HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MIMO CHANNEL EMULATOR

Abstract
In this paper, we present an effective hardware
implementation of channel emulator that models a
wireless channel in realistic scenarios. While the
currently paper provides the channel models to be used
for the High Throughput Task Group IEEE !".## TGn,
this system can be e$tended to incorporate other
channel models, such as !".##ac, %TE and a variety of
future wireless communication models. &ontrarily to
commercial emulators, which are usually very
e$pensive and not 'uite fle$ible, we have developed an
()G*+based solution that is cheap, fle$ible and
reconfigurable. The main contribution of the paper is
design and implement of the ,I,- channel
components including *WG. generator, /oppler,
*ntenna correlation, 0ician fading and Interpolation
on hardware e$ploiting ()G*+based /1) /evelopment
2it and 1ynphony H%13 software from 1ynopsys3.
Keywords: MIMO channel emulator, TGn, hardware
implementation
1 I!trod"ct#o!
The quality of the MIMO system depends on
channels where the signal is transmitted from the
transmitter to the receiver. Unlike wired channels are
stale and predictale, radio channels are completely
random and not easy to analy!e. "ignals are
transmitted, via radio channels, hampered y uildings,
mountains, trees are reflected, scattering, diffraction.
These phenomena are referred to as fading. #s a result,
in the receiver, we collected a lot of different versions of
the transmitted signal. This affects the quality of radio
communication systems. Thus the master of the
traditional features of the wireless channel is a asic
requirement to e ale to choose a suitale way
including the structure of the system, the si!e of the
components and optimi!e the parameters of the system.
In this document we propose a set of channel models
to indoor MIMO $%#& systems. The model can e
used for oth ' G(! and ) G(! frequency ands, since
the e*perimental data and pulished results for oth
ands were used in developing the model.
The paper is organi!ed as follows. In "ection ' we
descrie MIMO $%#& models. +esign of MIMO
channel emulator on hardware with "ynopsys program
is shown in "ection ,. "ection - presents the results of
synthesis on ./G# oard, and with "ection ) we
conclude.
$ MIMO c%a!!e& 'ode&#!(: T)! c%a!!e&
'ode&s
.or indoor wireless channels, the typical fading
effect scenario involves human0ased motion. These
fading effects can e descried y the following +oppler
power spectrum as 123.
( )
'
2
2

,
_

d
f
f
*
f 1

$here # is a constant, defined to set " 1f3 4 5.2 1a
25 d6 drop3 at frequency fd 1thus7 #483 and fd is the
+oppler spread, defined as7 fd 4 v59:, with v5
representing the environmental speed 1around 2.' km9h
proposed3 and where :4c9fc is the wavelength.
The +oppler spectral shape determines the time0
domain fading as well as the temporal correlation and
fading slope ehavior, and is used in ;ayleigh fading
simulators to produce fading waveforms with the proper
time correlation. "ince the "1f3 function descries the
power spectrum of the +oppler fading, it can e used as
a spectral filter to shape the Gaussian random signals in
the frequency domain, which should result, after an
I..T, in accurate time0domain waveforms of +oppler
fading.
.or correlating the elements, we can use7

T
T4 04

,
_

,
_

'
2
iid
'
2
R H R H
1'3
$here ;T<, ;;< are transmit and receive correlation
matrices and (iid is a matri* of independent, unit
variance, !ero0mean, comple* random variales
1standard ;ayleigh fading MIMO channel matri*3.
=omputing the aove comple* correlation
coefficients for each tap requires the power angular
spectrum 1/#"3 and its second moment angular spread
1#"3, the mean #o# and #o+ values, and the power of
each cluster tap.
In general, the wireless MIMO channel consists of a
line0of0sight 1%O"3 component as well as non0light0of0
sight 1&%O"3 components. .or the TGn channel
models, each channel tap, matri* ( is written as the
sum of a constant, %O" matri* and a variale, &%O",
;ayleigh matri*.

,
_

1
1
1
1
]
1

+
+
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+

-- -, -' -2
,- ,, ,' ,2
'- ', '' '2
2- 2, 2' 22
2
2
2
2
2
2
-- -, -' -2
,- ,, ,' ,2
'- ', '' '2
2- 2, 2' 22
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
2
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
2
2
)
H
2
H
2
2
) H
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
v (




123
1,3
$here / is the overall power of channel, > is the
;ician >0factor, e
?@i?
are the elements for the fi*ed %O"
matri* and <i? are correlated 1etween i0th receive, ?0th
transmit antenna3 !ero mean, unit variance, comple*
Gaussian random variale coefficients for the &%O",
;ayleigh matri* A2B.
* O+era&& arc%#tect"re
=omplete MIMO channels model is presented in
.igure 2. It includes #$G& generator, the +oppler
generator for time0varying channels, the spatial
correlation in the antenna, the ;ician including %O",
&%O" in standard TGn and the interpolation to ad?ust
the sampling rate.
F#("re 1: MIMO ,ad#!( coe,,#c#e!t (e!erator
str"ct"re
*1 AW)N (e!erator
$ireless channel environment is a random
environment. To design the #$G& generator, we used
some algorithms as central limit theorem and 6o*0
Muller A,B.
In this paper, we used 2' random uniforms with
different polynomial as figure '.
F#("re $: AW)N )e!erator
*$ Mode&#!( Do--&er co'-o!e!ts
.or indoor wireless channels, the typical fading
effect scenario involves human ased motion 1i.e. people
walking etween stationary transmitter, receiver
systems3. These fading effects can e descried as 123.
&ote that the numer of points 1or taps3 should e
selected to give sufficient frequency resolution to show
the spectrum around the +oppler spread, fd 1note that fd
is around , (! at '.- G(!, and around C (! at ).'
G(!3.
In TGn channel model, time variant channel is
modeled y D6ell shapeE power spectrum. $e use the
multi0stage filter of "1f3 for implementation as .igure ,.
F#("re *: T#'e +ar#a!t 'ode&
** A!te!!a s-at#a& corre&at#o! 'ode&#!(
In TGn channel model, spatial correlation is
modeled y D>ronecker MIMO channelE as 1'3.
6ecause the calculation of the matri* ;T< and ;;< is
very comple*ity for implementation, we used the
coefficients which already calculated in Matla. +esign
of spatial correlation is presented in .igure -.
F#("re .: /-at#a& corre&at#o! 'ode&
*. R#c#a! ,ad#!( 'ode&
The #0. delay profile models can e separated into
a fi*ed 1constant, %O"3 matri* and a variale ;ayleigh
matri*. In this case, there is only a part of the ;ayleigh
matri* since %O" component is not included.
In TGn channel model, ;ician fading model is
designed as .igure ).
F#("re 0: R#c#a! Fad#!( Mode&
*0 I!ter-o&at#o!
Interpolation ad?usts the original sampling rate for
a sequence to a higher or slower rate. In the ./G#, the
ma*imum clock frequency is limited aout F5 AM(!B.
Our target is wireless %#& standard, IGGGF5'.22n
which andwidth is '5 AM(!B or -5 AM(!B. 6ecause the
clock frequency is integer multiplication of its
andwidth, it is helpful for easy design.
To change the sampling frequency in accordance
with the sampling frequency of the system, we have to
change from 2H)5(! frequency 1+oppler3 to 2')555(!
frequency 1F us3. #fter that, we reduce the sampling
frequency to -F times 1down sampling factor3 to achieve
the final sampling rate is 'C5- (! as shown in .igure C.
F#("re 1: Ad2"st ,or sa'-&#!( rate
F#("re 3: Des#(! o, #!ter-o&at#o!
. /#'"&at#o! Res"&t
The proposed architecture is designed and simulated
using "ynphony (%" from "ynopsys. $e use "ynplify
/remier for synthesis and implement the system on the
MIMO platform I ;adri* corp. oard which has five
"trati* II G/'"2F5.2)5F ./G#s and eight #+9+#
converters. One ./G# is used for the generation of
channel coefficients and four ./G#s are used for
comining the transmit signal and channel coefficients.
The logic synthesis report of the prototype system is
shown in Tale 2. $e present the results of hardware
resource utili!ation including the adaptive logic module,
registers, look up tale and +"/ locks in each lock
and whole system. To generate the MIMO channel
coefficients, which is implemented in "trati* II
G/'"2F5.2)5F, the resource utili!ation are less than
,5J of registers, )5J of #%M and ,FJ of +"/ locks.
.rom these results we can conclude that the prototype
system can e implemented in the target ./G#s
Tab&e 1: Hardware reso"rce "t#&#4at#o!
Model implementation can e validated y
comparing the statistical distriution of coefficients that
.o* generates to the theoretical values of these
coefficients A'B. The model can generate the following
plots7
Impulse response 1.ig.F3
Tap magnitude cumulative distriution function
1=+.3 vs. theoretical ;ayleigh distriution 1.ig.83
The emulated +oppler spectra vs. the spectra
predicted y theory 1.ig.253
/ower delay profile 1/+/3 vs. theoretical 1.ig.223
"patial correlation coefficients vs. theoretical
1.ig.2'3
F#("re 5: I'-"&se res-o!se
F#("re 6: CDF o, t%e ta-s
Type #$G& +oppler
"patial
=orrel
ation
;ician
Interpo
lation
MIMO
=hann
el
"trati* II G/'"2F5.2)5F
#%UT ,C, C2F5 25C2 2'22 ,CC52 -)-2C
;egiste
rs
-HH
15J3
,5',
1'J3
255-
15J3
25)H
15J3
,H'-H
1')J3
-'F5F
1'FJ3
#%M
,5C
15J
,C-8
1)J3
22FC
12J3
2-FH
1'J3
'8))'
1-2J3
,C2F5
1)5J3
+"/
locks
5 15J3 5 15J3
'2
1'2.FF
J3
2C
12C.CH
J3
5 15J3
,H
1,F.)-
J3
F#("re 17: Do--&er s-ectr"'
F#("re 11: T%e PDP c%aracter#st#c o, a C%a!!e&
Mode&
F#("re 1$: /-at#a& corre&at#o! coe,,#c#e!ts
In .igure 25, dashed red curves correspond to the
reference values, whereas the lue curves are the
outcome of the simulation. In the +oppler plot, the
green curve represents the $elch period0gram. The red
vertical lines are drawn at K fd. The upper lue line is
set at the ma*imum of +oppler spectrum, and lower
lue line 25 d6 elow. Ideally, the +oppler spectrum
should meet the crossing of the red and lue lines.
0 Co!c&"s#o!
In this paper, we have presented a fle*ile,
reconfigurale and cost0effective solution for real0time
emulation of vehicular wireless channels. Our emulator
is ased on ./G# technology and rapid prototyping
software tools. #fter descriing the theoretical model,
we have outlined the emulator design and its asic
operation. $e have also detailed some of the result we
have done to compare the channel coefficients with
theoretical. "ynthesis results have shown that the
prototype system can e implemented in the target
./G#s of "trati* II G/'"2F5.2)5F. $e will implement
the full system on ./G# as a future work.
Re,ere!ces
A2B Thomas /aul and Tokuno Ogunfunmi, D$ireless
%#& =omes of #ge7 Understanding the IGGG F5'.22n
#mendmentE, IGGG =ircuits and "ystems Maga!ine,
'55F.
A'B Linko Grceg, %aurent "chumacher, /ersefoni
>yritsi, DIndoor MIMO $%#& TGn =hannel ModelsE,
IGGG F5'.2205,98-5r0-,, Manuary '55-.
A,B %aurent "chumacher and 6as +i?kstra, D+escription
of a M#T%#6N implementation of the Indoor MIMO
$%#& channel model proposed y the IGGG F5'.22
TGn =hannel Model "pecial =ommitteeE, .U&+/ O
The University of &amur =omputer "cience Institute,
'55)
A-B /ersa >yritsi, D=hannel models for MIMOE
1+ecemer 2C, '55-3
A)B ;yuta IM#"(IOP#, $ahyul #mien "P#.GI,
Puhei &#G#O, Masayuki >U;O"#>I, (iroshi O=(I,
D;T% +esign of 2.'Gps MIMO $%#& "ystem and its
usiness aspectE.
ACB "ynopsys, D"ynphony Model =ompiler User GuideE,
http799solvnet.synopsys.com 1March '5223
AHB $hite /aper 255, "pirent, D=orrelation0ased spatial
channel modelingE 1'5223
AFB $hite /aper 252, "pirent D.ading 6asicsE, &arrow
6and, $ide 6and, and "patial =hannels 1'5223
A8B Pong "oo =ho, Maekwon >im, $on Poung Pang,
=hung G. >ang, =hapter 2Q', DMIMO0O.+M
$ireless =ommunications with MatlaE.
A25B Mean0%uc +anger, #del Gha!el, Gmmanuel
6outillon, (Rdi %aamari, DGfficient ./G#
Implementation of Gaussian noise generator for
communication channel emulatorE, Gcole &ationale
"upRrieure des TRlRcommunications, .rance.