States 8o&unteer $a&(ar#, which was a com%ination o+ ath&etes and +rontiersmen that wanted to +ight in the Spanish-American War. ecruited %# Theodore oose(e&t so the# won man# %att&es in )&orida and recruited in the in(asion arm# o+ $u%a. Anti-,mperia&ist League This League was put together to go against 5c4in&e#*s administration. This inc&uded the e3pansionist mo(es which were o+ Twain and !ompers. ,t was a group that +ought the 5c4in&e# management6s imperia&ist mo(es &ike the presidents o+ Stan+ord and Har(ard Uni(ersities, and no(e&ist 5ark Twain, !ompers, $arnegie, ;ane Addams, and W ; "r#an )oraker Act The act ga(e the United States +u&& power and contro& in order to create up a go(ernment in Puerto ico. The )oraker Act ga(e peop&e o+ Puerto ico +u&& citi2en right in the United States. ,nsu&ar $ases The ,nsu&ar $ases ha(e to do with the status o+ se(era& territories that was o%tained %# the United States during the Spanish-American War. As a resu&t the Supreme $ourt came to the decision that not a&& areas under American contro& wou&d automatica&&# ha(e +u&& constitutiona& rights. )or e3amp&e, ,+ a person e(en i+ a US citi2en &i(es in Puerto ico the# ma# ha(e no rights. P&att Amendment $u%a was una%&e to make treaties with the U.S and there+ore cou&d not %e taken into de%t. $u%a on the other hand cou&d gi(e right to America +or oi& and coa&. Legis&ation that

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se(ere&# restricted $u%a6s so(ereignt# and ga(e the US the right to inter(ene i+ $u%a got into trou%&e. Spheres o+ ,n+&uence. ,t was a something set up to contro& near cities that were near coasts. ,t was di(ided into man# parts. The Spheres o+ ,n+&uence was something set up to main access and contro& o+ near%# areas o+ a coasta& cit#. Phi&ippine ,nsurrection "e+ore the Phi&ippines were anne3ed %# the U.S. there e3isted pressure %etween United States troops and the )i&ipinos. ?(entua&&# the US entered into a war against the Phi&ippines. This was when the American decided to put a&& the citi2ens o+ the Phi&ippines into concentration camps and create something &ike medica& e3perimentation. /pen Door Po&ic# ,t was an idea where +oreign a++airs said that a&& nations shou&d ha(e identica& commercia& trade rights in $hina. The /pen Door Po&ic# was created %# ;ohn Ha# to open a&& cities in the Sphere o+ ,n+&uence open to trade. "o3er e%e&&ion ,t was a re%e&&ion in "ei@ing in 1<==. $hina created a secret societ# that did not &ike the A+oreign de(i&s.0 The re%e&&ion was ended which "ritish troops inter+ered. The "o3er e%e&&ion was created %# the $hinese go(ernment to stop a&& trade in their +oreign contro&&ed cities. "ig Stick Po&ic# Dip&omatic po&ic# made %# oose(e&t that showed US power when to use mi&itar# +orce i+ needed. ,t is a wa# o+ showing countries what the US can do without actua&&# hurting them. The "ig Stick Po&ic# was used to intimidate +oreign nations to o%e# the demands o+ the Americans through +orce. oose(e&t $oro&&ar# ,t was an addition o+ the 5onroe Doctrine in 1=B1 that said that the United States has the power to protect its economic %ene+its in America %# using mi&itar# +orce and arm#. The oose(e&t $oro&&ar# said that it cou&d inter(ene in Latin America and co&&ect the war mone# +rom ?urope. Portsmouth $on+erence The meeting with ;apan, ussia, and the U.S. that wanted to end the usso ;apanese War and oose(e&t had won the 7o%e& Peace Pri2e. 5em%ers o+ the Portsmouth $on+erence C ussia, ;apan, and the U.S.D ta&ked a%out how the# were going to sett&e the war in the usso-;apan War. oose(e&t was success+u& in the peace treat# +ormed %# the two countries. !ent&emen*s Agreement ;apan said ok to reduce the num%er o+ workers tra(e&ing to the US and so Theodore

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oose(e&t in return a&&owed the wi(es o+ the ;apanese men to @oin them in the United States. ;apan agreed to &imit the amount o+ workers going to the U.S and oose(e&t agreed to a&&ow the wi(es o+ ;apanese men @oin them. oot-Takahira Agreement oot-Takahira agreement was an agreement meant to assist %oth ;apan and the United States keep their pro(inces in the Paci+ic. )or e3amp&e United States to keep its territories in the Phi&ippines and ;apan6s c&aim to 4orea and 5anchuria. ,t was authori2ed on -B 7o(em%er 1=B< %etween United States and ;apan. Chapter #27: Identifications America Turns /utward 1. What +actors caused America to turn its attention to the wor&d %e#ond her %ordersE The United States wanted to e3pand so much and %ecame (er# eager to open markets that were o(er the seas. 5an# tari++s were %eing remo(ed and other immigrants mo(ing to America %ecause o+ the 5onroe Doctrine. American at that time wanted more &and and resources. ?(en though it was democrac# it sure &ooked &ike an empire. The# U.S. %ecame (er# strict on +oreign po&ic# and how the# cou&d get &and. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear 4nowF Gueen Li&iuoka&ani '. Wh# did President $&e(e&and not want to anne3 HawaiiE President $&e(e&and did not want to anne3 Hawaii %ecause it was too +ar awa# +rom a&& the other states. $&e(e&and was a&so a anti ,mperia&ist and did want to anne3 and instead wanted to restore its :ueen, Gueen Li&iuoka&ani. $&e(e&and did not want to anne3 Hawaii %ecause he was against the imperia&istic mo(ement o+ the United States. His main +ocus was to maintain and restore the Gueen Li&iuoka&ani. $u%ans ise in e(o&t -. What was happening in $u%a that caused Americans to %e concernedE

Spain was attacking and getting ho&d o+ $u%a %e+ore United States cou&d. $u%a +ighters +ought +or their independence and used the scorched earth po&ic# to destro# e(er#thing. American a&so wanted $u%a +or the economic %ene+its. Spain was gradua&&# taking contro& o(er $u%a. Americans were concerned that this wou&d cause an economic disaster +or the U.S. $u%ans de(e&oped a scorched earth po&ic# and %urned down a&& the sugar cane +ie&ds. Dewe#6s 5a# Da# 8ictor# at 5ani&a 4nowF Tedd# oose(e&t, !eorge Dewe# 1. Wh# did $ommodore Dewe# ha(e such an eas# (ictor# o(er the Spanish +&eet at the

Derrick Lai Phi&ippinesE

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During 5a# 1, 1<=<, !eorge Dewe#6s arm# to&d %# Tedd# oose(e&t that had o+ si3 new&# created warships went to the 5ani&a har%or and the Spanish ships did not know the# were coming so some o+ the Spanish ships were poor&# made and o&d. Dewe# had destro#ed a&& o+ the Spanish +&eet, none o+ the other warships died. $ommodore !eorge Dewe# sent in his na(a& +orces in the har%or o+ 5ani&a. The arm# o+ 1B ships was taken %# comp&ete surprise. Theodore oose(e&t made the American na(# super modern. The Americans were so good that the# owned the Spanish +&eet with no casua&ties. The $on+used ,n(asion o+ $u%a 4nowF ough iders, Tedd# oose(e&t, San ;uan Hi&& H. Descri%e the +ighting in $u%a. ,n $u%a, the Spanish ships cou&d not pass the Santiago Har%or. American troops &ead %# Wi&&iam Shatners ca&&ed ough iders to the har%or to attack. American :uick&# ki&&ed a&& Spanish ships and made them surrender at San ;uan Hi&&. American sta#ed in the @ung&es o+ $u%a and caught man# diseases. Tedd# oose(e&t had %ecause angered with this ough iders were esta%&ished to +ight the $u%ans. ,t was made %# Tedd# oose(e&t %ecause he was hungr# +or %att&e. ,n the %att&e o+ ?& $ane# his troops went up the San ;uan Hi&& to +ight the %ad peop&e o++. America6s $ourse C$urseED o+ ?mpire 4nowF Anti-,mperia&ist League 9. What were the arguments +or and against the anne3ation o+ the Phi&ippinesE Some arguments +or and against the anne3ation o+ the Phi&ippines was that some peop&e wanted the is&ands +or more %usiness e3pansion and marketing. This &ead to a group ca&&ed the Anti-,mperia&ist League that did not want to e3pand and wanted to keep the is&ands to ;apan to keep peace. Pu%&ic opinion supported the anne3ation o+ the Phi&ippines. /ther said that it cou&d %ecome another H4. )ighting %roke out and the Anti-,mperia&ist League took action. )i&ipinos wanted +reedom and Americans denied it to them. 5akers o+ AmericaF The Puerto icans I. How has U.S. citi2enship caused Puerto icans to %e di++erent +rom other immigrantsE U.S. citi2enship caused Puerto icans to %e di++erent +rom other immigrants %ecause the# were not considered an immigrant entire&#. The# had a&read# ha(e citi2enship %ut did not &i(e in the United States. The Puerto icans did not ha(e to go through citi2enship. A+ter $ongress granted Puerto icans +u&& American citi2enship, the US he&ped to trans+orm Puerto ico and aided them great&# in impro(ing their sanitation, transportation, %eaut#, and education. Perp&e3ities in Puerto ico and $u%a

Derrick Lai 4nowF ,nsu&ar $ases,P&att Amendment, !uantanamo <. Descri%e American treatment o+ $u%a a+ter the Spanish-American War.

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The American treatment o+ $u%a a+ter the Spanish-American War was impro(ed. The American go(ernment impro(ed the go(ernment, education, and hea&th. P&att Amendment a&&owed $u%a to sta# so(ereign and United States had to sta# out on&# unti& trou%&e happened. America was then recei(ed !uantanamo "a#. ,nsu&ar $ases had to reso&(e the pro%&em with sp&itting territories. 5i&itar# Action in $u%a %rought up %# wood made impro(ements in the go(ernment. The P&att Amendment stated that $u%a was una%&e to make treaties with the U.S and there+ore cou&d not %e taken into de%t. $u%a on the other hand cou&d gi(e right to America +or oi& and coa&. $u%a granted access to !uantanamo %a# as a mi&itar# %ase shared a++air. The ,nsu&ar $ases depri(ed Puerto ican o+ their +u&& American rights. 7ew Hori2ons in Two Hemispheres =. What were the outcomes o+ the Spanish-American WarE A+ter the Spanish American War, the Treat# o+ Paris was signed on 1<=< and most o+ the Spanish ?mpire was a&most gone. $u%a %ecame so(ereign %ut United States cou&d sti&& inter+ere. !uam and Puerto ico was ceded to United States and Phi&ippines had gi(en up +or a price. ,t a++irmed America6s presence as a wor&d power. America6s actions, howe(er, made its !erman ri(a& @ea&ous and its Latin American neigh%ors suspicious. /ne ma@or resu&t was narrowing the chasm %etween the US 7orth and South, which had %een pro%&ematic a+ter the $i(i& War. ALitt&e "rown "rothersA in the Phi&ippines 4nowF Wi&&iam Howard Ta+t, "ene(o&ent Assimi&ation 1B. ,n what wa# do the Phi&ippines show the good and %ad sides o+ American imperia&ismE American had con:uered the Phi&ippines whi&e $u%a was tr#ing to %ecome +ree +rom Spain. American has a&wa#s wanted to e3pand. The "ene(o&ent Assimi&ation was issued to show that Phi&ippines potentia& +or ,mperia&ism. Wi&&iam Howard Ta+t had got in a %ad situation with the Phi&ippines and the war. The Phi&ippines showed the American*s good and %ad sides when the# captured and ki&&ed )i&ipinos and put them in concentration camps. America wou&d either run it direct&# or indirect&#. Wi&&iam Howard Ta+t wanted to take o(er the Phi&ippines +or its economic resources. "ene(o&ent Assimi&ation was when Americans ga(e mone# to impro(e in+rastructure sanitation pu%&ic hea&th and education in the Phi&ippines. Hinging the /pen Door in $hina 4nowF "o3er e%e&&ion 11. Was American in(o&(ement in $hina %ene+icia& to $hinaE A+ter America &ost to ;apan in 1<=H, $hine was weak and a&&owed to create spheres %ecause o+ the ?uropean Powers that made American do something. An open door note was created so that American wou&d respect $hina*s rights %ut some citi2ens got made and started the

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"o3er e%e&&ion. American in(o&(ement in $hina was %ene+icia& to $hina %ecause America6s /pen Door Po&ic# pre(ented $hina +rom %eing car(ed. $hina was %asica&&# %eing %u&&ied %# the ?uropean powers. As an resu&t the "o3er e%e&&ion %roke out where the $hinese sought out to destro# a&& cities occupied %# +oreign nations. ,mperia&ism or "r#anism in 1=BBE 1'. What issues were important in the 1=BB e&ectionE ,n the 1=BB e&ection, 5c4in&e# was nominated again %ecause o+ his war (ictories and that he protected the go&d. Theodore was nominated +or 8ice president %# the %osses to stop the go(ernor. Democrats wanted Wi&&iams ;ennings "r#an who was +rom 4ansas cit#. 5ost )i&ipino immigrants came to toi&. With $hinese immigrants %anned, Hawaii and the Paci+ic $oast states turned to the Phi&ippines +or cheap agricu&tura& &a%or. ,+ a )i&ipino approached a white woman, he cou&d e3pect reprisa&s, sometimes (io&ent. T F "randisher o+ the "ig Stick 4nowF "ig Stick, "u&&# Pu&pit 1-. !i(e e(idence to show that Tedd# oose(e&t was an uncon(entiona& presidentE Tedd# oose(e&t was an uncon(entiona& president in man# wa#s such as him with his motto was to speak so+t&# and carr# a %ig stick %ecause he wou&d do more actions that speak words which as ca&&ed a "u&&# Pu&pit. Tedd# oose(e&t %u&&ied the +oreign nations under the "ig Stick Po&ic# and +orced them to agree with the American*s idea&s. He wou&d a&wa#s use the "u&&# Pu&pit which meant to speak out and %e heard and as we&& as &isten to others. "ui&ding the Panama $ana& 4nowF Ha#-Paunce+ote Treat#, Phi&ippe "unau-8ari&&a, 11. Wh# was the Panama route chosen +or the cana&E Panama route was chosen +or the cana& %ecause it wou&d %e a de+ense towards other is&ands and a&so %ecause it was a&read# dug out a &itt&e. This wou&d re:uire this time and wou&d connect the At&antic and Paci+ic /ceans. Ha#-Paunce+ote Treat# was signed with Phi&ippe "unau-8ari&&a that wou&d %u# the Panama $ana&. ,t was chosen to pro(ide %etter protection o+ near%# is&ands. At +irst the# were going to use the 7icaraguan route %ut the )rench $ana& compan# did not appro(e o+ it. ,t was a&so the easiest to do. The Ha#-Paunce+ote Treat# a&&owed the American to %ui&d and +orti+# a $entra& American $ana& a&one without the permission o+ the "ritish. Phi&ippe "unau-8ari&&a he&ped start a re%e&&ion against $o&um%ia. T 6s Per(ersion o+ 5onroe6s Doctrine 4nowF oose(e&t $oro&&ar#, Dominican epu%&ic, "ad 7eigh%or 1H. ?3p&ain the simi&arities and di++erences %etween the 5onroe Doctrine and the oose(e&t $oro&&ar#E The 5onroe Doctrine and the oose(e&t $oro&&ar# %oth did not a&&ow ?urope +rom inter+ering and stopped ?urope +rom arguing. The $oro&&ar# created the "ad 7eigh%or

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po&ic# that a&&owed the $ari%%ean to %ecome a &ake and a&&owed marines to &and there. Dominican epu%&ic was a good e3amp&e o+ using his po&ic#. The# were the same in which the# pre(ented ?urope +rom %othering them. The# were di++erent in that the oose(e&t $oro&&ar# dea&t with mone# and the 5onroe Doctrine dea&t with )oreign Po&ic#. oose(e&t practiced his inter(ention in the Dominican epu%&ic. The "ad 7eigh%or po&ic# was when the U.S use mi&itar# +orce to take o(er in Latin America. oose(e&t on the Wor&d Stage 4nowF usso-;apanese War, Portsmouth 19. How did Tedd# oose(e&t win the 7o%e& Peace Pri2eE Tedd# oose(e&t won the 7o%e& Peace Pri2e %ecause o+ the reso&ution a+ter the usso ;apanese War at Portsmouth. ussia. America, and ;apan met and argued o(er who shou&d keep which part o+ the &ands. He won the 7o%e& Peace Pri2e %ecause he success+u&&# stopped the usso-;ap War in the Portsmouth $on+erence. ;apanese La%orers in $a&i+ornia 4nowF !ent&emen*s Agreement, !reat White )&eet 1I. How did a schoo& %oard in $a&i+ornia act in a wa# that +irst hurt and then he&ped American-;apanese re&ationsE The massi(e earth:uake in San )rancisco had caused man# schoo&s to %e damaged so the $hinese, ;apanese, and 4orean chi&dren wou&d ha(e attended a schoo& speci+ica&&# +or them %ecause o+ no space. !reat White )&eet was a massi(e amount o+ these chi&dren wanted to go to schoo& %ecause cou&d not. !ent&emen*s Agreement stopped this %ecause had to a&&ow the wi(es o+ the men to arri(e. The schoo& %oard thought that Asian Americans shou&d attend di++erent or specia& schoo&s due to a &ack o+ space. The !ent&emen*s Agreement stated that the# did not want to segregate the students. oose(e&t send the !reat White )&eet to show the wor&d the American*s na(a& power that wou&d &ead to ;apans agreeing to the !ent&emen*s Agreement. 8ar#ing 8iewpointsF Wh# did America "ecome a Wor&d PowerE 1<. What caused America6s +ora# into imperia&ismE De+end #our opinion. Theodore oose(e&t ga(e in to a nationa& pressure %ecause most o+ the other countries in the wor&d were e3panding so US had to +o&&owJ a&so, the race o+ ships o(erseas a&so took p&ace due to imperia&ism. The US, and particu&ar&# T , succum%ed to an internationa& pee pressureF i+ other countries were e3panding and esta%&ishing co&onies around the g&o%e, then the US shou&d do the same. A&so, the o(erseas ad(entures in Wide /cean o+ A+rica were part o+ a &ong tradition o+ race-+ue&ed mi&itarism, +rom the nations ear&iest ,ndian esca&ated :uick&# into a cra2# war o+ destruction and peace wars to $o&d War engagements in 4orea and 8ietnam. 1=. What caused Americas +ora# into imperia&ismE ?3press #our opinion

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The amount o+ e3penda%&e natura& resources and the economic moti(es that erupted a+ter the reconstruction era ga(e %irth to a new sense o+ purpose. The American peop&e wanted to +o&&ow in the ?uropean +ootsteps o+ con:uering and esta%&ishing their %e&ie+s on other nations. The whiteman6s %urden was a main point o+ +ocus as the white men had to dominate the &ands %ecause it was their responsi%i&it#.