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aqG;aEG;zvS,Ef ikd af &;ud&k nf&, G íf Mya- uGurf sm;? {&m0wDjrpf0uRe;f ay:a'o a&eH a'gufwma':cifrmxGef;? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;nDñw G pf mG jzifh pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf t
I if ydkif;c½dkif trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJUudkvnf;
nmar Oil and Gas Week 2014 Con- ESifhobm0"mwfaiGUxGuf&SdEdkifrI tvm; trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJUcsKyf wdkif;&if;om; tm;udk jyojcif;jzifh &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D aumif;? jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D Xme jynfaxmifpk
ference and Exhibition 2014 zG i f h y G J tvmESihf awGUBuKH Eikd o f nft h cuftcJrsm;? a&;&mvkyfief;tzGJUacgif;aqmif a':cif trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzJUG \ 2014 ckEpS f jrefrmh 0efBu;D \ ZeD; jrefrmEdik if H rdcifEiS u fh av;
tcrf;tem;ud, k aeYeeH ufyikd ;f wGif &efuek f obm0ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;qdik &f m arvwf? &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D trsK;d orD; ½d;k &mxreJx;kd NyKd iyf u JG kd aysm&f iT pf mG qifEMJT u apmifah &Smufa&;toif;tvkyt f rIaqmif
NrdKU ukefonfBuD;rsm;[dkw,füusif;y&m udp&ö yfrsm;ESihf vlr-I pD;yGm;taxmuftuljyK a&;&mtzGUJ em,ursm;jzpfMuaom a':cif &efvdkaMumif;ajymMum;onf/ a':p0fEGrf;cGefqrfu 'kwd,qk&&Sdaom
pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; pDru H ed ;f rsm;qdik &f m pmwrf;aygif; 16 apmif oufaX;? a':oif;oif;jrESihf a':cifat; xdaYk emuf wkid ;f a'oBu;D trsK;d orD;a&; taemufyikd ;f c½dik t f rsK;d orD;a&;&mtzGUJ udk
OD;aZ,smatmifu tzGit hf rSmpum;ajym udk Xmeqdik &f mESihf uRr;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm; EG,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;? c½dkif? NrdKUe,ftrsKd; &mtzGJU b@ma&;rSL; a':cifvJh0if;u vnf;aumif;? wdik ;f a'oBu;D trsK;d orD;a&;
Mum;NyD; Exhibition 2014 tm;zJBudK; u azazmf0g&D 25 &ufrS 26 &ufxd zwf orD;a&;&mtzGUJ Ouú|ESit hf zGUJ 0ifrsm;? wdik ;f xreJx;kd NyKd iyf pJG nf;urf;rsm;ESit hf rSwaf y; &mtzGUJ em,u a':cifoufaX;u yxr
jzwfzGifhvSpfí jycef;udkMunfh½Itm;ay; Mum;aqG;aEG;MurnfjzpfaMumif; owif; a'oBu;D rdcifEiS u hf av;apmifah &SmufrBI u;D pnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sif;vif;ajymMum;cJhonf/ qk&&Sad om ta&SUydik ;f c½dik t f rsK;d orD;a&;&m
onf/ &&Sdonf/ Muyfa&;tzGJU0ifrsm;? zdwfMum;xm;aom ,if;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;orD;a&; tzGUJ udv k nf;aumif; qkrsm;toD;oD;ay;tyf
aqG;aEG;yGu
J pkd rG ;f tif0efBu;D XmepGr;f tif (owif;pOf) {nfhonfawmfrsm;wufa&mufMuonf/ &mtzGJUcsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; csD;jr§ifhcJhaMumif;od&onf/ (owif;pOf)
 26-2-2014 wyfrawmfowif; 11

wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf'kdif;
wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av) ½dk;&mjcif;vHk;cwfNydKifyGJ zGifUyGJusif;y
aejynfawmf azazmf0g&D ½dk;&mjcif;vHk;cwfNydKifyGJ zGifhyGJtcrf;tem; üusi;f yjyKvyk &f m ta&SUykid ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf
25
2014 ckESpf wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; ukd azazmf0g&D 24 &uf eHeufykdif;u wkid ;f rSL; Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf t;0if;? wkid ;f ppfXme
awmifBu;D NrKd U&Sd rd;k vHak vvHt
OD;pD;csKy'f idk ;f wyfrawmf (Munf;? a&? av) k m;upm;cef;r csKyrf S wyfrawmft&m&SBd u;D rsm;? wyfe,f?
wyf&if;^wyfzGJUrSL;rsm;? t&m&Sd? ppfonf?
rdom;pkrsm;? jrefrmEkid if H jcif;vH;k tzGUJ csKyrf S
'kid t
f zGUJ 0ifrsm;? NyKd iyf 0JG iftm;upm;orm;
rsm; wufa&mufMuonf/
a&S;OD;pGm wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;
csKyu f , dk pf m; wkid ;f rSL;u tzGit fh rSmpum;
ajymMum;Ny;D umuG,af &;0efBu;D Xme vuf wkid ;f rSL; Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifausmaf Zm (69)ESpaf jrmuf wyfrawmfaeYtxdr;f trSwf ppfonfawmf
a&G;pif½;kd &mjcif;vH;k cwftoif;\ tajccH usifh0wfNydKifyGJajzqdkaerIrsm;tm; Munfh½Itm;ay;pOf/
tqifo h ½kyjf yjcif;? av;aygufwef;o½kyf
jyupm;aerIEiS fh yxraeYNyKd iyf rJG sm; ,SOf
NydKifupm;aerIrsm;udk Munhf½Itm;ay;
Muonf/
ppfonfawmfusifU0wfNydKifyGJ usif;y
tqdkyg wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;
csKy'f idk ;f wyfrawmf(Munf;? a&? av) ½d;k &m aejynfawmf azazmf0g&D 25 atmifausmfaZmESifh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u
jcif;vHk;cwfNydKifyGJudk NydKifyGJ0iftoif; 14 (69)ESpfajrmuf wyfrawmfaeYtxdrf; t&m&Sd? t&mcH? tMuyf? wyfom;rsm;\
oif;jzihf azazmf0g&D 24 &ufrS 28 &uf trSwf awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf\ ppf a&;ajzEIwaf jz ajzqdak erIrsm;udk vSnv
hf nf
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf'kdif; wyfrawmf (Munf;? a&? av) ½dk;&mjcif;vHk;cwfNydKifyGJ txd usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; onfawmfusi0hf wfNyKd iyf u JG kd azazmf0g&D 24 Munfh½Itm;ay;cJhMuaMumif; owif;&&Sd
yxraeYyGJpOf ,SOfNydKifupm;pOf/ owif;&&Sdonf/ &uf eHeufyikd ;f u wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf at;csr;f onf/
(100) NzKd ;cef;rü usi;f yjyKvyk &f m wkid ;f rSL; Adv
k cf sKyf (100)

rdkif;,ef;NrdK oh efh&Sif;om,mvSya&;ESifU
a'ocHjynfolrsm;tm;
usef;rma&;apmifUa&SmufrIvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;
aejynfawmf azazmf0g&D 25 ESihf use;f rma&;taxmuftuljyKypön;f rsm;
rdkif;,ef;NrdKUay:&Sd a'ocHjynfolrsm; axmufyahH y;tyf&m a'ocHjynforl sm;u
aomufo;kH Edik &f eftwGuf wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf toD;oD;vufcH&,lMuonf/
tpDtpOfjzifh aomufoHk;a&uefwl;azmf ¤if;aemuf wkdif;rSL;u rdkif;cwfNrdKUe,f
aerItajctaersm;? rdik ;f ,ef;NrKd Uyef;Nco H efY aus;&Gm 14 &GmrS jynfolYppf(Xmae)tzGJU
&Si;f om,mvSya&;twGuf wyfrawmfom; 0ifrsm;tm; a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
rsm;u ulnaD qmif&u G af y;aerIrsm;udk az aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf a&ydkufrsKd;pHk
azmf0g&D 22 &uf eHeufydkif;u Bwd*Ha'o 2100 acsmif;? bdvyfajr 370 tdwf? 3
wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw f idk ;f rSL; Advk cf sKyo
f ef;xGe;f OD; auADG 'dkiferdk 4 vHk;? 5 auADG 'dkiferdk 2
ESifh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u vSnfhvnfMunfh½I vHk;? rD;BudK;acG 105 acG? tdrfaxmifpk 60
tm;ay;Ny;D a'ozGUH NzKd ;a&;&efyakH iGrsm;tm; toH;k jyKEikd af om aea&mifjcnfprG ;f tifo;kH
axmufyHhay;tyfonf/ rD;vif;a&;pepf 2 pHk? LED rD;tdrf 60 pHk?
xdaYk emuf wkid ;f rSL;ESiw hf m0ef&o dS rl sm;onf bufx&D 1 vHk;? tifAmwm 1 vHk;ESifh 7
rdik ;f avGaus;&GmtajccHynmrlvwef;vGef ayoGyf 70 csyfwdkYtm; axmufyHhay;tyf
ausmif ;ü a'ocHj ynfol 60 OD;tm; &m wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u vufc&H ,lMuonf/
Bw*d aH 'owdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf e,fvn S ahf q; ,if;aemuf wkid ;f rSL;ESiw hf m0ef&o
dS rl sm;
tmqD,HumuG,fa&;tqifhjrifht&m&SdBuD;rsm; vkyfief;tzGJUtpnf;ta0; (ADSOM WG ) usif;ypOf/
ukoa&;tzGUJ u use;f rma&;apmifah &Smuf onf rkid ;f cwfNrKd Ue,f ppfrx I rf;a[mif;tzGUJ
rIvyk if ef;rsm;aqmif&u G af y;aerIukd Munfh 0ifrsm;tm; awGUqHt k m;ay;pum;ajymMum;
½Itm;ay;Ny;D a'ocHjynforl sm;twGuf pm um axmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;tyfcJhaMumif;
tkyfpmapmifrsm;? pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm; owif;&&Sdonf/ (100)
tmqD,HumuG,fa&;tqifUjrifUt&m&SdBuD;rsm;
rdkif;,ef;NrdKU
oefY&Sif;
vkyfief;tzGJYtpnf;ta0; (ADSOM WG) usif;y
om,m
vSya&;
twGuf aejynfawmf azazmf0g&D 25 aejynfawmf tr&[dw k ,foYkd toD;oD; qufvufNy;D azazmf0g&D 25 &ufwiG f
wyfrawmf jrefrmEdik if üH tdr&f iS Ef ikd if t
H jzpf vufcH a&muf&SdMuNyD; nae 5 em&DwGif tBudK aejynfawmf&dS MICC tpnf;ta0;cef;r
om;rsm;u usif;yrnfh tmqD,HumuG,fa&;tqifh vkyif ef;n§Ed idI ;f tpnf;ta0;odw
Yk ufa&muf ü tmqD,u H muG,af &;tqifjh rift
h &m&Sd
oefY&Sif;a&; jrifht&m&SdBuD;rsm; vkyfief;tzGJUtpnf; cJhonf/ BuD;rsm;vkyfief;tzGJUtpnf;ta0; yxr
vkyfief;rsm; ta0; (ADSOM WG & ADSOM- Plus xdkYaemuf nydkif;wGif tpnf;ta0; aeYusi;f yNy;D tmqD,aH 'owGi;f vHNk cKH a&;
aqmif&Guf WG) odkYwufa&mufrnfh tmqD,H 10 wufa&mufrnfhEdkifiHrsm;rS tzGJU0ifudk,f qdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpö&yf
ay;pOf/ Edik if rH t
S zGUJ 0ifu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESit hf mqD,H pm;vS,rf sm;tm; umuG,af &;0efBu;D Xme rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;cJhaMumif; owif;&&Sd
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 'kwd,0efBuD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifaomfu onf/
rsm;onf azazmf0g&D 24 &ufu tBudKnpmjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHcJhonf/ (100)
 12 wyfrawmfowif;
ausmzHk;rStquf
oHcsyu
f mwyfzUGJ rsm;onf aemufyikd ;f XmecsKyf
rS a&SUwef;pk&yf? ¤if;rScJGvTwf&yf? ¤if;rS
pD&yfocYkd sw
D ufí pD&yfwiG f wdu
k yf 0GJ ifypkH jH zifh
wyfjzefYrItm; aqmif&GufMuonf/
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdiftm; avhusifhcef;wGifyg0ifonfh avhusifha&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u avhusifhcef;
taMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí oJajryHkjzifh &Sif;vif;wifjypOf/
vkyfief;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI
twGuf use;f rmBucdHh ik rf &I adS p&ef
tm;upm;rsm;udk pepfwustm;ay;
aqmif&Guf? rdrdppfvufeufypönf;
rsm;\pGrf;yum;udk xda&mufpGm
toHk;csEdkif&efvdktyf . . .
xdkodkYaqmif&GufaepOftwGif; tMurf;
zufwyfzJGUrsm;u &efolYtajrmufae&m
tm; pD;eif;jcif;? wyfrawmf(av)rS &[wf
,mOfrsm;? wdkufav,mOfrsm;ESifh &efolY
ypfrSwfae&mtoD;oD;tm; BudKwifacsrIef;
jcif;? tajrmufBuD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfjcif;?
twJv G ukd 'f ;kH rsm;ypfcwfjcif;? ajcvsit
f ul
vufeufBuD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfjcif;rsm;ESifh
BudKwifacsrIef;jcif;rsm;aqmif&GufMuNyD;
wkdufyJGyHkpHtqifhqifhtwkdif; ajcvsifESifh
wdkufav,mOfrsm;jzifh BudKwifacsrIef;wkdufcdkufjcif;avhusifhpOf/
oHcsyfumwyfzGJUrsm;u &nfrSef;csuftoD;
oD;okdYazmuf0ifí &efolukd acsrIef;wkduf
cdkufjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufMuonf/
,if;aemuf &efo\ l aemufyidk ;f vkNH cKH a&;
wyfzUJG rsm;tm; tajrmufwyfzUJG rsm;rSypfcwf
wkdufav,mOfrsm;jzifh avaMumif;ypful,l acsrIef;wdkufcdkufjcif;avhusifhpOf/
acsreI ;f MuNy;D wku
d yf 0JG ifwyfzUJG rsm;u yl;aygif;
NyD;pD;eif;wkdufckdufjcif;ESifh &efoltm;vGwf
xGurf oGm;ap&ef ydwq f jYdkcif;rsm;tm; aqmif
&GuMf uNy;D avhusicfh ef;Ny;D qk;H &yfem;cJo h nf/
xkaYd emuf wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdif wyfrawmf Munf;? av? tajrmufESifhoHcsyfumwyfzJGUrsm;\ yl;aygif;ppfqifrIavhusifhcef;tm; Munfh½IpOf/
Akv
d cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D rif;atmifvidI u
f wm0ef&o
dS l
rsm;ESihf avhusichf ef;wGiyf g0ifaqmif&u G cf hJ
Muolrsm;tm; ½I&yfukef;wGif avhusifhcef;
ESifhywfoufí trSmpum;ajymMum;cJhNyD;
avhusihfcef;wGifyg0ifcJhonfh ajcvsif?
tulvuf½;Hk wyfrsm;rS t&m&S?d ppfonfrsm;
twGuf *kPfjyKqkaiGrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;tyf
26-2-2014 wyfrawmfowif; 13
,aehtcsed u f mvwGif IT enf;ynmrsm; vGepf mG wd;k wufvmrIaMumifU
tqifUjrifUenf;ynmtoHk;jyKí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,ljcif;jzifU
ppfqifa&;ESifUenf;ynmjrifUrm;onfU vufeufrsm;\pGrf;yum;onf
wdkufyJGudk tqHk;tjzwfay;rnf . . .
onf/ tvm;wl avhusifhcef;wGifyg0ifcJh tcsdefumvwGif IT enf;ynmrsm; vGefpGm onfh vufeufrsm;\pGrf;yum;onf ap&ef tm;upm;rsm;udk pepfwustm;ay;
onfh wyfrawmf(av)rS avol&Jrsm;tm; wdk;wufvmrIaMumifh tqifhjrifhenf;ynm wdkufyGJudk tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfjzpfaMumif;? aqmif&uG &f rnfjzpfaMumif;? tvm;wl rdrd
*kPfjyKcsD;jr§ifhaiGrsm; ay;tyfonf/ toHk;jyKí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,l vkyif ef;wm0efxrf;aqmifrt I wGuf use;f rm ppfvufeufypönf;rsm;\ pGrf;yum;udkxd tMurf;zufwyfzJGUrsm;u &efolUtajrmufae&mtm; pD;eif;jcif;avhusifhpOf/
qufvufí wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; jcif;jzifh ppfqifa&;ESifhenf;ynmjrifhrm; BuHhcdkif&efvdktyfaMumif;? usef;rmBuHhcdkifrI&Sd a&mufpGm toHk;csEdkif&ef vdktyfaMumif;?
OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdif
onf tzGJU0ifrsm;vkdufygí EkdifiHawmfum aeYpOfaqmif&u G &f rnfoh rm;pOfvyk if ef;rsm; ajymMum;onf/
uG,fa&;wuúokdvfrS oifwef;om;t&m&Sd onfvnf; ppfom;yDoa&;? avhusifha&; awGUqHkyGJtNyD;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,f
BuD;rsm;? ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvfrS oifwef;om; wdkYtwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyK a&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdif
t&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifh rdw¬Dvmwyfe,frS aMumif;? xdt Yk jyif nDñw G rf Qwaom aumif; u awGUqHkyGJodkYwufa&mufvmonfh oif
t&m&Sdrsm;tm; awGUqkHtrSmpum;ajym rGeof nft h yk cf sKyaf &;pepf&&dS rnfjzpfaMumif;? wef;om;t&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifh wyfe,frS
Mum;onf/ aqmif&u G af y;oifo h nfh tkycf sKyaf xmufyhH t&m&Sdrsm;tm; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;vdkufvHEIwf
xkdodkYawGUqkHyGJtoD;oD;ü wyfrawmf rIupd &ö yfrsm;udv k nf; rSerf eS u
f efuefaqmif qufcJhaMumif; owif;&&Sdonf/
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfrS trSmpum;ajym &GufMu&efvdkaMumif;jzifh trSmpum; (100)
Mum;&mwGif rdrw d EYdk idk if \
H umuG,af &;rl0g'
rSm jynfyusL;ausmf&efr[kwfbJ EdkifiHawmf
tm; umuG,f&efjzpfaMumif;? rdrdwdkYwyfr
awmftm; EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHñTef;ESifhudkuf
nDonfh Standard Army tjzpf wnf
aqmufvsu&f adS Mumif;? ,if;odw Yk nfaqmuf
&mwGif vl? vufeuf? ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;
zGJUpnf;½HkjzifhrjynfhpHkbJ rdrd\ppfvufeuf
ypön;f ud&, d mrsm;tm; uRr;f usipf mG udik w f ,
G f
toHk;jyKEdkif&efvdkaMumif;? odkYjzpfí ppfajr
jyifuJhodkYaom tawGUtBuHKrsKd;&&Sdap&ef
wyfqifxm;onfh vufeuf? ypönf;ud&d
,m? ,EÅ&m;rsm;jzifh avhusichf ef;rsm;aqmif
&Guf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? ppfqifa&;atmif
jrifap&eftwGuf wyfrsm;wGif wkdufyGJpGrf; tajrmufBuD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfacsrIef;jcif; avhusifhpOf/
tm;&S&d efta&;Bu;D aMumif;? xdt Yk jyif ,aeY
&[wf,mOfrsm;jzifh BudKwifacsrIef;wkdufcdkufjcif;avhusifhpOf/ &[wf,mOfjzifh tajrmufa&TUajymif;jcif;avhusifhpOf/
 14 EdkifiHwumtm;upm;ESifh tEkynmowif;
&D,kdtkd;yif;wif;epfAkdvfvkyGJ em',fvftEkdif&&Sd
&D,kd'D*sae;½kd; azazmf0g&D 25
urÇmeh yH gwfwpftqif&h dS pydew f if;epf
ausmf & maz;em',f v f ( tay:yH k ) onf
b&mZD;EkdifiHü usif;yaom &D,kdtkd;yif;
wif;epfNydKifyGJAkdvfvkyGJwGif ,lu&def;wif;
epfupm;orm; tvufZef;'g; a'gvf*kdykd
avmhAfukd (6-3)? (7-6) jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJh
onf[k od&onf/
&D,kdtkd;yif;wif;epf AkdvfvkyGJwGif
em',fvf\tEkdif&&SdrIonf vGefcJhaom
vu MopaMw;vst;dk yif;wif;epf Adv k v
wGif pwdef;vufcf0g0&ifhumukd ½IH;edrfhcJh
csed rf pS í yxrqk;H tBurd f tEkid &f &Scd jhJ cif;
jzpfNyD; tqkdygyGJpOfwGif em',fvfonf
a0;vftkd;yif;pElumcsefyD,H&Spf
'kwd,tausmUyGJpOfwGif pwDAifrufudGKif;,m;
tEdkif&
vef'ef azazmf0g&D 25
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Mean Moms
Zmwfum;wGif cs,f&Dudk;vf 'dkifvlBuD;tjzpfyg0if&ef
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f Bl u;D tjzpf 2011 ckEpS w
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the Millers Zmwfum;wdjYk zihf y&dowfrsm; onf/ &ef usdef;aoaMumif; NydKifyGJpDpOfolrsm;
f ,fbD \wpfcJeuftm;ay;rIudk &&SdNyD;aemuf touf 30 ESpft&G,f&Sd cs,f&Donf u ,lqxm;Muonf/
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the Nuts Zmwfum;ESifh Horrible Bosses 2
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25/02/2014 17:51:40
 26-2-2014 usef;rma&;owif; 15

rsufMunfvTmtvSL&Sifrsm; enf;aeonfh twGuf oifh usef;rma&; (tm[m&ESifh jynfhpHkzdkh )

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 26-2-2014 tm;upm;ESifh tEkynmowif; 21

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acsmuf 1/ OD;0if;aX; (zkef; 061-200595)

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od&ygw,f/ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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